HomeMy WebLinkAbout1982 Uniform Fire Code - Ordinance 2638IMPORTANT
READ BEFORE ADOPTING
Uniform Fire Code Section 2.303 (b) of the 1982 edition
has been amended, changing the intent of this section com-
pletely. Note the last sentence of the paragraph ISection 2.303
(b)]. All of the following standards are to be used as a "guide"
only, and you are not expected to have a copy of each on file.
Certification of compliance with these standards is the intent of
this listing. Verification with your legal counsel is
recommended.
A copy of all of the standards listed in Section 2.303 (b) of the
Uniform Fire Code has been purchased and is on file in the
office of the fire code coordinator. Members of the Western Fire
Chiefs Association who need information from any of these
standards may obtain it by a telephone call or letter of request to
R.V. Christoffersen, Fire Code Coordinator, Western Fire
Chiefs Association, 5360 South Workman Mill Road, Whittier,
California 90601 (213) 699-0541.
Section 2.303 (a) lists the book of standards that should be
part of your adopting ordinance and of which three copies may
have to be on file. It contains all of the standards mandated in the
regulatory articles of the Fire Code.
Section 1.102 (b) provides for the legal use of other standards
needed, i.e., National Fire Protection Association's National
Fire Codes (NFPA Standards).
Information and prices on any of the standards in Section
2.303 (b) are available from the office of the fire code coordina-
for should you be interested in availability and costs.
ERRATA
1982 UNIFORM FIRE CODE, FIRST PRINTING
Page
x Quick -reference Table of Contents. Revise the title for
Article 45 to read "Application of Flammable Finishes."
9 Sec. 2.303 (b). Revise the entries for the American National
Standards 'Institute and American Society of Mechanical
Engineers to read as follows:
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018
ANSI STANDARDS
ANSI A13.1 Identification of Piping Systems, Scheme
for the,1975
ANSI B31 Guide
ANSI B31.1 Power Piping 1980
ANSI B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping 1968
ANSI B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery
Piping 1980
ANSI/ASME B31.4 Liquid Petroleum Transportation
Piping System 1979
ANSI B31.5 Refrigeration Piping 1974
ANSI B31.5a Refrigeration Piping 1978
ANSI B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
Systems 1975
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
345 East 47th Street, New York,'New York 10017
ASME STANDARDS
ASME Boiler and Pressure .Vessel Code
Section I. Power Boilers 1980
Section VIR. Pressure Vessels, Divisions 1 or 2, 1980
9 Sec. 2.303 (b). Revise the sixth standard entry for the Ameri-
can Petroleum Institute by deleting the letters "RP" so that
the entry would read as follows:
2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage
Tanks, 2nd Edition, December, 1973
13 Sec. 4.101. Delete Item No. 14 and redesignate remaining
items. .
45 Sec. 10.309 (c) 3. Delete the words "rooms classified as"
such that the section would read as follows:
3. Exhibition and display rooms. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be installed in Group A Occupancies ...
48 Sec. 10.312 (c). Add a second paragraph between the first
paragraph and the exception to read as follows:
Risers and laterals of Class I standpipe systems not located
within an enclosed stairway or smokeproof enclosure shall be
protected by a degree of fire resistance equal to that required
for vertical enclosures in the building in which they are
located.
(Note: Existing exception then becomes an exception to
the paragraph above.)
158 Table No. 75.303. Revise the table title and second, third,
fourth and fifth main column headings to read as follows:
TABLE NO.75.303—MINIMUM DISTANCE
FROM CRYOGENIC FLUIDS IN STORAGE
DISTANCE IN DISTANCE N DISTANCE N DISTANCE IN
FEET TO FEET TO FEET TO FEET TO
NONFLAMMABLE FLAMMABLE OXIDIZING CORROSIVE AND
CRYOGENSS CRYOGENSS CRYOGENSS HIGHLY TOXIC
CRYOGENSS
223 Sec. 79.510 (a)1. In the fifth paragraph, revise "Table No.
79.302-A" to read "Table No. 79.302."
243 See. 79.903 (c). Revise the word "automobile" to read
"automotive" in the first paragraph and in•Item No. 1.
260 Sec. 79.1103 (e). Revise the reference to Section 79.1102 (c)
and (d) to read "Section 79.1103 (c) and (d)."
275 Sec. 79.1508 (c). Revise to read as follows:
(c) Identification. Piping containing liquids shall be iden-
tified in accordance with nationally recognized standards.
See Section 2.303 (b).
276 Sec. 79.1516 (b). Revise "Table No. 79.1308" to read
"Table No. 79.1309."
280 Sec. 79.1808. Revise the reference to Section 79.1805 (d) 4
to read "Section 79.1806 (d) 4."
339 Appendix VI -A. In the third paragraph, revise "Table No.
79.508-A" to read "Table No. 79.510-A."
366-367 Appendix VI-C, Table No. 33-A. In the fourth column
heading, revise the reference to Footnote 3 to reference _
Footnote 2.
UNIFORM
FIRE
CODE
1982 Edition
�C0.ENCE O�
v L
Q UNIFORM �Q
Z BUILDING
O
rQ CODE o
e
1922 • S^��7
First Printing
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 81-86619
COPYRIGHT 1982
by
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BUILDING OFFICIALS
5360 SOUTH WORKMAN MILL ROAD
WHITTIER, CALIFORNIA 90601
and
WESTERN FIRE CHIEFS ASSOCIATION
5360 SOUTH WORKMAN MILL ROAD
WHITTIER, CALIFORNIA 90601
PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.
Preface
It is the intent of the International Conference of Building Officials and the
Western Fire Chiefs Association to correlate the provisions of the Uniform Fire
Code and the Uniform Building Code so that there is no conflict between them.
Neither code is intended to stand alone; rather, the total package, i.e., the
Uniform Fire Code, the Uniform Building Code, the Uniform Mechanical Code,
the Uniform Plumbing Code and the National Electrical Code, will give cities and
counties a complete and comprehensive program of model codes that are com-
patible with each other.
The Uniform Fire Code was initially developed by the California Fire Chiefs
Association and was first published in 1971 by the International Conference of
Building Officials and the Western Fire Chiefs Association. A revised edition
was published in 1973 and subsequent editions have been published at three-year
intervals. New editions incorporate changes approved at annual meetings of the
Western Fire Chiefs ,Association.
Anyone may propose amendments to this code. For more information, write to
the International Conference of Building Officials at the address on the copyright
page. Code changes to the code are processed each year and published in
supplement form, permitting ready adoption by local communities. Changes are
carefully reviewed in public hearings by professional experts in the field of fire
and life safety.
mmm�nnnxnmammmnnmm�nuoonuunnmuumnnnwmmmmmnmmmm�mununmi vertically in the margin
indicates a change in the requirement from the 1979 edition. Editorial changes
due to reformatting are not identified.
vertically in the margin
indicates the provision is an excerpt of requirements in the Uniform Building
Code. Changes to such provisions are processed through the International Con-
ference of Building Officials.
Deletion indicators (N) are provided in the margin where a paragraph or item in
a listing has been deleted.
CONVERSION TABLE FOR 1976 TO 1982
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
The following tabulation indicates the changes in format between the 1976 and
1982 editions of the Uniform Fire Code.
NOTES
1976
Article
1982
Article
1
I
2
31
3
34
4
26
5
33
6
27
7
28
8
74
9
76
10
12
11
77
12
78
13
10
14
45
15
79 and 36
16
46
17
47
18
29
19
80
20
82
21
30
22
48
23
83
24
61
25
62
26
25
27
11
28
63
29
13
30
32
31
49
32
84
33
24
34
50
35
81
36
75
1. Articles 2, 3, 4 and 9 of the 1982 Uniform Fire Code were developed from Article 1 of
the 1976 Uniform Fire Code.
2. Numerical sequence separation between parts in the code provides for future additions
of articles to the code.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
Known widely for its Uniform Building Code, the International Conference of
Building Officials publishes other related codes as well as textbooks to enable the
user to improve his knowledge of code enforcement and the administration of a
building inspection program. Publications are continually being added, so inquir-
ies should be directed to Conference headquarters for a list of those available. At
the time of this publication, the following publications were available:
Uniform Building Code. Covers the fire, life and structural safety aspects of
all buildings and related structures.
Uniform Building Code Standards. Presents in a compact and concise man-
ner national test, material and special design standards referred to in the Uniform
Building Code.
Uniform Mechanical Code. Contains requirements for the installation and
maintenance of heating, ventilating, cooling and refrigeration systems. This
publication is sponsored jointly by the the International Conference of Building
Officials and the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical
Officials.
Uniform Plumbing Code. Published by the International Association of
Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, the Uniform Plumbing Code covers all
aspects of plumbing, including requirements for plumbing materials, and
IAPMO installation standards. It is endorsed by the Conference as a companion
document to ICBO's model codes and is available from either organization.
Uniform Housing Code. Provides for the conservation and rehabilitation of
housing compatible with the Uniform Building Code. Meets federal Workable
Program requirements.
Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings. Sets forth
orderly procedures for remedying dangerous buildings. Follows due process
provisions which reflect the latest court decisions in such matters. This code
covers all structures and may be used to supplement the Uniform Housing Code
and the Uniform Building Code.
Uniform Sign Code. Dedicated to the development of better sign regulation.
Its requirements pertain to all signs and sign construction attached to buildings.
Dwelling Construction under the Uniform Building Code. Designed to
acquaint the home builder with basic Building Code requirements relating to
dwelling construction. A useful text for apprentice training programs.
Uniform Administrative Code. This code covers administration areas in
connection with adoption of the Uniform Building Code, Uniform Mechanical
Code and related codes by a jurisdiction. It contains provisions which relate to site
preparation, construction, alteration, moving, repair and use and occupancies of
buildings or structures and building service equipment including plumbing,
electrical and mechanical. The code is compatible with the administrative provi-
sions of all codes published by the Conference.
Uniform Building Security Code. This code establishes minimum standards
to make dwelling units resistant to unlawful entry. It regulates swinging doors,
vi
sliding doors, windows and hardware in connection with dwelling units of
apartment houses or one- and two-family dwellings. The code gives considera-
tion to the concerns of' police, fire and building officials in establishing require-
ments for resistance to burglary which are compatible with fire and life safety.
Uniform Fire Code. Sets out provisions necessary for fire prevention while
achieving uniformity in terms and requirements with other codes published by the
Conference. This code is sponsored jointly by the Western Fire Chiefs Associa-
tion and the International Conference of Building Officials.
Uniform Fire Code Standards. This publication is a companion to the
Uniform Fire Code. It contains standards of the American Society for Testing and
Materials and of the National Fire Protection Association referenced by the
Uniform Fire Code.
U.B.C. Supplements. Between new editions of the codes, changes approved
each year are incorporated in the supplements.
1982 Accumulative Supplement to the ICBO Plumbing Code. This supple-
ment contains revisions to the 1979 ICBO Plumbing Code. It is styled so that
cities and other jurisdictions can update the 1979 ICBO Plumbing Code by
adopting the supplement by reference.
Analysis of Revisions. Discusses the changes included in the latest codes
published by the Conference as compared to the prior editions.
One and Two Family Dwelling Code. This code is jointly sponsored by the
International Conference of Building Officials, Building Officials and Code
Administrators International, Inc., and Southern Building Code Congress Inter-
national, Inc. It eliminates conflicts and duplications among the model codes to
achieve national uniformity. Covers mechanical and plumbing requirements as
well as construction and occupancy.
Code for Energy Conservation in New Building Construction. This code
sets forth minimum requirements for the design of new buildings and structures
and additions to existing buildings by regulating their exterior envelopes and
heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, service water heating, electrical distribu-
tion and illuminating systems and equipment for effective use of energy. It is
promulgated by ICBO in collaboration with the other model code agencies and
the National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards (NCSBCS).
Recommended Provisions and Commentary for Existing High-rise Build-
ings. A booklet setting forth uniform guidelines for the building official to follow
in regulating the retrofitting of existing high-rise buildings. The booklet also
includes a commentary briefly explaining the conceptual basis of the provisions.
Uniform Disaster Mitigation Plan. A plan developed to aid building depart-
ments in coping with major disasters such as fires, floods and earthquakes.
Defines standard operating procedures for initiating disaster assessment and
mitigation and includes samples of records, reports, entry signs, etc.
Training Manual in Field Inspection of Buildings and Structures.
Designed to improve inspection skills and techniques. A fundamental important
text for courses of study at the community college and trade or technical school
level.
vll
Building Department Administration. An excellent guide for improvement
of skills in departmental management and in the enforcement and application of
the Building Code and other regulations administered by a building inspection
department. Recommended for both undergraduate and advanced study.
Plan Review Manual. Provides an understanding of the extent of Building
Code provisions and illustrates application to given situations. Covers nonstruc-
tural aspects as well as providing an insight into the basic engineering considera-
tions a plan examiner or checker must utilize.
Concrete Inspection Manual. A publication on concrete to be used for
reference or as a text on concrete inspection. Of particular interest to inspectors, it
is also useful to concrete technicians and craftsmen who are more concerned with
the physical and practical aspects of concrete than the design.
Illustrated Mechanical Manual. Contains a series of illustrations with
explanatory text covering requirements in the Uniform Mechanical Code which
respond to graphic treatment. It is highly useful for code application and for
training purposes.
Installation and Operation of Solid -fuel -burning Appliances. A fully illus-
trated manual designed to provide information on the proper installation and
operation of listed solid-fuel-buming appliances. Intended to supplement the
detailed installation and operating instructions normally supplied with these types
of appliances. An aid to building officials administering ICBO codes and stan-
dards and/or utilizing research reports.
Solar Systems Code Review Manual. A completely illustrated manual to
facilitate approval of solar systems, from plan check to field inspection. Specifi-
cally addresses needs of building departments, and is equally valuable to all
departments dealing with housing and commercial structures. Developed by
California Building Officials, Inc., (CALBO) under contract with the California
Energy Commission.
Solar Swimming Poot/Spa Code Review Manual. A completely illustrated
manual to assist local officials in identifying, understanding and completing a
code analysis of solar pool and spa heating systems presented for permit approval.
Developed by the California Building Officials, Inc., (CALBO) under contract to
the California Energy Commission.
You Can Build It! Sponsored by the Council of American Building Officials
(CABO), this booklet contains information and advice to aid "do-it-yourselfers"
with building projects. Provides guidance in necessary procedures such as permit
requirements, codes, plans, cost estimation, etc.
QUICK -REFERENCE TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note: Detailed table of contents follows.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
U.F.C.
Part I —Administrative
PAGE
PAGE
NUMBER
NUMBER
ARTICLE 1. Title, Intent and Scope ....................
xi
1
ARTICLE 2. Organization, Authority, Duties and Procedures
xi
2
ARTICLE 3. Compliance with Orders and Notices .........
xi
11
ARTICLE 4. Permits and Certificates ...................
xi
12
Part II —Definitions and Abbreviations
ARTICLE 9. Definitions and Abbreviations ..............
xii
17
Part III —General Provisions for Fire Safety
ARTICLE 10. Fire Protection ...........................
xii
38
ARTICLE 11. General Precautions Against Fires ...........
xiii
53
ARTICLE 12. Maintenance of Exit Ways ..................
xiii
62
ARTICLE 13. Smoking ...............................
xiv
68
Part IV —Special Occupancy Uses
ARTICLE
24.
Airports, Heliports and Helistops ............
xiv
69
ARTICLE
25.
Places of Assembly .......................
xv
75
ARTICLE
26.
Bowling Alleys ..........................
xv
86
ARTICLE
27.
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics (Pyroxylin), Storage
and Handling ............................
xvi
87
ARTICLE
28.
Storage and Handling of Combustible Fibers ...
xvi
89
ARTICLE
29.
Garages ................................
xvi
91
ARTICLE
30.
Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants .......
xvi
92
ARTICLE
31.
Tire -rebuilding Plants .....................
xvi
94
ARTICLE
32.
Tents and Air -supported Structures ...........
xvi
95
ARTICLE
33.
Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film ........
xvii
100
ARTICLE
34.
Automobile Wrecking Yards, Junk or Waste
Material Handling Plants ...................
xvii
101
ARTICLE
35.
Covered Mall Buildings ...................
xvii
102
ARTICLE
36.
Dry Cleaning with Noncombustible Solvents ...
xvii
103
ix
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
U.F.C.
PAGE
PAGE
NUMBER
NUMBER
Part V—Special Processes
ARTICLE
45.
Application of Flammable Fixtures...........
xvii
104
ARTICLE
46.
Fruit -ripening Processes ...................
xviii
119
ARTICLE
47.
Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging
.. xviii
121
ARTICLE
48.
Magnesium .............................
xix
126
ARTICLE
49.
Welding and Cutting Using Calcium Carbide
and Acetylene ...........................
xix
128
ARTICLE
50.
Manufacture of Organic Coatings ............
xix
133
Part VI —Special
Equipment
ARTICLE
61.
Oil -burning Equipment ....................
xx
138
ARTICLE
62.
Industrial Baking and Drying Ovens..........
xx
139
ARTICLE
63.
Mechanical Refrigeration ..................
xx
141
Part VII—Special
Subjects
ARTICLE
74.
Compressed Gases .......................
xx
144
ARTICLE
75.
Cryogenic Fluids .........................
xx
152
ARTICLE
76.
Prevention of Dust Explosions ..............
xxi
163
ARTICLE
77.
Explosives and Blasting Agents .............
xxi
164
ARTICLE
78.
Fireworks ...............................
xxii
184
ARTICLE
79.
Flammable and Combustible Liquids .........
xxii
185
ARTICLE
80.
Hazardous Materials ......................
xxvi
285
ARTICLE
81.
High -piled Combustible Stock ..............
xxvi
291
ARTICLE
82.
Liquefied Petroleum Gases .................
xxvi
296
ARTICLE
83.
Matches ................................
xxvii
299
ARTICLE
84.
Motion Picture Projection ..................
xxvii
300
ARTICLE
85.
Electrical ...............................
xxvii
301
ARTICLE
86.
Pesticides ...............................
xxvii
303
Part VIII—Appendices
...............................
xxvii
305
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Conversion Table for 1976 to 1982 Uniform Fire Code ................ v
Sample Ordinance for Adoption of the Uniform Fire Code
and Uniform Fire Code Standards .................................. xxix
Part 1—Administrative
ARTICLE 1. Title,
Intent and Scope
SEC. 1.101.
Title ......................................... I
1.102.
Intent ........................................ 1
1.103.
Scope ........................................ I
ARTICLE 2. Organization,
Authority, Duties and Procedures
DIVISION I.
Organization and Authority ................... 2
SEC. 2.101.
Responsibility for Enforcement ................... 2
2.102.
Rules and Regulations ........................... 2
2.103.
Fire Prevention Bureau .......................... 2
2.104.
Fire Prevention Engineer or Fire Marshal ............ 2
2.105.
Authority of Fire Personnel to Exercise Powers of Police
Officers ...................................... 3
2.106.
Authority of Police Personnel to Assist in Enforcing
This Code .................................... 3
2.107.
Right of Entry ................................. 3
2.108.
Liability for Damages ........................... 3
2.109.
Validity ...................................... 3
DIVISION II.
Duties and Procedures ....................... 4
SEC. 2.201.
Inspections and Unsafe Buildings .................. 4
2.202.
Investigations ................................. 4
2.203.
Records and Reports ............................ 4
2.204.
Orders, Notices and Tags ........................ 5
2.205.
Service of Orders and Notices ..................... 5
DIVISION Ill.
Special Procedures ..........................
SEC. 2.301.
6
Alternate Materials and Methods .................. 6
2.302.
Board of Appeals ............................... 6
2.303.
Standards ..................................... 7
ARTICLE 3. Compliance with Orders and Notices
SEC. 3.101.
Unlawful Continuance of Fire Hazard ............ • • I 1
3.102.
Compliance with Order or Notice .................. I 1
3.103.
Compliance with Condemnation Tag ............. • • 11
3.104.
Removal or Destruction of Signs or Tags ............ 11
ARTICLE 4. Permits and Certificates
SEC. 4.101.
Permit Required ..............................•• 12
4.102.
Conditions of Permits or Certificates ............. . •
15
4.103.
Application for Permit ........................... 1
4.104.
Inspection Required .........................••• 16
4.105.
Retention of Permits .......................... • • 16
4.106.
Permits for the Same Location ............... • . • • • 16
4.107.
Revocation of Permits ......................... . . 16
xl
Part II —Definitions and Abbreviations
ARTICLE 9. Definitions and Abbreviations
SEC. 9.101. General Provisions ............................. 17
9.102. Definitions .................................... 17
Part III —General Provisions for Fire Safety
ARTICLE 10. Fire Protection
DIVISION I.
Operations at Fires or Other Emergencies .....
38
SEC. 10.101.
Authority at Fires and Other Emergencies ...........
38
10.102.
Interference with Fire Department .................
38
10.103.
Authority to Barricade ..........................
38
DIVISION II.
General Provisions ...........................
39
SEC. 10.201.
Tampering with Fire Equipment ...................
39
10.202.
Tampering with Fire Hydrant or Fire Appliance .......
39
10.203.
Hydrant Use Approval ...........................
39
10.204.
Tampering with Barricades, etc ....................
39
10.205.
Closure of Roads or Trails ........................
39
10.206.
Obstruction of Fire -protection Equipment ...........
40
10.207.
Access Roadways for Fire Apparatus ...............
40
10.208.
Premises Identification ..........................
40
10.209.
Key Box ......................................
41
DIVISION III.
Installation and Maintenance of Fire -protection,
Life -safety Systems and Appliances ...........
41
SEC. 10.301.
Installation ....................................
41
10.302.
Maintenance ..................................
42
10.303.
Vapor Liquid and Liquefied Gas Extinguishers .......
42
10.304.
Sale of Defective Fire Extinguishers ................
43
10.305.
Fire Extinguishers in Parking Areas ................
43
10.306.
Fire Protection in Recreational Vehicle and Mobile
Home Parks ...................................
43
10.307.
Fire Alarm System .............................
43
10.308.
Installation of Fixed Fire -protection Systems .........
44
10.309.
Automatic Fire -extinguishing Systems ..............
44
10.310.
Sprinkler System Alarms ........................
46
10.311.
Permissible Sprinkler Omissions ..................
47
10.312.
Standpipes ....................................
47
10.313.
Buildings under Construction .....................
49
10.314.
Basement Pipe Inlets ............................
49
10.315.
Fire -extinguishing Equipment for Protection of Kitchen
Grease Hoods and Ducts .........................
49
DIVISION IV. Maintenance, Repair and Restoration of Fire -
resistive Walls and Partitions, Draft -stop
Partitions and Fire -resistive Assemblies for
Protection of Openings ....................... 51
SEC. 10.401. Occupancy and Area Separations and Draft -stop
Partitions ..................................... 51
10.402. Fire Assembly for Protection of Openings ........... 51
xil
ARTICLE 11. General Precautions Against Fire
DIVISION I.
Incinerators and Open Burning ...............
53
SEC. 11.101.
Bonfires and Outdoor Rubbish Fires ................
53
11.102.
Kindling of Fire on Land of Others Restricted ........
53
11.103.
Discarding Burning Objects Prohibited .............
53
11.104.
Hot Ashes and Other Dangerous Materials ...........
53
11.105.
Types and Construction of Incinerators ..............
53
11.106.
Location .....................................
54
11.107.
Incinerators in Trailer Camps .....................
54
11.108.
Maintenance ..................................
54
11.109.
Adjacent Area .................................
54
11.110.
Use of Incinerators Restricted .....................
54
11.111.
Chimney Spark Arresters ........................
54
11.112.
Hours of Burning ...............................
55
11.113.
Burning on Public Property .......................
55
11.114.
Offensive Smoke and Odors ......................
55
11.115.
Attendant for Fire ..............................
55
11.116.
Fire Hazard Prohibited ..........................
55
DIVISION 11.
Combustible and Flammable Materials ........
55
SEC. 11.201.
Accumulation of Waste Material ...................
55
11.202.
Handling of Readily Combustible Materials..........
56
11.203.
Storage of Readily Combustible Materials ...........
56
11.204.
Flammable Decorative Materials ..................
57
11.205.
Use of Open Flame or Light Restricted ..............
57
11.206.
Combustible Materials Beneath Structures ...........
57
11.207.
Combustible Storage in Attic Spaces ...............
57
11.208.
Parade Floats ..................................
57
11.209.
Atrium Furnishings .............................
57
DIVISION III.
Fire Reporting and False Alarms ..............
58
SEC. 11.301.
Reporting of Fires ..............................
58
11.302.
False Alarms ..................................
58
DIVISION IV.
Use of Equipment, Appliances and Devices;
Vacant Buildings .............................
58
SEC. 11.401.
Toy Balloons ..................................
58
11.402.
Projectile Firing ................................
59
11.403.
Asphalt Kettles ................................
59
11.404.
Heating Appliances .............................
59
11.405.
Maintenance of Chimneys and Heating Appliances ....
59
11.406.
Trapdoors to Be Closed ..........................
59
11.407.
Shaftways to Be Marked .........................
60
11.408.
Use of Torches or Flame -producing Devices for
Sweating Pipe Joints or Removing Paint .............
60
11.409.
Hazardous Warning Lights .......................
60
11.410.
Open -flame Devices in Marinas ...................
60
11.411.
Vacating Premises ..............................
60
11.412.
Vacant Buildings ...............................
60
11.413.
Protection of Gas Meters and Piping ................
61
11.414.
Posting of Signs on Exterior Doors Blocked by Storage.
61
11.415.
Storage of Hazardous Equipment in Buildings ........
61
ARTICLE 12. Maintenance of Exit Ways
SEC. 12.101.
Scope ........................................
62
12.102.
Definitions ....................................
62
12.103.
Exit Obstruction ...............................
62
12.104.
Doors ........................................
62
12.105.
Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies ..............
63
12.106.
Stairways .....................................
64
12.107.
Ramps .......................................
64
12.108.
Horizontal Exit ................................
65
12.109.
Stairway, Ramp and Escalator Enclosures ...........
65
12.110,
Smokeproof Enclosures .........................
66
12.111.
Exit Courts ...................................
66
12.112.
Exit Passageway ...............................
66
12.113.
Exit Illumination ...............................
66
12.114.
Exit Signs ....................................
67
ARTICLE 13. Smoking
SEC. 13.101. Designated Areas Where Smoking Shall Be Prohibited . 68
13.102. Smoking ..................................... 68
13.103. "No Smoking" Signs ........................... 68
13.104. Removal of Signs Prohibited ...................... 68
13.105. Compliance with "No Smoking" Signs ............. 68
Part IV —Special Occupancy Uses
ARTICLE 24. Airports, Heliports and Helistops
DIVISION
I.
General .....................................
69
SEC. 24.101.
Scope ........................................
69
24.102.
Permits ......................................
69
24.103.
Dispensing Flammable or Combustible Liquids .......
69
24.104.
Transferring Fuel ...............................
69
24.105.
Application of Flammable or Combustible Liquid
Finishes ......................................
69
24.106.
Cleaning Parts .................................
69
24.107.
Drip Pans .....................................
69
24.108.
Open Flame ...................................
69
24.109.
Smoking .....................................
72
24.110.
Running Engines ...............................
70
24.111.
Repairing Aircraft ..............................
70
24.112.
Combustible Storage ............................
70
24.113.
Portable Fire Extinguishers .......................
70
24.114.
Aircraft Service Station ..........................
70
24.115.
Pumps .......................................
70
24.116.
Dispensing Hose and Nozzles .....................
71
24.117.
Protection of Electrical Equipment .................
71
24.118.
Venting of Equipment Compartments ...............
71
24.119.
Accessory Equipment ...........................
71
24.120.
Bonding and Grounding .........................
71
24.121.
Regulations Not Covered ........................
72
DIVISION
II.
Refueler Units ...............................
72
SEC. 24.201.
Construction of Aircraft Refuelers .. ! ..............
72
24.202.
Operation, Maintenance and Use of Aircraft Refueler
Units........................................
72
24.203.
Fueling and Defueling ...........................
73
24.204.
Qualified Operator .............................
73
24.205.
Protection of Hose ..............................
73
24.206.
Maintenance ..................................
73
24.207.
Loading and Unloading ..........................
74
xiv
24.208.
Passengers ....................................
74
24.209.
Smoking, Open Flame and Service Equipment .......
74
DIVISION Ill.
Helistops....................................
74
SEC. 24.301.
General ......................................
74
24.302.
Clearance .....................................
75
24.303.
Class I or Class II Liquid Spillage ..................
75
24.304.
Exit Ways ....................................
75
24.305.
Federal Aviation Approval .......................
75
ARTICLE 25. Places of Assembly
DIVISION I.
General .....................................
75
SEC. 25.101.
Permits ......................................
75
25.102.
Attendant .....................................
75
25.103.
Decorative Material .............................
75
25.104.
Pyroxylin -coated Fabric .........................
76
25.105.
Motion Picture Screens ..........................
76
25.106.
Exit Doors ....................................
76
25.107.
Aisles ........................................
76
25.108.
Seat Spacing ..................................
78
25.109.
Use of Exit Ways ...............................
78
25.110.
Ashtrays .....................................
78
25.111.
Fire Appliances ................................
78
25.112.
Plan of Exit Ways and Aisles ......................
79
25.113.
Marking and Lighting of Exits ....................
79
25.114.
Maximum Occupant Load ........................
79
25.115.
Open Flame ...................................
79
25.116.
Standby Firemen ...............................
79
25.117.
Use of Candles and Open Flames, Permits ...........
80
25.118.
Detailed Requirements for Use of Candles ...........
80
DIVISION 11.
Reviewing Stands, Grandstands and Bleachers
81
SEC. 25.201.
Scope ........................................
81
25.202.
Definitions ....................................
81
25.203.
Height of Grandstands and Bleachers ...............
81
25.204.
Structural Requirements .........................
81
25.205.
Design of Reviewing Stands, Grandstands and
Bleachers .....................................
81
DIVISION III.
Folding and Telescoping Seating ..............
83
SEC. 25.301.
Scope ........................................
83
25.302.
Definition ....................................
83
25.303.
Design Requirements ...........................
83
25.304.
General Requirements ...........................
84
DIVISION IV.
Securing of Chairs ...........................
85
SEC. 25.401.
General ......................................
85
ARTICLE 26. Bowling Alleys
SEC. 26.101. General ...................................... 86
26.102. Permits ....................................... 86
26.103. Alley Resurfacing and Refinishing ................. 86
26.104. Pin Refinishing ................................ 86
xv
ARTICLE 27. Cellulose Nitrate Plastics (Pyroxylin), Storage and
Handling
SEC. 27.101.
Definition ....................................
87
27.102.
Permits ......................................
87
27.103.
Display of Plastics ..............................
87
27.104.
Storage and Handling ...........................
87
27.105.
Fire -protection Equipment .......................
88
27.106.
Sources of Ignition ..............................
88
ARTICLE 28. Storage and Handling of Combustible Fibers
SEC. 28.101.
Definitions ....................................
89
28.102.
Permits ......................................
89
28.103.
Loose Storage .................................
89
28.104.
Baled Storage .................................
89
28.105.
Storage of Agricultural Products ...................
90
28.106.
Dust -collecting System ..........................
90
ARTICLE 29. Garages
SEC. 29.101.
General ......................................
91
29.102.
Permits ......................................
91
29.103.
Cleaning with Class I or II Liquids .................
91
29.104.
Handling of Gasoline and Oils ....................
91
29.105.
Vapor Ignition Devices ..........................
91
ARTICLE 30. Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants
SEC. 30.101.
Permits ......................................
92
30.102.
Open Yard Storage .............................
92
30.103.
Operational Fire Hazards in Lumber Yards ...........
92
30.104.
Fire -extinguishing Appliances in Open Yards and
Buildings .....................................
92
30.105.
Woodworking Plants ............................
93
ARTICLE 31. Tire -rebuilding Plants
SEC. 31.101.
General ......................................
94
31.102.
Permits ......................................
94
31.103.
Construction and Protection Requirements ...........
94
31.104.
Tire -buffing Rooms .............................
94
31.105.
Ventilation ....................................
94
31.106.
Use and Storage ................................
94
ARTICLE 32. Tents and Air -supported Structures
SEC. 32.101.
Permits ...................................... 95
32.102.
Place of Assemblage ............................ 95
32.103.
Parking of Automobiles ......................... 95
32,104.
Location of Tents and Air -supported Structures ....... 95
32.105.
Structural Stability ............................. 95
32.106.
Flame-retardant Treatment ....................... 96
32.107.
Fire -resistive Standards .......................... 96
32.108.
Smoking and Open Flame ........................ 97
32.109.
Fire Extinguishers and Other Fire -protection
Equipment .................................... 97
32.110.
Standby Firemen ............................... 97
32.111.
Abatement of Fire or Panic Hazards Not Specifically
Covered by This Article ......................... 97
32.112.
Exits ........................................ 97
32.113.
Maintenance of Exit Ways ........................ 98
32.114.
Marking of Exits ............................... 98
xvi
32.115.
Exit Illumination ............................... 98
32.116.
Occupant Load ................................ 99
32.117.
Seating Arrangements ........................... 99
32.118.
Heating and Cooking Equipment .................. 99
32.119.
Storage of Flammable or Combustible Liquids........ 99
32.120.
Housekeeping ................................. 99
ARTICLE 33. Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film
SEC. 33.101. Scope ........................................ 100
33.102. Permits ...................................... 100
33.103. Buildings ..................................... 100
33.104. Storage and Handling ........................... 100
ARTICLE 34. Automobile Wrecking Yards, Junk or Waste Material
Handling Plants
SEC. 34.101. General ......................................
101
34.102. Permits ......................................
101
34.103. Storage ......................................
101
34.104. Burning Operations .............................
101
34.105. Picking Rooms ................................
101
34.106. Welding and Cutting ............................
101
34.107. Access to Area .................................
101
ARTICLE 35. Covered Mail Buildings
SEC. 35.101.
Scope ........................................
102
35.102.
Special Provisions ..............................
102
ARTICLE 36. Dry
Cleaning with Noncombustible Solvents
SEC. 36.101.
Scope ........................................
103
36.102.
Permits ......................................
103
36.103.
Equipment ....................................
103
Part V—Special Processes
ARTICLE 45. Application of Flammable Finishes
DIVISION I.
General Provisions ...........................
104
SEC. 45.101.
Scope ........................................
104
45.102.
Permits ......................................
104
45.103.
Smoking Prohibited .............................
104
45.104.
Welding Warning Signs ..........................
104
45.105.
Electric Wiring and Equipment ....................
105
DIVISION Il.
Spray Finishing ..............................
105
SEC. 45.201.
Definitions ....................................
105
45.202.
Location of Spray -finishing Operations .............
105
45.203.
Spray Booths ..................................
105
45.204.
Dry -type Overspray Collectors (Exhaust Air Filters) ...
106
45.205.
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition .............
106
45.206.
Ventilation of Spray Booths and Spray -finishing Areas .
107
45.207.
Limited Spraying Areas .........................
108
45.208.
Storage and Handling of Flammable or Combustible
Liquids......................................
109
45.209.
Fire -protection Equipment ...............:.......
109
45.210.
Operations and Maintenance ......................
109
45.211,
Drying Apparatus ..............................
110
xvii
DIVISION III. Dip Tanks ................
SEC. 45.301. Location of Dip Tank Operations
45.302.
Ventilation of Vapor Areas .......................
Ill
45.303.
Construction of Dip Tanks ........................
Ill
45.304.
Storage and Handling of Flammable or Combustible
Liquids ......................................
112
45.305.
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition .............
112
45.306.
Operations and Maintenance ......................
112
45.307.
Fire -extinguishing Equipment .....................
112
45.308.
Dip Tank Covers ...............................
113
45.309.
Hardening and Tempering Tanks ...................
113
45.310.
Coating Operations .............................
113
DIVISION IV.
Electrostatic Apparatus ......................
114
SEC. 45.401.
Equipment Type and Location .....................
114
45.402.
Controls ......................................
114
45.403.
Guards and Signs ...............................
114
45.404.
Maintenance ..................................
115
45.405.
Ventilation ....................................
115
DIVISION V.
Automobile Undercoating ....................
115
SEC. 45.501.
Operations Included ............................
115
DIVISION VI.
Powder Coating .............................
115
SEC. 45.601.
Dry Powder Application .........................
115
45.602.
Location and Construction of Powder Coating Rooms
and Booths ....................................
115
45.603.
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition .............
115
45.604.
Ventilation ....................................
116
45.605.
Drying, Curing or Fusion Equipment ...............
116
45.606.
Operation and Maintenance ......................
116
45.607.
Fixed Electrostatic Spraying Equipment .............
116
45.608.
Electrostatic Fluidized Beds ......................
116
DIVISION VII. Organic Peroxides and Dual Component
Coatings ....................................
117
SEC. 45.701.
General ......................................
117
45.702.
Use of Organic Peroxide Coatings .................
117
45.703.
Storage ......................................
117
45.704.
Handling .....................................
118
45.705.
Mixing .......................................
118
45.706.
Smoking .....................................
118
45.707.
Personnel Qualifications .........................
118
ARTICLE 46. Fruit -ripening Processes
SEC. 46.101.
Scope ........................................
119
46.102.
Permits ......................................
119
46.103.
Use of Ethylene ................................
119
46.104.
Electrical Equipment ............................
119
46.105.
Heating ......................................
119
46.106.
Open Flames ..................................
120
46.107.
Housekeeping .................................
120
ARTICLE 47. Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging
SEC. 47.101.
Scope ........................................
121
47.102.
Permits ......................................
121
47.103.
Sources of Ignition .............................
121
xviii
47.104.
Notification of Fumigation .......................
121
47.105.
Breathing Apparatus Required ....................
121
47.106.
Watchman Required During Fumigation .............
121
47.107.
Sealing of Building .............................
121
47.108.
Warning Signs .................................
122
47.109.
Venting and Cleanup ............................
122
47.110.
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging Liquids ..............
122
47.111.
Warehouse Fumigations .........................
122
47.112.
Flammable Fumigants Restricted ..................
122
ARTICLE 48. Magnesium
SEC. 48.101.
Scope ........................................
126
48.102.
Permits ......................................
126
48.103.
Storage of Pigs, Ingots and Billets .................
126
48.104.
Melting Pots ..................................
126
48.105.
Storage of Magnesium Articles in Foundries and
Processing Plants ...............................
126
48.106.
Heat -treating Ovens .............................
126
48.107.
Magnesium Processing Operations .................
126
48.108.
Fire -extinguishing Materials ......................
127
48.109.
Storage of Magnesium Articles in Warehouses and
Stores ........................................
127
48.110.
Handling of Magnesium Fines (Fine Magnesium Scrap)
127
ARTICLE 49. Welding and Cutting Using Calcium Carbide and
Acetylene
SEC. 49.101.
General Requirements ...........................
128
49.102.
Piping of Oxygen and Fuel Gases ..................
128
49.103.
Manifolding of Cylinders ........................
129
49.104.
Storage of Cylinders ............................
129
49.105.
Liquid Oxygen ................................
129
49.106.
Hose and Hose Connections ......................
129
49.107.
General Safety Rules for Welding and Cutting ........
130
49.108.
Containers for Calcium Carbide ...................
131
49.109.
Storage of Calcium Carbide in Buildings ............
131
49.110.
Generators to Be Approved .......................
132
49.111.
Generator Rooms ..............................
132
49.112.
Portable Generators .............................
132
49.113.
Protection against Freezing .......................
132
ARTICLE 50. Manufacture of Organic Coatings
SEC. 50.101.
Scope ........................................
133
50.102.
Definition ....................................
133
50.103.
Permits ......................................
133
50.104.
Process Buildings ..............................
133
50.105.
Storage of Raw Materials and Finished Products ......
134
50.106.
Drainage Facilities ..............................
134
50.107.
Process Mills, Mixers and Kettles ..................
135
50.108.
Process Piping .................................
135
50.109.
Transfer of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in
Process Areas .................................
136
50.110.
Raw Materials in Process Areas ...................
136
50.111.
Electrical Equipment ............................
136
50.112.
Protection Against Static Electricity and Lightning ....
136
50.113.
Fire Protection .................................
137
50.114.
Maintenance ..................................
137
XIX
Part VI —Special Equipment
ARTICLE 61. Oil -burning Equipment
SEC. 61.101.
Scope ........................................
138
61.102.
Use of Approved Equipment ......................
138
61.103.
Design, Construction and Installation ...............
138
61.104.
Electrical Wiring and Equipment ..................
138
61.105.
Fuel Oil ......................................
138
ARTICLE 62. Industrial Baking and Drying Ovens
SEC. 62.101.
Scope ........................................
139
62.102.
Permits and Plans Required .......................
139
62.103.
Location and Construction .......................
139
62.104.
Ventilation ....................................
140
62.105.
Safety Controls ................................
140
ARTICLE 63. Mechanical Refrigeration
SEC. 63.101.
Scope ........................................
141
63.102.
Classifications .................................
141
63.103.
Permits ......................................
142
63.104.
Installation and Maintenance .....................
142
63.105.
Access .......................................
142
63.106.
Instructions ...................................
142
63.107.
Emergency Signs and Labels .....................
142
63.108.
Diffusion Systems ..............................
142
Part VII—Special Subjects
ARTICLE 74. Compressed Gases
SEC. 74.101.
Scope ........................................
144
74.102.
Definitions ....................................
144
74.103.
Permits ......................................
144
74.104.
Storage Containers .............................
144
74.105.
Cylinder Systems for Flammable Anesthetics and
Nonflammable Medical Gases ....................
144
74.106.
Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites ............
144
74.107.
Storage and Use of Cylinders .....................
144
74.108.
Nonflammable Medical Gas System ................
145
74.109.
Pipe Distribution ...............................
147
74.110.
Shutoff Valves .................................
149
74.111.
Station Outlets .................................
149
74.112.
Testing of Piping ...............................
150
74.113.
Cross -connection Testing ........................
150
74.114.
Purging ......................................
150
74.115.
General Precautions ....................... I....
150
ARTICLE 75. Cryogenic Fluids
DIVISION I.
General .....................................
152
SEC. 75.101.
Scope ........................................
152
75.102.
Definitions ....................................
154
75.103.
Permits ......................................
154
75.104.
Approval of Containers, Equipment and Devices ......
154
75.105.
Electrical Equipment ............................
154
75.106.
Electrical Grounding or Bonding ..................
154
75.107.
Warning Labels ................................
154
XX
75.108.
Dispensing Areas ..............................
154
75.109.
Fire Protection .................................
155
DIVISION II.
Containers ..................................
155
SEC. 75.201.
Container Design, Construction and Testing..........
155
75.202.
Container Pressure -relief Devices ..................
155
75.203.
Pressure -relief Vent Piping .......................
155
75.204.
Insulation .....................................
155
75.205.
Nameplate ....................................
155
DIVISION III.
Storage .....................................
156
SEC. 75.301.
Installation of Aboveground Containers .............
156
75.302.
Drainage for Aboveground Containers ..............
157
75.303.
Location of Aboveground Containers with Respect to
Exposure .....................................
157
75.304.
Installation of Belowground Concrete Containers .....
160
75.305.
Installation of Cryogenic In -ground Containers .......
160
75.306.
Location of Belowground and In -ground Containers
with Respect to Exposure ........................
160
75.307.
Location of Containers with Respect to Dikes ........
160
DIVISION IV.
Piping, Process and Accessory Equipment at
Manufacturing Facilities and Consumer Sites ..
161
SEC. 75.401.
Piping, Materials and Construction .................
161
75.402.
Valves and Accessory Equipment ..................
161
DIVISION V.
Handling, Loading and Unloading .............
162
SEC. 75.501.
Loading and Unloading Area .....................
162
DIVISION VI.
Transportation ...............................
162
SEC. 75.601.
Containers, Tanks and Vessels ....................
162
75.602.
Vehicles ......................................
162
ARTICLE 76. Prevention of Dust Explosions
SEC. 76.101.
Definition ....................................
163
76.102.
Permits ......................................
163
76.103.
General Requirements ...........................
163
ARTICLE 77. Explosives
and Blasting Agents
DIVISION I.
General .....................................
164
SEC. 77.101.
Scope ........................................
164
77.102.
Exceptions ....................................
164
77.103.
Definitions ....................................
164
77.104.
Permits ......................................
164
77.105.
Bond Required ................................
165
77.106.
General Requirements ...........................
166
DIVISION II.
Storage .............................. ......
166
SEC. 77.201.
Storage of Explosives ...........................
166
77.202.
Gunpowder ...................................
171
77.203.
Class Magazines ..............................
172
77.204.
Class II Magazines .............................
173
DIVISION III.
Use, Handling and Transportation .............
174
SEC. 77.301.
Use and Handling of Explosives ...................
174
77.302.
Transportation of Explosives. . . . . . . ...............
175
xxi
77.303.
Explosives and Blasting Agents at Terminals .........
176
77.304.
Blasting Agents, General ........................
177
77.305.
Mixing Blasting Agents .........................
178
77.306.
Transportation of Blasting Agents ..................
178
77.307.
Seizure of Explosives and Blasting Agents...........
178
DIVISION IV.
Manufacturing, Assembling and Testing .......
179
SEC. 77.401.
Manufacturing, Assembling and Testing ............
179
77.402.
Plans of Plant ..................................
179
77.403.
Training ......................................
179
77.404.
Emergency Procedure ...........................
179
77.405.
Intraline Distance ..............................
179
77.406.
Intraline Separation of Operating Building ...........
180
77.407.
Operation —Buildings and Equipment ..............
180
77.408.
Explosive Operations ...........................
182
77.409.
Location of Explosive Detonations for Testing ........
183
77.410.
Disposal of Waste Explosives and Fireworks .........
183
ARTICLE 78. Fireworks
SEC. 78.101.
Definition ....................................
184
78.102.
Permits for Manufacturing, Sale and Discharge .......
184
78.103.
Bond for Fireworks Display Required ...............
184
78.104.
Disposal of Unfired Fireworks ....................
184
78.105.
Exception ....................................
184
78.106.
Seizure of Fireworks ............................
184
ARTICLE 79. Flammable and Combustible Liquids
DIVISION I.
General Provisions ...........................
185
SEC. 79.101.
Scope ........................................
185
79.102.
Definitions ....................................
186
79.103.
Permits ......................................
187
79.104.
Portable Tanks, Containers and Equipment ..........
187
79.105.
Design and Construction of Tanks ..................
188
79.106.
Warning Labels ................................
189
79.107.
Warning Signs .................................
189
79.108.
Operating Heating, Lighting and Cooking Appliances. .
189
79.109.
Unlawful Sales of Flammable Liquids ..............
189
79.110.
Cleaning with Flammable Liquid ..................
189
79.111.
Waste Petroleum Products and Flammable or
Combustible Liquids ............................
189
79.112.
Sources of Ignition .............................
189
79.113.
Abandonment and Status of Tanks .................
189
79.114.
Fire Protection .................................
190
DIVISION II.
Container and Portable Tank Storage Inside
Buildings ...................................
190
SEC. 79.201.
General ......................................
190
79.202.
Inside Liquid Storage Room ......................
193
79.203.
Liquid Storage Rooms ...........................
194
79.204.
Liquid Storage Warehouses .......................
195
79.205.
Fire Protection .................................
195
DIVISION III.
Stationary Tank Storage Inside Buildings ......
206
SEC. 79.301.
General ......................................
206
79.302.
Tank Connections ..............................
206
79.303.
Fire Protection .................................
209
DIVISION IV. Container and Portable Tank Storage Outside
Buildings ...................................
210
SEC. 79.401.
General ......................................
210
79.402.
Plans ........................................
210
79.403.
Location on Property ............................
210
79.404.
Container and Tank Storage Near Buildings on the Same
Property ......................................
212
79.405.
Drainage .....................................
212
79.406.
Fencing and Maintenance ........................
212
79.407.
Ignition Sources ...............................
212
79.408.
Outside Dispensing .............................
212
79.409.
Empty Containers and Tanks Storage ...............
212
79.410.
Fire Protection .................................
213
DIVISION V.
Stationary Tank Storage, Aboveground, Outside
of Buildings .................................
213
SEC. 79.501.
Restricted Locations ............................
213
79.502.
Design and Construction of Tanks ..................
213
79.503.
Location with Respect to Property Lines, Public Ways
and Important Buildings on the Same Property .......
213
79.504.
Tank Marking .................................
214
79.505.
Spacing Between Adjacent Tanks ..................
219
79.506.
Supports, Foundations and Anchorage ..............
220
79.507.
Stairs, Platforms and Walkways ...................
220
79.508.
Drainage Dikes and Walls for Aboveground Tanks.....
220
79.509.
Tank Valves ...................................
222
79.510.
Tank Connections ..............................
222
79.511.
Fire Protection .................................
228
DIVISION VI.
Tank Storage Underground, Outside or Under
Buildings ...................................
229
SEC. 79.601.
General ......................................
229
79.602.
Design and Construction of Tanks ..................
229
79.603.
Corrosion Protection ............................
229
79.604.
Tank Connections ..............................
230
79.605.
Testing .......................................
232
DIVISION VII.
Piping, Valves and Fittings ....................
232
SEC. 79.701.
Materials and Design ............................
232
79.702.
Protection Against Corrosion and Galvanic Action ....
233
79.703.
Valves .......................................
233
79.704.
Supports .....................................
233
79.705.
Swing Joints ..................................
233
79.706.
Pipe Joints ....................................
233
79.707.
Bends ........................................
234
79.708.
Testing .......................................
234
DIVISION Vill.
Use, Dispensing and Mixing ..................
234
SEC. 79.801.
Scope ........................................
234
79.802.
Inside Operations ..............................
234
79.803.
Container -filling Facilities ........................
235
79.804.
Design and Construction of Inside Use, Dispensing and
Mixing Room .................................
236
79.805.
Fire Protection .................................
236
79.806.
Dispensing Outside of Buildings ...................
237
79.807.
Loading and Unloading Facilities ..................
237
79.808.
Unloading Operations ...........................
240
xxnl
DIVISION IX.
Service Stations .............................
241
SEC. 79.901.
Scope ........................................
241
79.902.
Storage ......................................
241
79.903.
Dispensing Services ............................
242
79.904.
Pressure Delivery Service Stations .................
244
79.905.
Electrical Equipment ............................
246
79.906.
Heating Equipment .............................
249
79.907.
Drainage and Waste Disposal .....................
249
79.908.
Fire Protection .................................
250
79.909.
Service Stations Located Inside Buildings ...........
250
79.910.
Marine Service Stations .........................
251
79.911.
Fire Protection .................................
254
79.912.
Vapor Recovery ................................
254
DIVISION X.
Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
on Farms and Construction Projects...........
257
SEC. 79.1001.
Scope ........................................
257
79.1002.
Permits ......................................
257
79.1003.
Combustibles and Open Flame Near Tanks...........
257
79.1004.
Marking of Tanks and Containers ..................
258
79.1005.
Electrical .....................................
258
79.1006.
Individual Containers of 60-Gallon or Less Capacity
Each.........................................
258
79.1007.
Permanent Tanks of 6 1 - to 1100-Gallon Capacity and
Temporary Tanks Not Exceeding 10,000-Gallon
Capacity .....................................
258
DIVISION XI.
Well -drilling Operations ......................
259
SEC. 79.1101.
Scope ........................................
259
79.1102.
Permits ......................................
259
79.1103.
Location of Well ...............................
260
79.1104.
Waste Control .................................
260
79.1105.
Sumps .......................................
260
79.1106.
Prevention of Blowouts ..........................
260
79.1107.
Storage Tanks .................................
260
79.1108.
Soundproofing Material .........................
261
79.1109.
Smoking .....................................
261
79.1110.
Signs ........................................
261
79.1111.
Field Loading Racks ............................
261
79.1112.
Fire Protection .................................
261
DIVISION XII. Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible
Liquids .....................................
261
SEC. 79.1201.
Permits ......................................
261
79.1202.
Tank Vehicle Construction .......................
261
79.1203.
Full Trailers and Semitrailers ......................
261
79.1204.
Operation of Tank Vehicles .......................
262
79.1205.
Smoking Prohibited .............................
263
79.1206.
Parking and Garaging ...........................
263
79.1207.
Fire Protection .................................
263
DIVISION XIII.
Industrial Plants .............................
264
SEC. 79.1301.
Scope ........................................
264
79.1302.
Construction ..................................
264
79.1303.
Incidental Storage and Use of Liquids ..............
264
79.1304.
Ventilation ....................................
264
79.1305.
Ignition Sources ...............................
265
xxiv
79.1306.
Separation of Unstable Liquids ....................
265
79.1307.
Drainage .....................................
265
79.1308.
Tank Vehicle and Tank Car Loading and Unloading ....
265
79.1309.
Electrical Equipment ............................
265
79.1310.
Repairs to Equipment ...........................
265
79.1311.
Housekeeping .................................
265
79.1312.
Fire Protection .................................
267
DIVISION
XIV.
Bulk Plants ..................................
268
SEC. 79.1401.
Scope ........................................
268
79.1402.
Buildings .....................................
268
79.1403.
Ventilation ....................................
268
79.1404.
Storage ......................................
269
79.1405.
Loading and Unloading Facilities ..................
269
79.1406.
Wharves .....................................
269
79.1407.
Electrical Equipment ............................
270
79.1408.
Ignition Sources ...............................
271
79.1409.
Drainage and Waste Disposal .....................
271
79.1410.
Fire Protection .................................
273
DIVISION
XV.
Chemical and Processing Plants ..............
274
SEC. 79.1501.
Scope ........................................
274
79.1502.
Construction ..................................
274
79.1503.
Location of Processing Vessel .....................
274
79.1504.
Drainage .....................................
274
79.1505.
Ventilation ....................................
275
79.1506.
Explosion Relief ...............................
275
79.1507.
Storage of Liquids ..............................
275
79.1508.
Piping, Valves and Fittings .......................
275
79.1509.
Transfer ......................................
275
79.1510.
Equipment ....................................
276
79.1511.
Loading and Unloading Facilities ..................
276
79.1512.
Dispensing ....................................
276
79.1513.
Ignition Sources ...............................
276
79.1514.
Housekeeping .................................
276
79.1515.
Maintenance and Repair .........................
276
79.1516.
Electrical Equipment ............................
276
79.1517.
Fire Protection .................................
276
DIVISION
XVI.
Refineries and Distilleries ....................
277
SEC. 79.1601.
Scope ........................................
277
79.1602.
Locations .....................................
277
79.1603.
Manner of Storage ..............................
277
79.1604.
Storage Tanks .................................
277
79.1605.
Pressure Vessels ...............................
277
79.1606.
Location of Process Units ........................
277
79.1607.
Fence ........................................
277
79.1608.
Smoking .....................................
277
79.1609.
Waste Combustibles ............................
278
79.1610.
Fire Protection .................................
278
DIVISION
XVII.
Transportation Pipelines .....................
278
SEC. 79.1701.
Permits ......................................
278
DIVISION
XVIII.
Dry Cleaning with Flammable or Combustible
Liquids.....................................
278
SEC. 79.1801.
Scope ........................................
278
79.1802.
Plant and System Classification ...................
278
XXV
79.1803.
Permits ......................................
278
79.1804.
Solvents ......................................
279
79.1805.
Prohibited Liquids ..............................
279
79.1806.
Occupancy Requirements ........................
279
79.1807.
Ventilation ....................................
280
79.1808.
Heating Equipment .............................
280
79.1809.
Electrical Equipment and Lighting .................
280
79.1810.
Solvent Containers, Tanks and Transferring Equipment.
281
79.1811.
Dry-cleaning Units .............................
282
79.1812.
Stills ........................................
282
79.1813.
Drying Tumblers and Cabinets ....................
282
79.1814.
Bonding and Grounding .........................
283
79.1815.
Scouring, Brushing and Spotting ..................
283
79.1816.
Fire Protection .................................
284
79.1817.
Smoking .....................................
284
ARTICLE 80. Hazardous Materials
SEC. 80.101
Scope ........................................
285
80.102.
Permits ......................................
285
80.103.
General Requirements ...........................
285
80.104.
Oxidizing Materials .............................
286
80.105.
Radioactive Materials ...........................
286
80.106.
Reactive and Unstable Materials ...................
286
80.107.
Highly Toxic Materials ..........................
288
80.108.
Poisonous Gases ...............................
289
80.109.
Storage Cabinets for Hazardous Materials ...........
289
80.110.
Designation of Cargo ...........................
289
80.111.
Aboveground Storage Tanks and Pressure Vessels.....
289
ARTICLE 81. High -piled Combustible Stock
SEC. 81.101.
Scope ........................................
291
81.102.
Definitions ....................................
291
81.103.
Permits ......................................
291
81.104.
Classification of Contents ........................
291
81.105.
Automatic Fire -extinguishing Systems ..............
293
81.106.
Smoke Removal ...............................
293
81.107.
Roof Vents, Venting Ratios and Draft Curtains .......
294
81.108.
Aisles ........................................
294
81.109.
Access to Building .............................
294
81.110.
Wet Standpipes ................................
295
ARTICLE 82. Liquefied Petroleum Gases
SEC. 82.101.
Scope ........................................
296
82.102.
Permits and Reports of Installations ................
296
82.103.
Inspection of Installations ........................
296
82.104.
Installation of Equipment ........................
296
82.105.
Location of Containers ..........................
296
82.106.
Parking and Garaging ...........................
297
82.107.
Prohibited Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas ..........
297
82.108.
Dispensing and Overfilling .......................
297
82.109.
Safety Devices .................................
298
82.110.
Smoking and Open -flame Devices .................
298
82.111.
Clearance of Combustibles .......................
298
82.112.
Abandonment of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Equipment .
298
82.113.
Protecting Containers from Vehicles ................
298
xxvi
ARTICLE 83. Matches
SEC. 83.101.
Permits ......................................
299
83.102.
Wholesale Storage ..............................
299
83.103.
Storage Not to Be Near Vertical Openings ...........
299
83.104.
Match Bins Required ............................
299
83.105.
Storage by Retailers ............................
299
ARTICLE 84. Motion Picture Projection
SEC. 84.101.
Scope ........................................
300
84.102.
Projection Room ...............................
300
84.103.
Smoking .....................................
300
84.104.
Projection Equipment ...........................
300
84.105.
Film Storage and Use ...........................
300
ARTICLE 85. Electrical
SEC. 85.101.
Scope ........................................
301
85.102.
Definitions ....................................
301
85.103.
Use of Temporary Wiring ........................
301
85.104.
Abatement of Electrical Hazards ...................
302
85.105.
Electrical Motors ...............................
302
85.106.
Extension Cords ...............................
302
85.107.
Multiplug Adaptors .............................
302
85.108.
Access .......................................
302
85.109.
Nonapproved Appliances ........................
302
ARTICLE 86. Pesticides
SEC. 86.101.
Scope ........................................
303
86.102.
General Requirements ...........................
303
86.103.
Signs ........................................
303
86.104.
Fire Protection .................................
304
86.105.
Emergency Management .........................
304
86.106.
Display ......................................
304
86.107.
Storage Areas .................................
304
86.108.
Pesticides Stored as Compressed Gases .............
304
Part VIII—Appendices
DIVISION I. Regulations Applicable to Existing Buildings
APP. I -A. Life Safety Requirements for Existing Buildings ......
305
I-B. Stairway Identification ..........................
309
DIVISION II. Community Environmental Hazard Controls
APP. II -A. Suppression and Control of Hazardous Fire Areas .....
311
II-B. Protection of Flammable or Combustible Liquids in
Tanks in Locations that May Be Flooded ............
317
II-C. Marinas ......................................
320
II-D. Rifle Ranges ..................................
322
DIVISION III. Testing Fire -extinguishing Systems, Installation of
Basement Pipe Inlets and Fin; Alarm Systems
APP. III -A. Test Procedures for Fire -extinguishing Systems .......
323
III-B. Basement Pipe Inlets ............................
326
III-C. Fire Alarm Systems .............................
327
DIVISION IV. Flammable Floor Coverings
APP. IV -A. Interior Floor Finish ............................
332
xxvii
DIVISION V. Standards
APP. V-A.
Nationally Recognized Standards of Good Practice ....
334
DIVISION VI. Informational
APP. VI -A.
Emergency Relief Venting for Fire Exposure for
Aboveground Tanks .............................
337
VI-B.
Model Citation Program .........................
342
VI-C.
Reference Tables from the Uniform Building Code ....
359
VI-D.
Unit Conversion Tables ..........................
369
Index............................................................373
An ordinance adopting the Uniform Fire Code and
Uniform Fire Code Standards prescribing
regulations governing conditions hazardous to life
and property from fire or explosion, providing for the
issuance of permits for hazardous uses or
operations, and establishing a bureau of fire
prevention and providing officers therefor and
defining their powers and duties
Be it ordained by the
Sec. 1. ADOPTION OF UNIFORM FIRE CODE.
There is hereby adopted by the
for the purpose of prescribing regulations governing conditions hazardous to life
and property from fire or explosion, that certain Code and Standards known as the
Uniform Fire Code, including Appendix Chapters [insert appropriate
appendix chapters. See Uniform Fire Code Section 1.102 (c).1, and the Uniform
Fire Code Standards published by the Western Fire Chiefs Association and the
International Conference of Building Officials, being particularly the 1982 edi-
tions thereof and the whole thereof, save and except such portions as are hereinaf-
ter deleted, modified or amended by Section 7 of this ordinance of which Code
and Standards not less than three (3) copies have been and are now filed in the
office of the clerk of the
and the same are hereby adopted and incorporated as fully as if set out at length
herein, and from the date on which this ordinance shall take effect, the provision
thereof shall be controlling within the limits of the
NOTE: Uniform Fire Code Section 2.303 (b) of the 1982 edition has been
amended, completely changing the intent of this section. Note in the last sentence of
the paragraph of Section 2.303 (b), all of the listed standards are to be used as a
"guide" only. As such, they are not a part of the adopting ordinance nor are three
copies required to be on file for legal purposes.
Section 2.303 (a) lists the standards that are contained within the Uniform Fire
Code Standards, which is referenced above. Three copies of the standard as well as
the code must be on file when required by state or local laws, which is generally the
case. The Uniform Fire Code Standards contains all of the standards mandated in the
regulatory articles of the Fire Code.
It is assumed that the jurisdiction adopting this code also adopts the current
edition of the Uniform Building Code, the Uniform Building Code Standards, the
Uniform Mechanical Code and the National Electrical Code. See Uniform Fire
Code Sections 9.104, 9.107, 9.115, 9.123 and 2.303 (a).
Sections 1.102 (b) and 10.301 (b) provide for the use of other standards; for
example, National Fire Protection Association's National Fire Codes (NFPA
Standards).
Permits covered by Article 4 of the Uniform Fire Code and required in various
articles are for the purpose of giving the chief more effective control over hazardous
conditions regulated by the code. Where fees are charged for such permits it is
desirable that the money for fees be handled by some agency other than the fire
department, to avoid the impression that inspections are made for obtaining the fees
rather than for providing fire prevention service.
It is also desirable to fix in the adopting ordinance the time period for which a
permit is valid. Where licenses are required by a municipality in addition to permits
required by the Uniform Fire Code and such licenses are renewable each year, it is
suggested that permits be made renewable each year.
Sec. 2. ESTABLISHMENT AND DUTIES OF BUREAU OF FIRE
PREVENTION.
(a) The Uniform Fire Code shall be enforced by the bureau of fire prevention in
the fire department of the
which is hereby established and which shall be operated under the supervision of
the chief of the fire department.
(b) The chief (or fire marshal) in charge of the bureau of fire prevention shall be
appointed by (name of appointing authority)
on the basis of
examination to determine his qualifications.
(c) The chief of the fire department may detail such members of the fire
department as inspectors as shall from time to time be necessary. The chief of the
fire department shall recommend to the
the employment of technical inspectors, who, when such authorization is made,
shall be selected through an examination to determine their fitness for the
position. The examination shall be open to members and nonmembers of the fire
department, and appointments made after examination shall be for an indefinite
term with removal only for cause.
NOTE: The name of the proper administrative authority should be inserted in the
blank space.
Sec. 3. DEFINITIONS.
(a) Wherever the word "jurisdiction" is used in the Uniform Fire Code, it is
NOTE: The name of the state, county, city or town or fire district should be
inserted. See Uniform Fire Code Section 9.112.
Where the chief of the bureau of fire prevention is given the title of "fire
marshal," add the following definition:
Wherever the words "chief of the bureau of fire prevention" are used they
shall be held to mean "fire marshal."
Sec. 4. ESTABLISHMENT OF LIMITS OF DISTRICTS IN WHICH
STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
IN OUTSIDE ABOVEGROUND TANKS IS PROHIBITED.
The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in outside aboveground tanks
is prohibited within the following limits:
NOTE: These limits should include heavily populated and congested commercial
areas. These limits should be detailed unless such limits are established by other
regulations. It may be desirable in some jurisdictions to establish limitations based
on quantities or classes of liquids or both.
xxx
Sec. 5. ESTABLISHMENTS OF LIMITS IN WHICH STORAGE OF
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES IS TO BE RESTRICTED.
The limits referred to in Section 82.105 (a) of the Uniform Fire Code, in which
storage of liquefied petroleum gas is restricted, are hereby established as follows:
NOTE: These limits should include the heavily populated and the congested
commercial areas. These limits should be detailed unless such limits have been
established by other regulations.
Sec. 6. ESTABLISHMENTS OF LIMITS OF DISTRICTS IN WHICH
STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING AGENTS IS TO
BE PROHIBITED.
The limits referred to in Section 77.106 (b) of the Uniform Fire Code, in which
storage of explosives and blasting agents is prohibited, are hereby established as
NOTE: These limits should include the principal business district, closely built
commercial areas and heavily populated areas. These limits shouid he detailed
unless such limits have been established by other regulations.
Sec. 7. AMENDMENTS MADE IN THE UNIFORM FIRE CODE.
The Uniform Fire Code is amended and changed in the following
respects: Section paragraphs and
are amended as follows:
NOTE: Amendments deemed necessary should be inserted. Sections in the code
dealing with subjects covered adequately by existing local or state laws may be cited
as deleted.
Sec. 8. APPEALS.
Whenever the chief disapproves an application or refuses to grant a permit
applied for, or when it is claimed that the provisions of the code do not apply or
that the true intent and meaning of the code have been misconstrued or wrongly
interpreted, the applicant may appeal from the decision of the chief to
within 30 days from the date of the decision appealed.
NOTE: Fill in body to which appeal should be made. See Uniform Fire Code
Section 2.302.
Sec. 9. NEW MATERIALS, PROCESSES OR OCCUPANCIES WHICH
MAY REQUIRE PERMITS.
The (administrator), the chief and the chief of the
bureau of fire prevention shall act as a committee to determine and specify, after
giving affected persons an opportunity to be heard, any new materials, processes
or occupancies for which permits are required in addition to those now enumer-
ated in said code. The chief of the bureau of fire prevention shall post such list in a
conspicuous place in his office, and distribute copies thereof to interested
persons.
Sec. 10. PENALTIES.
(a) Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this Code or Standards
hereby adopted or fail to comply therewith, or who shall violate or fail to comply
with any order made thereunder, or who shall build in violation of any detailed
statement of specifications or plans submitted and approved thereunder, or any
certificate or permit issued thereunder, and from which no appeal has been taken,
or who shall fail to comply with such an order as affirmed or modified by the
or by a court of competent jurisdiction, within the time fixed herein, shall
severally for each and every such violation and noncompliance, respectively, be
guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not less than $
nor more than $ or by imprisonment for not less than days
nor more than days or by both such fine and imprisonment.
The imposition of one penalty for any violation shall not excuse the violation or
permit it to continue; and all such persons shall be required to correct or remedy
such violations or defects within a reasonable time; and when not otherwise
specified, each ten days that prohibited conditions are maintained shall constitute
a separate offense.
(b) The application of the above penalty shall not be held to prevent the
enforced removal of prohibited conditions.
Sec. 11. REPEAL OF CONFLICTING ORDINANCES.
All former ordinances or parts thereof conflicting or inconsistent with the
provisions of this ordinance or of the Code or Standards hereby adopted are
hereby repealed.
NOTE: In some jurisdictions, reference to specific laws that are amended or
repealed is preferred or may be required.
Sec. 12. VALIDITY.
The hereby declares
that should any section, paragraph, sentence or word of this ordinance or of the
Code or Standards hereby adopted be declared for any reason to be invalid, it is
the intent of that
it would have passed all other portions of this ordinance independent of the
elimination herefrom of any such portion as may be declared invalid.
Sec. 13. DATE OF EFFECT.
This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after its approval as
required by law.
1982 EDITION
PART I
ADMINISTRATIVE
ARTICLE 1
TITLE, INTENT AND SCOPE
1.101-1.103
Title
Sec. 1.101. This code shall be known as the UNIFORM FIRE CODE, may be
cited as such, and will be referred to herein as "this code."
Intent
Sec. 1.102. (a) It is the intent of this code to prescribe regulations consistent
with nationally recognized good practice for the safeguarding to a reasonable
degree of life and property from the hazards of fire and explosion arising from the
storage, handling and use of hazardous substances, materials and devices, and
from conditions hazardous to life or property in the use or occupancy of buildings
or premises.
(b) Where no specific standards or requirements are specified in this code, or
contained within other applicable laws (or adopted codes) or ordinances, compli-
ance with the standards of the American Insurance Association, the National Fire
Protection Association or other nationally recognized fire -safety standards as are
approved by the chief shall be deemed as prima facie evidence of compliance with
this intent.
(c) Whenever in this code reference is made to the appendix, the provisions in
the appendix shall not apply unless specifically adopted.
Scope
Sec. 1.103. (a) The provisions of this code shall supplement any and all laws
relating to fire safety and shall apply to all persons without restriction, unless
specifically exempted.
(b) The provisions of this code shall apply to existing conditions as well as to
conditions arising after the adoption thereof, except that conditions legally in
existence at the adoption of this code and not in strict compliance therewith shall
be permitted to continue only if, in the opinion of the chief, they do not constitute a
distinct hazard to life or property.
(c) Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific
requirement for an individual occupancy, the specific requirement shall be
applicable.
2.101-2.104 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 2
ORGANIZATION, AUTHORITY, DUTIES
AND PROCEDURES
Division I
ORGANIZATION AND AUTHORITY
Responsibility for Enforcement
Sec. 2.101. The chief shall be responsible for the administration and enforce-
ment of this code. Under his direction, the fire department shall enforce all
ordinances of the jurisdiction pertaining to:
(a) The prevention of fires.
(b) The suppression or extinguishing of dangerous or hazardous fires.
(c) The storage, use and handling of explosive, flammable, combustible,
toxic, corrosive and other hazardous gaseous, solid and liquid materials.
(d) The installation and maintenance of automatic, manual and other private
fire alarm systems and fire -extinguishing equipment.
(e) The maintenance and regulation of fire escapes.
(f) The maintenance of fire protection and the elimination of fire hazards on
land and in buildings, structures and other property, including those under
construction.
(g) The means and adequacy of each exit in the event of fire, from factories,
schools, hotels, lodging houses, asylums, hospitals, churches, halls, theaters,
amphitheaters and all other places in which people work, live or congregate from
time to time for any purpose.
(h) The investigation of the cause, origin and circumstances of fire.
Rules and Regulations
Sec. 2.102. The chief, with the approval of the administrator, is authorized to
make and enforce such rules and regulations for the prevention and control of fires
and fire hazards as may be necessary from time to time to carry out the intent of
this code. Three certified copies of such rules and regulations shall be filed with
the clerk of the jurisdiction and shall be in effect immediately thereafter and
additional copies shall be kept in the office of the fire department for distribution
to the public.
Fire prevention Bureau
Sec. 2.103. A fire prevention bureau is established within the fire department
under the direction of the fire chief, which shall consist of such fire department
personnel as may be assigned thereto by the fire chief. The function of this bureau
shall be to assist the fire chief in the administration and enforcement of the fire
prevention provisions of this code.
Fire Prevention Engineer or Fire Marshal
Sec. 2.104. (a) The chief may designate a member of the fire department to
1982 EDITION 2.104-2.109
exercise the powers and perform the duties of fire prevention engineer as set forth
in this code. He may also be known as fire marshal.
(b) The chief of the fire department may detail to the bureau of fire prevention
such members of the fire department as may from time to time be necessary.
Authority of Fire Personnel to Exercise Powers of Police Officers
Sec. 2.105. The chief and members of the fire prevention bureau shall have the
powers of a police officer in performing their duties under this code.
Authority of Police Personnel to Assist In Enforcing This Code
Sec. 2.106. Whenever requested to do so by the chief, or his authorized
representative, the chief of police shall assign such available police officers as in
his discretion may be necessary to assist the fire department in enforcing the
provisions of this code.
Right of Entry
Sec. 2.107. Whenever necessary to make an inspection to enforce any of the
provisions of this code, or whenever the chief or his authorized representative has
reasonable cause to believe that there exists in any building or upon any premises
any condition which makes such building or premises unsafe, the chief or his
authorized representative may enter such building or premises at all reasonable
times to inspect the same or to perform any duty imposed upon the chief by this
code, provided that if such building or premises be occupied, he shall first present
proper credentials and demand entry; and if such building or premises be unoc-
cupied, he shall first make a reasonable effort to locate the owner or other persons
having charge or control of the building or premises and demand entry. If such
entry is refused, the chief or his authorized representative shall have recourse to
every remedy provided by law to secure entry.
"Authorized representative" shall include the officers named in Sections
2.104, 2.105 and 2.106 of this code.
If the owner or occupant denies entry, the chief or his authorized representative
shall obtain a proper inspection warrant or other remedy provided by law to secure
entry. No owner or occupant or any other persons having charge, care or control of
any building or premises shall fail or neglect, after proper request is made as
herein provided, to promptly permit entry therein by the chief or his authorized
representative for the purpose of inspection and examination pursuant to this
code.
Liability for Damages
Sec. 2.108. This code shall not be construed to hold the public entity or any
officer or employee responsible for any damage to persons or property by reason
of the inspection or reinspection authorized herein provided or by reason of the
approval or disapproval of any equipment or process authorized herein, or for any
action in connection with the control or extinguishment of any fire or in connec-
tion with any other official duties.
Validity
Sec. 2.109. If any provision of this code or the application thereof to any person
2.109-2.203 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the code and the application of
such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
Division II
DUTIES AND PROCEDURES
Inspections and Unsafe Buildings
Sec. 2.201. (a) The fire prevention bureau shall inspect, as often as may be
necessary, all buildings and premises, including such other hazards or appliances
as the chief may designate for the purpose of ascertaining and causing to be
corrected any conditions which would reasonably tend to cause fire or contribute
to its spread, or any violation of the purpose or provisions of this code and of any
other law or standard affecting fire safety.
(b) All buildings or structures which are structurally unsafe or not provided
with adequate egress, or which constitute a fire hazard or are otherwise dangerous
to human life, or which in relation to existing use constitute a hazard to safety or
health or public welfare, by reason of inadequate maintenance, dilapidation,
obsolescence, fire hazard, disaster damage or abandonment as specified in this
code or any other effective ordinance, are, for the purpose of this section, unsafe
buildings. All such unsafe buildings are hereby declared to be public nuisances
and shall be abated by repair, rehabilitation, demolition or removal in accordance
with the procedure specified in Chapters 4 through 9 of the Uniform Code for the
Abatement of Dangerous Buildings or by any other procedures provided by law.
Investigations
Sec. 2.202. (a) The fire department shall investigate promptly the cause, origin
and circumstances of each and every fire occurring in the jurisdiction involving
loss of life or injury to person or destruction or damage to property and, if it
appears to the bureau of investigation that such fire is of suspicious origin, they
shall then take immediate charge of all physical evidence relating to the cause of
the fire and shall pursue the investigation to its conclusion. The fire prevention
engineer shall make a report in writing to the chief of all facts and findings relative
to each investigation and, should it appear during any investigation that a fire is of
suspicious origin, he shall notify the chief forthwith.
(b) The police department shall assist the fire department in its investigations
whenever requested to do so, unless otherwise directed by the chief of police.
Records and Reports
Sec. 2.203. (a) The fire department shall keep a record of all fires occurring
within its jurisdiction and of all facts concerning the same, including statistics as
to the extent of such fires and the damage caused thereby, together with such other
information as may be required by the chief.
(b) The fire prevention bureau shall retain for not less than three years a record
of each inspection and investigation made showing the cause, the findings and
disposition of each such inspection or investigation.
1982 EDITION 2.204-2.205
Orders, Notices and Tags
Sec. 2.204. (a) Whenever the chief or his duly authorized representative shall
find in any building or on any premises combustible, hazardous or explosive
materials or dangerous accumulations of rubbish; or unnecessary accumulations
of wastepaper, boxes, shavings or any highly flammable materials which are so
situated as to endanger life or property; or shall find obstructions to or on fire
escapes, stairs, passageways, doors or windows that reasonably tend to interfere
with the operations of the fire department or the egress of the occupants of such
building or premises; or shall find that the effectiveness of any exit door, attic
separation or any fire separation wall is reduced; or shall find that this code is
being violated, he shall issue such orders as may be necessary for the enforcement
of the fire prevention laws and ordinances governing the same and for the
safeguarding of life and property from fire.
(b) Whenever the chief or his duly authorized representative deems any
chimney, smokestack, stove, oven, incinerator, furnace or other heating device,
electric fixture or any appurtenance thereto, or anything regulated under a
nationally approved standard in or upon any building, structure or premises not
specifically mentioned in this code, to be defective or unsafe so as to create an
immediate hazard, he shall serve upon the owner or the person having control of
the property a written notice to repair or alter as necessary and shall notify any
other authority enforcing codes regulating such equipment. He may affix a
condemnation tag prohibiting the use thereof until such repairs or alterations are
made. When affixed, such tag may be removed only by the order of the chief or
his duly authorized representative and may be removed only when the hazard to
which the order pertains has been eliminated in an approved manner. Until
removed, that item or device which has caused the hazard shall not be used or be
permitted to be used.
When an apparent structural hazard is caused by the faulty installation, opera-
tion or malfunction of any of the hereinabove mentioned items or devices, the
chief shall immediately notify the building official who shall investigate such
hazard and shall cause such hazard to be abated as required under the Building
Code.
(c) The chief may order the operation or use stopped, or the evacuation, of any
premises, building or vehicle or portion thereof which has or is a fire hazard.
(d) Every order or notice shall set forth a time limit for compliance dependent
upon the hazard and danger created by the violation.
Service of Orders and Notices
Sec. 2.205. Any order or notice authorized or required by this code shall be
given or served upon the owner, operator, occupant or otherperson responsible for
the condition or violation either by verbal notification, personal service, or by
delivering the same to and leaving it with some person of suitable age and
discretion upon the premises; or, if no such person is found on the premises, by
affixing a copy thereof in a conspicuous place on the door to the entrance of said
premises and by mailing a copy thereof to such person by registered or certified
2.205-2.302 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
mail to his last known address. Orders or notices which are given verbally shall be
confirmed by service in writing as herein provided.
Division III
SPECIAL PROCEDURES
Alternate Materials and Methods
Sec. 2.301. (a) The chief may modify any of the provisions of this code upon
application in writing by the owner or lessee or his duly authorized representative
where there are practical difficulties in the way of carrying out the strict letter of
the code, provided that the spirit of the code shall be complied with, public safety
secured and substantial justice done. The particulars of such modification shall be
granted or allowed and the decision of the chief shall be entered upon the records
of the department and a signed copy shall be furnished the applicant.
(b) The chief on notice to the building department may approve any alternate
material or method, provided he finds that the proposed design, use or operation
satisfactorily complies with the intent of this code and that the material, method of
work performed or operation is, for the purpose intended, at least the equivalent of
that prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance,
durability and safety, provided, however, that any approval under the authority
herein contained shall be subject to the approval of the building official whenever
the alternate material or method involves matters regulated by the Building Code.
(c) The chief may require tests as proof of compliance with the intent of this
code, such tests to be made by an approved agency at the expense of the person
requesting approval of the alternate material or method of construction.
(d) If technical expertise is unavailable within the department because of new
technology, process, products, facilities, materials and uses attending the design,
operation or use of a building or premises subject to the inspection of the
department, the chief may require the owner or the person in possession or control
of the building or premises to provide, without charge to the department, a
technical opinion and report. The opinion and report shall be prepared by a
qualified engineer, specialist, laboratory or fire -safety specialty organization
acceptable to the chief and the owner and shall analyze the fire -safety properties
of the design, operation or use of the building or premises and the facilities and
appurtenances situated thereon, and prescribe the necessary recommended
changes.
Board of Appeals
Sec. 2.302. In order to determine the suitability of alternate materials and type
of construction and to provide for reasonable interpretations of the provisions of
this code, there shall be and hereby is created a Board of Appeals consisting of
five members who are qualified by experience and training to pass upon pertinent
matters. The fire chief shall be an ex officio member and shall act as secretary of
the board. The Board of Appeals shall be appointed by the executive body and
shall hold office at their pleasure. The board shall adopt reasonable rules and
regulations for conducting its investigations and shall render all decisions and
1982 EDITION 2.302-2.303
findings in writing to the fire chief, with a duplicate copy to the appellant, and
may recommend to the executive body such new legislation as is consistent
therewith.
Standards
Sec. 2.303. (a) Uniform Fire Code Standards. The Uniform Fire Code
Standards referenced in this code are those standards contained in the Uniform
Fire Code Standards, 1982 edition, published by the Western Fire Chiefs Associa-
tion and the Internationai Conference of Building Officials listed below. The
Uniform Building Code Standards published by the International Conference of
Building Officials and referenced by this code are hereby declared to be part of
this code as if set forth in full herein.
UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARDS
U.F.C. STD. AND
SEC. NOS. TITLE
ARTICLE 9
9-1; 9.108
Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester.
9-2; 9.108
Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Pensky-Martens Closed
Tester.
9-3;9.108
Standard Method of Test for Flash Point of Aviation Turbine Fuels by
Setaflash Closed Tester.
9-4; 9.108
Standard Method of Test for Flash Point of Liquids by Setaflash Closed
Tester.
9-5; 9.124
Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid
Method).
9-6; 9.108 and 79.201 (a)
Standard Method of Test for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup.
ARTICLE 10
10-1; 10.301 (a), 10.303 (b), 24.113 (b), 24.113 (c), 24.113 (d), 30.104 (b),
30.105 (b), 45.209, 45.307 (a), 79.205 (a) and 79.807 (c)
Selection, Installation, Inspection, Maintenance and Testing of Portable
Fire Extinguishers.
10-2; 10.307 (c) and Appendix III C 4
Use of Sprinkler Alarm and Fire Alarm Systems.
N
M
2.303
24-1; 24.121 and 24.201 (a)
Aircraft Fueling.
ARTICLE 24
ARTICLE 62
62-1; 62.101 and 62. T05
Industrial Processing Ovens or Furnaces.
ARTICLE 74
74-1; 74.106
Industrial and Institutional Bulk Oxygen Systems.
ARTICLE 79
79-1; 79.511 (c)
Foam Fire Protection Systems.
79-2; 79.301 (d), 79.506 (c), 79.508 (c) and 79.510 (b)
Fixed Water Spray Fire Protection Systems.
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
79-3; 9.110, 79.504, 79.1508 (c), 80.103 (f), 80.109, 80.111 (a) and 86.103 (a)
Identification of the Health, Flammability and Reactivity of Hazardous
Materials.
79-4; 24.201 (a) and 79.1202
Vehicles for Transporting Flammable or Combustible Liquids.
79-5; 79.104 (a)
Portable Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks.
ARTICLE 81
81-1; 79.203 (a), Table No. 79.200-D-3, 81.104 and 81.105 (b)
General and Rack Storage of Combustibles in Buildings.
ARTICLE 82
82-1; 82.104 and 82.105 (c)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage and Use.
82-2; 82.104
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Utility Plants.
(b) Recognized Standards. Whenever this code is inapplicable for any reason
to any situation involving the protection of persons and property from the hazards
of fire and explosion, the materials, methods of construction, installations,
practices or operations necessary to provide such protection shall, to a reasonable
1982 EDITION
2.303
degree, be in accordance with nationally recognized and accepted standards,
principles and tests and generally recognized and well -established methods of fire
prevention and control. The following standards are intended for use as a guide in
the design, fabrication, testing and use of equipment regulated by this code.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018
ANSI STANDARDS
ANSI B31 American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
2101 "L" Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
API STANDARDS
12-B Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids, 12th
Edition, January, 1977
620 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large Welded, Low
Pressure Storage Tanks, June, 1978
650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 6th Edition, 1979
12-D Specification for Field Large Welded Tanks for Storage of Production
Liquids, 8th Edition, January, 1977
12-F Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids,
7th Edition, January, 1977
RP-2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks, 2nd Edition,
December, 1973
1615 Installation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems, 1979
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
ASTM STANDARDS
ASTM D3425-78 Plastic Containers for Petroleum Products
ASTM D5-78 Penetration of Bituminous Materials
ASTM A395-74 Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure Retaining Castings for Use at
Elevated Temperatures
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017
ASME STANDARDS
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
FIRED PRESSURE VESSELS
Section I —Power Boilers, 1971
Section VIII, Division 1 or 2—Pressure Vessels, 1974
UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSELS
Section VIII, Division 1 or 2-1974
2.203
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS, Bureau of Explosives
1920 "L" Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
AAR CIRCULARS
17-D Tank Car Loading Racks, October 30, 1978
M 17-E Tank Car Loading Racks, October, 30, 1978
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC.
333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, Illinois 60062
UL STANDARDS
UL 25 Meters for Flammable and Combustible Liquids and LP Gas, June 25,
1979
UL 30 Metal Safety Cans, March 15, 1977
UL 58 Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible
Liquids, October 29, 1976
UL 79 Power Operated Pumps for Petroleum Products Dispensing Systems,
June 25, 1975
UL 80 Standard for Steel Inside Tanks for Oil -burner Fuel, July 14, 1980
UL 87 Power Operated Dispensing Devices for Petroleum Products, Novem-
ber 3, 1980
UL 142 Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combusti-
ble Liquids, December, 1972
UL 330 Gasoline Hose, August 21, 1978
UL 525 Flame Arresters for Use of Vents of Storage Tanks for Petroleum Oil
and Gasoline, August 25, 1980
UL 842 Valves for Flammable Liquids, 1980
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA REGULATIONS
Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Chapter 1 (Department of Transporta-
tion Regulations)
10
1982 EDITION 3.101-3.104
ARTICLE 3
COMPLIANCE WITH ORDERS AND NOTICES
Unlawful Continuance of Fire Hazard
Sec. 3.101. Any person operating or maintaining any occupancy, premises or
vehicle subject to this code who shall permit any fire hazard to exist on premises
under his control or who shall fail to take immediate action to abate a fire hazard
when ordered or notifed to do so by the chief or his duly authorized representative
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
Compliance with Order or Notice
Sec. 3.102. Any order or notice issued or served as provided in this code shall
be complied with by the owner, operator, occupant or other person responsible for
the condition or violation to which the order or notice pertains. In cases of extreme
danger to persons or property immediate compliance shall be required. If the
building or other premises is owned by one person and occupied by another, under
lease or otherwise, and the order or notice requires additions or changes in the
building or premises such as would immediately become real estate and be the
property of the owner of the building or premises, such order or notice shall be
complied with by the owner unless the owner and occupant have otherwise agreed
between themselves, in which event the occupant shall comply.
Compliance with Condemnation Tag
Sec. 3.103. A building, premises or thing shall not be used when in violation of
this code as noted on a tag affixed under Section 2.204.
Removal or Destruction of Signs or Tags
Sec. 3.104. A sign or tag posted or affixed by the chief or his authorized
representative shall not be mutilated, destroyed or removed without authority to
do so.
11
4.101 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 4
PERMITS AND CERTIFICATES
Permit Required
Sec. 4.101. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to use a
building or premises or engage in any activities for which a permit is required by
this code without first having obtained such permit. Permits are required from the
bureau of fire prevention.
1. Aircraft refueling vehicles. For certificates required for persons operating
refueling units. See Section 24.204.
2. Aircraft repair hangar. To use any structure as an aircraft hangar for the
purpose of servicing or repairing aircraft. See Section 24.102.
3. Automobile wrecking yard. To operate an automobile wrecking yard. See
Article 34.
4. Bonfires or rubbish fires. To kindle or authorize the kindling or mainte-
nance of bonfires or rubbish fires. See Section 11.101.
5. Bowling pin or alley refinishing. To conduct a bowling pin refinishing or
bowling alley resurfacing operation involving the use and application of flam-
mable liquids or materials. See Article 26.
6. Burning in public place. To ignite or burn waste material on publicly
owned or controlled land, bridge, street or other public place which has not been
set aside by public authority for such purpose. See Section 11.113.
7. Candles and open flames in assembly areas. To use open flame or
candles in connection with assembly areas or restaurants' dining or drinking
establishments. For definition of Assembly, see Section 9.103. See Sections
25.117 and 25.118 for open flame and candles.
8. Cellulose nitrate storage. To store or handle more than 25 pounds of
cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) for the manufacturing or assembly of articles
or parts of articles containing cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin). See Article
27.
9. Combustible fiber storage. To store or handle combustible fibers in
quantities in excess of 100 cubic feet. See Article 28.
10. Compressed gases, flammable. To store, handle or use at normal tem-
perature and pressures more than 2000 cubic feet of flammable compressed gas or
6000 cubic feet of nonflammable compressed gas. See Article 74.
11. Cryogen. Except where federal or state regulations apply and except for
fuel systems of the vehicle, permits are required to produce, store or handle
cryogenic fluids in excess of the following amounts:
TYPE OF CRYOGENIC
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
Flammable
Over 1 gallon
60 gallons
Oxidizer
(includes Oxygen)
50 gallons
50 gallons
Corrosive or highly toxic
Over I gallon
Over 1 gallon
Nonflammable
60 gallons
500 gallons
12
1982 EDITION 4.101
12. Dry cleaning plants. To engage in the business of dry cleaning. Such
permits shall prescribe the class of system to be used. See Article 36 and Section
79.1802.
13. Dust -producing operations. To operate a grain elevator, flour starch or
feed mill, or plant pulverizing aluminum, coal, coca, magnesium, spices, sugar
or other material producing dusts as defined in Section 76.101.
14. Excavations near flammable or combustible liquid pipelines. To exca-
vate or do any work below grade within 10 feet of any pipeline used for the
transportation of flammable or combustible liquids. See Section 79.1201.
15. Explosives or blasting agents. For permits for explosives or blasting
agents, see Section 77.104.
16. Fireworks. For permits for fireworks, see Article 78.
17. Flammable or combustible liquid pipeline operation and excavation.
To use or operate a pipeline for the transportation of flammable or combustible
liquids or to excavate or do any work below grade within 10 feet of any such
pipeline. See Section 79.1301.
18. Flammable or combustible liquids and tanks. A. To store, handle or use
Class I liquids in excess of 5 gallons in a building or in excess of 10 gallons outside
of any building, except that a permit is not required for the following:
(i) The storage or use of Class I liquids in the fuel tank of a motor vehicle,
aircraft, motorboat, mobile power plant or mobile heating plant, unless
such storage, in the opinion of the chief, would cause an unsafe condition.
(ii) The storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes or similar flammable mixtures
when such liquids are stored for maintenance, painting or similar purposes
for a period of not more than 30 days.
B. To store, handle or use Class II or Class III liquids in excess of 25 gallons in a
building or in excess of 60 gallons outside a building, except for fuel oil used in
connection with oil -burning equipment.
C. To remove Class I or Class II liquids from an underground storage tank used
for fueling motor vehicles by any means other than the approved, stationary on -
site pumps normally used for dispensing purposes.
D. To install, alter or operate equipment in connection with the storage,
handling, use or sale of flammable or combustible liquids regulated under Article
79.
E. To install, alter, remove, abandon, place temporarily out of service or
otherwise dispose of any flammable or combustible liquid tank. See Article 79.
19. Fruit ripening. To ripen fruit by the process described in Section 46.101.
20. Fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging. To operate a business of
fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging. Also to maintain a room, vault or
chamber in which a toxic flammable fumigant is used. See Article 47.
21. Garages. To use any structure as a place of business for repairing motor
vehicles. See Article 29.
22. Hazardous materials. To store, transport or handle more than 55 gallons
of corrosive liquids or more than 500 pounds of oxidizing materials or more than
13
4.101 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
10 pounds of organic peroxides or more than 500 pounds of nitromethane or•1000
pounds or more of ammonia nitrate, ammonia nitrate fertilizers and fertilizer
mixtures covered by Section 80.106 (d); or any amount of highly toxic materials,
pyrophoric materials, hypergolic materials, cryogenic or poisonous gases. See
Article 80.
23. Highly toxic pesticides. To store any amount of highly toxic pesticides.
See Article 80.
24. High -piled combustible stock. To use any building or portion thereof
exceeding 2500 square feet for the storage of high -piled combustible stock. A
floor plan showing the dimensions and location of the stockpiles and aisles shall
be submitted with applications for such permits. See Article 81.
25. Junk yards. To operate a wrecking yard, junk or waste material handling
plant. See Article 34.
26. Liquefied petroleum gases. Except for portable containers of less than
120 gallons water capacity to install or maintain any LP gas container or operate
any tank vehicle which is used for the transportation of LP gas. Where a single
container or the aggregate capacity of interconnected containers is over 1200
gallons water capacity, the installer shall submit plans for such permits. See
Article 82.
27. Lumber yards. To store lumber in excess of 100,000 board feet. See
Article 30.
28. Magnesium working. To melt, cast, heat treat or grind more than 10
pounds of magnesium per working day. See Article 48.
29. Mall, covered. To use a covered mall in the following manner:
A. Placing or constructing temporary kiosks, display booths, concession
equipment or the like in the mall.
B. To use the mall as a place of assembly.
C. To use open -flame or flame -producing devices.
D. To display any liquid or gas -fueled powered equipment.
E. To use liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and compressed
flammable gas. See Article 35.
30. Matches. To manufacture matches or to store matches exceeding an
aggregate 60 matchman's gross (14,400 each gross). See Article 83.
31. Nitrate film. To store, handle, use or display nitrate film. See Article 33.
32. Oil and natural gas wells. To drill, own, operate or maintain an oil or
natural gas well. Each oil and natural gas well permit shall be valid for the
calendar year for which it is issued. See Section 79.1101.
33. Open burning. See Bonfires.
34. Open -flame devices in marinas. See Section 11.410.
A. To use open flame devices for maintenance or repair of boats, slips or
wharfs.
B. To use a portable barbecue, brazier or cooking device on any boat, slip or
wharf.
14
1982 EDITION 4.101-4.102
35. Organic coatings. To manufacture more than one gallon of organic
coatings in a working day. See Article 50.
36. Ovens, industrial baking or drying. To operate an industrial baking or
drying oven regulated by this code. See Article 62.
37. Parade floats. To use a parade float for public performance, presentation,
spectacle, entertainment or parade. See Section 11.208.
38. Places of assembly. To operate a place of assembly as defined in Article 9.
39. Radioactive materials. To store or handle at any installation more than 1
microcurie of radioactive material not contained in a field source or more than 1
millicurie of radioactive material in a sealed source or sources, or any amount of
radioactive material for which a specific license from the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission is required. See Article 80.
40. Refrigeration equipment. To install or operate a mechanical refrigeration
unit or system. See Article 63.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Air, water or brine systems.
2. All units and systems utilizing Group 1 refrigerants with a refrigerant com-
pressor or horsepower rating of less than 100.
41. Spraying or dipping. To operate a spraying or dipping enterprise utilizing
flammable liquids included within the scope of Article 45. See Section 45.101.
42. Tank vehicles. To operate a tank vehicle for the transportation of flam-
mable or combustible liquids. See Article 79, Division XII.
43. Tents and air -supported structures. To erect or operate a tent or air -
supported structure covering an area in excess of 200 square feet unless such
structures are used exclusively for camping. See Article 32.
44. Tire recapping. To operate tire recapping or rebuilding plants. See Article
31.
45. Waste material handling plant. To operate a waste material handling
plant. See Article 34.
46. Welding and cutting operations. To conduct welding and/or cutting
operations in any occupancy. See Article 49.
Conditions of Permits or Certificates
Sec. 4.102. (a) A permit shall constitute permission to maintain, store, use or
handle materials, or to conduct processes which produce conditions hazardous to
life or property, or to install equipment used in connection with such activities.
Such permission shall not be construed as authority to violate, cancel or set aside
any of the provisions of this code. Such permit shall not take the place of any
license required by law.
(b) A permit issued under this code shall continue until revoked or for such a
period of time as designated therein at the time of issuance. It shall not be
transferable and any change in use, occupancy, operation or ownership shall
require a new permit.
(c) All permits or certificates issued under this code shall be presumed to
contain the proviso that the applicant, his agents and employees shall carry out the
15
4.102-4.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
proposed activity in compliance with all the requirements of this code and any
other laws or regulations applicable thereto, whether specified or not, and in
complete accordance with the approved plans and specifications. Any permit or
certificate which purports to sanction a violation of this code or any applicable
law or regulation shall be void and any approval of plans and specifications in the
issuance of such permit shall likewise be void.
Application for Permit
Sec. 4.103. All applications for a permit required by this code shall be made to
the bureau of fire prevention in such form and detail as it shall prescribe.
Applications for permits shall be accompanied by such plans as required by the
bureau.
Inspection Required
Sec. 4.104. Before a permit may be issued, the chief or his authorized
representative shall inspect and approve the receptacles, vehicles, buildings,
devices, premises, storage spaces or areas to be used. In instances where laws or
regulations are enforceable by departments other than the fire department, joint
approval shall be obtained from all departments concerned.
Retention of Permits
Sec. 4.105. Permits shall at all times be kept on the premises designated therein
and shall at all times be subject to inspection by an officer of the fire or police
department or other authorized persons.
Permits for the Same Location
Sec. 4.106. Whenever, under the provisions of this code, more than one permit
or certificate is required for the same location, such permits or certificates may be
consolidated into a single permit or certificate.
Revocation of Permits
Sec. 4.107. Any permit or certificate issued under this code may be suspended
or revoked when it is determined after a hearing by the chief that:
(a) It is used by a person other than the person to whom the permit or certificate
was issued.
(b) It is used for a location other than that for which it was issued.
(c) Any of the conditions or limitations set forth in the permit or certificate have
been violated.
(d) The permittee fails, refuses or neglects to comply with any order or notice
duly served upon him under the provisions of this code within the time provided
therein.
(e) There has been any false statement or misrepresentation as to a material fact
in the application or plans on which the permit or application was based.
16
1982 EDITION 9.101-9.103
PART H
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ARTICLE 9
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
General Provisions
Sec. 9.101. (a) Amendments. Whenever a reference is made to any portion of
this code or any other applicable law or ordinance, the reference applies to all
amendments and additions now or hereafter made.
(b) Tenses. The present tense includes the past and future tenses and the future,
the past.
(c) Gender. The masculine gender includes the feminine and neuter.
(d) Number. The singular number includes the plural and the plural the
singular.
Definitions
Sec. 9.102. For the purpose of this code certain words and phrases are defined
and certain provisions shall be construed as herein set forth, unless it is apparent
from the context a different meaning is intended.
A
Sec. 9.103. AAR shall mean Association of American Railroads.
AEROSOL (Flammable) is a material which is dispensed from its container as
a mist, spray or foam by propellant under pressure and which is required to be
labeled "flammable" under the U.S. Federal Hazardous Substances Act.
AGA shall mean American Gas Association.
AIA shall mean American Insurance Association.
ANSI shall mean American National Standards Institute.
API shall mean American Petroleum Institute.
ASHRAE shall mean American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air -
Conditioning Engineers.
ASME shall mean American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
ASTM shall mean American Society for Testing and Materials.
ADMINISTRATOR shall mean the executive officer of the jurisdictional
area. N
AIR -SUPPORTED STRUCTURE is any structure constructed of lightweight
fabric or film or any combination thereof which derives its sole support and
stability from internal inflation pressure.
ALTER AND ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in
construction or occupancy.
APARTMENT HOUSE is any building, or portion thereof, which contains
three or more dwelling units.
17
9.103-9.104 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
APPROVED refers to approval by the chief as the result of investigation and
tests conducted by him or by reason of accepted principles or tests by national
authorities, technical or scientific organizations.
AREA shall mean a particular extent of surface. (Also see Floor Area.)
ASPHALT KETTLE is any vessel or container used to process, heat, hold for
heating or dispense flammable or combustible roofing materials that are in liquid
form or will take that form as a result of being exposed to such vessel or container.
ASSEMBLY is the gathering together of 50 or more persons for such purposes
as deliberation, education, instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement, in
drinking or dining establishments, or awaiting transportation.
ATMOSPHERIC TANK is a storage tank which has been designed to operate
at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5 psig.
ATRIUM is an opening through two or more floor levels other than enclosed
stairways, elevators, hoistways, escalators, plumbing, electrical, air-conditioning
or other equipment, which is closed at the top and not defined as a mall.
AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEM is a system which automatically
detects a fire condition and actuates a fire alarm signal device.
AUTOMATIC FIRE CHECK is a device listed for installation in commu-
nicating piping carrying an explosive vapor/air mixture to prevent a flashback
from reaching the underground tanks or equipment in the piping system. These
devices shall be equipped with special elements for arresting the explosion wave
which may be already established in a pipe. These devices shall contain an
automatically operated shutoff valve to stop flow of vapor/air mixture in event of a
flashback and continued burning at the arrester element. The shutoff valve shall
be capable of a manual reset.
y AUTOMATIC FIRE -EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM is an approved system
of devices and equipment which automatically detects a fire and discharges an
approved fire -extinguishing agent onto or in the area of a fire.
B
Sec. 9.104. BALCONY, EXTERIOR EXIT, is a landing or porch projecting
from the wall of a building and which serves as an exit. The long side shall be at
least 50 percent open, and the open area above the guardrail shall be so distributed
as to prevent the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.
BARREL shall mean a volume of 42 U. S. gallons.
BASEMENT is any floor level below the first story in a building, except that a
floor level in a building having only one floor level shall be classified as a
basement unless such floor level qualifies as a first story as defined in the Building
Code.
BELOWGROUND CONTAINER is a storage installation in which the maxi-
mum liquid level in the container is below the surrounding grade or below a
backfill berm, which is at least 10 feet wide at the top and then slopes away from
the container at a natural angle of repose or is retained 10 feet from the container
18
1982 EDITION 9.104
by a retaining wall and constructed of earth, concrete, solid masonry or suitable
material designed to prevent the escape of liquid.
BLASTING AGENT is any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and
oxidizer intended for blasting, not otherwise classified as an explosive, in which
none of the ingredients is classified as explosives, provided that the finished
product as mixed and packaged for use or shipment cannot be detonated by means
of a No. 8 test blasting cap when unconfined. Materials or mixtures classified as
nitrocarbonitrates by the Department of Transportation regulations shall be
included in this definition.
BLASTING CAP is a shell closed at one end and containing a charge of
detonating compound which is ignited by a safety fuse. It is used for detonating
explosives.
BLEACHERS are seating facilities without backrests in which an area of 3
square feet or less is assigned per person for computing the occupant load.
BOILOVER is the expulsion of crude oil (or certain other liquids) from a
burning tank in which the light fractions of the crude oil burn off, producing a heat
wave in the residue which, on reaching a water strata, may result in the expulsion
of a portion of the contents of the tank in the form of a froth.
BOILING POINT is the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 14.7 psia.
Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in question, or for
mixtures which do not have a constant boiling point, for purposes of this classi-
fication, the 10 percent point of a distillation performed in accordance with the
Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products ASTM D86-62
may be used as the boiling point of the liquid.
Btu shall mean British thermal unit —the heat necessary to raise the tempera-
ture of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any
use or occupancy.
BUILDING CODE —see Uniform Building Code.
BUILDING OFFICIAL is the official of the jurisdiction charged with the
administration of the Building Code.
BULK OXYGEN SYSTEM is an assembly of equipment, such as oxygen
storage containers, pressure regulators, safety devices, vaporizers, manifolds and
interconnecting piping, which has a storage capacity at normal temperature and
pressure of:
1. More than 12,000 cubic feet of oxygen connected in service or ready for
service, or
2. More than 25,000 cubic feet of oxygen, including unconnected reserve on
hand at the site.
The bulk oxygen system terminates at the point where oxygen at service
pressure first enters the supply line. The oxygen may be stored as a liquid or gas in
either stationary or portable containers.
19
9.104-9.105 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
BULK PLANT is that portion of a property where refined flammable or
combustible liquids are received by tank vessel, pipeline, tank car or tank vehicle
and are stored or blended in bulk for the purpose of distributing such liquids in
tank vessel, pipeline, tank car, tank vehicle or container.
BULLET RESISTANT is a material and construction method capable of
preventing penetration of a 180-grain, 30-caliber, soft -nose, hunting -type bullet
when propelled at a maximum velocity of 2700 feet per second.
BUREAU OF FIRE PREVENTION is the fire prevention bureau of the
jurisdiction.
C
Sec. 9.105. CGA is the Compressed Gas Association.
CARGO TANK is any container having a liquid capacity in excess of 120
gallons used for the carrying of flammable or combustible liquids, LP gas, or
hazardous chemicals and mounted permanently or otherwise upon a tank vehicle.
The term "cargo tank" does not apply to any container used solely for the purpose
of supplying fuel for propulsion of the vehicle upon which it is mounted.
CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN) is any plastic sub-
stance, material or compound, other than cellulose nitrate film covered by Article
33 or guncotton or other explosive covered by Article 77, having cellulose nitrate
as a base, or whatever name known, when in the form of blocks, slabs, sheets,
tubes or fabricated shapes. For requirements, see Article 27.
CENTRAL SUPPLY is that portion of the system which normally supplies the
piping systems.
CHEMICAL PLANT See Article 79.
CHIEF OR CHIEF OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT is the chief officer of
the fire department serving the jurisdiction, or his authorized representative.
CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF FIRE PREVENTION is the head of the fire
prevention bureau.
CHIEF ENGINEER is the chief.
CHIEF OF POLICE OR POLICE DEPARTMENT is the chief law enforce-
ment officer of the jurisdiction or his authorized representative.
CLOSED CONTAINER is a container so sealed by means of a lid or other
device that liquid, vapor or dusts will not escape from it under ordinary conditions
of use or handling.
COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS are readily ignitable and free -burning fibers, such
as cotton, sisal, henequen, ixtle, jute, hemp, tow, cocoa fiber, oakum, baled
waste, baled wastepaper, kapok, hay, straw, excelsior, Spanish moss and other like
materials.
COMBUSTIBLE FIBER STORAGE BIN is a metal or metal -lined con-
tainer with a capacity not exceeding 100 cubic feet and equipped with a self -
closing cover.
20
1982 EDITION 9.105
COMBUSTIBLE FIBER STORAGE ROOMS are rooms with a capacity
not exceeding 500 cubic feet separated from the remainder of the building by a
one -hour occupancy separation constructed as specified in the Building Code.
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID is a liquid having a flash point at or above 100°F.
Combustible liquids shall be subdivided as follows:
Class II liquids shall include those having flash points at or above 100°F. and
below 140°F.
Class III -A liquids shall include those having flash points at or above 140°F.
and below 200°F
Class III-B liquids shall include those liquids having flash points at or above
200OF.
COMBUSTIBLE WASTE MATTER shall mean magazines, books, trim-
mings from lawns, trees, flower gardens, pasteboard boxes, rags, paper, straw,
sawdust, packing material, shavings, boxes and all rubbish and refuse that will
ignite through contact with flames of ordinary temperatures.
COMMODITY is the combination of product, packing material and
container.
COMPRESSED GAS is any mixture or material having in the container either
an absolute pressure exceeding 40 pounds per square inch at 70T, or an absolute
pressure exceeding 104 pounds per square inch at 130'E, or both; or any liquid
flammable material having a vapor pressure as defined in Section 9.124 exceed-
ing 40 pounds per square inch at 100'R
CONDENSATE TANK. See Article 79.
CONTAINER. See Article 79.
CONVERSION OIL BURNER is a burner for field installation in heating
appliances such as boilers and furnaces. It may be furnished with or without a
primary safety control. Under special circustances it may be installed for firing
ovens, water heaters, ranges, special furnaces and the like. A burner of this type
may be a pressure atomizing gun type, a horizontal or vertical rotary type or a
mechanical or natural draft vaporizing type.
CONVERSION RANGE OIL BURNER is an oil burner designed to burn
kerosene, range oil or similar fuel. This burner is intended primarily for installa-
tion only in a stove or range, a portion or all of which originally was designed for
the utilization of solid fuel and which is flue -connected.
CORROSIVE LIQUIDS are those acids, alkaline caustic liquids and other
corrosive liquids which, when in contact with living tissue, will cause severe
damage of such tissue by chemical action or are liable to cause fire when in
contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals.
CRUDE PETROLEUM is hydrocarbon mixtures that have a flash point below
150°F. and which have not been processed in a refinery.
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS are those fluids that have a normal boiling point
below —150'E (See Table No. 75.102-13).
21
9.105-9.106 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
CRYOGENIC IN -GROUND CONTAINER is a container in which the
maximum liquid level is below the normal surrounding grade and is constructed
essentially of natural materials such as earth and rock and dependent upon the
freezing of water -saturated earth materials for its tightness or impervious nature.
CRYOGENIC VESSEL is any pressure vessel, low-pressure tank or
atmospheric tank designed to contain a cryogenic fluid on which venting, insula-
tion, refrigeration or a combination of these is used in order to maintain the
operating pressure within the design pressure and the contents in a liquid phase.
D
Sec. 9.106. DECORATIVE MATERIALS are materials such as curtains,
draperies, streamers, surface coverings applied over the building interior finish
for decorative, acoustical or other effect, and also cloth, cotton batting, straw,
vines, leaves, trees and moss used for decorative effect, but they shall not include
floor coverings, ordinary window shades nor materials '/ao of an inch or less in
thickness applied directly to and adhering tightly to a base.
DETONATING CORD is a flexible cord containing a center core of high
explosives which when detonated will have sufficient strength to detonate other
cap -sensitive explosives with which it is in contact.
DETONATOR is a component (such as a blasting cap or an electric blasting
cap) in an explosive train which is capable of initiating detonation in a subsequent
high explosive component.
DISPENSING. See Article 79.
DIP TANK is a tank, vat or container of flammable or combustible liquid in
which articles or materials are immersed for the purpose of coating, finishing,
treating or similar processes.
DISPERSAL AREA, SAFE, is an area which will accommodate a number of
persons equal to the total capacity of the stand and building which it serves such
that a person within the area will not be closer than 50 feet from the stand or
building. Dispersal area capacity shall be determined by allowing 3 square feet of
net clear area per person.
D.I.S.S. DIAMETER -INDEX SAFETY SYSTEM is the system outlined in
Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet V-5.
DISTILLERY is a plant or that portion of a plant where liquids produced by
fermentation are concentrated and where the concentrated products may also be
mixed, stored or packaged.
DRY CLEANING is the process of removing dirt, grease, paints and other
stains from wearing apparel, textiles, fabrics, rugs or other material by the use of
nonaqueous liquids (solvents), and it shall include the process of dyeing clothes or
other fabrics or textiles in a solution of dye colors and nonaqueous liquid solvents.
DUST is pulverized particles which, if mixed with air in the proper propor-
tions, become explosive and may be ignited by a flame or a spark or other source
of ignition.
DWELLING is any building which contains not more than two dwelling units.
22
1982 EDITION 9.106-9.108
DWELLING UNIT is any building or portion thereof which contains living
facilities, including provisions for sleeping, eating, cooking and sanitation as
required by the Building Code, for not more than one family.
E
Sec. 9.107. ELECTRICAL CODE is the National Electrical Code promul-
gated by the National Fire Protection Association, as adopted by this jurisdiction.
ELECTRIC BLASTING CAP is a shell containing a charge of detonating
compound designed to be fired by an electric current.
ELECTROSTATIC FLUIDIZED BED is a container holding powder coating
material which is aerated from below so as to form an air -supported expanded
cloud of such material which is electrically charged with a charge opposite to the
charge of the object to be coated. Such object is transported through the container
immediately above the charged and aerated materials in order to be coated.
EXECUTIVE BODY is the governing body of the jurisdiction adopting this
code.
x{
EXIT is a continuous and unobstructed means of egress to a public way, and
shall include aisles, intervening doors, doorways, corridors, exterior exit bal-
conies, ramps, stairways, smokeproof enclosures, horizontal exits, exit passage
ways, exit courts and yards.
EXIT COURT is a yard or court providing egress to a public way for one or x:
more required exits. h
EXIT PASSAGEWAY is an enclosed means of egress connecting a required
exit or exit court with a public way.
EXPLOSIVE is any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that is com-
monly used or intended for the purpose of producing an explosion, that contains
any oxidizing and combustible units or other ingredients in such proportions,
quantities, or packing, that an ignition by fire, by friction, by concussion, by
percussion or by detonator of any part of the compound or mixture may cause such
a sudden generation of highly heated gases that the resultant gaseous pressures are
capable of producing destructive effects on contiguous objects or of destroying
life and limb.
F
Sec. 9.108. FIRE APPARATUS is a vehicle such as a fire pumper, aerial
ladder truck, elevated platform, rescue squad or similar fire -fighting or rescue
equipment.
FIRE APPLIANCE is apparatus or equipment provided or installed for use in
the event of an emergency.
FIRE ASSEMBLY is the assembly of a fire door, fire window or fire damper,
including all required hardware, anchorage, frames and sills.
FIRE BARRIER is a line or barricade designed to keep unauthorized persons
out of the area of a fire.
23
9.108 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
FIRE DEPARTMENT is any regularly organized fire department, fire protec-
tion district or fire company regularly charged with the responsibility of providing
fire protection to the jurisdiction.
FIRE DEPARTMENT HOSE CONNECTION is a connection through
k which the fire department can pump water.
FIRE DOOR is a fire -resistive door approved for openings in fire separations.
FIRE HAZARD is any thing or act which increases or may cause an increase
of the hazard or menace of fire to a greater degree than that customarily recog-
nized as normal by persons in the public service regularly engaged in preventing,
suppressing or extinguishing fire; or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or inter-
fere with the operations of the fire department or the egress of occupants in the
event of fire.
FIRE NUISANCE is any thing or any act which is annoying, unpleasant,
offensive or obnoxious because of fire.
FIRE POINT is the lowest temperature of a liquid in an open container at
which vapors are evolved fast enough to support continuous combustion as
determined by U.F.C. Standard No. 9-6.
FIRE -RESISTIVE or FIRE -RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION is con-
struction to resist the spread of fire, details of which may be specified in the
Building Code of the jurisdiction.
FIRE -RESISTIVE RATING is the time that the material or construction will
withstand the standard fire exposure as determined by a fire test made in con-
formity with the standard methods of fire tests of buildings, construction and
materials in the U.B.C. Standards.
FIRE SEPARATION is construction of rated fire resistance or the mainte-
nance of clear area to resist the spread of fire.
FIREWORKS is any combustible or explosive composition, or any substance
or combination of substances, or device prepared for the purpose of producing a
visible or an audible effect by combustion, explosion, deflagration or detonation,
and shall include blank cartridges, toy pistols, toy cannons, toy canes or toy guns
in which explosives are used, firecrackers, torpedoes, sky -rockets, Roman can-
dles, Daygo bombs, sparklers or other devices of like construction and any
devices containing any explosive or flammable compound, or any tablet or other
device containing an explosive substance, except that the term "fireworks" shall
not include any auto flares, paper caps containing not in excess of an average of
twenty-five hundredths of a grain of explosive content per cap and toy pistols, toy
canes, toy guns or other devices for use of such caps, the sale and use of which
shall be permitted at all times.
FLAME ARRESTER is a device approved for installation in piping which
carries a flammable vapor/air mixture to prevent a flashback beyond the point of
installation. Flame arresters installed under this definition shall be installed only
in such location specifically approved by the listing agency.
FLAME RETARDANT is any approved chemical, chemical compound or
mixture which when applied in an approved manner to any fabric or other material
24
1982 EDITION 9.108
will render such fabric or material incapable of supporting combustion.
FLAMMABLE ANESTHETIC is a compressed gas which is flammable and
administered as an anesthetic and shall include among others, cyclopropane,
divinyl ether, ethyl chloride, ethyl ether and ethylene.
FLAMMABLE CRYOGENIC FLUIDS are those cryogenic fluids which are
flammable in their vapor state.
FLAMMABLE LIQUID is any liquid having a flash point below 100°F. and -
having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (absolute) at
100'E Class I liquids shall include those having flash points below 100°F. and
may be subdivided as follows:
Class I -A shall include those having flash points below 73°F. and having a
boiling point below 100°F.
Class I-B shall include those having flash points below 73°F. and having a
boiling point at or above 100°F.
Class I-C shall include those having flash points at or above 73°F and below
1000E €
FLAMMABLE MATERIAL is (1) any material that will readily ignite from
common sources of heat; (2) any material that will ignite at a temperature of
600°F. or less.
FLAMMABLE SOLID is a solid substance, other than one classified as an
explosive, which is liable to cause fires through friction, through absorption of
moisture, through spontaneous chemical changes or as a result of retained heat
from the manufacturing or processing.
FLASH POINT is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapors
in sufficient concentrations to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface
of the liquid within the vessel as specified by appropriate test procedures and
apparatus as follows:
The flash point of a liquid having a viscosity less than 5.82 centistokes (cSt) at
100°F. and a flash point below 200*E shall be determined in accordance with
U.F.C. Standard No. 9-1.
The flash point of a liquid having a viscosity of 5.82 centistokes (cSt) or more at
100T or a flash point of 200°F. or higher shall be determined in accordance with
U.F.C. Standard No. 9-2.
As an alternate, U.F.C. Standard No. 9-3 may be used for testing aviation
turbine fuels within the scope of this procedure.
As an alternate, U.F.C. Standard No. 9-4 may be used for paints, enamels,
lacquers, varnishes and related products and their components having flash points
between 32°F. and 230°F. and having a viscosity lower than 150 stokes at 77*E
FLOOR AREA is the area included within the surrounding exterior walls of a
building or portion thereof, exclusive of vent shafts and courts. The floor area of a
building, or portion thereof, not provided with surrounding exterior walls shall be
the usable area under the horizontal projection of the roof or floor above.
FLUIDIZED BED is a container holding powder coating material which is
aerated from below so as to form an air -supported expanded cloud of such
25
9.108-9.110 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
material through which the preheated object to be coated is immersed and
transported.
FOLDING AND TELESCOPING SEATING is a structure that is used for
tiered seating of persons and whose overall shape and size may be reduced,
without being dismantled, for purposes of moving or storing.
FOOTBOARDS are ihat part of a raised seating facility other than an aisle or
cross aisle upon which the occupant of the stands walks to reach a seat or upon
which he may rest his feet.
FUEL BREAk is a strip or block of land on which the vegetation has been
permanently modified so that fires burning into it will not propagate across it.
FUEL OIL is kerosene or any hydrocarbon oil conforming to nationally
recognized standards and having a flash point not less than 100'E
FUMIGANT is any substance which by itself or in combination with any other
substance emits or liberates a gas, fume or vapor used for the destruction or
control of insects, fungi, vermin, germs, rodents or other pests and shall be
distinguished from insecticides and disinfectants.
FUMIGATION is the use of any substance which emits or liberates a gas,
fume or vapor used for the destruction or control of insects, fungi, vermin, germs,
rodents or other pests, and shall be distinguished from insecticides and
disinfectants.
G
Sec. 9.109. GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which a motor vehicle
containing flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired
or kept.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or a portion of a building not more than
1000 square feet in area in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the
building or buildings on the premises are stored or kept. (See Section 1101,
Uniform Building Code.)
GARAGE, PUBLIC, is any garage other than a private garage.
GRANDSTANDS are tiered or stepped seating facilities wherein an area of
more than 3 square feet is provided for each person.
GUEST is any person hiring or occupying a room for living or sleeping
purposes.
GUNPOWDER is any of various powders used in firearms and small arms
ammunition as propelling charges.
H
Sec. 9.110. HANDLING is the conveyance of flammable or combustible
liquids in sealed containers and/or portable tanks.
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL REACTION is any reaction which generates
pressure or by-products which may cause injury, illness or harm to humans,
domestic animals, livestock or wildlife.
26
1982 EDITION 9.110-9.111
HAZARDOUS FIRE AREA is any land which is covered with grass, grain,
brush or forest, whether privately or publicly owned, which is so situated or is of
such inaccessible location that a fire originating upon such land would present an
abnormally difficult job of suppression or would result in great and unusual
damage through fire or resulting erosion. Hazardous fire areas shall be designated
by the chief on a map. This map shall be maintained in the office of the chief.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS shall include such materials as flammable
solids, corrosive liquids, radioactive materials, oxidizing materials, highly toxic
materials, poisonous gases, reactive materials, unstable materials, hypergolic
materials and pyrophoric materials as defined in Article 9 and any substance or
mixture of substances which is an irritant, a strong sensitizer or which generates
pressure through exposure to heat, decomposition or other means.
HAZARDOUS WATERSHED FIRE AREA is any location within 500 feet
of any forest, brush, grass or grain -covered land, exclusive of small individual
lots or parcels of land located outside of a brush, forest or grass -covered area.
HEATING AND COOKING APPLIANCE is any electric, gas or oil -fired
appliance not intended for central heating.
HIGH -PILED STORAGE is combustible materials in closely packed piles
more than 15 feet in height or combustible materials on pallets or in racks more
than 12 feet in height. For certain special -hazard commodities such as rubber
tires, plastics, some flammable liquids, idle pallets, etc., the critical pile height
may be as low as 6 feet.
HIGHLY TOXIC MATERIALS are materials with a health hazard rating of 3
or 4 when rated in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-3. Such materials are
those which on short exposure could cause serious, temporary or residual injury
or death.
HIGHLY TOXIC PESTICIDE is any pesticide which is required by federal
regulation to bear a skull and crossbones and be labeled with the word "poison."
HIGHWAY is any public street or public road.
HORIZONTAL EXIT is an exit from one building into another building on
approximately the same level, or through or around a wall constructed as required
in the Building Code for a two-hour occupancy separation and which completely
divides a floor into two or more separate areas so as to establish an area of refuge
affording safety from fire or smoke coming from the area from which escape is
made.
s:
HOTEL is any building containing six or more guest rooms intended or
designed to be used, or which are used, rented or hired out to be occupied, or
which are occupied for sleeping purposes by guests. I
HYPERGOLIC MATERIALS are any materials which are capable of ignit-
ing spontaneously upon contact with another substance.
Sec. 9.111. I.C.C. CONTAINER is any container approved by the Interstate
Commerce Commission for shipping any liquid, gaseous or solid material of
flammable, toxic or other hazardous nature.
27
9.111-9.114 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
I.M.E. is the Institute of Makers of Explosives.
INCINERATOR is a structure, or portion thereof, container, device or other
appliance designed, used or intended to be used for the disposal of combustible
rubbish by burning.
INHABITED BUILDING is a building regularly occupied in whole or in part
as a habitation for human beings, or any church, school, railway passenger
station, store, airport terminal for passengers, or any other building or structure
where people are accustomed to congregate or assemble, but excluding any
building or structure occupied in connection with the manufacture, transporta-
tion, storage and use of explosives and blasting agents.
Sec. 9.112. JURISDICTION is any state, county, city or town, or district or
other political subdivision adopting this code for use within its boundaries.
JURISDICTIONAL AREA is the territory of the state, county, city or district
adopting this code.
K
Sec. 9.113. (No definitions.)
Sec. 9.114. LABELED is equipment or material to which has been attached a
label, symbol or other identifying mark of a nationally recognized testing labora-
tory, inspection agency or other organization concerned with product evaluation
that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or mate-
rials, and by whose labeling is indicated compliance with nationally recognized
standards or tests to determine suitable usage in a specified manner.
LIQUID is a material which has a fluidity greater than that of 300 penetration
asphalt when tested in accordance with approved standards. See Section 2.303
(b). When not otherwise identified, the term "liquid" is both flammable and
combustible liquids.
LIQUID STORAGE ROOM. See Article 79.
LIQUID STORAGE WAREHOUSE. See Article 79.
LISTED is equipment or materials included on a list published by a nationally
recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency or other organization concerned
with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed
equipment or materials, and whose listing states that equipment or materials
meets nationally recognized standards and has been tested and found suitable for
use in a specified manner.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LP GAS) is any material which is com-
posed predominantly of the following hydrocarbons or mixtures of them: pro-
pane, propylene, butane (normal butane or isobutane) and butylenes.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LP GAS) is any material which is com-
posed predominantly of the following hydrocarbons or mixtures of them: pro-
pane, propylene, butane (normal butane or isobutane) and butylenes.
28
1982 EDITION 9.114-9.117
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS EQUIPMENT is all containers, appara-
tus, piping (not including utility distribution piping systems) and equipment
pertinent to the storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gas. Gas -consuming
appliances shall not be considered as being liquefied petroleum gas equipment.
LODGING HOUSE is any building or portion thereof containing not more
than five guest rooms which are used by not more than five guests where rent is
paid in money, goods, labor or otherwise.
LOW-PRESSURE TANK is a storage tank designed to withstand an internal
pressure of above 0.5 psig but not more than 15 psig.
M
Sec. 9.115. MAGAZINE is any building or structure used for the storage of
explosives.
MAGNESIUM is the pure metal and alloys of which the major part is
magnesium.
M.C.A. is the Manufacturing Chemists Association. N
MECHANICAL CODE. See Uniform Mechanical Code.
MERCANTILE OCCUPANCY is the occupancy or use of a building or
structure or any portion thereof for displaying, selling or buying of goods, wares
or merchandise.
N
Sec. 9.116. NFPA is the National Fire Protection Association.
NONCOMBUSTIBLE as applied to building construction material means a
material which, in the form in which it is used, is either one of the following:
1. Material of which no part will ignite and bum when subjected to fire. Any
material conforming to U.B.C. Standard No. 4-1 shall be considered
noncombustible within the meaning of this section.
2. Material having a structural base of noncombustible material as defined in
Item No. 1 above, with a surfacing material not over %8-inch thick which
has a flame -spread rating of 50 or less.
"Noncombustible" does not apply to surface finish materials. Material
required to be noncombustible for reduced clearances to flues, heating appliances
or other sources of high temperature shall refer to material conforming to Item
No. 1. No material shall be classed as noncombustible which is subject to increase
in combustibility or flame -spread rating beyond the limits herein established,
through the effects of age, moisture or other atmospheric condition.
Flame -spread rating as used herein refers to rating obtained according to tests
conducted as specified in U.B.C. Standard No. 42-1.
NONFLAMMABLE MEDICAL GAS is a compressed gas which is non-
flammable and used for therapeutic purposes and shall include, among others,
oxygen and nitrous oxide.
O
Sec. 9.117.00CUPANCY is the purpose for which a building or part thereof
is used or intended to be used.
29
9.117 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION. For the purpose of this code, certain
occupancies are defined as follows:
Group A Occupancies:
Division 1. Any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of 1000
or more in the building.
Division 2. Any building or portion of a building having an assembly room
with an occupant load of less than 1000 and a stage.
Division 2.1. Any building or portion of a building having an assembly room
with an occupant load of 300 or more without a stage, including such buildings
used for educational purposes and not classed as a Group E or Group B, Division 2
Occupancy.
Division 3. Any building or portion of a building having an assembly room
with an occupant load of less than 300 without a stage, including such buildings
used for educational purposes and not classed as a Group E or Group B, Division 2
Occupancy.
Division 4. Stadiums, reviewing stands and amusement park structures not
included within Group A Occupancies.
Group B Occupancies:
Division 1. Gasoline service stations, garages where no repair work is done
except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding or
the use of flammable liquids.
Division 2. Drinking and dining establishments having an occupant load of
less than 50, wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, printing plants, munici-
pal police and fire stations, factories and workshops using materials not highly
flammable or combustible, storage and sales rooms for combustible goods, paint
stores without bulk handling.
Buildings or portions of buildings having rooms used for educational purposes
beyond the 12th grade with less than 50 occupants in any room.
Division 3. Aircraft hangars where no repair work is done except exchange of
parts and maintenance requiring no open flames, welding or the use of highly
flammable liquids.
Open parking garages.
Heliports.
Division 4.
Ice plants, power plants, pumping plants, cold storage, creameries.
Factories and workshops using noncombustible and nonexplosive materials.
Storage and sales rooms of noncombustible and nonexplosive materials.
Group E Occupancies:
Division 1. Any building used for educational purposes through the 12th
grade by 50 or more persons for more than 12 hours per week or four hours in any
one day.
30
1982 EDITION 9.117
Division 2. Any building used for educational purposes through the 12th
grade by less than 50 persons for more than 12 hours per week or four hours in any
one day.
Division 3. Any building used for day care purposes for more than six
children.
Group H Occupancies:
Division 1. Storage, handling, use or sale of hazardous and highly flammable
or explosive materials other than flammable liquids.
EXCEPTION: The storage, handling, use or sale of hazardous materials or
chemicals that do not exceed the quantities listed in Table No. 9-A of the Building
Code are permitted in other occupancies, provided the storage, handling, use or sale
of such hazardous materials or chemicals is in compliance with this code.
Division 2. Storage, handling, use or sale of Class I, Class 11 and Class III -A
liquids, dry-cleaning plants using Class I, II or III -A liquids; paint stores with
bulk handling; paint shops and spray -painting rooms and shops.
EXCEPTION: The storage, handling, use or sale of liquids in quantities that do
not exceed those set forth in Table No. 9-A of the Building Code are permitted in
other occupancies, provided the storage, handling, use or sale is in compliance with
the provisions of this code.
Division 3. Woodworking establishments, planing mills, box factories, buff-
ing rooms for tire rebuilding plants and picking rooms; shops, factories or
warehouses where loose combustible fibers or dust are manufactured, processed,
generated or stored and pin refinishing rooms.
Division 4. Repair garages not classified as a Group B, Division 1 Occupancy.
Division 5. Aircraft repair hangars.
Group I Occupancies:
Division 1. Nurseries for the full-time care of children under the age of six
(each accommodating more than five persons).
Hospitals, sanitariums, nursing homes with nonambulatory patients and simi-
lar buildings (each accommodating more than five persons).
Division 2. Nursing homes for ambulatory patients, homes for children six
years of age or over (each accommodating more than five persons).
Division 3. Mental hospitals, mental sanitariums, jails, reformatories and
buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained.
EXCEPTION: Group I Occupancies shall not include buildings used only for
private residential purposes or for a family group.
Group M Occupancies:
Division 1. Private garages, sheds and agricultural buildings when not over
1000 square feet in area.
Division 2. Fences, tanks and towers.
Group R Occupancies:
Division 1. Hotels and apartments. Convents and monasteries (each accom-
modating more than 10 persons).
31
9.117-9.118 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Division 2. Not used.
Division 3. Dwellings and lodging houses.
OIL -BURNING EQUIPMENT is an oil burner of any type together with its
tank, piping, wiring, controls and related devices and shall include all oil burners,
oil -fired units and heating and cooking appliances but exclude those exempted by
Section 61.101.
OIL -FIRED UNIT is a heating appliance equipped with one or more oil
burners and all the necessary safety controls, electrical equipment and related
equipment manufactured for assembly as a complete unit. This definition does not
include kerosene stoves or oil stoves.
OPEN-AIR GRANDSTANDS and BLEACHERS are seating facilities
which are located so that the side toward which the audience faces is unroofed and
without an enclosing wall.
OPERATING LINE is a group of separated operating buildings of specific
arrangement used in the assembly, modification, reconditioning, renovation,
maintenance, inspection, surveillance, testing or manufacturing of explosives.
ORGANIC COATING is a liquid mixture of binders such as alkyd, nitro-
cellulose, acrylic or oil and flammable and combustible solvents such as hydro-
carbon, ester, ketone or alcohol, which when spread in a thin film converts to a
durable protective and decorative finish.
OWNER includes his duly authorized agent or attorney, a purchaser, devisee,
fiduciary and a person having vested or contingent interest in the property in
question.
OXIDIZING MATERIALS are substances that readily yield oxygen to stimu-
late combustion.
P
Sec. 9.118. PANIC HARDWARE is a door -latching assembly incorporating
an unlatching device, the activation portion of which extends across at least one
half the width of the door leaf on which it is installed.
PARADE FLOAT is a unit especially designed or constructed for use in
conjunction with a parade or public gathering.
PERMANENT STANDS are those seating facilities which remain at a loca-
tion for more than 90 days.
PERSON is a natural person, his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns,
and also includes a firm, partnership or corporation, its or their successors or
assigns, or the agent of any of the aforesaid.
PERSON, AMBULATORY, is one who is capable of leaving a fire area within
a reasonable length of time without assistance of any kind in event of an
emergency.
PERSON, NONAMBULATORY, is one who is incapable of leaving a fire
area within a reasonable length of time without assistance in event of an
emergency.
32
1982 EDITION 9.118-9.119
PESTICIDE is any substance or mixture of substances, including fungicides,
intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any Pest and any _
substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant
or desiccant. Products defined as drugs in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic
Act are exempt.
PIPED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM is a central supply system with control-
ling equipment and a system of piping extending to one or more points where
liquids or gases are used and a suitable station outlet valve is located at each use
point.
PLUMBING CODE is the plumbing code adopted by this jurisdiction.
POISONOUS GAS is any gas of such nature that a small amount of the gas
when mixed with air is dangerous to life.
PORTABLE TANK is any closed vessel having a liquid capacity over 60 U.S.
gallons and not intended for fixed installation. N
PRESSURE DELIVERY SYSTEM or REMOTE PUMPING SYSTEM is
any method of transferring flammable or combustible liquids from underground
storage tanks to the fuel tanks of motor vehicles whenever the pump is located
elsewhere than in the dispenser.
PRESSURE VESSEL is any closed vessel designed to operate at pressures
above 15 psig.
PRIVATE STAIRWAY is a stairway serving one tenant only.
PROCESSING PLANT is that portion of a property in which flammable or
combustible liquids or materials are mixed, heated, separated or otherwise pro-
cessed as principal business, but shall not include plants defined herein as
refineries.
PROTECTED COMBUSTIBLE FIBER STORAGE VAULT is a room with
a capacity exceeding 1000 cubic feet separated from the remainder of the building
by a two-hour occupancy separation constructed as specified in the Building Code
and provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system.
PUBLIC CONVEYANCE is any railroad car, street car, cab, bus, airplane or
other vehicle which is carrying passengers for hire.
PUBLIC NUISANCE is the existence of dry and drying weeds, rubbish and
waste material on property, lands or premises which are dangerous or injurious to
that or neighboring property, lands or premises and which are detrimental to the
welfare of the occupants or residents of the vicinity.
PUBLIC WAY is any street, alley or similar parcel of land essentially unob-
structed from the ground to the sky which is deeded, dedicated or otherwise
permanently appropriated to the public for public use and having a clear width of
not less than 10 feet.
PYROPHORIC MATERIALS are any materials which are capable of spon-
taneous ignition upon exposure to dry or moist air.
H
Sec. 9.119. (No definitions.)
33
9.120-9.121 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
R
Sec. 9.120. RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL is any material or combination of
materials that spontaneously emits ionizing radiation.
RAILWAY is any steam, electric or other railroad or railway which carries
passengers for hire.
REACTIVE MATERIALS are those materials which can enter into a haz-
ardous chemical reaction with other stable or unstable materials.
REFINERY is a plant in which flammable or combustible liquids are produced
on a commercial scale from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or other hydrocar-
bon sources.
REMOTE PUMPING SYSTEM. See Pressure Delivery System.
REPAIR is the reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing building for
the purpose of its maintenance.
REVIEWING STANDS are elevated platforms accommodating not more than
50 persons. Seating facilities, if provided, are normally in the nature of loose
chairs. Reviewing stands accommodating more than 50 persons shall be regulated
as grandstands.
S
Sec. 9.121. SAFE DISPERSAL AREA. See Dispersal Area, Safe.
SAFETY CAN is an approved container of not over 5-gallon capacity having a
spring -closing lid and spout cover.
SAFETY FACTOR is the ratio of the design burst pressure to the maximum
working pressure and shall be not less than four.
SECURE is safe from intrusion or contained separately to prevent mixing with
other materials.
SEGREGATED is storage in the same area but physically separated from
other materials by adequate space, walls or partitions and in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations.
SERVICE STATION, AIRCRAFT, is that portion of an airport or heliport
where flammable or combustible liquids used as aircraft fuel are used and
dispensed into fuel tanks of an aircraft and shall include all facilities essential
thereto. '
SERVICE STATION, AUTOMOTIVE, is that portion of a property where
= flammable or combustible liquids are used and dispensed from fixed equipment
'= into fuel tanks of motor vehicles.
a
SERVICE STATION, MARINE, is that portion of a property where liquids
used as fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment on shore, piers,
wharfs or floating docks into the fuel tanks of self-propelled craft and shall
include all facilities used in connection therewith.
SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION is any shotgun, rifle, pistol or revolver
cartridges.
SMOKING is the carrying or use of lighted pipe, cigar, cigarette or tobacco in
any form.
34
1982 EDITION 9.121
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVE DEVICE is any explosive power -
pack containing an explosive charge in the form of a cartridge or construction
device. The term includes but is not limited to explosive rivets, explosive bolts,
explosive charges for driving pins or studs, cartridges for explosive -actuated
power tools and charges of explosives used in jet tapping of open-hearth furnaces
and jet perforation of oil well casings.
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL HIGH -EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS are sheets,
extrusions, pellets and packages of high explosives containing dynamite, trin-
itrotoluol, penaerythritoltetranitrate, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine or other simi-
lar compounds used for high -energy -rate forming, expanding and shaping in
metal fabrication and for dismemberment and quick reduction of scrap metal.
SPRAY BOOTH is a power ventilated structure of varying dimensions and
construction provided to enclose or accommodate a spraying operation and to
confine and limit the escape of spray vapor and residue and to exhaust it safely.
SPRAYING AREA is any area in which dangerous quantities of flammable
vapors or combustible residues, dusts or deposits are present due to the operation
of spraying processes. The chief may define the limits of the spraying area in any
specific case.
SPRAYING ROOMS are rooms designed to accommodate spraying opera-
tions and shall comply with the Building Code requirements for a Group H,
Division 2 Occupancy.
SQUIB -ELECTRIC is a device similar in appearance to an electric blasting
cap which, upon activation by an electric current, produces a deflagration instead
of a detonation.
STANDPIPE SYSTEM is a wet or dry system of piping, valves, outlets and
related equipment designed to provide water at specified pressures and installed
exclusively for the fighting of fires and classified as follows:
Class I is a dry standpipe system without a directly connected water supply and
equipped with 2 %2-inch outlets for use by the fire department or trained personnel.
Class II is a wet standpipe system directly connected to a water supply and
equipped with 1'/2-inch outlets intended for use by the building occupants.
Class III is a combination standpipe system directly connected to a water
supply and equipped with both 1'/2-inch outlets for use by the building occupants
and 2 %2-inch outlets for use by the fire department or trained personnel.
Combined System is a system of water piping which serves 21/2-inch hose
outlets for use by the fire department and also supplies water to fire sprinklers.
STREET is any thoroughfare or public space not less than 16 feet in width
which has been dedicated or deeded to the public for public use.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of
any kind or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined
together in some definite manner.
SWING JOINT is one of the following:
1. Extractor -type foot valve housing with either a street elbow or a nipple and
an elbow.
35
9.121-9.123 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
2. An elbow and a street elbow.
3. Two elbows and a nipple not over 6 inches long. (Note: Due to structural
weakness a "close" nipple shall not be permitted.)
SYSTEM is any assembly of any equipment consisting of the container or
containers, appurtenances, pumps, compressors and connecting piping.
T
Sec. 9.122. TANK is a vessel containing more than 60 gallons.
TANK VEHICLE is any vehicle other than railroad tank cars and boats, with a
cargo tank mounted thereon or built as an integral part thereof used for the
transportation of flammable or combustible liquids, LP gas, or hazardous chemi-
cals. Tank vehicles include self-propelled vehicles and full trailers and semi-
trailers with or without motive power and carrying part or all of the load.
TEMPORARY SEATING FACILITIES are those which are intended for use
at a location for not more than 90 days.
TENT is any structure, enclosure or shelter constructed of canvas or pliable
material supported by any manner except by air or the contents it protects.
TEST BLASTING CAP NO.8 is one containing two grams of a mixture of 80
percent mercury fulminate and 20 percent potassium chlorate or a cap of equiv-
alent strength.
THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING is the use of insecticidal liquids
which are passed through thermal -fog -generating units where they are, by means
of heat, pressure and turbulence, transformed and discharged in the form of fog or
mist that is blown into the area to be treated.
U
Sec. 9.123. U.L. Inc. is the Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
U.S.B.M. is the United States Bureau of Mines.
UNIFORM BUILDING CODE is the Uniform Building Code promulgated
by the International Conference of Building Officials, as adopted by this
jurisdiction.
U.F.C. STANDARDS is the 1982 edition of the Uniform Fire Code Standards
jointly promulgated by the Western Fire Chiefs Association and the International
Conference of Building Officials.
UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE is the Uniform Mechanical Code jointly
promulgated by the International Conference of Building Officials, and the
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, as adopted by
this jurisdiction.
UNPROTECTED COMBUSTIBLE FIBER STORAGE VAULT is a room
with a capacity not exceeding 1000 cubic feet separated from the remainder of the
building by a two-hour occupancy separation constructed as specified in the
Building Code and provided with approved safety vents to the outside.
UNSTABLE (Reactive) LIQUID is a liquid which in a pure state or as
commercially produced or transported will vigorously polymerize, decompose,
36
1982 EDITION 9.123-9.128
condense or will become self -reactive under conditions of shock, pressure or
temperature. See also definition of "liquid."
UNSTABLE MATERIALS are those materials, other than explosives, which
in the pure state or as commercially produced will vigorously polymerize, 3
decompose, condense or become self -reactive and undergo other violent chemi-
cal changes, including explosion, when exposed to heat, friction or shock, or in
the absence of an inhibitor or in the presence of contaminants or in contact with e
noncompatible materials.
V
Sec. 9.124. VAPOR AREA is any area containing quantities of flammable
vapors. The chief may determine the extent of the vapor area, taking into
consideration the characteristics of the liquid, the degree of sustained ventilation
and the nature of the operations.
VAPOR BALANCE SYSTEM is a system designed to capture and retain,
without processing, vapors displaced during the filling of tanks and containers or
during the fueling of vehicles.
VAPOR PRESSURE is the pressure measured in pounds per square inch
(absolute) exerted by a volatile fluid as determined by U.F.C. Standard No. 9-5.
VAPOR -PROCESSING SYSTEM is a system designed to capture and/or
retain vapors displaced during the filling of tanks or containers or during fueling
of vehicles, and process vapors by use of mechanical and/or chemical means.
Examples are: systems using blower assist for capturing vapors, refrigeration,
absorption and combustion systems for processing vapors.
VAPOR -PROCESSING UNIT is the actual vapor -processing equipment in
one contiguous unit in an isolated or separated area. The term "vapor -processing
unit" shall not include such items as in -line flame arresters, in -line fire checks,
pressure vacuum valves, in -line check valves or flow regulators at the dispenser.
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM is a system designed to capture and retain
vapors displaced during filling of tanks or containers or during the fueling of
vehicles. The system may be a vapor balance system or a vapor -processing system
or other approved system.
VAPOR TRANSFER EQUIPMENT is the components of a vapor -process-
ing system, a vapor balance system, or other approved system which is designed
to capture, transfer and prevent emissions of vapors or liquids displaced during
filling of tanks or containers or during the fueling of vehicles. Examples are the
vapor/liquid-dispensing nozzle, vapor transfer lines, and tank vents.
W—Sec. 9.125. (No definitions.)
X—Sec. 9.126. (No definitions.)
Y—Sec. 9.127. (No definitions.)
Z—Sec. 9.128. (No definitions.)
37
10.101-10.103 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
PART III
GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR
FIRE SAFETY
ARTICLE 10
FIRE PROTECTION
Division I
OPERATIONS AT FIRES OR OTHER EMERGENCIES
Authority at Fires and Other Emergencies
Sec. 10.101.The chief and his authorized representatives, as may be in charge
at the scene of a fire or other emergency involving the protection of life and/or
property or any part thereof, shall have the power and authority to direct such
operation as may be necessary to extinguish or control any fire, perform any
rescue operation, investigate the existence of suspected or reported fires, gas
leaks or other hazardous conditions or situations or of taking any other action
necessary in the reasonable performance of their duty. In the exercise of such
power, the chief may prohibit any person, vehicle, vessel or thing from approach-
ing the scene and may remove or cause to be removed or kept away from the scene
any vehicle, vessel or thing which may impede or interfere with the operations of
the fire department and, in the judgment of the chief, any person not actually and
usefully employed in the extinguishing of such fire or in the preservation of
property in the vicinity thereof.
Interference with Fire Department
See. 10.102. Any person who obstructs the operations of the fire department in
connection with extinguishing any fire, or other emergency, or disobeys any
lawful command of the chief or officer of the fire department who may be in
charge at such a scene, or any part thereof, or any police officer assisting the fire
department, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
Authority to Barricade
Sec. 10.103. The chief or other officer of the fire department in charge at the
scene of an emergency shall have the authority to place ropes, guards, barricades
or other obstructions across any street, alley, place or private property in the
vicinity of such operation so as to prevent accident or interference with the lawful
efforts of the fire department to manage and control the situation and to handle
fire apparatus.
38
1982 EDITION 10.201-10.205
Division II
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Tampering with Fire Equipment
Sec 10.201. No person shall molest, tamper with, damage or otherwise disturb
any apparatus, equipment or appurtenance belonging to or under the supervision
and control of the fire department without authority from the chief or his
authorized representative to do so.
Tampering with Fire Hydrant or Fire Appliance
Sec.10.202. No person shall remove, tamper with or otherwise disturb any fire
hydrant or fire appliance required to be installed or maintained under the provi-
sions of this code except for the purpose of extinguishing fire, training purposes,
recharging, or making necessary repairs, or when permitted by the fire depart-
ment. Whenever a fire appliance is removed as herein permitted, it shall be
replaced or reinstalled as soon as the purpose for which it was removed has been
accomplished.
Hydrant Use Approval
Sec. 10.203. No person shall use or operate any hydrant or other valves
installed on any water system intended for use by the chief for fire suppression
purposes and which is accessible to any public highway, alley or private way open
to or generally used by the public, unless such person first secures a permit for use
from the chief. This section does not apply to the use of a hydrant or other valves
by a person employed by and authorized to make such use by the water company
which supplies water to such hydrants or other valves.
Tampering with Barricades, etc.
Sec. 10.204. No person, except a person authorized by the chief or a public
officer acting within the scope of his public duties, shall remove, unlock, destroy,
tamper with or otherwise molest in any manner any lock, gate, door, barricade,
chain, enclosure, sign, tag or seal which has been lawfully installed by the fire
department or by its order or under its control.
Closure of Roads or Trails
Sec. 10.205. (a) General. The chief may install one or more gates, cables or
other barricades and securely lock the same to prevent the use by unauthorized
persons of any road that is not a public highway and over which the fire
department has the right to pass, whether by easement, license, municipal
ownership or otherwise, for purposes relating to fire prevention or control,
provided such action does not preclude the authorized users of such road or trail
from using the same.
(b) 1respassing. No person, except a public officer acting within the scope of
his public duties, shall trespass upon any road or trail which has been closed and
obstructed in the manner authorized by this section without the express permis-
sion of the chief, nor shall any person park any vehicle so as to obstruct the
entrance to such road or trail.
39
10.206-10.208 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Obstruction of Fire Protection Equipment
Sec. 10.206. No person shall place or keep any post, fence, vehicle, growth,
trash, storage or other material or thing near any fire hydrant, fire department
connection or fire protection system control valve that would prevent such
equipment or hydrant from being immediately discernible or in any other manner
deter or hinder the fire department from gaining immediate access to said
equipment or hydrant. A minimum 3-foot clear space shall be maintained around
the circumference of the fire hydrants except as otherwise required or approved by
the chief.
Access Roadways for Fire Apparatus
Sec. 10.207. (a) Required Construction. Every building hereafter con-
structed shall be accessible to fire department apparatus by way of access road-
ways with all-weather driving surface of not less than 20 feet of unobstructed
width, with adequate roadway turning radius capable of supporting the imposed
loads of fire apparatus and having a minimum of 13 feet 6 inches of vertical
clearance. Dead-end fire department access roads in excess of 150 feet long shall
be provided with approved provisions for the turning around of fire department
apparatus.
EXCEPTION: When there are not more than two Group R, Division 3 or M
Occupancies as defined in the Building Code, the requirement of this section may be
modified when, in the opinion of the chief, fire -fighting or rescue operations would
not be impaired.
(b) Obstructing. The required width of access roadways shall not be
obstructed in any manner, including parking of vehicles. NO PARKING signs or
other appropriate notice, or both, prohibiting obstructions may be required and
shall be maintained.
(c) Extent. The access roadway shall be extended to within 150 feet of all
portions of the exterior walls of the first story of any building. Where the access
roadway cannot be provided, approved fire protection system or systems shall be
provided as required and approved by the chief.
(d) Fire -protection Alternate. Where fire -protection systems approved by the
chief are provided, the above required clearance may be modified.
(e) Oversizing. The chief shall have the authority to require an increase in the
minimum access widths where such width is not adequate for fire or rescue
operations.
(f) Bridges. Where a bridge is required to be used as access under this section,
it shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the applicable sections
of the Building Code and using design live loading sufficient to carry the imposed
loads of the fire apparatus.
Premises Identification
Sec. 10.208. Approved numbers or addresses shall be placed on all new and
existing buildings in such a position as to be plainly visible and legible from the
street or road fronting the property. Said numbers shall contrast with their
background.
40
1982 EDITION 10.209-10.301
Key Box e
Sec. 10.209. When access to or within a structure or an area is unduly difficult
because of secured openings or where immediate access is necessary for life-
saving or fire -fighting purposes, the chief may require a key box to be installed in
an accessible location. The key box shall be a type approved by the chief and shall
contain keys to gain necessary access as required by the chief.
Division III
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE -
PROTECTION, LIFE -SAFETY SYSTEMS AND
APPLIANCES
Installation
Sec 10.301. (a)1j pe Required. The chief shall designate the type and number
of fire appliances to be installed and maintained in and upon all buildings and
premises in the jurisdiction other than private dwellings. This shall be done
according to the relative severity of probable fire, including the rapidity with
which it may spread. Such appliances shall be of a type suitable for the probable
class of fire associated with such building or premises and shall have approval of
the chief.
Portable fire extinguishers shall be in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No.
10-1.
(b) Special Hazards. In occupancies of an especially hazardous nature or
where special hazards exist in addition to the normal hazard of the occupancy, or
where access for fire apparatus is unduly difficult, additional safeguards may be
required consisting of additional fire appliance units, more than one type of
appliance, or special systems suitable for the protection of the hazard involved.
Such devices or appliances may consist of automatic fire alarm systems, automat-
ic sprinkler or water spray systems, standpipe and hose, fixed or portable fire
extinguishers, suitable asbestos blankets, breathing apparatus, manual or auto-
matic covers, carbon dioxide, foam, halogenated and dry chemical or other
special fire -extinguishing systems. Where such systems are installed, they shall
be in accordance with the applicable Uniform Fire Code Standards or standards of
the National Fire Protection Association when Uniform Fire Code Standards do
not apply.
(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of supplying required
fire flow for fire protection shall be provided to all premises upon which buildings
or portions of buildings are hereafter constructed. When any portion of the
building protected is in excess of 150 feet from a water supply on a public street,
there shall be provided, when required by the chief, on -site fire hydrants and
mains capable of supplying the required fire flow.
Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, water
mains or other fixed system capable of supplying the required fire flow. In setting
the requirements for fire flow, the chief may be guided by the standard published
41
10.301-10.303 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
by the Insurance Services Office, "Guide for Determination of Required Fire
Flow. "
The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to a water supply
capable of delivering the required fire flow shall be provided on the public street
or on the site of the premises to be protected as required and approved by the chief.
All hydrants shall be accessible to the fire department apparatus by roadways
meeting the requirements of Section 10.207.
(d) Timing of Installation. When fire protection facilities are to be installed by
the developer, such facilities including all surface access roads shall be installed
and made serviceable prior to and during the time of construction. When alternate
methods of protection, as approved by the chief, are provided, the above may be
modified or waived.
(e) Approval and Testing. All fire alarm systems, fire hydrant systems, fire -
extinguishing systems (including automatic sprinklers), wet and dry standpipes,
basement inlet pipes, and other fire -protection systems and pertinents thereto
shall meet the approval of the fire department as to installation and location and
shall be subject to such periodic tests as required by the chief. Plans and
specifications shall be submitted to the fire department for review and approval
prior to construction.
Maintenance
Sec. 10.302. (a) General. All sprinkler systems, fire hydrant systems, stand-
pipe systems, fire alarm systems, portable fire extinguishers, smoke and heat
ventilators, smoke -removal systems and other fire -protective or extinguishing
systems or appliances shall be maintained in an operative condition at all times
and shall be replaced or repaired where defective. Fire -protective or extinguishing
systems coverage, spacing and specifications shall be maintained in accordance
with recognized standards at all times. Such systems shall be extended, altered or
augmented as necessary to maintain and continue protection whenever any
building so equipped is altered, remodeled or added to. All additions, repairs,
alterations and servicing shall be in accordance with recognized standards.
EXCEPTION: Systems not required by this or any other code need not be
extended, altered nor augmented.
Soda -acid, foam, loaded stream, antifreeze and water fire extinguishers of the
inverting types shall not be recharged or placed in service for fire protection use.
(b) Systems in High-rise Buildings. The building owner shall be responsible
for assuring that the fire and life safety systems required by Sections 1807 and
1907 of the Uniform Building Code shall be maintained in an operable condition
at all times. Unless otherwise required by the chief, quarterly tests of such
systems shall be conducted by qualified persons approved by the chief. A written
record shall be maintained and be made available to the inspection authority.
Vapor Liquid and Liquefied Gas Extinguishers
Sec. 10.303. (a) Prohibited Types. Vaporizing liquid extinguishers containing
carbon tetrachloride or chlorobromomethane shall not be installed or used in any
location for fire protection use.
42
1982 EDITION
10.303-10.307
(b) Halon Types. Liquefied gas extinguishers containing approved haloge-
nated agents Halon 1211 or Halon 1301 may be used in accordance with U.F.C.
Standard No. 10-1.
Sale of Defective Fire Extinguishers
Sec. 10.304. No person shall sell or trade any form, type or kind of fire
extinguisher which is not approved or which is not in proper working order, or the
contents of which do not meet the requirements of this code, provided, however,
this shall not apply to the sale or trade of fire extinguishers to any person or firm
engaged in the business of selling or handling of such extinguishers or the sale or
exchange of obsolete or damaged equipment for junk.
Fire Extinguishers in Parking Areas
Sec.10.305. No person shall operate any lot, parcel of land or premises where
three or more vehicles are stored, kept or parked for the public in the open air,
whether a charge be made for such parking or not, and where an attendant is on
duty, without keeping a first -aid fire appliance, approved by the chief, on hand at
all times.
Fire Protection in Recreational Vehicle and Mobile Home Parks
Sec.10.306. All mobile home and recreational vehicle parks shall provide and
maintain hydrants and access roads in accordance with Sections 10.207 and
10.301.
EXCEPTION: Recreational vehicle parks located in remote areas shall be pro-
vided with protection and access roadways as required by the chief.
Fire Alarm System
Sec. 10.307. (a) Apartments and Hotels. An approved automatic fire alarm
system shall be installed in the following occupancies:
1. Apartment houses three or more stories in height or containing more than
15 apartments.
EXCEPTION: An alarm need not be installed in buildings not over two stories in
height when all individual dwelling units are separated by at least one -hour fire -
resistive occupancy separations, including attics and crawl spaces, and each individ-
ual dwelling unit has direct exit to a yard or public way.
2. Hotels either three stories or more in height or containing 20 or more guest
rooms.
The alarm system shall include provisions for smoke detection and manual
operation in interior corridors and automatic detection in storage rooms, laundry
rooms, furnace rooms and similar common areas.
(b) Connection to Other Systems. A signal system or intercommunicating
system shall not be used for any purpose other than fire warning unless it meets the
requirements of this article.
(c) Standard for Installation, Inspection and Maintenance. Installation,
inspection and maintenance of the fire alarm system shall be according to the
standards set forth in U.F.C. Standard No. 10-2.
43
10.307-10.309 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(d) Location of Stations. Stations for operating any manually operated fire
alarm system shall be placed immediately adjacent to the telephone switchboard
in the building, if there is a switchboard, and at such other locations as may be
required by the chief.
Installation of Fixed Fire -protection Systems.
Sec.10.308. (a) General. All fire -extinguishing systems required in this code
or the Building Code shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of this
article.
All fire hose threads used in connection with fire -extinguishing systems shall
be National Standard hose thread or as approved by the fire department.
(b) Approvals. All fire -extinguishing systems, including automatic sprinkler
systems, Classes I, 11 and III combined standpipes, Halon systems and other
s special automatic extinguishing systems and basement pipe inlets shall be
approved and shall be subject to periodic tests as may be required. A condition of
approval for all required Halon systems shall be satisfactory passage of a full
discharge test prior to final acceptance of the system. The location of all fire
°_- department hose connections shall be approved by the chief.
(c) Definitions. For the purpose of this article, the definitions of STANDPIPE
SYSTEM, FIRE DEPARTMENT HOSE CONNECTION and AUTOMATIC
FIRE -EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM are as set forth in Article 9.
(d) Standards. Fire -extinguishing systems shall comply with U.B.C. Stan-
dards Nos. 38-1 and 38-2.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Automatic fire -extinguishing systems not covered by U.B.C.
Standard No. 38-1 or 38-2 shall be approved and installed in accordance with
approved standards.
2. Automatic sprinkler systems may be connected to the domestic water supply
main when approved by the chief, provided the domestic water supply is of adequate
pressure, capacity and sizing for the combined domestic and sprinkler requirements.
In such case, the sprinkler system connection shall be made between the public
water main or meter and the building shutoff valve, and there shall not be intervening
valves or connections. The fire department connection may be omitted when
approved by the fire department.
Automatic Fire -extinguishing Systems
Sec. 10.309. (a) Where Required. An automatic fire -extinguishing system
shall be installed in the occupancies and locations as set forth in this section.
For special provisions on hazardous chemicals and magnesium, and calcium
carbide, see Sections 10.301 and 45.208 and Articles 48, 49 and 80.
(b) All Occupancies Except Group R, Division 3 and Group M. Except for
Group R, Division 3 and Group M Occupancies, an automatic sprinkler system
shall be installed:
1. In every story or basement of all buildings when the floor area exceeds
1500 square feet and there is not provided at least 20 square feet of opening
entirely above the adjoining ground level in each 50 lineal feet or fraction
thereof of exterior wall in the story or basement on at least one side of the
building. Openings shall have a minimum dimension of not less than 30
44
1982 EDITION 10.309
inches. Such openings shall be accessible to the fire department from the
exterior and shall not be obstructed in a manner that fire fighting or rescue
cannot be accomplished from the exterior.
When openings in a story are provided on only one side and the opposite
wall of such story is more than 75 feet from such openings, the story shall
be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system, or openings as
specified above shall be provided on at least two sides of an exterior wall of
the story.
If any portion of a basement is located more than 75 feet from openings
required in this section, the basement shall be provided with an approved
automatic sprinkler system.
2. At the top of rubbish and linen chutes and in their terminal rooms. Chutes
extending through three or more floors shall have additional sprinkler
heads installed within such chutes at alternate floors. Sprinkler heads shall
be accessible for servicing.
3. In rooms where nitrate film is stored or handled.
4. In protected combustible fiber storage vaults as defined in this code.
(c) Group A Occupancies. 1. Nightclubs, discos. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be installed in rooms primarily used for entertaining occupants who
are drinking or dining and unseparated accessory uses where the total area of such
unseparated rooms and assembly uses exceeds 5000 square feet. For uses to be
considered as separated, the separation shall be not less than as required for a one -
hour occupancy separation. The area of other uses shall be included unless
separated by at least a one -hour occupancy separation.
2. Basements. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in basements
classified as a Group A Occupancy when the basement is larger than 1500 square
feet in floor area.
3. Exhibition and display rooms. An automatic sprinkler system shall be
installed in rooms classified as Group A Occupancies which have more than
12,000 square feet of floor area which can be used for exhibition or display
purposes.
4. Stairs. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in enclosed usable
space below or over a stairway in Group A, Divisions 2, 2.1, 3 and 4
Occupancies.
5. Other areas. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in specific
areas of Group A Occupancies as follows: Under the roof and gridiron, in the tie
and fly galleries and in all places behind the proscenium wall of stages; over
enclosed platforms in excess of 500 square feet in area; and in dressing rooms,
workshops and storerooms accessory to such stages or enclosed platforms.
EXCEPTIONS. 1. Stages or enclosed platforms open to the auditorium room on
three or more sides.
2. Altars, pulpits or similar platforms and their accessory rooms.
3. Stage gridirons when side -wall sprinklers with 135'E rated heads with heat -
baffle plates are installed around the entire perimeter of the stage at points not more
than 30 inches below the gridiron nor more than 6 inches below the baffle plate.
45
10.309-10.310 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
4. Under stage or under enclosed platform areas less than 4 feet in clear height
used exclusively for chair or table storage and lined on the inside with materials
approved for one -hour fire -resistive construction.
(d) Group B, Division 2 Occupancies. An automatic sprinkler system shall bq
installed in retail sales rooms classed as Group B, Division 2 Occupancies where
the floor area exceeds 12,000 square feet on any floor or 24,000 square feet on all
floors or in Group B, Division 2 retail sales occupancies more than three stories in
height.
In buildings used for high -piled combustible storage, fire protection shall be in
accordance with the Fire Code.
(e) Group E Occupancies. 1. Basements. An automatic sprinkler system
shall be installed in basements classified as a Group E Occupancy when the
basement is larger than 1500 square feet in floor area.
2. Stairs. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in enclosed usable
space below or over a stairway in Group E Occupancies.
(f) Group H Occupancies. 1. Division 1. A fire -extinguishing system shall be
installed in Group H, Division I Occupancies larger than 1500 square feet in floor
area.
2. Division 2. A fire -extinguishing system shall be installed in Group H,
Division 2 Occupancies exceeding 1500 square feet in area.
A fire -extinguishing system shall be installed in rooms of Group H, Division 2
Occupancies when flammable or combustible liquids are stored or handled in
excess of the quantities set forth in Table No. 9-A of the Building Code, or any
combination of flammable liquids exceeds 240 gallons.
A fire -extinguishing system shall be installed in paint spray booths or rooms.
3. Division 3. A fire -extinguishing system shall be installed in Group H,
Division 3 Occupancies larger than 3000 square feet in floor area.
4. Division 4. A fire -extinguishing system shall be installed in Group H,
Division 4 Occupancies more than one story in height.
(g) Group I Occupancies. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in
Group I Occupancies.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. In hospitals of Types I, II Fire -resistive and II One -hour
construction, the automatic sprinkler system may be omitted from operating, deliv-
ery, cardiac, X-ray and intensive care rooms and patient sleeping rooms not exceed-
ing 450 square feet in area when each such room is provided with smoke detectors
connected to a continuously attended station or location within the building.
Increases for area and height specified in Sections 506 (c) and 507 of the Building
Code shall not apply when this exception is used.
2. In jails, prisons and reformatories, the piping system may be dry, provided a
manually operated valve is installed at a continuously monitored location. Opening
of the valve will cause the piping system to be charged. Sprinkler heads in such
systems shall be equipped with fusible elements or the system shall be designed as
required for deluge systems in U.B.C. Standard No. 38-1.
Sprinkler System Alarms
Sec. 10.310. When serving more than 100 sprinklers, automatic sprinkler
46
1982 EDITION 10.310-10.312
systems shall be supervised by an approved central, proprietary or remote station
service or a local alarm which will give an audible signal at a constantly attended
location.
Permissible Sprinkler Omissions
Sec. 10.311. Subject to the approval of the building official and with the
concurrence of the chief of the fire department, sprinklers may be omitted in
rooms or areas as follows:
1. When sprinklers are considered undesirable because of the nature of the
contents or in rooms or areas which are of noncombustible construction with
wholly noncombustible contents and which are not exposed by other areas.
Sprinklers shall not be omitted from any room merely because it is damp or of fire -
resistive construction.
2. Sprinklers shall not be installed when the application of water or flame and
water to the contents may constitute a serious life or fire hazard, as in the
manufacture or storage of quantities of aluminum powder, calcium carbide,
calcium phosphide, metallic sodium and potassium, quicklime, magnesium
powder and sodium peroxide.
3. Safe deposit or other vaults of fire -resistive construction, when used for the
storage of records, files and other documents, when stored in metal cabinets.
4. Communication equipment areas under the exclusive control of a public
communication utility agency, provided:
A. The equipment areas are separated from the remainder of the building by
one -hour fire -resistive occupancy separation; and
B. Such areas are used exclusively for such equipment; and
C. An approved automatic smoke detection system is installed in such areas
and is supervised by an approved central, proprietary or remote station
service or a local alarm which will give an audible signal at a constantly
attended location; and
D. Other approved fire -protection equipment such as portable fire
extinguishers or Class II standpipes are installed in such areas.
5. Other approved automatic fire -extinguishing systems may be installed to
protect special hazards or occupancies in lieu of automatic sprinklers.
Standpipes
Sec. 10.312. (a) General. Standpipes shall comply with the requirements of
this section and U.B.C. Standard No. 38-2.
(b) Where Required. Standpipe systems shall be provided as set forth in Table
No. 10.312.
(c) Location of Class I Standpipes. There shall be a Class I standpipe outlet
connection at every floor level above the first story of every required stairway and
on each side of the wall adjacent to the exit opening of a horizontal exit. Outlets at
stairways shall be located within the exit enclosure or, in the case of smokeproof
enclosures, within the vestibule or exterior balcony, giving access to the stairway.
47
10.312 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
EXCEPTION: In buildings equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler
system, risers and laterals which are not located within an enclosed stairway or
smokeproof enclosure need not be enclosed within fire -resistive construction.
There shall be a three-way outlet above the roof line when the roof has a slope of
less than 4 inches in 12 inches.
In buildings where more than one standpipe is provided, the standpipes shall be
interconnected at the bottom.
(d) Location of Class II Standpipes. Class II standpipe outlets shall be
accessible and shall be located so that all portions of the building are within 30
feet of a nozzle attached to 100 feet of hose.
In Group A, Divisions 1, 2 and 2.1 Occupancies, with occupant loads of more
than 1000, outlets shall be located on each side of any stage, on each side of the
rear of the auditorium and on each side of the balcony.
Fire-resistant protection of risers and laterals of Class II standpipe systems is
not required.
(e) Location of Class III Standpipes. Class III standpipe systems shall have
outlets located as required for Class I standpipes in Section 10.312 (c) and shall
have Class II outlets as required in Section 10.312 (d).
Risers and laterals of Class III standpipe systems shall be protected as required
for Class I systems.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. In buildings equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler
system, risers and laterals which are not located within an enclosed stairway or
smokeproof enclosure need not be enclosed within fire -resistive construction.
2. Laterals for Class II outlets on Class III systems need not be protected.
In buildings where more than one Class III standpipe is provided, the stand-
pipes shall be interconnected at the bottom.
TABLE NO. 10.312—STANDPIPE REQUIREMENTS
NONSPRINKLERED
SPRINKLERED
BUILDING2
BUILDINGS
Standpipe
Hose
Standpipe
Hose
OCCUPANCY'
Class
Requirement
Class
Requirement
1. Occupancies exceeding 150 ft.
III
Yes
III
No
in height and more than one
story
2. Occupancies 4 stories or more
[I and II5]
6
but less than 150 ft. in height,
(or III)
Yes
I (or 11I)
No
except Group R, Div. 3
3. Group A Occupancies with
II
Yes
No
No
occupant load exceeding 1000
requirement
4. Group A, Div. 2.1
Occupancies over 5000 square
II
Yes
11
Yes
feet in area used for exhibition
5. Groups I, H, B, Div. 1, 2 or 3
Occupancies less than 4 stories
II5
Yes
No
No
in height but greater than
requirement
20,000 square feet per floor
48
1982 EDITION 10.312-10.315
'Class II standpipes need not be provided in assembly areas used solely for worship.
ZExcept as otherwise specified in Item No. 4 of this table, Class II standpipes need not be
provided in basements having an automatic fire -extinguishing system throughout such
basements.
3Combined systems with their related water supplies may be used in sprinklered buildings.
4Portions of otherwise sprinklered buildings which are not protected by automatic sprinklers
shall have Class II standpipes installed as required for the unsprinklered portions.
5In open structures where Class II standpipes may be damaged by freezing, the building
official may authorize the use of Class I standpipes which are located as required for Class
II standpipes.
6Hose is required for Class Il standpipes only.
Buildings Under Construction
Sec. 10.313. (a) General. During the construction of a building and until the
permanent fire -extinguishing system has been installed and is in service, fire
protection shall be provided in accordance with this section.
(b) Fire Extinguishers. The chief may designate the number and type of fire
extinguishers to be provided for all buildings under construction. The type of
appliance shall be suitable for fire associated with the hazards present.
(c) Where Required. Every building six stories or more in height shall be
provided with not less than one standpipe for use during construction. Such
standpipes shall be installed when the progress of construction is not more than 50
feet in height above grade. Such standpipe shall be provided with fire department
hose connections at accessible locations adjacent to usable stairs and the stand-
pipe outlets shall be located adjacent to such usable stairs. Such standpipe systems
shall be extended as construction progresses to within one floor of the highest
point of construction having secured decking or flooring.
In each floor there shall be provided a 21/2-inch valve outlet for fire department
use. Where construction height requires installation of a Class III standpipe, fire
pumps and water main connections shall be provided to serve the standpipe.
(d) Temporary Standpipes. Temporary standpipes may be provided in place
of permanent systems if they are designed to furnish 75 gallons of water per
minute at 50 pounds per square inch pressure with a standpipe size of not less than
4 inches. All outlets shall be not less than 2'/z inches. Pumping equipment
sufficient to provide this pressure and volume shall be available at all times when a
Class III standpipe system is required.
(e) Detailed Requirements. Standpipe systems for buildings under con-
struction shall be installed as required for permanent standpipe systems.
Basement Pipe Inlets
Sec. 10.314. Basement pipe inlets shall be installed in the first floor of every
store, warehouse or factory having a basement when required by the building
code. Required basement pipe inlets shall be in accordance with the provisions of
Appendix III-B.
Fire -extinguishing Equipment for Protection of Kitchen Grease
Hoods and Ducts
Sec. 10.315. (a) Where Required. Commercial -type food heat -processing
equipment, from which grease -laden vapors emanate in normal cooking applica-
49
10.315 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
tion and where the chief determines that such grease -laden vapors constitute a fire
hazard, shall be protected by an approved automatic extinguishing system.
(b) Extent of Protection. The extinguishing system used for protection of
commercial -type cooking equipment shall be installed so that the entire cooking
surface, including deep fat fryers, griddles, upright broilers, charbroilers, range
tops and grills, is protected. Protection shall also be provided for the enclosed
plenum space within the hood above filters and exhaust ducts serving the hood.
EXCEPTION: That portion of the fire -extinguishing system required for protec-
tion of the duct may be omitted when approved listed grease extractors are installed.
(c) Type of System. The system used for protection of commercial -type
cooking equipment shall be either a system listed for application with such
equipment or an automatic fixed pipe system that is specifically designed for such
application.
All systems shall comply with the requirements of the Mechanical Code and
this code. Listed systems shall be installed in accordance with their listing. Other
systems shall be of an approved design and shall be of one of the following types:
1. Automatic sprinkler system.
2. Dry chemical extinguishing system.
3. Carbon dioxide extinguishing system.
When carbon dioxide systems are used, there shall be a nozzle at the top of the
ventilating duct. Additional nozzles symmetrically arranged to give equal dis-
tribution shall be installed within vertical ducts exceeding 20 feet and horizontal
ducts exceeding 50 feet. In carbon dioxide systems, dampers shall be installed at
either the top or the bottom of the duct. The dampers shall be arranged to operate
automatically in the event that the extinguishing system operates. When the
damper is installed at the top of the duct, the top nozzle shall be immediately
below the damper. The quantity of carbon dioxide in the system shall be sufficient
to protect all hazards venting through a common duct simultaneously.
Carbon dioxide and dry chemical systems shall be interconnected to the fuel or
current supply so that the fuel or current is automatically shut off to all equipment
under the hood when the system is actuated.
EXCEPTION: Current need not be shut off to heating equipment other than fat
fryers.
Shutoffs, valves or switches shall be of the type that require manual operation
to reset. In addition, carbon dioxide systems shall be similarly interconnected to
shut off the ventilation fan.
Commercial -type cooking equipment protected by automatic sprinkler systems
shall be controlled by a separate readily accessible indicating -type control valve
that is identified. Where sprinklers are used to protect fryers, each fryer or pair of
fryers shall be protected with a sprinkler arranged to operate at not less than 30
psi.
A readily accessible manually activating device installed at an approved loca-
tion shall be provided for dry chemical and carbon dioxide systems. The actuation
50
1982 EDITION 10.315-10.402
device may be either mechanically or electrically operated. If electrical power is
used, the system shall be connected to a standby power system and a visual means
shall be provided to show that the extinguishing system is energized.
(d) Portable Extinguishers. In addition to the fixed system, a dry chemical
portable extinguisher which has a rating of not less than 40-B shall be installed
near the food processing equipment For additional portable extinguishers, see
U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1.
(e) Operation and Maintenance. The ventilation system in connection with
hoods shall be operated at the required level, and grease filters shall be in place
when equipment under a kitchen grease hood is used. If grease extractors are
installed, they shall be operated when the food heat -processing equipment is
used.
Extinguishing systems shall be serviced at least every six months or after
activation of the system. Inspection shall be by qualified individuals, and a
certificate of inspection shall be forwarded to the chief upon completion.
Fusible links and automatic sprinkler heads shall be replaced at least annually,
and other protection devices shall be serviced or replaced in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.
(f) Posting Operation Instructions. Instructions for manually operating the
fire -extinguishing system shall be posted at a conspicuous location within the
kitchen. Hoods, grease -removal devices, fans, ducts and other appurtenances
shall be cleaned at frequent intervals.
Division IV
MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF FIRE -
RESISTIVE WALLS AND PARTITIONS, DRAFT -STOP
PARTITIONS AND FIRE -RESISTIVE ASSEMBLIES FOR
PROTECTION OF OPENINGS
Occupancy and Area Separations and Draft -stop Partitions
Sec. 10.401. All required occupancy separations, area separation walls and
draft -stop partitions shall be maintained as specified in the Building Code and this
code and shall be properly repaired, restored or replaced when damaged, altered,
breached, penetrated, removed or improperly installed.
Fire Assembly for Protection of Openings
Sec. 10.402. (a) Maintenance. All required fire assemblies, including fire
doors, fire windows and fire dampers, along with all required hardware,
anchorage, frames and sills, shall be maintained as specified in the Building Code
51
10.402
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
or this code. These assemblies shall bear an approved label or other identification
showing the rating thereof and shall be properly repaired, restored or replaced
when damaged, altered, breached, penetrated, removed or improperly installed.
(b) Operation. Fire assemblies shall not be obstructed or otherwise impaired
from their proper operation at any time.
(c) Identification. When required by the chief, a sign shall be displayed
permanently near or on each required fire door in letters not less than 1 inch high
to read as follows:
FIRE DOOR
DO NOT OBSTRUCT
52
1982 EDITION 11.101-11.105
ARTICLE 11
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE
Division I
INCINERATORS AND OPEN BURNING
Bonfires and Outdoor Rubbish Fires
Sec. 11.101. (a) Permit Required. For permits to kindle or maintain any
bonfire or rubbish fire, see Section 4.101. Rubbish includes waste material from
the construction or demolition of buildings.
(b) Location Restricted. No person shall kindle or maintain any bonfire or
rubbish fire or authorize any such fire to be kindled or maintained on any private
land unless (1) the location is not less than 50 feet from any structure and adequate
provision is made to prevent fire from spreading to within 50 feet of any structure,
or (2) the fire is contained in an approved waste burner located safely not less than
15 feet from any structure.
(c) Attendance of Open Fires. Bonfires and rubbish fires shall be constantly
attended by a competent person until such fire is extinguished. This person shall
have a garden hose connected to the water supply, or other fire -extinguishing
equipment readily available for use.
(d) Chief May Prohibit. The chief may prohibit any or all bonfires and outdoor
rubbish fires when atmospheric conditions or local circumstances make such fires
hazardous.
Kindling of Fire on Land of Others Restricted
Sec. 11.102. No person shall kindle a fire upon the land of another without
permission of the owner thereof or his agent.
Discarding Burning Objects Prohibited
Sec. 11.103. No person shall throw down or drop any lighted match, cigar,
cigarette or other burning substance in combustible material or in close proximity
thereto.
Hot Ashes and Other Dangerous Materials
Sec. 11.104. No person shall deposit hot ashes or cinders or smoldering coals,
or greasy or oily substances liable to spontaneous ignition, into any combustible
receptacle or place the same within 10 feet of any combustible materials, except in
metal or other noncombustible, covered receptacles. Such receptacles, unless
resting on a noncombustible floor or on the ground outside the buildings, shall be
placed on noncombustible stands and in every case shall be kept at least 2 feet
away from any combustible wall or partition or exterior window opening.
Types and Construction of Incinerators
Sec. 11.105. (a) Every incinerator used shall comply with the provisions of this
section.
(b) Commercial, industrial and apartment -type incinerators shall be con-
53
11.105-11.111 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
structed in accordance with the provisions of the Building and Mechanical Codes.
(c) Residential incinerators shall be constructed of brick, concrete hollow tile
or other fire -resistive material other than metal, with a completely enclosed
combustion chamber and shall be equipped with a permanently attached spark
arrester.
(d) Every incinerator shall be equipped and maintained with a spark arrester
constructed of iron, heavy wire mesh or other noncombustible material, with
openings not larger than''/z inch.
(e) Every incinerator shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with
the requirements of any air pollution control district having jurisdiction.
Location
Sec. 11.106. (a) Any residential incinerator used in connection with a single-
family dwelling shall be located not less than 5 feet from any wood -frame building
or structure, or other combustible material, or not less than 3 feet from a masonry,
stucco, or similar fire -resistive building or structure with no openings within 5
feet. Any residential incinerator used in connection with any occupancy other
than a single-family dwelling shall be located not less than 10 feet from any
building or property line, provided, further, that the stack of any such incinerator
shall be constructed in accordance with the Mechanical Code and shall terminate
not less than 5 feet from combustible roof, overhang or eave construction.
(b) This restriction shall not apply to barbecue pits and outdoor fireplaces built
in accordance with the Building Code.
Incinerators in Trailer Camps
Sec. 11.107. Any incinerator installed in a trailer camp, mobile home park or
permanent camping park shall be of a type approved by the chief. Such incinerator
shall be located not less than 5 feet from any property line and 10 feet from any
building, trailer, mobile home or camp site.
Maintenance
Sec. 11.108. Every incinerator, barbecue pit and the equipment thereof shall be
maintained in good condition and repair at all times.
Adjacent Area
Sec. 11.109. A minimum clearance of 10 feet shall be maintained between any
incinerator and all rubbish, dry grass, weeds, vegetation and any other combusti-
ble material.
Use of Incinerators Restricted
Sec. 11.110. If the chief finds that burning in incinerators located within 500
feet of the mountainous, brush- or grass -covered areas of the jurisdictional area
during periods of high fire hazard weather conditions, will create an undue fire
hazard, during the existence of such periods a person shall not use any incinerator
whatever for burning.
Chimney Spark Arresters
Sec. 11.111. Each chimney used in conjunction with any fireplace or any
54
1982 EDITION 11.111-11.201
heating appliance in which solid or liquid fuel is used, upon any cabin, house,
hotel, building or structure located within 200 feet of any mountainous, brush- or
forest -covered land or land covered with flammable material, shall be maintained
with a spark arrester as required for incinerators.
Hours of Burning
Sec. 11.112. Waste matter shall not be disposed of by burning except as
follows:
(a) All burning shall take place during hours approved by the chief.
(b) Burning shall be confined to incinerators.
EXCEPTION: All burning shall he done in an approved incinerator, except that
outdoor burning of combustible waste matter other than paper may be done in the
open if:
1. A permit to engage in such burning is obtained from the chief.
2. Such burning is done at a distance of more than 50 feet from any building,
structure or other combustible waste matter.
3. A garden hose and water supply or other fire -extinguishing equipment is on
hand and a competent person is in constant attendance until all fire has been
extinguished. Applicants for such permit must be in legal control of the lot or
parcel of land on which the burning is to be done.
Burning on Public Property
Sec. 11.113. For permits to burn on public property, see Section 4.101.
Offensive Smoke and Odors
Sec. 11.114. Waste matter shall not be burned, under permit or otherwise,
which shall, in burning, cause or create a dense smoke or odor.
Attendant for Fire
Sec. 11.115. Except in an approved incinerator, every bonfire, campfire, or
burning of combustible waste matter shall be constantly attended by a competent
person and shall be completely extinguished before being left alone.
Fire Hazard Prohibited
Sec. 11.116. A person shall not construct, erect, install, maintain or use any
incinerator or barbecue pit or so burn any combustible material as to constitute or
occasion a fire hazard by the use or burning thereof or as to endanger the life or
property of any person thereby.
Division II
COMBUSTIBLE AND FLAMMABLE MATERIALS
Accumulation of Waste Material
Sec. 11.201. (a) Accumulations of wastepaper, hay, grass, straw, weeds, litter
or combustible or flammable waste material, waste petroleum products or rubbish
of any kind shall not be permitted to remain upon any roof or in any court, yard,
vacant lot or open space. All weeds, grass, vines or other growth, when same
55
11.201-11.203 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
endangers property or is liable to be fired, shall be cut down and removed by the
owner or occupant of the property. When total removal of growth from a piece of
property is impractical due to size or to environmental factors, approved fuel
breaks may be established between the land and the endangered property. The
width of the fuel break shall be determined by height, type and amount of growth,
wind conditions, geographical conditions and type of exposures threatened.
(b) All combustible rubbish, oily rags or waste material, when kept within a
building or adjacent to a building, shall be securely stored in metal or metal -lined
receptacles equipped with tight -fitting covers or in rooms or vaults constructed of
noncombustible materials.
(c) It shall be unlawful to accumulate or store combustible waste matter beneath
trailers or at any other place within an auto and trailer camp.
(d) Commercial dumpsters and containers with an individual capacity of 1.5
cubic yards or greater shall not be stored or placed within 5 feet of combustible
walls, openings or combustible roof eave lines.
EXCEPTION: Areas containing dumpsters or containers protected by an
approved automatic sprinkler system.
Handling of Readily Combustible Materials
Sec. 11.202. The person responsible for an occupancy that manufactures,
uses, stores or handles any combustible waste matter such as shavings, excelsior,
rubbish, sacks, bags, litter, hay, straw or other similar combustible materials
which create a fire hazard shall cause all such material to be removed from the
building at least once each working day.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. When such material is completely baled and stacked in an
orderly manner in an approved location so as not to create a fire hazard.
2. When such material is stored in approved vaults or in metal or metal -lined,
covered receptacles or bins.
3. The chief may require such material to be removed more than once each
working day when a fire hazard is created.
The chief may require baling presses to be installed or other approved methods
to ensure that such materials do not create a hazard or menace of fire.
Storage of Readily Combustible Materials
Sec. 11.203. (a) Permit Required. No person shall store in excess of 2500
cubic feet gross volume of combustible empty packing cases, boxes, barrels or
similar containers, or rubber or cork, or other similarly combustible material
without a permit.
(b) Storage Requirements. Storage in buildings shall be orderly, shall be more
than 2 feet from the ceiling, and shall be so located as not to endanger exit from the
building. Refer to Article 81 for high -piled stock.
Storage in the open shall not exceed 20 feet in height, shall be so located as not
to constitute a hazard to adjacent buildings or property and shall be compact and
orderly. Such storage is prohibited within 3 feet of any property line and shall not
exceed 6 feet in height when within 10 feet of such property line, except where no
hazard or menace of fire to adjoining property is created thereby.
56
1982 EDITION
11.203-11.209
(c) Equipment Rooms. Boiler rooms, mechanical rooms and electrical panel
rooms shall not be used for the storage of combustible merchandise, material or
equipment.
Flammable Decorative Materials
Sec. 11.204. Cotton batting, either natural, artificial or manufactured, straw,
dry vines, leaves, trees or other highly flammable materials shall not be used for
decorative purposes in show windows or other parts of commercial, industrial or
institutional occupancies unless made flame retardant, provided, however, that
nothing in this section shall be held to prohibit the display of salable goods
permitted and offered for sale. Electric light bulbs in such occupancies shall not
be decorated with paper or other combustible materials unless such materials shall
first have been rendered flame retardant.
Use of Open Flame or Light Restricted
Sec. 11.205. (a) A person shall not take an open flame or light into any
building, barn, vessel, boat or any other place where highly flammable, combus-
tible or explosive material is kept, unless such light or flame shall be well secured
in a glass globe, wire mesh cage or similar approved device.
(b) Heating or lighting apparatus or equipment capable of igniting flammable
materials of the types stored or handled shall not be used in the storage area of any
warehouse storing rags, excelsior, hair or other highly flammable or combustible
material; nor in the work area of any shop or factory used for the manufacture,
repair or renovating of mattresses or bedding; nor in the work areas of any
establishment used for the upholstering of furniture.
Combustible Materials Beneath Structures
Sec. 11.206. Persons having charge or control over any structure, pier or wharf
shall not allow the deposit of combustible materials beneath the structure, pier or
wharf or permit any accumulation of combustible debris or rubbish to remain on
land beneath such structure, pier or wharf.
Combustible Storage in Attic Spaces
Sec. 11.207. Combustible materials shall not be stored in attic areas or similar
spaces.
EXCEPTION: When walls, floor and ceiling forming the storage area are
protected on the attic room side as required for one -hour fire -resistive construction.
Parade Floats
Sec. 11.208. (a) For permits to operate a parade float, see Section 4.101.
(b) All decorative materials shall be fire resistive or flame retardant.
(c) All motorized apparatus shall be provided with an approved portable fire
extinguisher of at least 2-A, 10-B:C rating readily accessible to the operator.
Atrium Furnishings
Sec. 11.209. (a) Areas in atriums that are more than 20 feet below ceiling -
mounted sprinklers shall be limited as to the amount of combustible furnishings
and decorative materials to not more than 1 pound per square foot. Such combus-
57
11.209-11.401 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
tibles shall be limited to materials having a maximum of 7500 Btu per pound. In
computation of the above, no more than an average of 3 pounds per square foot
shall be concentrated in any one area.
(b) All decorative materials shall be noncombustible or shall be flame-retardant
treated and be so maintained.
(c) Devices generating an open flame shall not be used nor installed within
atriums.
Division III
FIRE REPORTING AND FALSE ALARMS
Reporting of Fires
Sec. 11.301. (a) In the event a fire occurs on any property the owner or
occupant shall immediately report such fire to the fire department.
(b) A fire shall mean any fire not used for cooking, heating or recreational
purposes or one not incidental to the normal operations of the property.
False Alarms
Sec.11.302. (a) For the purpose of this section a fire alarm shall be deemed and
construed as being any act as follows:
The giving, signaling or transmission to any public fire station or company or
to any officer or employee thereof, whether by telephone, spoken word or
otherwise, information to the effect that there is a fire at or near the place indicated
by the person giving, signaling or transmitting such information.
(b) It shall be unlawful for any person to give, signal or transmit or for any
person to cause or permit to be given, signaled or transmitted in any manner any
false alarm.
(c) It shall be unlawful for any person to tamper with or maliciously damage
any fire alarm equipment maintained for the purpose of transmitting fire alarms to
the fire department.
(d) Nothing in this section shall prohibit the sounding of any such signal
essential for the carrying on of any fire drill. The chief may require that he be
notified in advance when such signal will be sounded.
Division IV
USE OF EQUIPMENT, APPLIANCES AND DEVICES;
VACANT BUILDINGS
Toy Balloons
Sec. 11.401. A person shall not inflate any toy balloon or other similar device
with any toxic, explosive or flammable gas, or sell, give away or furnish any such
balloon or device so inflated. Open -flame generators shall be prohibited.
58
1982 EDITION 11.402-11.406
Projectile Firing
Sec. 11.402. A person shall not, in any brush- or grass -covered area or area
covered with flammable material, possess or fire or cause to be fired any tracer
bullet or tracer charge or any type of projectile that discharges smoldering or
flammable material.
Asphalt Kettles
Sec.11.403. (a) It shall be unlawful to transport or permit to be transported any
asphalt kettle beneath which is maintained any open fire, heated coals or ashes
over any highway, road or street. Asphalt kettles shall not be used inside of or on
the roof of any building. There shall be at least one approved fire extinguisher of a
minimum 20-B:C classification within 30 feet of each asphalt kettle during the
period such kettle is in use, and one additional 20-B:C classification fire
extinguisher on the roof being covered.
(b) Asphalt kettles shall be equipped with a tight -fitting cover. A kettle, when in
operation, shall be placed a safe distance from any combustible material or
buildings. An attendant shall be within 100 feet of the kettle at all times while the
burner flame is on, with no ladders or similar obstacles forming a part of the route
to be taken to reach the kettle.
EXCEPTION: If a kettle is controlled by an operating thermostat, the above
distance and route limitations do not apply.
N
Heating Appliances
Sec. 11.404. (a) Guards. Heating appliances shall be listed by the American
Gas Association or other recognized testing agency. The heating element or
combustion chamber in any such appliance shall be permanently guarded so as to
prevent accidental contact by any person or material.
(b) Connections. Gas appliances shall be connected to the gas supply by
approved connectors in conformance with the Mechanical Code.
(c) Flues. Gas appliances shall be vented to approved flues in conformance
with the Mechanical Code.
(d) Clearances. Heating appliances shall be installed and maintained with
clearance from combustibles in conformance with the Mechanical Code.
Maintenance of Chimneys and Heating Appliances
Sec. 11.405. All chimneys, incinerators, smokestacks or similar devices for
conveying smoke or hot gases to the outer air and the stoves, furnaces, fireboxes
or boilers to which they are connected shall be constructed in accordance with the
Mechanical Code and the Building Code and maintained in such a manner as not
to create a fire hazard.
Trapdoors to Be Closed
Sec. 11.406. All trapdoors and scuttle covers except those that are automatic in
their operation, in any building other than a dwelling, shall be kept closed at all
times.
59
11.407-11.412 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Shaftways to Be Marked
Sec. 11.407. Every outside window in a building used for manufacturing
purposes or for storage which opens directly on any hoistway or other vertical
means of communication between two or more floors in such buildings shall be
plainly marked with the word "SHAFTWAY" in red letters at least 6 inches high
on a white background; such warning sign to be so placed as to be easily
discernible from the outside of the building. Every door or window opening on
such shaftway from the interior of the building, unless the construction of the
partition surrounding the shaftway is of such distinctive nature as to make its
purpose evident at a glance, shall be similarly marked with the warning word
"SHAFTWAY" so placed as to be easily visible to anyone approaching the
shaftway from the interior of the building.
Use of Torches or Flame -producing Devices for Sweating Pipe
Joints or Removing Paint
Sec. 11.408. Any person using a torch or other flame -producing device for
removing paint or sweating pipe joints from or in any building or structure shall
provide one approved fire extinguisher or water hose equipped with a suitable
nozzle, sufficient in length to reach all portions of the building and connected to a
water supply on the premises where said burning operation is performed. Com-
bustible material in the close proximity of open flame shall be protected against
ignition by shielding, wetting or other means. In all cases, a fire watch shall be
maintained in the vicinity of the operation for one half hour after the torch or
flame -producing device has been used.
Hazardous Warning Lights
Sec. 11.409. It shall be unlawful to maintain any torch or lantern utilizing an
open flame along any excavation, road or any place where the dislodgement of
such torch or lantern might permit same to roll, fall or slide onto any brush- or
forest -covered land or any land containing flammable material.
Open -flame Devices in Marinas
Sec. 11.410. (a) For permits for open -flame devices in marinas, see Section
4.101.
(b) Any open -flame device used for lighting or decoration on the exterior of any
boat or on any slip or wharf must be approved by the chief.
Vacating Premises
Sec.11.411. Upon vacating or abandoning any premises, the occupant thereof
shall remove any and all noxious and hazardous material or waste matter which
has been deposited, allowed to come to rest or permitted to accumulate thereon,
and such premises shall be left in a clean and neat condition.
Vacant Buildings
Sec. 11.412. Every person owning or in charge or control of any vacant
building shall remove therefrom all accumulations of flammable or combustible
waste or rubbish and shall securely lock, barricade or otherwise secure all doors,
windows and other openings thereof.
60
1982 EDITION 11.413-11.415
Protection of Gas Meters and Piping
Sec. 11.413. When exposed to probable vehicular damage due to proximity to
alleys, driveways or parking areas, aboveground gas meters, regulators and
piping shall be suitably protected.
Posting of Signs on Exterior Doors Blocked by Storage
Sec. 11.414. Any exterior door of a building that is blocked by storage on the
interior side shall have a sign affixed to the exterior side of such door stating THIS
DOOR BLOCKED. The sign shall consist of letters having principal stroke of not
less than 3/4 inch wide and at least 6 inches high on a contrasting background,
provided, however, this provision shall not permit the obstruction of any required
fire department access door or exit door.
Storage of Hazardous Equipment in Buildings
Sec. 11.415. It shall be unlawful to park, store or repair any gasoline or gas -
fueled vehicle, motorcycle, moped or other similar device in any dwelling unit,
office, exitway or location that would create a fire or life hazard.
61
12.101-12.104 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 12
MAINTENANCE OF EXIT WAYS
Scope
Sec. 12.101. Exits serving every building, structure or confined area which is
used or intended to be used at any time for human occupancy shall be maintained
in accordance with this article and Section 1.103.
Buildings or structures which are not provided with adequate egress are unsafe
and shall be subject to the abatement procedures specified in Section 2.201 (b).
See Article 25, Places of Assembly, for additional requirements.
No exit or part thereof shall be altered in any way unless approved by the
building official.
Definitions
Sec. 12.102. For the purpose of this article, the definitions of the terms
BALCONY, EXTERIOR EXIT, EXIT, EXIT COURT, EXIT PASSAGEWAY,
HORIZONTAL EXIT, OCCUPANT LOAD, PANIC HARDWARE, PRIVATE
STAIRWAY and PUBLIC WAY are as set forth in Article 9.
Exit Obstruction
Sec. 12.103. (a) Obstruction. Obstructions, including storage, shall not be
placed in the required width of an exit except projections as permitted by the
Building Code.
(b) Overcrowding. The number of occupants of any building or portion
thereof shall not exceed the permitted or posted capacity. (For Places of Assem-
bly, see Article 25.)
(c) Aisles. Aisles leading to required exits shall be provided from all portions of
buildings.
Width and spacing of aisles shall be maintained as required by Section 25.107.
(d) Fire Escapes. An encumbrance of any kind shall not be located before or
upon any fire escape, balcony or ladder intended as a means of escape from fire.
(e) Storage of Materials. In other than dwelling occupancies no person shall
place, store or keep, or permit to be placed, stored or kept, any materials the
presence or burning of which would obstruct or render hazardous an exit.
Doors
Sec. 12.104. (a) General. Doors provided for egress purposes shall be main-
tained as provided in this article.
(b) Type of Lock or Latch. Exit doors shall be openable from the inside
without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. This requirement shall not apply to exterior exit doors in a
Group B Occupancy if there is a readily visible, durable sign on or adjacent to the
door, stating THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED DURING BUSINESS
HOURS. The sign shall be in letters not less than 1 inch high on a contrasting
background. The locking device must be of a type that will be readily distinguisha-
62
1982 EDITION 12.104-12.105
ble as locked. The use of this exception may be revoked by the building official for
due cause.
2. Exit doors from buildings or rooms having an occupant load of 10 or less may
be provided with a night latch, dead bolt or security chain, provided such devices are
openable from the inside without the use of a key, special knowledge or effort and
mounted at a height not to exceed 48 inches above the finished floor.
Manually operated edge- or surface -mounted flush bolts and surface bolts are
prohibited. When exit doors are used in pairs and approved automatic flush bolts
are used, the door leaf having the automatic flush bolts shall have no door knob or
surface -mounted hardware. The unlatching of any leaf shall not require more than
one operation.
EXCEPTION: Group R, Division 3 Occupancies.
(c) Panic Hardware. Panic hardware, when installed, shall comply with the
tequirements of U.B.C. Standard No. 33-4, and the activating member shall be
mounted at a height of not less than 30 inches nor more than 44 inches above the
floor. The unlatching force shall not exceed 15 pounds when applied in the
direction of exit travel.
(d) Door Identification. Exit doors shall be so marked that they are readily
distinguishable from adjacent construction.
(e) Blocking of Self- or Automatic -closing Doors. It shall be unlawful to
block, obstruct or otherwise impair the operation of any door required to be self -
or automatic -closing.
Corridor and Exterior Exit Balconies
Sec. 12.105. (a) General. This section shall apply to every corridor serving as
a required exit for an occupant load of 10 or more except as provided in Subsection
(b) for Group R, Divisions 1 and 3 Occupancies. For the purposes of the section,
the term "corridor" shall include "exterior exit balconies" and any covered or
enclosed exit passageway, including walkways, tunnels and malls. Partitions,
rails, counters and similar space dividers not over 5 feet 9 inches in height above
the floor shall not be construed to form corridors.
Exit corridors shall not be interrupted by intervening rooms.
EXCEPTION: Foyers, lobbies or reception rooms constructed as required for
corridors shall not be construed as intervening rooms.
(b) Width. Every corridor serving an occupant load of 10 or more shall be not
less than 44 inches in width. Regardless of occupant load, corridors in Group R,
Division 3 Occupancies and within dwelling units in Group R, Division 1
Occupancies shall have a minimum width of 36 inches. For special requirements
for Groups E and I Occupancies, see the Building Code.
(c) Height. Corridors and exterior exit balconies shall have a clear height of not
less than 7 feet measured to the lowest projection from the ceiling.
(d) Projections. The required width of corridors shall be unobstructed.
EXCEPTION: Handrails and doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the
required width by more than 7 inches. Doors in any position shall not reduce the
63
12.105-12.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
required width by more than one half. Other nonstructural projections such as trim
and similar decorative features may project into the required width 1'h inches on
each side.
(e) Access to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be so
arranged that it is possible to go in either direction from any point in a corridor to a
separate exit, except for dead ends not exceeding 20 feet in length.
(f) Fire Resistance. Where corridors are required to be fire resistive, all walls,
ceilings and openings shall be maintained as specified in the Building Code.
Stairways
Sec. 12.106. (a) General. Stairways shall be maintained in accordance with
the Building Code.
EXCEPTION: Stairs or ladders used only to attend equipment are exempt from
the requirements of this section when properly maintained.
(b) Width. The width of every stairway shall be maintained. Handrails may
project into the required width a distance of 3'/2 inches from each side of a
stairway. Other nonstructural projections such as trim and similar decorative
features may project into required width 1'/2 inches on each side.
Handrails and guardrails shall be maintained as required by the Building Code.
(c) Landings. A door swinging over a landing shall not reduce the width of the
landing to less than one half its required width at any position in its swing nor by
more than 7 inches when fully open.
EXCEPTION: Stairs serving an unoccupied roof are exempt from these
provisions.
(d) Headroom. Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of
not less than 6 feet, 6 inches. Such clearances shall be established by measuring
vertically from a plane parallel and tangent to the stairway tread nosings to the
soffit above at all points.
(e) Storage. Storage under exterior or interior stairways shall not be permitted
unless such space is protected on the enclosed side by one -hour fire -resistive
construction as specified in the Building Code.
Where there is enclosed usable space under stairs, the walls and soffits of the
enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one -hour
fire -resistive construction. See Section 12.109 (e).
(f) Stairway Numbering System. An approved sign shall be located at each
floor -level landing in all enclosed stairways of buildings four or more stories in
height. The sign shall indicate the floor level, the terminus of the top and bottom
of the stairway and the identification of the stairway. The sign shall be located
approximately 5 feet above the floor landing in a position which is readily visible
when the door is in the open or closed position. See Appendix I-B.
Ramps
Sec.12.107. (a) General. Ramps used as exits shall conform to the provisions
of the Building Code.
(b) Width. The width of the ramp shall be maintained as required for stairways.
64
1982 EDITION 12.107-12.109
(c) Slope. The slope of ramps required by Table No. 33-A of the Building Code
shall be not steeper than 1 vertical in 12 horizontal. The slope of other ramps shall
be not steeper than 1 vertical in 8 horizontal.
When provided with fixed seating, the main floor of the assembly room of a
Group A, Division 1, Division 2, 2.1 or 3 Occupancy may have a slope not steeper
than 1 vertical in 5 horizontal.
(d) Handrails. Ramps having slopes exceeding one vertical in 15 horizontal
shall have handrails as required for stairways, except that intermediate handrails
shall not be required. Ramped aisles need not have handrails on sides serving
fixed seating.
(e) Surface. The surface of ramps shall be maintained rough or of slip -resistant
materials.
Horizontal Exit
See.12.108. (a) Used as a Required Exit. A horizontal exit may be considered
as a required exit when conforming to the provisions of the Building Code. A
horizontal exit shall not serve as the only exit from a portion of a building, and
when two or more exits are required, not more than one half of the total number of
exits or total exit width may be horizontal exits.
(b) A horizontal exit's fire resistance, opening protection and discharge areas
shall be maintained in conformance with the requirements of the Building Code.
Stairway, Ramp and Escalator Enclosures
Sec. 12.109. (a) General. Every exit enclosure shall be maintained in con-
formance with the requirements of the Building Code.
(b) Openings into Enclosures. There shall be no openings into exit enclosures
except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. All exit doors in an exit
enclosure shall be protected by a fire assembly having a fire -protection rating of
not less than one hour where one -hour shaft construction is permitted and one and
one-half hours where two-hour shaft construction is required. Doors shall be
maintained self -closing or shall be automatic closing by actuation of a smoke
detector. The maximum transmitted temperature end point shall not exceed 450°F.
above ambient at the end of 30 minutes of the fire exposure test.
(c) Extent of Enclosure. Stairway and ramp enclosures shall include landings
and parts of floors connecting stairway flights and also shall include a corridor on
the ground floor leading from the stairway to the exterior of the building.
Enclosed corridors or passageways are not required from unenclosed stairways.
Every opening into the corridor shall comply with the requirements of the
Building Code.
EXCEPTION: In office buildings classed as a Group B, Division 2 Occupancy, a
maximum of 50 percent of the exits may discharge through a street floor lobby,
provided the required exit width is free and unobstructed and the entire street floor is
protected with an automatic sprinkler system.
(d) Barrier. A stairway in an exit enclosure shall not continue below the grade
level exit unless an approved barrier is maintained at the ground -floor level to
prevent persons from accidentally continuing into the basement.
65
12.109-12.113 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(e) Use of Space Under Stair. There shall be no enclosed usable space under
stairways in an exit enclosure, nor shall the open space under such stairways be
used for any purpose.
Smokeproof Enclosures
Sec. 12.110. (a) General. A smokeproof enclosure shall consist of a vestibule
and continuous stairway enclosed from the highest point to the lowest point as
required by the Building Code.
(b) Outlet. A smokeproof enclosure shall exit into a public way or into an exit
passageway leading to a public way. The exit passageway shall be maintained
without other openings.
(c) Barrier. A stairway in a smokeproof enclosure shall not continue below the
grade level unless an approved barrier is maintained at the ground level to prevent
persons from accidentally continuing into the basement.
(d) Access. Access to the stairway shall be maintained by way of a vestibule or
by way of an open exterior balcony of noncombustible materials.
(e) Ventilation. Ventilation requirements for smokeproof enclosures shall be
maintained as specified in the Building Code.
All mechanical ventilating systems and related devices shall be maintained and
shall be subject to periodic tests as may be required by the chief.
Exit Courts
Sec. 12.111. (a) General. Exit courts and exits therefrom shall be maintained
in accordance with the provisions of the Building Code.
(b) Width. Exit court minimum widths shall be determined in accordance with
provisions of the Building Code, and such required width shall be unobstructed to
a height of 7 feet, except for projections permitted in corridors. The minimum exit
court width shall be not less than 44 inches.
When the width is reduced from any cause, the reduction shall be effected
gradually by a guardrail at least 3 feet in height and making an angle of not more
than 30 degrees with the axis of the exit court.
(c) Openings. Required protection of openings shall be maintained.
Exit Passageway
Sec. 12.112. The walls of exit passageways shall be maintained without
openings other than required exits. Widths and heights, fire resistance, and
opening protection shall be maintained in accordance with the Building Code.
Exit Illumination
Sec. 12.113. (a) General. Except within individual dwelling units, guest
rooms and sleeping rooms, exits shall be illuminated at any time the building is
occupied with light having intensity of not less than 1 footcandle at floor level.
EXCEPTION: In auditoriums, theaters, concert or opera halls and similar
assembly uses, the illumination at floor level may be reduced during performances
to not less than 0.2 footcandle.
Fixtures required for exit illumination shall be supplied from separate circuits
or sources of power where these are required by Subsection (b).
66
1982 EDITION 12.113-12.114
(b) Power Supply. 1. Separate branch circuits. The power supply for exit
illumination shall be provided by two separate branch circuits of the normal
premises wiring system, unless an emergency system is installed, where the
occupant load served by the exiting system exceeds the following:
A. One hundred in both Group H Occupancies and in Group R, Division 1
Occupancies.
B. Fifty in Group I Occupancies.
C. Three hundred in all other occupancies.
One of the required circuits shall supply only fixtures used for exit illumination
or exit signs. The other circuit may supply current to other outlets.
2. Separate sources of power. The power supply for exit illumination shall
normally be provided by the premises wiring system. In the event of its failure,
illumination shall be automatically provided from an emergency system where the
occupant load served by the exiting system exceeds:
A. Nine hundred and ninety-nine in Group A, Division 1 Occupancies.
B. Five hundred in Group A, Division 2 or 2.1 Occupancies except churches
with an occupant load of less than 750.
C. One hundred in Group I Occupancies.
D. One hundred in Group R, Division 1 Occupancies having an interior exit
corridor system.
E. Five hundred in Group B, Division 2 Occupancies used for retail sales or
offices.
For high-rise buildings and smokeproof enclosures, see the Building Code.
Emergency systems shall be supplied from storage batteries or an on -site
generator set, and the system shall be installed in accordance with the require-
ments of the Electrical Code.
Exit Signs
Sec. 12.114. (a) Where Required. Exit signs shall be installed at required exit
doorways and where otherwise necessary to clearly indicate the direction of
egress when the exit serves an occupant load of 50 or more.
EXCEPTION: Main exterior exit doors which obviously and clearly are identi-
fiable as exits need not be signed when approved by the building official.
(b) Graphics. The color and design of lettering, arrows and other symbols on
exit signs shall be in high contrast with their background. Words on the sign shall
be in block letters 6 inches in height with a stroke of not less than 3/4 inch.
(c) Illumination. Signs shall be internally or externally illuminated by two
electric lamps or shall be of an approved self -luminous type. When the luminance
on the face of an exit sign is from an external source, it shall have an intensity of
not less than 5.0 footcandles from either lamp. Internally illuminated signs shall
provide equivalent luminance.
(d) Power Supply. 1. Separate branch circuits. When separate branch cir-
cuits are required for exit illumination by Section 12.113 (b) 1, current supply to
one of the lamps for exit signs shall be from a circuit having outlets only for other
exit signs or exit illumination. Power to the other lamp shall be from a separate
67
12.114-13.105 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
circuit that may supply other outlets.
2. Separate sources of power. When separate sources of power are required for
exit illumination by Section 12.113 (b) 2, power to one of the lamps for exit signs
shall be from storage batteries or an on -site generator set and the system shall be
installed in accordance with the Electrical Code. For high-rise buildings, see the
Building Code.
ARTICLE 13
SMOKING
Designated Areas Where Smoking Shall Be Prohibited
Sec. 13.101. Where conditions are such as to make smoking a hazard in any
areas of piers, wharves, warehouses, stores, industrial plants, institutions,
schools, places of assembly and in open spaces where combustible materials are
stored or handled, the chief is empowered and authorized to order the owner or
occupant in writing to post NO SMOKING signs in each building, structure,
room or place in which smoking shall be prohibited. Such signs shall be conspic-
uously and suitably located. The chief shall designate specific safe locations, if
necessary, in any building, structure or place in which smoking may be permitted.
Smoking
Sec. 13.102. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person during that period of the
year declared by the chief as the hazardous season to light, ignite or otherwise set
fire to or to smoke any tobacco, cigarette, pipe or cigar in or upon any moun-
tainous, brush- or forest -covered land, or land covered with any flammable
material, or upon any road or trail traversing any such mountainous, brush- or
forest -covered land or land covered with flammable material, provided, however,
that nothing in this section shall apply to the area within the boundaries of any
established smoking areas as designated by the chief.
(b) It shall be unlawful for any person to utilize any lighted or smoldering
material in connection with smoking of bees or in or near any apiary located in or
upon any mountainous, brush- or forest -covered land, or land covered with
flammable material, without first having obtained a permit to do so from the chief.
"No Smoking" Signs
Sec. 13.103. The lettering, size, color and location of legally required NO
SMOKING signs shall be subject to the approval of the chief.
Removal of Signs Prohibited
Sec. 13.104. It shall be unlawful for any person to remove or mutilate or
destroy any legally required NO SMOKING sign.
Compliance With "No Smoking" Signs
Sec. 13.105. It shall be unlawful for any person to smoke or throw or deposit
any lighted or smoldering substance in any place where NO SMOKING signs are
posted or in any other place where smoking would occasion or constitute a fire or
life hazard.
68
1982 EDITION 24.101-24.108
PART IV
SPECIAL OCCUPANCY USES
ARTICLE 24
AIRPORTS, HELIPORTS AND HELISTOPS
Division I
GENERAL
Scope
Sec. 24.101. This article shall apply to all airports, heliports, helistops and
aircraft hangars.
Permits
Sec. 24.102. For permits to use structures or enclosures for aircraft servicing or
repair and aircraft refueling vehicles, see Section 4.101.
Dispensing Flammable or Combustible Liquids
Sec. 24.103. No dispensing, transfer or storage of flammable or combustible
liquids shall be permitted inside of any building or structure, except as provided in
Article 79.
Transferring Fuel
Sec. 24.104. (a) No flammable or combustible liquid shall be dispensed into or
removed from the fuel system of an aircraft within any aircraft hangar.
(b) No flammable or combustible liquid shall be dispensed into or removed
from a container, tank, vehicle or aircraft except in a location approved by the
chief.
Application of Flammable or Combustible Liquid Finishes
Sec. 24.105. The application of Class I or II liquid finishes shall be done only
in locations approved by the chief. _
Cleaning Parts
Sec. 24.106. It shall be unlawful for any person to clean any aircraft, engines or
parts of aircraft in an aircraft hangar or within 50 feet of another aircraft, building
or hangar with any flammable liquid.
t
Drip Pans
Sec. 24.107. Every aircraft hangar shall be equipped and maintained with
metal drip pans under the engines of all aircraft stored or parked therein.
Open Flame
Sec. 24.108. Open flame, flame -producing device or other source of ignition
shall not be permitted in any hangar, except in approved locations.
69
24.109-24.115 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Smoking
Sec. 24.109. NO SMOKING signs shall be provided in accordance with the
provisions of Article 13.
Running Engines
Sec. 24.110. No person shall run the engine of any aircraft in any aircraft
hangar except in approved engine test areas.
Repairing Aircraft
Sec. 24.111. All repairing of aircraft requiring the use of open flames, spark -
producing devices or the heating of parts above 500°F. shall be done in the open or
in an area conforming to the provisions of the Building Code for a Group H,
Division 5 Occupancy.
Combustible Storage
Sec. 24.112. No person shall store combustible materials or other hazardous
materials in an aircraft hangar, except in locations and containers approved by the
chief.
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Sec. 24.113. (a) Portable fire extinguishers suitable for flammable or combus-
tible liquid and electrical -type fires shall be provided as specified by the chief.
(b) Every vehicle used for towing aircraft and every welding apparatus shall be
equipped with at least one fire extinguisher having a minimum 5-B:C classifica-
tion, as designated in U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1.
(c) Every aircraft refueler shall be equipped with a minimum of two 20-B:C fire
extinguishers, as determined in U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1. A fire extinguisher
shall be readily accessible from either side of the vehicle.
(d) At every aircraft service station there shall be at least one fire extinguisher
having a minimum 10-B:C classification, as designated in U.F.C. Standard No.
10-1, and it shall be so located that no pump or dispenser shall be more than 75
feet from one such extinguisher.
(e) Use of any fire extinguisher equipment under any circumstances shall be
reported to the manager of the airport and the chief immediately after use.
Aircraft Service Station
Sec. 24.114. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person to install, operate or
maintain any aircraft service station, except in accordance with the provisions of
Article 79.
(b) Transferring apparatus used or intended to be used for fueling aircraft shall
be approved and shall be installed, operated and maintained in accordance with
the applicable provisions of this article.
Pumps
Sec. 24.115. All pumps of a positive displacement type shall be provided with
a bypass relief valve set at a pressure of not more than 35 percent in excess of the
normal working pressure of such unit. Such units shall be equipped and main-
tained with a pressure gage on the discharge side of the pump.
70
1982 EDITION 24.116-24.120
Dispensing Hose and Nozzles
Sec. 24.116. (a) Only hose which is designed for the transferring of hydrocar-
bon liquids will be permitted.
(b) The length of hose shall be limited to the actual needs of the individual
transfer apparatus. Such hose shall be equipped with an approved shutoff nozzle.
Fuel transfer nozzles shall be of self -closing type, designed to be actuated by hand
pressure only. No notches or other devices shall be used for holding nozzle valve
handle in open position. Such nozzles shall be equipped with a grounding cable
complete with proper attachment for aircraft to be serviced.
Protection of Electrical Equipment
Sec. 24.117. Electric wiring, switches, lights and other sources of ignition,
when located in a compartment housing piping, pumps, air eliminators, water
separators, hose reels, etc., shall be enclosed in a vapor -tight housing. Electrical
motors located in such a compartment shall be of a type approved for use as
specified in the Electrical Code.
Venting of Equipment Compartments
Sec. 24.118. Compartments housing piping, pumps, air eliminators, water
separators, hose reels, etc., shall be adequately ventilated at floor level or within
the floor itself.
Accessory Equipment
Sec. 24.119. Ladders, hose reels and similar accessory equipment shall be of
an approved type and constructed substantially as follows:
(a) Ladders constructed of noncombustible material may be used with or
attached to any aircraft refueler unit, provided the manner of attachment or use of
such ladder is approved and shall not occasion or constitute any additional fire or
accident hazard in the operation of such refueler unit.
(b) Hose reels used in connection with any such refueler unit shall be con-
structed of noncombustible materials and shall be provided with a packing gland
or other device which will preclude fuel leakage between such reel and the fuel
manifold in connection therewith.
Bonding and Grounding
Sec. 24.120. (a) Every transfer apparatus shall be metallically interconnected
with the tank, chassis, axles and springs of every aircraft refueler unit.
(b) Every aircraft refueler unit shall be provided and maintained with a
substantial heavy-duty ground cable of sufficient length to be bonded to the
aircraft to be serviced. Such cable shall be metallically connected to the transfer
apparatus or chassis of the aircraft refueler unit on one end and shall be provided
with a suitable metal clamp on the other end, to be fixed to the aircraft.
The ground cable shall be bare or have a transparent protective sleeve and be
carried on a reel or in a compartment provided for no other purpose in such a
manner that it will not be subjected to sharp kinks or accidental breakage under
conditions of general use.
71
24.121-24.202 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Regulations Not Covered
Sec. 24.121. Any regulation not specifically contained herein pertaining to
airports, aircraft hangars and appurtenant operations shall comply with nationally
recognized standards. (See U.F.C. Standard No. 24-1.)
Division II
REFUELER UNITS
Construction of Aircraft Refuelers
Sec. 24.201. (a) Tank vehicles shall be designed and constructed in accordance
with U.F.C. Standards Nos. 24-1 and 79-4. For permits to operate refueling
vehicles, see Section 4.101.
(b) Every aircraft refueler unit shall be equipped and maintained with an
approved transfer apparatus.
1. If such transfer apparatus is operated by an individual unit of the internal
combustion motor type, such power unit shall be located as remotely as
practicable from any pumps, piping, meters, air eliminators, water separa-
tors, hose reels, etc., and shall be housed in a separate compartment from
any of the aforementioned items; the fuel tanks in connection therewith
shall be suitably designated and installed, and the maximum capacity shall
not exceed 5 U. S. gallons when such tank is installed on any such engine in
any compartment housing any such engine. The exhaust pipe, muffler and
tail pipe shall be shielded.
2. If operated by gears or chains, the gears, chains, shafts, bearings, housing
and all parts thereof shall be of an approved design and shall be installed in
a workmanlike manner and so maintained.
3. Flexible connections for the purpose of eliminating vibration may be
permitted if the material used therein is designated, installed and main-
tained in an approved manner and provided such connections do not exceed
24 inches in length.
Operation, Maintenance and Use of Aircraft Ref ueler Units
Sec. 24.202. The following regulations shall apply to the operation, mainte-
nance and use of aircraft refueler units in addition to all other applicable provi-
sions of this article.
(a) Aircraft refueler units shall be stored outside of, and not less than 50 feet
from, any building at a location approved by the manager of the airport and the
chief.
(b) Mechanical repairs on such units shall be done only at approved locations.
Minor adjustments or repairs may be made when necessary to move such unit to
the storage location when failure occurs elsewhere in the airport.
(c) Every aircraft refueler unit which is operated by any person other than the
permittee or his regularly authorized employee shall be provided with a legible
72
1982 EDITION 24.202-24.206
sign visible from the outside thereof showing the name of the person, firm or
corporation operating such unit.
Fueling and Defueling
Sec. 24.203 (a) Aircraft refueler units shall not be located, parked or permitted
to stand under any portion of an aircraft nor in any position where such unit would
obstruct egress from any aircraft should fire occur during fuel transfer operations.
(b) Every aircraft refueler unit shall be electrically bonded to the aircraft being
fueled or defueled and either the aircraft refueler unit or the aircraft shall be
adequately grounded in an approved manner. A drag chain or flexible ground
conductor shall not be deemed to fulfill the requirements of this section for
grounding during fuel transfer.
Transfer nozzles shall be equipped with approved bonding conductors which
shall be clipped or otherwise positively engaged with the bonding attachment
provided on the aircraft adjacent to the fuel tank cap.
All bonding and ground connections required by this section shall be made
prior to any fuel transfer and shall not be disconnected until fuel transfer opera-
tions are completed.
(c) During fuel transfer operations, a qualified person shall be in control of each
transfer nozzle and another qualified person shall be in immediate control of the
fuel -pumping equipment to shut off or otherwise control the flow of fuel from the
time fueling operations are begun until they are completed.
EXCEPTION: For underwing refueling, the person stationed at the point of fuel
intake is not required.
(d) Fuel transfer nozzles shall not be held in the open position by any device
other than by direct hand pressure of the operator.
Qualified Operator
Sec. 24.204. Aircraft refueler units shall be attended and operated only by
persons instructed in methods of proper use and operation and who are qualified
to use such refueler units in accordance with minimum safety requirements. Each
qualified operator shall be required to carry on his person an identification card
issued by his employer certifying his qualifications.
Protection of Hose
Sec. 24.205. Fuel transfer hose shall be properly placed on the approved reel or
in the compartment provided, or may be stored on top decking of refueler, if
proper height rail is provided for security and protection of such equipment before
any aircraft refueler unit is moved. Such transfer hose shall not be looped or
draped over any part of the refueler unit, except as herein provided, nor shall fuel
transfer hose be dragged when such refueler unit is moved from one fueling
position to another.
Maintenance
Sec. 24.206. (a) Every aircraft refueler unit and all equipment used in connec-
tion therewith shall be maintained in a safe operating condition and good repair at
all times.
73
24.206-24.301 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(b) On finding any aircraft servicing equipment which is in use during fueling
operations to be defective or in a state of disrepair, and by reason of such defect or
state of disrepair the use of such aircraft servicing equipment constitutes an undue
fire hazard, the chief shall order the use of such equipment discontinued until such
repairs, replacements or changes are made as may be necessary to render the same
safe for continued use. No person shall use any such defective equipment until the
same is rendered safe to the satisfaction of the chief.
Loading and Unloading
Sec. 24.207. (a) Aircraft refueler units shall be loaded only at an approved
loading rack, except, when defueling aircraft, such unit may be loaded from the
fuel tanks of aircraft.
(b) The fuel cargo of any such unit shall be unloaded only by approved transfer
apparatus into the fuel tanks of aircraft, underground storage tanks or approved
gravity storage tanks.
Passengers
Sec. 24.208. Passenger traffic may be permitted during the time fuel transfer
operations are in progress, provided the following provisions are strictly enforced
by the owner of such aircraft or his authorized employee.
(a) It shall be unlawful for any person to smoke or produce any open flame in
the cabin of the aircraft or on the outside thereof within 50 feet of such aircraft.
A qualified employee of the air vehicle owner shall be responsible for seeing
that the passengers are not allowed to smoke when remaining aboard the aircraft
nor while going across the ramp from the gate to such aircraft, or vice versa.
(b) Passengers shall not be permitted to linger about the plane, but shall proceed
directly between the loading gate and the aircraft.
(c) Passenger loading stands shall be left in loading position until all fuel
transfer operations are completed.
(d) Fuel transfer operations shall not be performed on the main exit side of any
aircraft containing passengers except when the owner of such aircraft or a capable
and qualified employee of such owner shall remain inside the aircraft to direct and
assist the escape of such passengers through regular and emergency exits in the
event fire should occur during such fuel transfer operations.
Smoking, Open Flame and Service Equipment
Sec. 24.209. It shall be unlawful for any person to smoke or produce any open
flame within 50 feet of any point where fuel is being transferred, nor shall any
electrical or motor -driven device be connected to or disconnected from any
aircraft at any time fueling operations are in progress on such aircraft.
Division III
HELISTOPS
General
Sec. 24.301. Helistops on buildings that have been constructed in accordance
74
1982 EDITION 24.301-25.103
with requirements of the Building Code or other locations must be maintained in
accordance with Article 24, Division III, of this code.
Clearance
Sec. 24.302. The touchdown area shall be surrounded on all sides by a clear
area having minimum average width at roof level of 15 feet but no width less than
5 feet and shall be so maintained.
Class I or Class II Liquid Spillage
Sec. 24.303. Landing areas on structures shall be so maintained as to confine
any Class I or Class II liquid spillage to the landing area itself, and provision shall
be made to drain such spillage away from any exit or stairway serving the
helicopter landing area or from a structure housing such exit or stairway.
Exit Ways
Sec. 24.304. Exits and stairways from helistops shall be maintained in compli-
ance with Article 12 of this code, except that all landing areas located on buildings
or structures shall have two or more exits. For landing platforms or roof areas less
than 60 feet in length or less than 2000 square feet in area, the second exit may be a
fire escape or ladder leading to the floor below.
Federal Aviation Approval
Sec. 24.305. Before operating helicopters from helistops, approval must be
obtained from the Federal Aviation Agency.
ARTICLE 25
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
Division I
GENERAL
Permits
Sec. 25.101. For permits to operate a place of assembly, see Section 4.101.
Attendant
Sec. 25.102. Every place of assembly shall be under the constant supervision
of a competent adult on the premises during the time that the premises are open to
the public.
Decorative Material
Sec. 25.103. (a) All drapes, hangings, curtains, drops and all other decorative
material, including Christmas trees, that would tend to increase the fire and panic
hazard shall be made from material which is not flammable material or shall be
treated and maintained in a flame-retardant condition by means of flame-retardant
solution or a process approved by the chief. Exit doors, exit lights, fire alarm
sending stations, wet standpipe hose cabinets and fire-extinguisher locations shall
not be concealed or obstructed by any decorative material.
75
25.103-25.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(b) Treatments used to accomplish this flame retardation shall be renewed as
often as may be necessary to maintain the flame -retardation effect.
Pyroxylin -coated Fabric
Sec. 25.104. Pyroxylin -coated fabric used as a decorative material in accor-
dance with Section 25.103 or a surface covering on fixed furnishings, shall be
limited in amount to the following:
Such fabrics containing 1.4 ounces or more of cellulose nitrate per square yard
shall not be used in excess of a total amount equivalent to 1 square foot of fabric
surface to 15 cubic feet of room volume. Each square foot of such fabric which
contains 1.7 ounces or more of cellulose nitrate per square yard shall be counted
as 2 square feet in making this computation.
(May be measured by folding a piece to five thicknesses and measuring to see if
the thickness of five layers exceeds''/s inch.)
Motion Picture Screens
Sec. 25.105. In places of assembly, motion picture screens or screen masking
shall not be used unless it is in compliance with Section 25.103.
Exit Doors
Sec. 25.106. (a) General. Exit doors shall comply with the provisions of
Section 12.104 and the provisions of this section.
(b) Panic Hardware. 1. Group A, Division 1. An exit door from a Group A,
Division I Occupancy having an occupant load of 50 or more shall not be
provided with a latch or lock unless it is panic hardware.
2. In Group A, Divisions 2, 2.1 and 3 Occupancies. In Group A, Divisions 2,
2.1 and 3 Occupancies having an occupant load of more than 50, exit doors shall
not be provided with a latch or lock unless it is panic hardware.
EXCEPTION: In Group A, Divisions 2.1 and 3 Occupancies, such as restau-
rants, bars, bowling alleys, auditoriums and similar commercial uses, and in
churches, panic hardware may be omitted from the main exit when the main exit
consists of a single door. A key locking device may be used in place of the panic
hardware, provided there is a readily visible metallic sign adjacent to the doorway
stating THIS DOOR MUST REMAIN UNLOCKED DURING BUSINESS
HOURS. The sign shall be in letters not less than 1 inch high on a contrasting
background. When unlocked, a single door must be free to swing without operation
of any latching device. Flush, edge or surface bolts or any other type of device that
may be used to close or restrain the doors other than by operation of the locking
device are prohibited. The use of this exception may be revoked by the building
official for due cause.
3. Group A, Division 4. In Group A, Division 4 Occupancies having an
occupant load of more than 50, exit doors shall not be provided with a latch or lock
unless it is panic hardware.
Aisles
Sec. 25.107. (a) General. Aisles leading to required exits shall be provided
from all portions of buildings.
(b) Width. Aisle widths shall be provided in accordance with the following:
76 11
1982 EDITION 25.107
1. In areas serving employees only, the minimum aisle width may be 24
inches but not less than the width required by the number of employees
served.
2. In public areas of Group B, Division 2 Occupancies, and in assembly
occupancies without fixed seats, the minimum clear aisle width shall be 36
inches where tables, counters, furnishings, merchandise or other similar
obstructions are placed on one side of the aisle only and 44 inches when
such obstructions are placed on both sides of the aisle.
3. In assembly occupancies with fixed seats.
A. With standard seating, every aisle shall be not less than 3 feet when
serving seats on only one side and not less than 42 inches wide when
serving seats on both sides. Such minimum width shall be measured
from the point farthest from the exit, cross aisle or foyer and such
minimum width shall be increased by 11/2 inches for each 5 feet of
length toward the exit, cross aisle or foyer.
B. With continental seating as specified in Section 25.108, side aisles shall
be provided and be not less than 44 inches in width.
(c) Distances to Nearest Exit. In areas occupied by seats and in Group A
Occupancies without seats, the line of travel to an exit door by an aisle shall be not
more than 150 feet. Such travel distance may be increased to 200 feet if the
building is provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system.
(d) Aisle Spacing. With standard seating, aisles shall be so located that there
will be not more than six intervening seats between any seat and the nearest aisle.
With continental seating, the number of intervening seats may be increased,
provided the seating configuration conforms with the requirements specified in
Section 25.108.
When benches or pews are used, the number of seats shall be based on one
person for each 18 inches of length of pew or bench.
(e) Cross Aisles. Aisles shall terminate in a cross aisle, foyer or exit. The width
of the cross aisle shall be not less than the sum of the required width of the widest
aisle plus 50 percent of the total required width of the remaining aisles leading
thereto. In Groups A and E Occupancies, aisles shall have a dead end not greater
than 20 feet in length.
(f) Vomitories. Vomitories connecting the foyer or main exit with the cross
aisles shall have a total width not less than the sum of the required width of the
widest aisle leading thereto plus 50 percent of the total required width of the
remaining aisles leading thereto.
(g) Slope. The slope portion of aisles shall be not steeper than 1 vertical in 8
horizontal, except as permitted in Section 12.107 (c).
(h) Steps. Steps shall not be used in an aisle when the change in elevation can be
achieved by a slope conforming to Section 25.108 (g). A single step or riser shall
not be used in any aisle. Steps in aisles shall extend across the full width of the
aisle and shall be illuminated. Treads and risers in such steps shall comply with
the Building Code.
77
25.108-25.111 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Seat Spacing
Sec. 25.108. (a) Standard Seating. With standard seating, the spacing of rows
of seats shall provide a space of not less than 12 inches from the back of one seat to
the front of the most forward projection of the seat immediately behind it as
measured horizontally between vertical planes.
(b) Continental Seating. The number of seats per row of seats for continental
seating may be increased, subject to all of the following conditions:
1. The spacing of unoccupied seats shall provide a clear width between rows
of seats measured horizontally as follows (automatic- or self -rising seats
shall be measured in the seat -up position, other seats shall be measured in
the seat -down position):
18 inches between rows for I to 18 seats
20 inches between rows for 19 to 35 seats
21 inches between rows for 36 to 45 seats
22 inches between rows for 46 to 59 seats
24 inches between rows for 60 seats or more
2. Exit doors shall be provided along each side aisle of the row of seats at the
rate of one pair of doors for each five rows of seats.
3. Each pair of exit doors shall provide a minimum clear width of 66 inches
discharging into a foyer, lobby or the exterior of the building.
4. There should be not more than five seat rows between pairs of doors.
(c) Bonding of Chairs. All loose seats, folding chairs or similar seating
facilities that are not fixed to the floor shall be bonded together in groups of not
less than three.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. When not more than 300 such seats, chairs or facilities are
provided, bonding thereof may be deleted.
2. The bonding of chairs shall not be required when tables are provided, as when
the occupancy is used for dining or similar purposes.
(d) Bleacher Seats and Grandstands. Bleacher seats and reviewing stands
shall conform to the requirements of Divisions I1, III and IV of this article.
Use of Exit Ways
Sec. 25.109. No part of a stairway, whether interior or exterior, nor of a
smokeproof enclosure, hallway, corridor, vestibule, balcony or bridge leading to
a stairway or exit of any kind, shall be used in any way that will obstruct its use as
an exit or that will present a hazardous condition.
Ashtrays
Sec. 25.110. Where smoking is permitted, there shall be provided on each table
and at other convenient places approved noncombustible ashtrays or match
receivers.
Fire Appliances
Sec. 25.111. All fire appliances shall be kept in proper working condition.
Extinguishers and hose and similar appliances shall be visible and accessible at all
times. It shall be the duty of the owner and the occupant of each building or part of
78
1982 EDITION 25.111-25.116
a building occupied as a place of assembly to properly train sufficient regular
employees in the use of fire appliances.
Plan of Exit Ways and Aisles
Sec. 25.112. When requested by the chief, a plan indicating the seating
arrangements, location and width of exit ways and aisles shall be submitted for
approval, and an approved copy of the plan shall be kept on display on the
premises.
Marking and Lighting of Exits
Sec. 25.113. All exits in places of assembly shall be identified and lighted in
accordance with Article 12 of this code.
Maximum Occupant Load
Sec. 25.114. (a) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant
load of more than 50 where fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for
classroom, assembly or similar purpose, shall have the capacity of the room
posted in a conspicuous place on an approved sign near the main exit from the
room. Such sign shall be maintained legible by the owner or his authorized agent
and shall indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room use.
(b) Determination of Occupant Load. The number of persons in any building
or portion thereof shall not exceed the amount determined as specified in the
Building Code except that where such additional exit facilities are provided the
occupant load may be increased by not more than 10 percent, when approved by
the chief, without being considered overcrowding.
(c) Overcrowding. No person shall permit overcrowding or admittance of any
person beyond the approved capacity of any place of public assemblage. The
chief, upon finding any overcrowding conditions or obstruction in aisles, pas-
sageways or other means of egress; or upon finding any condition which con-
stitutes a serious menace to life, shall cause the performance, presentation,
spectacle or entertainment to be stopped until such condition or obstruction is
corrected.
Open Flame
Sec. 25.115. No person shall cause or permit any open flame to be used in place
of public assemblage, or drinking or eating establishment, except when used in
conjunction with approved heating or cooking appliances or under written permit
of the chief.
Standby Firemen
Sec. 25.116. Whenever, in the opinion of the chief, it is essential for public
safety in any place of public assembly or any other place where people con-
gregate, due to the number of persons, or the nature of the performance, exhibi-
tion, display, contest or activity, the owner, agent or lessee shall employ one or
more experienced firemen, as required and approved by the chief, to be on dity at
such place. Said firemen shall be subject to the chief's orders at all times when so
employed and shall be in uniform and remain on duty during the times such places
are open to the public, or when such activity is being conducted. Before each
79
25.116-25.118 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
performance or the start of such activity, said firemen shall inspect the required
fire appliances provided to see that they are in proper place and in good working
order, and shall keep diligent watch for fires during the time such place is open to
the public or such activity is being conducted and take prompt measures for
extinguishment of fires that may occur. Firemen shall not be required or permit-
ted, while on duty, to perform any other duties than those herein specified.
Use of Candles and Open Flames, Permits
Sec. 25.117. (a) For permits to use candles or open flames in assembly areas,
see Section 4.101.
(b) A person shall not use or allow to be used any open flame, burning candle or
candles in any building or place in such a manner as to create a fire or life hazard.
Detailed Requirements for Use of Candles
Sec. 25.118. The following detailed requirements will be used for guidance in
the issuance of permits for candles.
(a) Candle Holders —Basic Requirements:
1. The diameter of the base must be at least one half the height of the candle or
candle holder.
2. The base must support the light or lamp on the entire perimeter. The use of
legs is not permitted unless the lamp is stable.
3. The flame must be completely enclosed. Any opening for air supply must
not be more than'/s inch in diameter.
4. Any shade must be securely attached to the lamp.
5. Any shade must be of fire -resistive materials.
6. The candle holder must be securely attached to the base.
7. The candle must be secured in the holder so that it will not easily separate
from the holder if dropped.
8. The candle must be located in the holder so that there is a minimum of 2
inches between the top of the flame and any combustible material that
might be placed on top of the holder.
9. All materials, except the candle itself, shall be noncombustible.
10. A model must be submitted to the chief and approved by make and model
number prior to use.
(b) Candles Used in Connection with Religious or Ritualistic Ceremonies:
1. Candles used in churches, lodge halls and similar places shall be limited to
areas out of the reach or way of the occupants using the area.
2. Candelabra with lighted candles shall be securely fastened in place so that
they cannot tip over. They shall be located away from occupants using area
and away from possible contact of drapes, curtains or other combustibles.
3. Candelabra shall be high enough that clothing cannot come in contact with
flame.
4. Candles held in persons' hands are especially dangerous and shall not be
permitted. Battery -operated simulated candles are available and may be
80
1982 EDITION 25.118-25.205
used. No permit is required for battery -operated candles or other electric
candles.
Division II
REVIEWING STANDS, GRANDSTANDS
AND BLEACHERS
Scope
Sec. 25.201. The provisions of this division apply to reviewing stands, grand-
stands and bleachers. (See Division III for folding and telescoping seating.)
Definitions
Sec. 25.202. For the purpose of this division, the definitions of BLEACHERS,
DISPERSAL AREA, SAFE, FOOTBOARDS, GRANDSTANDS, OPEN-AIR
GRANDSTANDS AND BLEACHERS, PERMANENT STANDS, REVIEW-
ING STANDS, and TEMPORARY SEATING FACILITIES are as set forth in
Article 9.
Height of Grandstands and Bleachers
Sec. 25.203. Grandstands or bleachers employing combustible members in the
structural frame shall be limited to 11 rows or 9 feet in height. Seat boards,
toeboards, bearing or base pads and footboards may be of combustible materials.
Structural Requirements
Sec. 25.204. Grandstands and bleachers shall be designed in accordance with
the requirements in the Building Code.
Design of Reviewing Stands, Grandstands and Bleachers
Sec. 25.205. (a) General Requirements. 1. Row spacing. There shall be a
clear space of not less than 12 inches measured horizontally between the back or
backrest of each seat and the front of the seat immediately behind it. The
minimum spacing of rows of seats measured from back to back shall be:
A. Twenty-two inches for seats without backrests.
B. Thirty inches for seats with backrests.
C. Thirty-three inches for chair seating.
2. Rise between rows. The maximum rise from one row of seats to the next
shall not exceed 16 inches unless the seat spacing from back to back measured
horizontally is 40 inches or more.
3. Seating capacity determination. When bench -type seating is used, the
number of seats shall be based on one person for each 18 inches of length of the
bench.
4. Aisles. A. Aisles required. Aisles shall be provided in all seating facilities
except that aisles may be omitted when all of the following conditions exist:
(i) Seats are without backrests.
(ii) The rise from row to row does not exceed 12 inches per row.
81
25.205 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(iii) The number of rows does not exceed 11 in height.
(iv) The top seating board is not over 10 feet above grade.
(v) The first seating board is not more than 20 inches above grade.
B.Obstructions. No obstruction shall be placed in the required width of any
aisle or exitway.
C. Width. Aisles serving seats on both sides shall have a minimum width of 42
inches. When serving seats on only one side, the aisle shall have a minimum width
of 36 inches.
5. Cross aisles and vomitories. Cross aisles and vomitories shall be not less
than 54 inches in clear width and shall extend to an exit, enclosed stairway or
exterior perimeter ramp.
6. Stairs and ramps. All stairs and ramps shall have a maximum rise and run
as provided in the Building Code, except those within the seating area which serve
as aisles at right angles to the rows of seats where the rise shall not exceed 8
inches. When an aisle terminates at an elevation more than 8 inches above grade,
the aisle shall be provided with a stairway or ramp whose width is not less than the
width of the aisle.
7. Guardrails. Perimeter guardrails or enclosing walls or fencing shall be
provided for all portions of elevated seating facilities which are more than 30
inches above grade or floor. Construction of guardrails shall comply with the
Building Code. Guardrails shall be 42 inches above the rear of a seat board or 42
inches above the rear of steps in an aisle when the guardrail is parallel and adjacent
to the aisle.
EXCEPTION: Guardrails at the front of the front row of seats, which are not
located at the end of an aisle and where there is no cross aisle, may have a height of
30 inches, provided a midrail shall be installed.
The open vertical space between footboards and seats shall not exceed 9 inches
when footboards are more than 30 inches above grade.
8. Toeboards. A 4-inch-high vertical barrier shall be installed along the edge
of walking platforms whenever guardrails are required.
EXCEPTION: Toeboards shall not be required at the ends of footboards.
9. Footboards. Footboards shall be provided for all rows of seats above .the
third row or beginning at such a point where the seating plank is more than 2 feet
above grade. Where the same platform is used for both seating and footrests,
footrests will not be required, provided each level or platform is not less than 24
inches wide. Footboards in bleachers at a level below the seat board it serves are
not to be considered as walking platforms but shall be not less than a structural
grade of 2-inch by 8-inch lumber or equivalent. When aisles are required by
Section 25.205 (a) 4, footboards not less than 18 inches in width shall be installed
between each row of seats.
(b) Special Requirements. 1. Grandstands and bleachers within buildings.
Except as otherwise provided in this section, grandstands and bleachers within a
building shall comply with the other applicable sections of this chapter.
82
1982 EDITION 25.205-25.303
EXCEPTIONS: 1. When seats are without backrests, there may be nine seats
between any seat and an aisle.
2. When seats are without backrests, dead ends in vertical aisles shall not exceed a
depth of 16 rows.
2. Open-air grandstands and bleachers. Except as otherwise provided in
Items A through I below, open-air grandstands and bleachers shall comply with
the other applicable sections of this chapter.
A. Number of seats between aisles. The number of seats between any seat and
an aisle shall be not greater than 20 when the seats are without backrests and nine
if the seats have backrests.
B. Dead ends. Dead ends in vertical aisles shall not exceed a depth of 16 rows
for permanent grandstands and 26 rows for temporary grandstands.
C. Distance to exit. The line of travel from any seat to a safe dispersal area exit
ramp, enclosed stairway or vomitory shall be not more than 200 feet. When the
seats have no backrests, the distance may be measured by direct line.
D. Safe dispersal area. Each safe dispersal area shall have a minimum of two
exits. If more than 6000 persons are to be accommodated within a dispersal area,
there shall be a minimum of three exits and for more than 9000 persons there shall
be at least four exits. The aggregate clear width of exits from a safe dispersal area
shall be determined on the basis of not less than one exit unit of 22 inches for each
500 persons to be accommodated and no exit shall be less than 44 inches in width.
E. Two exits required. Two exits shall be provided from every stand which
accommodates more than 300 persons.
F. Three exits required. Three exits shall be required when a grandstand or
section thereof accommodates more than 1000 persons.
G. Four exits required. Four exits shall be provided when a grandstand or
section thereof accommodates more than 3000 persons.
H. Determination of exit width. The total width of exits in feet shall be not
less than the total occupant load served divided by 150 when exiting by stairs and
divided by 200 when exiting by ramps, corridors, tunnels or vomitories.
I. Minimum exit width. No exit shall be less than 42 inches in width.
Division III
FOLDING AND TELESCOPING SEATING
Scope
Sec. 25.301. Folding and telescoping seating facilities shall conform to the
provisions of this section.
Definition
Sec. 25.302. For the purpose of this division, the definition of FOLDING AND
TELESCOPING SEATING is as set forth in Article 9.
Design Requirements
Sec. 25.303. Folding and telescoping seating shall be designed in accordance
with the requirements in the Building Code.
83
25.304 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
General Requirements
Sec. 25.304. (a) Aisles. Aisles shall be required when any of the following
conditions exist:
1. Backrest -type seating is used.
2. Rise from row to row exceeds 12 inches per row.
3. Exiting from seating is restricted by railings or other obstacles.
4. Row spacing exceeds 28 inches unless seat boards and footboards are at the
same elevation.
5. Seat boards are of other than continuous flat surfaces.
6. The number of rows exceeds 11 in height.
(b) Number of Seats Between Aisles. When aisles are provided, aisles shall be
arranged so that the number of seats between any seat and the nearest aisle shall
not exceed:
1. For seating within a building, the number of seats between any seat and an
aisle shall not exceed nine when seats are without backrests and six if seats have
backrests.
2. For seating not within a building, the number of seats between any seat and
an aisle shall not exceed 20 when seats are without backrests and 11 if seats have
backrests.
(c) Aisle Width. Aisles shall be not less than 34 inches in clear width. When an
aisle is divided by a portal, column or other obstruction, a minimum aisle clear
width of 22 inches shall be provided on each side of such obstructions.
(d) Aisle Steps. Intermediate aisle steps are not required when the rise per row
is 12 inches or less. When the rise per row exceeds 12 inches, an intermediate aisle
step shall be provided; this step shall divide the rise into two or more equal parts of
not more than 12 inches each and have a minimum tread width of 10 inches. When
the seat board and footboard are not on the same elevation in a bleacher installa-
tion requiring intermediate aisle steps, the rear corner of each seat board adjacent
to the aisle shall be chamfered to a maximum of 4'/2 inches by 45 degrees to
provide a minimum of 6 inches of ankle clearance between aisle step and seat
board.
(e) Seating. The horizontal distance back to back of seats shall be not less than
22 inches for seats without backrests. There shall be a space of not less than 12
inches between the back of each seat and the front of each seat immediately behind
it. If seats are of the chair type, the 12-inch dimension shall be measured to the
front edge of the rear seat in its normal unoccupied position. All measurements
shall be taken between plumb lines.
The width of footboards and seat boards shall be not less than 9 inches. When
the same level is not used for both seat boards and footboards, footboards
independent of seats shall be provided.
(f) Guardrails. Perimeter guardrails or enclosing walls or fencing shall be
provided for all portions of elevated seating facilities which are more than 30
inches above grade or floor. Construction of guardrails shall comply with the
84
1982 EDITION 25.304-25.401
Building Code. Guardrails shall be 42 inches above the rear of a seat board or 42
inches above the rear of the steps in an aisle when the guardrail is parallel and
adjacent to the aisle.
EXCEPTIONS:1. Guardrails at the front of the front row of seats, which are not
located at the end of an aisle and where there is no cross aisle, may have a height of
26 inches, provided a midrail is installed.
2. When seating is adjacent to wall or fence within 6 inches of seating and of
sufficient height and strength to afford the intended protection, guardrails may be
omitted.
Cross aisles located within the seating area shall be provided with guardrails
not less than 26 inches high along the front edge of the aisle.
EXCEPTION: When the backs of the seats in front of the cross aisle project 24
inches or more above the surface of the cross aisle, guardrails may be omitted.
Division IV
SECURING OF CHAIRS
General
Sec. 25.401. (a) Raised Stands. Chairs and benches used on raised stands
shall be secured to the platforms upon which they are placed.
EXCEPTION: When less than 25 chairs are used upon a single raised platform,
the fastening of seats to the platform may be omitted.
(b) Ground Seats. When more than 500 loose chairs are used in connection
with athletic events, chairs shall be fastened together in groups of not less than
three and shall be tied or staked to the ground.
85
26.101-26.104 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 26
BOWLING ALLEYS
General
Sec. 26.101. Bowling alleys shall conform to all other applicable requirements
of this code as well as the following provisions.
Permits
Sec. 26.102. For permits for bowling pin refinishing or bowling alley resurfac-
ing, see Section 4.101.
Alley Resurfacing and Refinishing
Sec. 26.103. Resurfacing and refinishing operations shall not be carried on
while the establishment is open for business. The fire department shall be notified
when alleys are to be resurfaced or refinished. Approved ventilation shall be
provided. Heating, ventilating or cooling systems employing recirculation of air
shall not be operated during resurfacing and refinishing operations or within one
hour following the application of flammable finishes. All electric motors or other
equipment in the area which might be a source of ignition shall be shut down, and
all smoking and use of open flames prohibited during the application of flam-
mable finishes and for one hour thereafter.
Pin Refinishing
Sec. 26.104. (a) Pin refinishing involving the application of flammable or
combustible finishes or sanding or buffing operations, if done within a building,
shall be done only in a special room meeting the requirements of Article 79,
Division VI1I.
(b) Sanding and buffing machines shall be provided with approved equipment
for collecting dust during such operations. Contents shall be removed daily and
disposed of safely.
(c) All power tools shall be effectively grounded.
(d) Storage of flammable or combustible liquids in such rooms shall not exceed
a combined aggregate of 60 gallons. When such storage exceeds 10 gallons, it
shall be in a flammable liquid storage cabinet or in approved safety containers not
exceeding 5 gallons individual capacity. A metal waste can with a self -closing
cover shall be provided for all waste rags and materials, contents to be removed
daily. Smoking shall be prohibited at all times in pin -refinishing rooms.
86
1982 EDITION 27.101-27.104
ARTICLE 27
CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN),
STORAGE AND HANDLING
Definition
Sec. 27.101. For definition of CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROX-
YLIN), see Section 9.105.
Permits
Sec. 27.102. For permits to store, handle, manufacture or assemble articles of
cellulose nitrate, see Section 4.101.
Display of Plastics
Sec. 27.103. All display of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) articles in
stores shall be in show cases or show windows except as permitted below:
(a) Articles may be placed on tables, but no table shall be over 3 feet wide and
10 feet long, and tables shall be spaced at least 3 feet apart. Where articles are
displayed on counters, they shall be arranged in like manner.
(b) Spaces underneath tables shall be kept free of storage of any kind and of
accumulations of paper, refuse and other combustible material.
(c) Sales or display tables shall be so located that in the event of a fire at the
table, the table will not interfere with free exit from the room, in at least one
direction.
(d) No light (electric, fluorescent or gas) shall be located directly above any
cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) material, unless provided with a suitable
guard to prevent heated particles falling.
Storage and Handling
Sec. 27.104. All raw cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) material in factory
building shall be kept and handled as follows:
(a) Where raw material in excess of 25 pounds is received in any building or fire
area, an approved vented cabinet or approved vented vault equipped with an
approved automatic fire sprinkler system shall be provided for the storage of the
material.
(b) Not more than 1000 pounds of raw material may be stored in cabinets in any
one workroom, but not more than 500 pounds in any one cabinet, nor more than
250 pounds in one compartment.
(c) All raw material in excess of that permitted above shall be kept in vented
vaults not exceeding 1500-cubic-foot capacity and with one approved automatic
sprinkler head to each 125 cubic feet of total vault space and with construction and
venting in conformity with the requirements prescribed in Section 33.104 and
satisfactory to the chief.
(d) Cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) shall not be stored within 2 feet of any
heat -producing appliances, steam pipes, radiators or chimneys.
(e) In factories manufacturing articles of cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin),
such sprinklered and vented cabinets, vaults or storage rooms, approved by the
87
27.104-27.106 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
chief, shall be provided as may be necessary to prevent the accumulation in
workrooms of raw stock in process or finished articles.
(f) In the workrooms of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) factories, operators
shall not be stationed closer together than 3 feet, and the amount of material per
operator shall not exceed one-half day's supply and shall be limited to the capacity
of three tote boxes, including material awaiting removal or use.
(g) All waste cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) materials such as shavings,
chips, turnings, sawdust edgings and trimmings shall be kept under water in metal
receptacles until removed from the premises.
Fire Protection Equipment
Sec. 27.105. The manufacture or storage of articles of cellulose nitrate plastic
(pyroxylin) in quantities exceeding 100 pounds shall be located in a building or
portion thereof equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system.
Sources of Ignition
Sec. 27.106. (a) Sources of ignition shall not be permitted in any room in which
cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) in excess of 25 pounds is handled or stored.
(b) Such rooms shall be heated by low-pressure steam or hot-water radiators.
88
1982 EDITION 28.101-28.104
ARTICLE 28
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF
COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS
Definitions
Sec. 28.101. For definitions of COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS, COMBUSTIBLE
FIBER STORAGE BINS, COMBUSTIBLE FIBER STORAGE ROOMS,
UNPROTECTED COMBUSTIBLE FIBER STORAGE VAULT and PRO-
TECTED COMBUSTIBLE FIBER STORAGE VAULT, see Article 9.
Permits
Sec. 28.102. For permits to store or handle combustible fibers, see Section
4.101.
Loose Storage
Sec. 28.103. Loose combustible fibers (not in suitable bales or packages) shall
be stored as shown in Table No. 28.103.
TABLE NO. 28.103
CU. FT. MATERIALS
METHOD OF STORAGE
0- 100
Combustible Fiber Storage Bin
More than 100- 500
Combustible Fiber Storage Room
More than 500-1000, Unprotected
Combustible Storage Vault
More than 1000, Protected
Combustible Fiber Storage Vault
EXCEPTION: Not to exceed 2500 cubic feet of loose fibers may be stored in a
detached "loose house" suitably located, with opening properly protected against
entrance of sparks. The loose house shall be used for no other purpose.
Baled Storage
Sec. 28.104. (a) A single block or pile shall not contain more than 25,000 cubic
feet of fiber exclusive of aisles or clearances. Blocks or piles of baled fiber shall
be separated from adjacent storage by aisles not less than 5 feet wide, or by flash -
fire barriers consisting of continuous sheets of noncombustible material extend-
ing from floor to a height of at least 1 foot above the highest point of piles and
projecting at least 1 foot beyond the sides of the piles.
(b) Sisal and other fibers in bales bound with combustible tie ropes, also jute
and other fibers liable to swell when wet, shall be stored to allow for expansion in
any direction without endangering building walls, floors, ceilings or columns.
Not less than 3-foot clearance shall be left between walls and sides of piles, except
that if storage compartment is not more than 30 feet in width, 18-inch clearance at
side walls will be sufficient, provided a center aisle not less than 5 feet is
maintained.
(c) Not less than 3-foot clearance shall be maintained between sprinkler heads
and tops of piles.
89
28.105-28.106
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Storage of Agricultural Products
Sec. 28.105. It shall be unlawful to store hay, straw or other similar agricultural
products adjacent to buildings or combustible material unless a cleared horizontal
distance equal to the height of pile is maintained between such storage and
combustible material and buildings. A permit shall not be required for such
storage.
Storage shall be limited to stacks of 100 tons each. Either an approved one -hour
occupancy separation constructed as specified in the Building Code or a clear
space of 20 feet shall be maintained between such stacks.
Dust -collecting System
Sec. 28.106. Equipment or machinery within a building which generates or
emits combustible fibers shall be provided with an approved dust -collecting and
exhaust system.
90
1982 EDITION 29.101-29.105
ARTICLE 29
GARAGES
General
Sec. 29.101. Garages shall conform to all other applicable requirements of this
code as well as the following provisions.
Permits
Sec. 29.102. For permits to use a structure as a place of business for the purpose
of repairing any motor vehicle, see Section 4.101.
Cleaning with Class I or II Liquids
Sec. 29.103. (a) Class I or Class II liquids with a flash point less than 110°F.
shall not be used in or in connection with any garage for washing parts or
removing grease or dirt, unless in a special closed machine approved for the
purpose or in a separate well -ventilated room constructed in accordance with the
provisions of the Building Code for a Group H, Division 2 Occupancy.
(b) Class I or Class Il liquids with a flash point less than 110T shall not be used
for cleaning floors or walls.
Handling of Gasoline and Oils
Sec. 29.104. (a) The fuel tanks of motor vehicles shall be filled directly through
hose from approved pumps attached to approved portable tanks or drawing from
underground storage tanks. Storage and handling of flammable or combustible
liquids shall conform to Article 79. No transfer of gasoline in any garage shall be
made in any open container.
(b) Garage floors shall drain to approved oil separators or traps discharging to
sewer in accordance with the Plumbing Code. Contents of oil separators or traps
of floor drainage systems shall be collected at sufficiently frequent intervals and
removed from the premises to prevent oil from being carried into the sewers. Self -
closing metal cans shall be used for all oily waste.
(c) Waste oils shall be stored in approved containers or tanks.
Vapor Ignition Devices
Sec. 29.105. (a) Fixed appliances and equipment shall comply with the
provisions of the Building and Mechanical Codes.
(b) Other devices generating a glow, spark or flame capable of igniting flam-
mable vapors shall not be installed or used within 18 inches of the floor in any
repair garage.
91
30.101-30.104 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 30
LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING PLANTS
Permits
Sec. 30.101. For a permit to store lumber in excess of 100,000 board feet, see
Section 4.101.
Open Yard Storage
Sec. 30.102. (a) Fire apparatus access roadways shall be provided to within 150
feet of all portions of the yard in accordance with Section 10.207.
EXCEPTION: The all-weather driving surface may be modified when approved
by the fire chief.
(b) Lumber shall be piled with due regard to stability of piles and in no case
higher than 20 feet. Where lumber is piled next to a property line on which a
building has been erected, the distance from the pile to property line shall be not
less than one half the height of the pile and in no case less than 5 feet.
(c) Driveways between and around lumber piles shall be at least 15 feet wide
and maintained free from accumulation of rubbish, equipment or other articles or
materials. Driveways shall be so spaced that a maximum grid system unit of 50
feet by 150 feet is produced.
(d) Permanent lumber storage, operating under a permit, shall be surrounded
with a suitable fence at least 6 feet high, unless storage is within a building.
Operational Fire Hazards In Lumber Yards
Sec. 30.103. (a) When approved, the burning of shavings, sawdust and refuse
materials shall be permitted only under boilers, in furnaces or in incinerators or
refuse burners safely constructed and located. Stacks shall be provided with
approved spark arresters having openings which will eliminate the danger from
sparks such as an expansion chamber, baffle walls or other effective arrangement.
At boiler or other points where sawdust or shavings are used as fuel, a storage bin
of noncombustible construction with raised sill shall be provided.
(b) Smoking shall be prohibited except in specified safe locations in buildings.
NO SMOKING signs shall be painted on exterior building walls and on signs
erected at driveways' edges. NO SMOKING signs shall be posted throughout all
buildings except in specific locations designated as safe for smoking purposes.
(c) Weeds shall be kept down throughout entire year and shall be sprayed as
often as needed with a satisfactory weed killer or cut or grubbed out. Dead weeds
shall be removed.
(d) Debris such as sawdust, chips and shorts shall be removed regularly. Proper
housekeeping shall be maintained at all times.
Fire -extinguishing Appliances in Open Yards and Buildings
Sec. 30.104. (a) Approved water -supply and fire hydrants capable of supplying
the required fire flow shall be provided to within 150 feet of all portions of the
yard in accordance with Section 10.301.
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1982 EDITION
30.104-30.105
EXCEPTION: Fire protection of existing lumber yards may continue their use
when approved by the fire chief.
(b) First -aid fire -extinguishing appliances shall be provided at each building in
accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1.
Woodworking Plants
Sec. 30.105. (a) Sawmills, planing mills and other woodworking plants shall
be equipped with refuse removal systems which will collect and remove sawdust
and shavings as produced. Blower and exhaust systems shall be installed in
accordance with the provisions of the Mechanical Code.
(b) Fire -fighting equipment, either first -aid fire appliances or hose supplied
from a suitable water system, shall be provided within reach of any machine
producing shavings or sawdust. Extinguishers shall be provided in accordance
with the provisions of U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1.
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31.101-31.106 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 31
TIRE -REBUILDING PLANTS
General
Sec. 31.101. Tire -rebuilding plants shall conform to all other applicable
requirements of this code as well as to the following provisions.
Permits
Sec. 31.102. For permits to operate a tire -recapping or rebuilding plant, see
Section 4.101.
Construction and Protection Requirements
Sec. 31.103. Tire -rebuilding plants shall comply with the requirements of the
Building Code as to construction, separation and protection.
Tire -buffing Rooms
Sec. 31.104. Buffing machines shall be located in rooms separated from other
areas as required by the Building Code.
Each machine shall be connected to an ample dust -collecting system discharg-
ing to a suitable container which shall be cleaned at frequent intervals.
Ventilation
Sec. 31.105. Each room where rubber cement is used or mixed, or flammable
solvents are applied, shall be equipped with approved mechanical and/or natural
ventilation.
Use and Storage
Sec. 31.106. Rooms for the use and storage of rubber cement and other
flammable or combustible liquids shall conform to the requirements of Article
79, Division II.
94
1982 EDITION 32.101-32.105
ARTICLE 32
TENTS AND AIR -SUPPORTED STRUCTURES
Permits
Sec. 32.101. For permits to erect or operate a tent or air -supported structure
covering an area in excess of 200 square feet, see Section 4.101.
Place of Assemblage
Sec. 32.102. For the purpose of this article, a place of assemblage shall include
any circus, sideshow, carnival, tent show, theater, skating rink, dance hall or any
other exhibition, production, engagement or offering, or other place of
assemblage in or under which 10 or more persons may gather for any purpose.
Parking of Automobiles
Sec. 32.103. Automotive equipment that is necessary to the operation of the
establishment shall not be parked within 20 feet of the tent or air -supported
structure except by special permission of the chief. No other automotive equip-
ment or internal combustion engines shall be parked within 100 feet of the tent
except upon a public street.
Location of Tents and Air -supported Structures
Sec. 32.104. (a) A tent or air -supported structure shall be located not less than
10 feet from any property line or permanent structure except where the property
line is a street or alley.
(b) Tents or air -supported structures having a floor area in excess of 1500 square
feet but less than 15,000 square feet shall be located not less than 30 feet from any
other tent, air -supported structure or structure.
(c) Tents or air -supported structures having an area of 15,000 square feet or
more shall be located not less than 50 feet from any other tent or structure as
measured from the side wall of the tent, unless joined together by a corridor.
(d) Tents and air -supported structures may be joined together by means of
corridors, but such corridors shall be open to the sky. On each side of such
corridor and approximately opposite each other, there shall be provided openings
not less than 12 feet in width. These openings shall be equipped with sliding
curtains as specified in Section 32.112 (e).
(e) An unobstructed passageway or fire road not less than 12 feet in width and
free from guy ropes or other obstructions shall be maintained on all sides of all
tents or air -supported structures.
EXCEPTION: Where conditions make it impossible to provide the required
distance between tents or air -supported structures as specified in Subsections (b) and
(c), the chief may approve the location of tents and air -supported structures closer
than that specified if required passageways are provided and, in his opinion,
adequate safety will be afforded.
Structural Stability
Sec. 32.105. Tents or air -supported structures and their appurtenances shall be
adequately roped, braced and anchored to withstand the elements of weather
95
32.105-32.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
against collapsing. Evidence of structural stability shall be furnished to the chief
upon request.
Air -supported structures shall have the design and construction of the fabric
envelope and the method of anchoring in accordance with the Minimum Stan-
dards for Air -Supported Structures, published by the Air Structures Manufac-
turers and Suppliers Association.
The inflation differential pressure of the structure shall be adequate to with-
stand a minimum wind velocity of 75 mph. To satisfy this requirement, an
inflation differential pressure of 1.5-inch water pressure is required for structures
having a semicircular cross section or less.
The pressurization system shall consist of one or more centrifugal blowers as
follows:
1. All blowers shall be powered by continuous rated motors (at the maximum
power required for any flow condition).
2. All blowers shall have adequate personnel protection, such as inlet screens
and belt guards (if belt driven).
3. All blowers shall be weather protected if external to the structure to assure
continued service in all weather conditions.
4. All blowers shall be equipped with back -draft check dampers.
5. Any air -supported structure used as a place of assembly shall be furnished
with not less than two blowers, each of which has adequate capacity to
maintain full inflation pressure with normal leakage.
6. The design of the blower shall be so as to provide integral limiting pressure
at the design pressure.
Places of public assembly for more than 200 persons shall be furnished with
either a fully automatic auxiliary engine -generator set capable of powering one
blower continuously for four hours, or a supplementary blower powered by an
internal combustion engine which will be automatic in operation.
Flame-retardant Treatment
Sec. 32.106. The side wall, drops and top of all tents and air -supported
structures shall be of flame-retardant material or shall be made fire retardant in a
manner approved by the chief. All bunting and other flammable decorations or
effects and sawdust when used on floors or passageways shall likewise be treated
with a flame-retardant solution.
An affidavit or affirmation shall be retained at the premises on which the tent or
air -supported structure is located, attesting to the following information relative
to the flame-retardant treatment of the fabrics:
1. Date fabric was last treated with flame-retardant solution.
2. Trade name or kind of chemical used in treatment.
3. The name of person or firm treating the material.
4. The name and address of the owners of the tent.
Fire -resistive Standards
Sec. 32.107. Fire -resistive standards shall be in accordance with the applicable
96
1982 EDITION 32.107-32.112
provisions of the nationally recognized standards or of a recognized testing
laboratory approved by the chief.
Smoking and Open Flame
Sec. 32.108. (a) Smoking shall not be permitted in any tent or air -supported
structure or in any adjacent areas where hay, straw, alfalfa, sawdust or other highly
combustible materials are kept or stored. Approved NO SMOKING signs shall be
conspicuously posted. It shall be the responsibility of the permittee to enforce this
prohibition.
(b) No fireworks, open flame or other device emitting flame or fire shall be
used in or immediately adjacent to any tent or air -supported structure while open
to the public, except upon special permission from the chief.
(c) Toy balloons or other similar devices that are inflated with poisonous,
explosive or flammable gas shall not be permitted in or on the premises adjacent to
any tent or air -supported structure.
Fire Extinguishers and Other Fire -protection Equipment
Sec. 32.109. Fire extinguishers and other fire -protection equipment shall be
provided in every tent or air -supported structure as follows:
1. One 2-A type extinguisher shall be provided in every tent or air supported
structure having a floor area of more than 500 square feet but less than 1000
square feet and also one in each auxiliary tent or air -supported structure adjacent
thereto. One additional 2-A type extinguisher shall be provided for each addi-
tional 2000 square feet or fraction thereof.
2. At least one 10-B:C type fire extinguisher shall be provided for each kitchen,
mess hall, power generator or transformer and at locations where flammable or
combustible liquids are used, stored or dispensed.
3. Fire hose lines, water supplies and other auxiliary fire equipment shall be
maintained at the site in such numbers and sizes as may be required by the chief.
Standby Firemen
Sec. 32.110. Standby firemen shall be provided in accordance with Section
25.116.
Abatement of Fire or Panic Hazards Not Specifically Covered by This
Article
Sec. 32.111. Any unforeseen condition that presents a fire hazard or would
contribute to the rapid spread of fire, or would delay or interfere with the rapid exit
of persons from the tent or air -supported structure, or would interfere with or
delay the extinguishment of a fire and which is not otherwise covered by this
article shall be immediately abated, eliminated or corrected as ordered by the
chief.
Exits
Sec. 32.112. (a) The aggregate width of exits from any tent or air -supported
structure shall be not less than 1 foot for each 50 persons.
(b) An exit shall be not less than 36 inches wide.
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32.112-32.115 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(c) Exits shall be spaced at approximately equal intervals around the perimeter
of the tent or air -supported structure and shall be so located that no point is more
than 100 feet from an exit.
(d) Exits shall be provided in accordance with the following table:
CAPACITY OF TENT OR AIR -SUPPORTED STRUCTURE
MINIMUM NUMBER
MINIMUM WIDTH EACH EXIT
(In Feet)
Air -supported
CAPACITY
OF EXITS
Tent
Structure
Up to 199
2
6
3
200 to 499
3
6
6
500 to 999
4
8
6
1000 to 1999
5
10
8
over2000
6
10
8
(e) Exit openings from any tent shall remain open, or may be covered by canvas
curtain, provided:
1. Said curtains shall be free sliding on a metal support. The support shall be a
minimum of 8 feet above the floor level at the exit. The curtains shall be so
arranged that when open no part of the curtains shall obstruct the exit.
2. Said curtains shall be of a color, or colors, definitely contrasting with the
color of the tent.
(f) Exit doors from air -supported structures shall swing in the direction of exit
travel. To avoid hazardous air and pressure loss, all such doors shall be automat-
ically closing against operating pressures. Opening force at the door edge shall
not exceed 15 pounds.
(g) Smooth -surfaced, unobstructed aisles having minimum width of not less
than 44 inches shall be provided from all seating areas and their width shall be
progressively increased in width to provide at all points not less than 1 foot of aisle
width for each 50 persons served by such aisle at that point.
(h) The arrangement of aisles shall be subject to approval by the chief.
Maintenance of Exit Ways
Sec. 32.113. The required minimum clear width of exits, aisles and passage-
ways shall be maintained at all times.
Marking of Exits
Sec. 32.114. At every exit and wherever otherwise required to clearly indicate
the direction of egress, an exit sign with letters at least 5 inches in height shall be
provided.
Exit Illumination
Sec. 32.115. (a) Exits shall be illuminated at all times with light having an
intensity of not less than one footcandle at floor level.
98
1982 EDITION 32.115-32.120
(b) Exit signs shall be lighted in tents and air -supported structures with
occupant loads over 100 persons in the manner specified below:
1. Two separate sources for occupant loads over 600.
2. Two separate circuits, one of which shall be separate from all other circuits
for occupant loads under 600.
Occupant Load
Sec. 32.116. (a) The occupant load shall be in accordance with the provisions
of Article 25.
(b) The owner or manager shall not permit a number of persons in excess of the
capacity determined by the above method to enter the tent or air -supported
structure.
Seating Arrangements
Sec. 32.117. The seating arrangements shall be in accordance with Article 25.
Heating and Cooking Equipment
Sec. 32.118. (a) All heating or cooking equipment shall be installed as
specified in the Mechanical Code and shall be approved by the chief.
(b) Gas-, liquid- and solid -fuel -burning equipment designed to be vented shall
be vented to the outside air as specified in the Mechanical Code. Such vents shall
be equipped with spark arresters when required.
(c) Heating and cooking apparatus shall not be located in exits, aisles, passage-
ways or near combustibles.
Storage of Flammable or Combustible Liquids
Sec. 32.119. (a) Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be stored in a tent
or air -supported structure nor less than 50 feet from any tent or air -supported
structure used for public assemblage.
(b) The storage and dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids shall be in
accordance with Article 79.
(c) Liquefied petroleum gas shall not be stored or used in connection with any
tent or air -supported structure unless the storage containers, equipment, fittings
and appliances, and the placement, use and operation of such equipment comply
with Article 82.
Housekeeping
Sec. 32.120. (a) All weeds and flammable vegetation shall be removed from
the premises adjacent to or within 35 feet of any tent or air -supported structure.
(b) Hay, straw, trash and other flammable material shall not be stored less than
35 feet from any tent or air -supported structure, except upon special permission
from the chief.
(c) The grounds both inside and outside of tents and air -supported structures
shall be kept free and clear of combustible waste. Such waste shall be stored in
approved containers or removed from the premises. The burning of rubbish on the
premises shall not be permitted.
99
33.101-33.104 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 33
CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE FILM
Scope
Sec. 33.101. This article applies to the storage and handling of cellulose nitrate
motion picture film, hereinafter referred to as "nitrate film." Film having a
cellulose acetate or other slow -burning base, referred to as "safety film," is
exempt from these provisions.
Permits
Sec. 33.102. For storage of nitrate film, see Section 4.101.
Buildings
Sec. 33.103. Buildings or portions thereof in which nitrate film is to be stored,
examined, projected or processed shall be in compliance with the requirements of
the Building Code.
Storage and Handling
Sec. 33.104. The storage and handling of nitrate film shall be in accordance
with nationally recognized standards.
100
1982 EDITION 34.101-34.107
ARTICLE 34
AUTOMOBILE WRECKING YARDS, JUNK OR WASTE
MATERIAL HANDLING PLANTS
General
Sec. 34.101 Wrecking yards, junk or waste -material handling plants shall
conform to all other applicable requirements of this code as well as the following
provisions.
Permits
Sec. 34.102. For permits to operate a wrecking yard, junk or waste -material
handling plant, see Section 4.101.
Storage
Sec. 34.103. The storage of combustibles shall be in accordance with Article
28 of this code. No smoking or open flame shall be permitted in any area where
combustible fibers or other combustible waste materials are stored or handled.
NO SMOKING signs shall be provided in accordance with Article 13.
Burning Operations
Sec. 34.104. The burning of wrecked or discarded motor vehicles or of junk, or
of any waste materials shall be done only in such locations and in such manner as
approved for such purposes by the chief.
Picking Rooms
Sec. 34.105. Picking rooms shall be separated from storage rooms by not less
than a one -hour occupancy separation constructed as specified in the Building
Code.
Picking rooms shall be provided with approved exhaust systems to adequately
remove dust and lint.
Welding and Cutting
Sec. 34.106. Welding and cutting operations shall conform to the requirements
of Article 49 of this code.
Access to Area
Sec. 34.107. Motor vehicles or any part thereof, junk or other waste material
shall not be stored, displayed or kept in such a manner as to unnecessarily hinder
or endanger fire -fighting operations.
Aisles or passageways shall be provided to permit reasonable access for fire-
fighting operations.
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35.101-35.102 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 35
COVERED MALL BUILDINGS
Scope
Sec. 35.101. This article shall apply to those occupancies within the scope of
Covered Mall Buildings as regulated in the Building Code.
Special Provisions
Sec. 35.102. (a) Unoccupied Tenant Spaces. Unoccupied tenant spaces shall
be isolated from the remainder of the covered mall until such time as the space is
prepared for use. The unoccupied tenant space shall be:
1. Kept free from the storage of any material whatsoever.
2. Separated from the remainder of the building by partitions faced on both
sides by '/2-inch gypsum wallboard or the equivalent.
3. Without doors or other access openings other than those which will be kept
keylocked in the closed position except during that time when open for inspection.
4. Kept free from all combustible waste and be kept broom -swept clean.
Unoccupied tenant spaces need not have the sprinkler system completed when
all of the requirements of the above have been met.
(b) Permits. For permits to use a covered mall area for other than normal
customer use, see Section 4.101.
(c) Display Structures. Covered kiosks, display booths, concession equip-
ment or the like shall not exceed 4 feet in width unless the area beneath the cover is
protected by an approved automatic fire -extinguishing system.
(d) Place of Assembly. The exit facilities shall limit the number of persons in
attendance. The chief shall establish the conditions necessary to assure that the
covered mall building tenants do not have their normal operation obstructed by the
assembly. It shall be the responsibility of the covered mall management to provide
adequate personnel to comply with the conditions required by the chief.
(e) Liquid- or Gas -fueled Equipment. Liquid -or gas -fueled equipment or
vehicles on display within a mall shall have batteries disconnected and tanks
essentially emptied and secured. The positioning of such equipment shall be
subject to approval of the chief.
(f) Decorative Materials and Combustible Signs. All decorative materials
shall be treated and maintained in accordance with Section 25.103.
(g) Gases. For permits to use liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and
compressed flammable gas within the mall, see Section 4.101.
Compressed gas cylinders of nonflammable gases shall be secured to prevent
overturning. Control valves shall be protected against possible damage.
(h) Exit Obstructions. Required widths of exit travels shall not be obstructed
by the placement of any material, temporary kiosks, display booths, concession
equipment or similar objects while the covered mall building is open.
102
1982 EDITION 36.101-36.103
ARTICLE 36
DRY CLEANING WITH NONCOMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Scope
Sec. 36.101. This article applies to dry-cleaning plants or systems as defined in
Section 9.106 in which only noncombustible liquids are used.
EXCEPTION: In plants that are not open to the public, flammable or combusti-
ble liquids may be used for spotting operations, provided:
1. Quantities of liquids in storage exceeding 1 gallon shall be kept within cabinets
that comply with Section 79.201 (b).
2. Quantities of liquids in storage exceeding 10 gallons shall be within a room that
complies with Section 79.202 or 79.203.
3. Dispensing of liquids from containers at work stations shall be from approved
safety cans.
Permits
Sec. 36.102. For permits to engage in dry cleaning, see Section 4.101.
Equipment
Sec. 36.103. Equipment used for dry cleaning shall be suitable for the type of
solvent. Transfer of solvent shall be by closed piping system.
Emergency mechanical ventilation equipment designed to provide five air
changes per minute shall be installed within rooms in which solvent is stored or
used. Openings that provide emergency ventilation shall be within 15 feet of
solvent equipment or storage and shall discharge at an approved location. Switch-
es to operate emergency ventilation shall be at an approved location.
Combustion air for fuel -burning equipment shall be taken from exterior open-
ings that are located at least 5 feet from exhaust openings of dry-cleaning
equipment.
103
45.101-45.104 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
PART V
SPECIAL PROCESSES
ARTICLE 45
APPLICATION OF FLAMMABLE FINISHES
Division I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Scope
Sec. 45.101. This article shall apply to locations or areas where the following
activities are conducted:
1. The application of flammable or combustible paint, varnish, lacquer, stain
or other flammable or combustible liquid applied as spray by compressed
air, "airless" or "hydraulic atomization," or by steam or electrostatic
methods or by any other means in continuous or intermittent process; and
2. Dip tank operations in which articles or materials are passed through
contents of tanks, vats or containers of flammable or combustible liquids,
including coating, finishing, treatment and similar processes; and
3. The application of combustible powders when applied by powder spray
guns, electrostatic powder spray guns, fluidized beds or electrostatic
fluidized beds.
Permits
Sec. 45.102. For permits for spraying or dipping operations utilizing flam-
mable or combustible liquids, see Section 4.101.
Smoking Prohibited
Sec. 45.103. Smoking shall be prohibited in any spray -finishing areas and in
the vicinity of dip tanks. NO SMOKING signs with lettering of approved size
shall be conspicuously posted in such areas.
Welding Warning Signs
Sec. 45.104. Conspicuous signs conveying the following warning shall be
posted in the vicinity of all spraying areas, dipping operations and paint storage
rooms:
NO WELDING
The use of welding or cutting equipment in or near this
area is dangerous because of fire and explosion. Weld-
ing and cutting shall be done only under the supervision
of the foreman in charge.
104
1982 EDITION 45.105-45.203
Electric Wiring and Equipment
Sec. 45.105. Electric wiring and equipment shall conform to the provisions of
this article and shall otherwise be installed in accordance with the Electrical
Code.
Division II
SPRAY FINISHING
Definitions
Sec. 45.201. For definitions of SPRAYING AREA, SPRAY BOOTH and
SPRAYING ROOMS, see Section 9.121.
Location of Spray -finishing Operations
Sec. 45.202. (a) Spray -finishing operations shall not be conducted in buildings
used for assembly, educational, institutional or residential occupancies except in a
room designed for the purpose, protected with an approved system of automatic
sprinklers and separated vertically and horizontally from other areas by con-
struction complying with the requirements of the Building Code.
(b) In other occupancies, all spraying operations performed inside of a building
shall be conducted in an approved spray booth, spraying area or spraying room
approved for such use. Limited spraying areas for "touch-up" or "spot painting"
may be approved, provided they meet the requirements of this code.
Spray Booths
Sec. 45.203. (a) Spray booths shall be substantially constructed of steel not less
than No. 18 gage (.044 inch) in thickness or other approved noncombustible
materials.
(b) The area of a paint spray booth shall not exceed 1500 square feet nor 10
percent of the basic area permitted for the major use of the building as set forth in
Table No. 5-C of the Uniform Building Code.
(c) The interior surfaces of spray booths shall be smooth and continuous
without edges and otherwise designed to prevent pocketing of residue, to permit
the free passage of exhaust air from all parts of the interior and to facilitate
washing and cleaning without injury.
(d) The floor shall be of noncombustible material or shall be covered with a
noncombustible, nonsparking material of such character to facilitate the safe
cleaning and removal of residue.
(e) If installed, baffle plates shall be of a noncombustible material readily
removable or accessible to facilitate cleaning and designed to provide an even
flow of air through the booth and to prevent the deposit of overspray before it
enters the exhaust duct. Such plates shall not be installed in the exhaust ducts.
(f) Each spray booth having a frontal area of more than 9 square feet and which
is not equipped with doors shall have a metal deflector or fire curtain not less than
41/2 inches deep installed at the upper outer edge of the booth over the booth
opening.
105
45.203-45.205 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(g) Each spray booth shall be separated from other operations by not less than 3
feet or by a wall or partition or by a greater distance as the chief may require.
(h) All portions of a spray booth shall be readily available for cleaning, and a
clear space of not less than 3 feet shall be kept free of storage or combustible
materials.
(i) When'spray booths are illuminated, it shall be done through heat -treated or
hammered wire glass. Fixed lighting units only shall be used as a source of
illumination, and panels shall be arranged so as to minimize breakage and so that
normal accumulation of residue on the exposed surface of the panel will not be
raised to a dangerous temperature by radiation or conduction from the source of
illumination.
Dry -type Overspray Collectors (Exhaust Air Filters)
Sec. 45.204. (a) Overspray dry filters or filter rolls, if installed in conventional
dry -type spray booths, shall conform to Section 45.204 (c) through (h).
(b) The spraying operations shall be so designed, installed and maintained that
the average air velocity over the open face of the booth*(or booth cross section
during spraying operations) shall be not less than 100 linear feet per minute. Dry
spray booths equipped with a filter roll which is automatically advanced when the
air velocity is reduced to that specified in this paragraph shall be arranged to cause
shutdown of spraying operations if the filter roll fails to advance automatically.
Visible gages or audible alarm devices shall be installed to indicate that the
required air velocity is maintained.
(c) All discarded filter pads shall be immediately removed to a safe, well -
detached location or placed in a water -filled metal container and disposed of at the
close of the day's operation.
(d) The location of filters in a spray booth shall be so as not to reduce the
effective booth enclosure of the articles being sprayed.
(e) Space within spray booth on the downstream and upstream sides of filters
shall be protected with approved automatic sprinklers.
(f) Filters shall not be used when applying a spray material known to be highly
susceptible to spontaneous heating and ignition.
(g) Clean filters shall be noncombustible or of approved type.
(h) Filters shall not alternately be used for the application of lacquer and other
materials such as varnish, stains and ground coats.
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition
Sec. 45.205. (a) There shall be no open flame or spark -producing equipment in
any spraying area as defined in Section 45.201 nor within 20 feet thereof, unless
separated by a partition, except as permitted in Section 45.211, Drying Appara-
tus, and Sections 45.401 and 45.402, Electrostatic Apparatus.
(b) Space -heating appliances, steam pipes or hot surfaces shall not be located in
a spraying area where deposits of combustible residues may readily accumulate.
(c) Unless specifically approved for locations containing both deposits of
readily ignitable residue and explosive vapors, there shall be no electrical equip-
106
1982 EDITION 45.205-45.206
ment in any spraying area whereon deposits of combustible residues may readily
accumulate, except wiring in rigid conduit or boxes or fittings containing no taps,
splices or terminal connections and except as hereinafter provided in Section
45.211(c) relating to drying apparatus and Sections 45.401 and 45.402 relating to
electrostatic apparatus.
(d) Electric wiring and equipment not subject to deposits of combustible
residues but located in a spraying area shall be of explosion -proof type approved
for use in such hazardous location. Such area shall be considered a Class I,
Division 1 hazardous location in accordance with the Electrical Code.
(e) Electrical wiring, motors and other equipment outside of but within 20 feet
of any spraying area and not separated therefrom by partitions shall not produce
sparks under normal operating conditions. Such area shall be considered a Class
I, Division 2 hazardous location in accordance with the Electrical Code.
(f) Electric lamps outside of but within 20 feet of any spraying area and not
separated therefrom by a partition shall be totally enclosed to prevent the falling
of hot particles and shall be protected from physical damage by suitable guards or
by location.
(g) Portable electric lamps shall not be used in any spraying area during
spraying operations. Portable electric lamps, if used during cleaning or repairing
operations, shall be of the type approved for hazardous locations.
(h) All metal parts of spray booths, exhaust ducts and piping systems conveying
Class I or II liquids shall be properly electrically grounded in accordance with the
Electrical Code.
Ventilation of Spray Booths and Spray -finishing Areas
Sec. 45.206. (a) All spraying areas shall be provided with mechanical ventila-
tion adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors.
(b) Mechanical ventilation shall be kept in operation at all times while spraying
operations are being conducted and for a sufficient time thereafter to allow vapors
from drying coated articles and dry finishing material residue to be exhausted.
The electrical equipment shall be interlocked with the ventilation of spraying area
so that the equipment cannot be operated unless the ventilation fans are in
operation.
(c) Each spray booth shall have an independent exhaust duct system discharg-
ing to building exterior, except multiple cabinet spray booths in which identical
spray -finishing material is used with a combined frontal area of not more than 18
square feet may have a common exhaust. If more than one fan serves one booth,
all fans shall be so interconnected that one fan cannot operate without operating
all.
(d) Electric motors driving exhaust fans shall not be placed inside booths or
ducts. Fan rotating element shall be nonferrous or nonsparking or the casing shall
consist of or be lined with such material.
(e) Belts shall not enter duct or booth unless belt and pulley within the duct or
booth are tightly enclosed.
107
45.206-45.207 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(f) Exhaust ducts shall be constructed of steel having a thickness not less than
indicated in the table below:
DIAMETER OF DUCT
MINIMUM THICKNESS
SHEET GAGE
8" or less
No. 24
Over 8" to 18", inclusive
No. 22
Over 18" to 30", inclusive
No. 20
Over 30"
No. 18
The discharge point for exhaust ducts in a paint spray booth shall be not less
than 6 feet from adjoining combustible construction nor less than 25 feet from
adjoining exterior wall openings.
EXCEPTION: The discharge point for exhaust ducts in water wash spray booths
is not required.
(g) Exhaust ducts shall have a clearance from unprotected combustible con-
struction or material of not less than 18 inches. If combustible construction is
provided with the following protection applied to all surfaces within 18 inches,
clearances may be reduced to the distances indicated.
1. No. 28 gage (.044-inch) sheet metal on'/4-inch
asbestos millboard.................................... 12inches
2. No. 28 gage sheet metal on'/8-inch asbestos millboard spaced out 1 inch on
noncombustible spacers ................................. 9inches
3. No. 22 gage (.027-inch) sheet metal on 1-inch rockwool batts reinforced
with wire mesh or the equivalent .......................... 3 inches
(h) Air exhausted from spraying operations shall not be recirculated.
(i) The mechanical ventilation system shall have air intake ducts extended to
pick up flammable vapor within 6 inches of the floor.
Limited Spraying Areas
Sec. 45.207. Limited spraying areas commonly known as "spotting" or
"touch-up" areas are less hazardous than quantity production spray -finishing
operations and may be approved by the chief, provided they conform to the
following requirements:
1. Such areas are built and maintained in accordance with the Building Code
requirements for a Group H, Division 4 Occupancy.
2. The size of job to be done in such areas does not exceed 9 square feet and is
not of a continuous nature.
Note: It is the intent of Item 2 to allow only small jobs which in their
entirety do not exceed 9 square feet.
3. Positive mechanical ventilation is installed providing a minimum of six
complete air changes per hour. Such system shall meet the requirements of
this code for handling flammable vapors.
4. All electrical wiring within 10 feet of the floor shall comply with Class 1,
Division 2 locations in accordance with the Electrical Code.
108
1982 EDITION 45.208-45.210
Storage and Handling of Flammable or Combustible Liquids
Sec. 45.208. (a) The storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids
shall be in accordance with Article 79 of this code and shall also conform to the
provisions of this section.
(b) Where the quantity of liquid in 5-gallon and smaller containers, other than
original sealed containers, exceeds a total of 10 gallons, it shall be stored in a
storage cabinet conforming to Section 79.201 (g) or in storage or mixing rooms
conforming to Section 79.202 or 79.203.
(c) Original closed containers, approved portable tanks, approved safety cans
or a properly arranged system of piping shall be used for bringing flammable or
combustible liquids into spray -finishing areas. Open or glass containers shall not
be used.
(d) Containers supplying spray nozzles shall be of closed type or provided with
metal covers kept closed. Containers not resting on floors shall be on noncombus-
tible supports or suspended by wire cables. Containers supplying spray nozzles
by gravity flow shall not exceed 10 gallons capacity.
(e) All containers or piping to which is attached a hose or flexible connection
shall be provided with a shutoff valve at the connection. Such valves shall be kept
shut when not in use.
(f) Heaters shall not be located in spray booths nor other locations subject to the
accumulation of deposits or combustible residue.
(g) If flammable or combustible liquids are supplied to spray nozzles by
positive displacement pumps, pump discharge line shall be provided with an
approved relief valve discharging to pump suction or a safe detached location.
(h) When a flammable mixture is transferred from one portable container to
another, a bond shall be provided between the two containers, one of which shall
be grounded. Piping systems for Class I or II liquids shall be permanently
grounded.
Fire -protection Equipment
Sec. 45.209. (a) All spray booths or spray rooms shall be protected by an
approved automatic fire -extinguishing system.
(b) Portable fire -protection equipment shall be provided near all spraying areas
as provided for extrahazardous occupancies in U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1.
Operations and Maintenance
Sec. 45.210. (a) All spraying areas shall be kept free from the accumulation of
deposits of combustible residues as practical, with cleaning conducted daily if
necessary.
(b) Scrapers, spuds or other such tools used for cleaning purposes shall be of
nonsparking material.
(c) Residue scraping and debris contaminated with residue shall be imme-
diately removed from premises and properly disposed of.
(d) The use of solvents for cleaning operations shall be restricted to Class I1 and
Class III liquids, except solvents with flash points not less than those normally
109
45.210-45.211 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
used in spraying operations may be used for cleaning spray nozzles and auxiliary
equipment, provided such cleaning is conducted inside spray booths and ventilat-
ing equipment is operating during cleaning.
(e) Spray booths shall not be alternately used for different types of coating
materials where the combination of the materials may be conducive to spon-
taneous ignition, unless all deposits of the first -used material are removed from
the booth and exhaust ducts prior to spraying with the second.
(f) Approved metal waste cans shall be provided wherever rags or waste are
impregnated with finishing materials and all such rags or waste deposited therein
immediately after use. The contents of waste cans shall be properly disposed of at
least once daily and at the end of each shift.
Drying Apparatus
Sec. 45.211. (a) Drying apparatus shall, in addition to conforming with the
requirements of this article, comply with the applicable provisions of Article 62,
Industrial Baking and Drying Ovens.
(b) Spray booths, rooms or other enclosures used for spraying operations shall
not alternately be used for the purpose of drying by any arrangement which will
cause a material increase in the surface temperature of the spray booth, room or
enclosure.
(c) Except as specifically provided in Section 45.211 (d), drying or baking
units utilizing a heating system having open flames or which may produce sparks
shall not be installed in a spraying area as defined in Section 45.201, but may be
installed adjacent thereto when equipped with an interlocked ventilating system
arranged to:
1. Thoroughly ventilate the drying space before heating system can be
started;
2. Maintain a safe atmosphere at any source of ignition;
3. Automatically shut down heating system in the event of failure of the
ventilating system.
(d) Automobile refinishing booths or enclosures, otherwise installed and main-
tained in conformity with this division, may alternately be used for drying with
portable infrared drying apparatus when conforming with the following:
1. The procedure shall be restricted to low volume, occasional spray
application.
2. Interior of spray enclosures shall be kept free of overspray deposits.
3. During spray operations, the drying apparatus and electrical connections
and wiring thereto shall not be located within spray enclosure nor in any
other location where spray residue may be deposited thereon.
4. Spraying apparatus, drying apparatus and ventilating system of spray
enclosure shall be equipped with suitable interlocks so arranged that:
(i) Spraying apparatus cannot be operated while drying apparatus is
inside spray enclosure.
110
1982 EDITION 45.211-45.303
(ii) Spray enclosure will be purged of spray vapors for a period of not less
than three minutes before drying apparatus can be energized.
(iii) Ventilating system will maintain a safe atmosphere within the enclo-
sure during the drying process and drying apparatus will automat-
ically shut off in the event of failure of the ventilating system.
5. All electrical wiring and equipment of drying apparatus shall conform to
the provisions of this article and shall otherwise be installed in accordance
with the provisions of the Electrical Code. Only equipment of a type
approved for Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations, in accordance with
the Electrical Code shall be located within 18 inches of floor level. All
metallic parts of drying apparatus shall be properly electrically bonded and
grounded.
Division III
DIP TANKS
Location of Dip Tank Operations
Sec. 45.301. Dip tank operations shall not be conducted in buildings used for
assembly, institutional or residential occupancies, except in a room designed for
the purpose, protected with an approved system of automatic sprinklers and
separated vertically and horizontally from other areas by construction complying
with the provisions of the Building Code.
Ventilation of Vapor Areas
Sec. 45.302. (a) All vapor areas shall be provided with mechanical ventilation
adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors.
(b) Required ventilating systems shall be so arranged that the failure of any
ventilating fan shall automatically stop any dipping conveyor system.
Construction of Dip Tanks
Sec. 45.303. (a) Dip tanks, including drain boards if provided, shall be
constructed of substantial noncombustible material and their supports shall be of
heavy metal, reinforced concrete or masonry.
(b) Dip tanks of over 150 gallons in capacity or 10 square feet in liquid surface
area shall be equipped with a properly trapped overflow pipe leading to a safe
location outside buildings.
(c) The bottom of the overflow connection shall be not less than 6 inches below
the top of the tank.
(d) Dip tanks over 500 gallons in liquid capacity shall be equipped with bottom
drains automatically and manually arranged to quickly drain tank in event of fire,
unless the viscosity of the liquid at normal atmospheric temperature makes this
impractical. Manual operation shall be from a safely accessible location. Where
gravity flow is not practicable, automatic pumps shall be provided.
(e) Such drains shall be trapped and discharge to a closed, properly vented
salvage tank or to a safe outside location.
111
45.303-45.307 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(f) Dip tanks utilizing a conveyor system shall be so arranged that in the event of
fire the conveyor system shall automatically cease motion and required bottom
drains shall open
Storage and Handling of Flammable or Combustible Liquids
Sec. 45.304. The storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids
shall be in accordance with Article 79.
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition
Sec. 45.305. (a) There shall be no open flames, spark -producing devices or
heated surfaces having a temperature sufficient to ignite vapors in any vapor area.
(b) Electrical wiring and equipment in any vapor area shall be explosion -proof
type approved for use in such hazardous locations. Such area shall be considered a
Class I, Division 1, hazardous location in accordance with the Electrical Code.
(c) Unless specifically approved for locations containing both deposits of
readily ignitable residues and explosive vapors, there shall be no electrical
equipment in the vicinity of dip tanks or associated drain boards or drying
operations which are subject to splashing or dripping of dip tank liquids, except
wiring in rigid conduit or in threaded boxes or fittings containing no taps, splices
or terminal connections and except as hereinafter specifically permitted in Sec-
tions 45.401 through 45.405, relating to electrostatic apparatus.
(d) In any floor space outside a vapor area, but within 20 feet therefrom and not
separated by tight partitions, there shall be no open flames or spark -producing
devices, except drying and baking apparatus may be installed adjacent to vapor
areas when conforming to Section 45.211 (c). Such area shall be considered a
Class 1, Division 2, hazardous location in accordance with the Electrical Code.
Operations and Maintenance
Sec. 45.306. (a) Areas in vicinity of dip tanks shall be kept as clear of
combustible stock as practicable and shall be kept entirely free of combustible
debris.
(b) When waste or rags are used in connection with dipping operations,
approved metal waste cans shall be provided and all impregnated rags or waste
deposited therein immediately after use. The contents of waste cans shall be
disposed of at the end of each shift by methods approved by the chief.
Fire -extinguishing Equipment
Sec. 45.307. (a) Areas in the vicinity of dip tanks shall be provided with
manual fire extinguishers suitable for flammable liquid fires, as specified for
extrahazardous occupancies in U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1.
(b) Dip tanks of over 150-gallon capacity or 10-square-foot liquid surface area
shall be protected by an approved automatic fire -extinguishing system or dip tank
covers conforming to Section 45.308.
(c) Dip tanks containing a liquid with a flash point below 110°F. (when used in
such manner that the liquid temperature may equal or be greater than its flash
point from artificial or natural causes) shall conform to Section 45.307 (b) when
112
1982 EDITION 45.307-45.310
having both a capacity of more than 10 gallons and a liquid surface area of more
than 4 square feet.
Dip Tank Covers
Sec. 45.308. (a) Dip tanks shall be provided with a cover complying with the
specifications of this section unless they are provided with approved automatic
fire -extinguishing equipment as specified in Section 45.307 (b).
(b) Covers arranged to close automatically in the event of fires shall be actuated
by approved automatic devices and also shall be arranged for manual operations.
(c) Covers shall be of substantial noncombustible material or of tin -clad type
with enclosing metal applied with locked joints.
(d) Chains or wire rope shall be used for cover support or operating mechanism
where the burning of a cord would interfere with the action of a device.
(e) Covers shall be kept closed when tanks are not in use.
Hardening and Tempering Tanks
Sec. 45.309. (a) Hardening and tempering tanks shall conform to Sections
45.303 through 45.307 as well as to the following paragraphs of this section but
shall be exempt from other provisions of Division III of this article.
(b) Tanks shall be located as far as practicable from furnaces and shall not be
located on or near combustible floors.
(c) Tanks shall be provided with a noncombustible hood and vent or other
equally effective means venting to outside of building to serve as a vent in case of
fire. All such vent ducts shall be treated as flues and be kept away from combusti-
ble roofs or materials.
(d) Tanks shall be equipped with a high -temperature limit switch arranged to
sound an alarm when the temperature of the quenching medium reaches 50°F.
below the flash point.
(e) Hardening and tempering tanks of over 500-gallon capacity of 25-square-
foot liquid surface area shall be protected as specified in Section 45.307 (b).
(f) Air under pressure shall not be used to fill or to agitate oil in tanks.
Coating Operations
Sec. 45.310. (a) Flow coat operations shall conform to the requirements for dip
tanks, considering the area of sump and any areas on which paint flows as the area
of a dip tank.
(b) Paint shall be supplied by a direct low-pressure pumping arranged to
automatically shut down in case of fire by means of approved heat -actuated
devices, or by a gravity tank not exceeding 10 gallons in capacity.
(c) The process of roll coating, spreading and impregnating in which fabric,
paper or other material is passed directly through a tank or trough containing Class
I or II liquids, or over the surface of a roller that revolves partially submerged in a
flammable liquid, shall conform to Section 45.310 (d) and to the applicable
provisions of Sections 45.101 through 45.309.
113
45.310-45.403 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(d) Adequate arrangements shall be made to prevent sparks from static elec-
tricity by electrically bonding and grounding all metallic rotating and other parts
of machinery and equipment and by the installation of static collectors or main-
taining a conductive atmosphere by means such as high relative humidity.
Division IV
ELECTROSTATIC APPARATUS
Equipment Type and Location
Sec. 45.401. (a) Electrostatic apparatus and devices used in connection with
paint spraying and paint detearing operations shall be of approved types.
(b) Transformers, power packs, control apparatus and all other electric portions
of the equipment, with the exception of high -voltage grids and electrostatic
atomizing heads, the hand gun and their connections, shall be located outside of
the spraying or vapor areas as defined in Sections 9.121 and 9.124 or shall
conform to the requirements of Sections 45.205 and 45.305.
(c) Electrodes and electrostatic atomizing heads shall be of substantial con-
struction, shall be rigidly supported in permanent locations and shall be effec-
tively insulated from ground. Insulators shall be nonporous and noncombustible.
Fine wire elements when used should be under tension at all times and should be
of unkinked hardened steel or material of comparable strength.
Controls
Sec. 45.402. (a) A space of at least twice the sparking distance shall be
maintained between goods being painted or deteared and electrodes, electrostatic
atomizing heads or conductors. A suitable sign stating the sparking distance shall
be conspicuously posted near the assembly.
(b) Electrostatic apparatus shall be equipped with automatic controls which will
operate without time delay to disconnect the power supply to the high -voltage
transformer and to signal the operator under any of the following conditions:
1. Stoppage of ventilating fans or failure of ventilating equipment from any
cause.
2. Stoppage of the conveyor carrying goods past the high -voltage grid.
3. Occurrence of a ground or of an imminent ground at any point on the high -
voltage system.
4. Reduction of clearance below that specified in Section 45.402 (a).
Guards and Signs
Sec. 45.403. (a) Adequate booths, fencing, railings or guards shall be so placed
about the equipment that either by their location or character, or both, they assure
that a safe isolation of the process is maintained from plant storage or personnel.
Such railings, fencing and guards shall be of conductive material, adequately
grounded, and shall be at least 5 feet from processing equipment.
(b) Signs designating the process zone as dangerous as regards fire and accident
shall be posted.
114
1982 EDITION 45.404-45.603
Maintenance
Sec. 45.404. (a) All insulators shall be kept clean and dry.
(b) Drip plates and screens subject to paint deposits shall be removable and
shall be taken to a safe place for cleaning.
Ventilation
Sec. 45.405. The spraying area shall be adequately ventilated so as to ensure a
safe condition from a fire and health standpoint.
Division V
AUTOMOBILE UNDERCOATING
Operations Included
Sec. 45.501. (a) When approved by the chief, automobile undercoating spray
operations conducted in areas having adequate natural or mechanical ventilation
may be exempt from the provisions of Division Il of this article, when using
undercoating materials which are not more hazardous than kerosene, or under-
coating materials using only solvents having a flash point in excess of 100'E
(b) Undercoating spray operations not conforming with Section 45.501 (a)
shall be subject to all applicable provisions of this article.
Division VI
POWDER COATING
Dry Powder Application
Sec. 45.601. This division shall apply to finely ground particles of protective
finishing material applied in dry powder form by one of the following methods:
1. Fluidized bed.
2. Electrostatic fluidized bed.
3. Powder spray guns.
4. Electrostatic powder spray guns.
Each method requires certain essential protective measures which shall be
compatible with the method employed.
Location and Construction of Powder Coating Rooms and Booths
Sec. 45.602. Powder coating operations shall be conducted in:
1. Completely enclosed rooms constructed of noncombustible materials, or
2. Enclosed powder coating facilities which are adequately ventilated, or
3. Adequately ventilated spray booths meeting the requirements of Section
45.203 of this article.
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition
Sec. 45.603. Electrical equipment and other sources of ignition shall conform
to the requirements of the Electrical Code.
115
45.603-45.608 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
NOTE: The application of powders by means of nonelectrostatic fluidized bed or
powder spray gun normally requires the part to be preheated; preheating is also
sometimes used with electrostatic equipment. Care must be taken to ensure that the
temperature of the part to be coated does not exceed the ignition temperature of the
powder being used.
Precautions shall be taken to minimize the possibility of ignition by static
electrical sparks, through static grounding, where possible, of powder transport,
application and recovery equipment.
Ventilation
Sec. 45.604. Exhaust ventilation shall be sufficient to maintain the atmosphere
below the lowest explosive limits for the material being applied. All nondeposited
air -suspended powders shall be safely removed via exhaust ducts to the powder
recovery cyclone or receptacle.
Drying, Curing or Fusion Equipment
Sec. 45.605. The provisions of Article 62 for Industrial Baking and Drying
Ovens shall apply.
Operation and Maintenance
Sec. 45.606. (a) All areas shall be kept free of accumulation of powder coating
dusts, particularly such horizontal surfaces as ledges, beams, pipes, hoods,
booths and floors.
(b) Surfaces shall be cleaned in such manner as to avoid scattering dust to other
places or creating dust clouds. Equipment shall be approved for use in hazardous
locations.
(c) Care shall be exercised to prevent iron or spark -producing metals from
being introduced into the powders being applied. Magnetic and filter -type separa-
tors are recommended.
(d) NO SMOKING signs in accordance with Section 13.103 shall be conspic-
uously posted at all powder coating areas and powder storage rooms.
Fixed Electrostatic Spraying Equipment
Sec. 45.607. The provisions of Division IV and other sections of Division VI of
this article shall apply to fixed electrostatic equipment.
Electrostatic Fluidized Beds
Sec. 45.608. (a) Electrostatic fluidized beds and associated equipment shall
be of approved types. The maximum surface temperature of this equipment in the
coating area shall not exceed 150*E The high voltage circuits shall be designed so
as not to produce a spark of sufficient intensity to ignite any powder -air mixtures
nor result in shock hazard upon coming in contact with a ground object under
normal operating conditions.
(b) Transformers, power packs, control apparatus and all other electrical
portions of the equipment, with the exception of the charging electrodes and their
connections to the power supply, shall be located outside of the powder coating
area or shall otherwise conform to the requirements of Division VI of this article.
116
1982 EDITION 45.608-45.703
(c) All electrically conductive objects within the charging influence of the
electrodes shall be adequately grounded. The powder coating equipment shall
carry a prominent, permanently installed warning regarding the necessity for
grounding these objects.
(d) Objects being coated shall be maintained in contact with the conveyor or
other support in order to ensure proper grounding. Hangers shall be regularly
cleaned to ensure effective contact and areas of contact shall be sharp points or
knife edges where possible.
(e) The electrical equipment shall be so interlocked with the ventilation system
that the equipment cannot be operated unless the ventilation fans are in operation.
Division VII
ORGANIC PEROXIDES AND DUAL
COMPONENT COATINGS
General
Sec. 45.701. (a) Extreme care should be exercised at all times in preventing the
contamination of organic peroxide initiators with any foreign substance. Only
spray guns and related handling equipment specifically manufactured for use with
organic peroxides shall be used. Separate pressure vessels and inserts specific for
the application shall be used for the resin and for the organic peroxide and they
shall not be interchanged.
(b) Organic peroxide pressure tank inserts shall be constructed of stainless
steel or polyethylene.
(c) Dusts or overspray residues resulting from the sanding or spraying of
finishing materials containing organic peroxides if mixed with other materials
may cause a fire or explosion; hence, care shall be exercised to prevent any
contamination from this source.
(d) All spilled peroxides shall be promptly removed so there are no residues.
Spilled material may be absorbed by using a noncombustible absorbent and then
promptly disposed of in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation.
Use of Organic Peroxide Coatings
Sec. 45.702. All spraying operations involving the use of organic peroxides
and other dual -component coatings shall be conducted in approved sprinklered
spray booths meeting the requirements of this article.
Storage
Sec. 45.703. Organic peroxides shall be stored in a cool, detached building
apart from other finishing materials, and only minimum daily requirements shall
be brought to the processing area; such material remaining at the spraying station
at the end of a day's operation shall be carefully disposed of. Organic peroxides
shall be kept away from all sources of heat including steam pipes, radiators, open
flames or sparks and solar radiation.
117
45.704-45.707
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Handling
Sec. 45.704. Care shall be exercised in handling organic peroxides to avoid
shock and friction which can cause decomposition and violent reaction.
Mixing
Sec. 45.705.Organic peroxides shall not be mixed directly with any accelera-
tors or promoters, as violent decomposition or explosion may result.
Smoking
Sec. 45.706. Smoking shall be prohibited and NO SMOKING signs shall be
prominently displayed and only nonsparking tools shall be used in any area where
organic peroxides are stored, mixed or applied.
Personnel Qualifications
Sec. 45.707. Only specifically trained personnel shall be permitted to work
with these materials.
118
1982 EDITION 46.101-46.105
ARTICLE 46
FRUIT -RIPENING PROCESSES
Scope
Sec. 46.101. This article shall apply to the process of ripening green bananas or
citrus fruits in tightly closed rooms heated with indirect fired heaters and shall
include those processes where ethylene gas is introduced into the room to assist
the ripening process.
Permits
Sec. 46.102. For a permit for a fruit -ripening process, see Section 4.101.
Use of Ethylene
Sec. 46.103. (a) The location of buildings in which fruit -ripening processes
utilizing ethylene are conducted shall be approved by the chief.
(b) Ethylene shall be introduced by some means under positive control and
measured so that the quantity introduced does not exceed one part ethylene to
1000 parts of air.
(c) Containers storing ethylene shall be built in accordance with nationally
recognized good practice.
(d) Containers other than those connected for use shall be stored outside of the
building or in a special building except that not more than two portable ICC
containers not connected for any use may be stored inside the building premises.
Such inside rooms or portions of buildings used for storage of these containers
shall be constructed in accordance with Section 49.109 (c).
(e) Ethylene piping shall be of iron pipe. Flexible connectors and hose, when
used, shall be of approved type. Tubing shall be of brass or copper with not less
than 0.049-inch wall thickness.
Electrical Equipment
Sec. 46.104. (a) Electrical wiring and equipment shall be installed in accor-
dance with the Electrical Code.
(b) Lighting shall be by electricity.
Heating
Sec. 46.105. (a) Heating of ripening rooms shall be by indirect means with
low-pressure steam, hot water or warm air, approved electric heaters or approved
gas heaters or approved kerosene heaters, all of which shall have sealed combus-
tion chambers.
(b) Steam and hot-water pipes and radiators shall have a clearance of at least 1
inch to combustible material.
(c) Gas heaters and their vents shall be installed in accordance with the
Mechanical Code. Gas heaters shall be equipped with an automatic pilot device to
shut off the gas supply whenever the flame is extinguished.
119
46.105-46.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(d) Burners for gas or kerosene heaters shall be installed so that air for
combustion is taken from outside the ripening room and the products of combus-
tion are discharged to the outside.
(e) Kerosene heaters shall be installed in accordance with the applicable
provisions of Article 61.
(f) Electric heaters shall be of a type having no exposed surface at a temperature
higher than 800T and with thermostatic elements which produce no sparks and
shall be of a type approved for use in hazardous locations.
(g) A protective guard shall be provided around any heater to prevent the
possibility of its being knocked over by other equipment such as vehicles or lift
trucks.
Open Flames
Sec. 46.106. (a) Open -flame heaters and open lights shall not be permitted in
ripening rooms.
(b) NO SMOKING signs shall be posted at every entrance and smoking shall be
prohibited in the ripening rooms.
Housekeeping
Sec. 46.107. Ripening rooms shall be frequently cleared of all combustible
material.
120
1982 EDITION 47.101-47.107
ARTICLE 47
FUMIGATION AND THERMAL
INSECTICIDAL FOGGING
Scope
Sec. 47.101. This article applies to fumigations and thermal insecticidal
fogging operations which shall conform to all other applicable requirements of
this code as well as to the following provisions.
Permits
Sec. 47.102. For a permit to engage in the business of fumigation or thermal
insecticidal fogging or to maintain a fumigation room, vault or chamber in which
a toxic flammable fumigant is used, see Section 4.101.
Sources of Ignition
Sec. 47.103. (a) All fires, open flames and similar sources of ignition shall be
eliminated from the space under fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging.
Heating, if needed, shall be of an approved type.
(b) If the fumigant used has a flammability rating of 2 or higher (see Tables
Nos. 47.103-A and 47.103-13), the electric service shall be disconnected outside
the premises. If the fumigant has a flammability rating of less than 2, electric
service need not be disconnected.
(c) When fumigants having a flammability rating of 2 or higher are used,
temporary remote control power leads with control switches located outside the
fumigated space may be installed for powering fumigant circulating fans in the
fumigated space. Such fans shall be approved for the intended use.
Notification of Fumigation
Sec. 47.104. The chief shall be notified in writing at least 24 hours before any
building or structure or ship is to be closed in connection with the use of any toxic
or flammable fumigant.
Breathing Apparatus Required
Sec. 47.105. All persons engaged in the business of fumigation or thermal
insecticidal fogging shall maintain and have available approved protective
breathing apparatus.
Watchman Required During Fumigation
Sec. 47.106. Where a flammable gas or substance giving rise to a flammable
gas is used for fumigation, the employer shall be required to have 24-hour
supervision from the time the premises have been fumigated until all ventilation
work has been completed (approved gastight vaults or tanks are excepted from this
requirement).
Sealing of Building
Sec. 47.107. Except for approved tarps and irrespective of the type of fumigant
employed, the use of paper or other similar nonfire-retardant material to wrap or
121
47.107-47.112 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
cover a building in excess of that required for the sealing of cracks, casements,
etc., is prohibited.
Warning Signs
Sec. 47.108. Whenever fumigants are used or stored, conspicuous warning
signs bearing the "skull and crossbones" emblem, with the words DANGER!
POISON GAS! KEEP OUT! and designating the name of the fumigant, the
fumigator's name, address and telephone number, shall be posted in such loca-
tions as to give adequate warnings thereof.
Venting and Clean Up
Sec. 47.109. At the end of the exposure period, fumigators shall safely and
properly ventilate the premises and contents, properly dispose of all fumigant
containers, residues, debris and other materials used for such fumigation and
clear obstructions from gas -fired appliance vents.
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging Liquids
Sec. 47.110. No thermal insecticidal fogging liquid shall be used that has a
flash point below 100°F.
Warehouse Fumigations
Sec. 47.111. In warehouses or other structures used for the storage of produce,
tarp fumigations of not more than 5 percent of the total volume of cubic feet of the
warehouse may be permitted without notification to the chief, provided that the
fumigation is conducted by a licensed fumigator.
Flammable Fumigants Restricted
Sec. 47.112. The use of carbon bisulfide (CS2) and hydrocyanic acid (HCN)
shall be restricted to agricultural fumigations.
122
J
TABLE NO.47.103-A—CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME COMMON FUMIGANTS
N
NO.
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
BOILING
WATER FLAMABLE
HAZARDSIGNAL'
m
REMARKS C
NAME
FORMULA POINT(°F.)
SOLUBLE- LIMITS VOL.
IN A R)
H
F
R
O
1.
Acrylonitrile'
CH2CHCN
171
No 3-17
4
3
2
Z
May polymerize violently on con-
tact with alkali unless inhibited.
Decomposes and releases hydrogen
cyanide at high temperatures or in
contact with acids.
2.
Aluminum
AIP
See Phosphine
Not flammable in dry state but re -
Phosphide
acts with moisture to produce phos-
(formulated)
phine gas.
3
Benzene'
C,H,
176
No 1.3-7.1
2
3
0
Can be absorbed through skin.
4.
Calcium
Ca(CN)2
See Hydrogen Cyanide
Reacts slowly with moisture to re -
Cyanide
lease hydrogen cyanide.
5.
Carbon
CS2
115
No 1.3-44
2
3
0
Low ignition temperature—2120F.
Disulfide'
6.
Carbon
C C14
170
No none
2
0
0
Decomposes at elevated tempera -
Tetrachloride'
tures to form phosgene and hydro-
gen chloride.
Z
Chloroform'
CH C12
142
No none
2
0
0
Decomposes at elevated tempera-
tures to form phosgene and hydro-
gen chloride.
8.
Chloropicrin
CCI3NO2
233.6
No none
4
0
1
Causes severe eye irritation (tear
gas). May decompose violently
when heated above 3900F.
9.
Ethylene
CH2Br CH2Br
268.7
No none
3
0
0
v
Dibromide
J
w
N
4' 10.
Ethylene
CH2CI CH2CI
183
No 6.2-16
2
3
0
Decomposes at elevated tempera- a
Dichloride'
tures to give off phosgene.
TABLE NO.47.103-A—CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME COMMON FUMIGANTS
�
ro CHEMICAL CHEMICAL BOILING
p NO. C
WATER
FLAMMABLE
HAZARD SIGNAL'
A
REMARKS V
NAME FORMULA POINTI°F.)
SOLUBLE' LIM T (R) OL
W
AI
H F
R
11. Ethylene Oxide$ CH20CH$ 51
Yes
3-100
2 4
3
May polymerize violently in con- D
tact with highly reactive catalytic
surfaces. Cannot depend upon
odor for warning.
12. Hydrogen HCN 79
Yes
6-41
4 4
2
Almond -like odor, but do not de -
Cyanide
pend upon odor for warning. May
polymerize violently when unsta-
bilized. Can be absorbed through
skin.
13 Methyl Bromide CH3Br 40
No
10-16
3 1
0
14 Methylene CH2Cl2 104
No
15.5-66
2 0
0
May form explosive mixtures with
Chloride'
(in oxygen
air at high concentrations.
only)
15 Phosphine PH3 —125
No
1.79
3 4
1
Decomposes when heated to give
phosphorus oxides. Low ignition
temperature 212 to 3020F. Explo-
sive under vacuum fumigation
conditions.
16 Propylene CH2CHOCH3 95
Yes
2.1-21.5
2 4
2
Cannot depend upon odor for
Oxide'
warning.
17 Sulfur Dioxide' SO: 14
Slightly
none
3 0
0
Vapors are corrosive to some met- Z
als. T,
18 Sulfuryl fluoride S02F2 —67
No
none
2 0
0
Cannot depend upon odor for 0
warning. M
From standpoint of use of water for extinguishment by dilution.
m
zH = Health, F = Flammability, R = Reactivity. If the fumigant is a mixture of compounds,
use numbers corresponding to the OO
properties of the mixture.
G
3Seldom used singly as fumigant, but are used as components of mixtures.
m
TABLE NO.47.103-B
IDENTIFICATION OF HEALTH HAZARD IDENTIFICATION OF FLAMMABILITY IDENTIFICATION OF REACTIVITY
COLOR CODE: BLUE COLOR CODE: RED (STABILITY) COLOR CODE: YELLOW
Type of Possible Injury Susceptibility of Materials to Burning Susceptibility to Release of Energy
SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL
Materials which will rapidly
Materials which on very short or completely vaporize at at- Materials which are readily capable
exposure could cause death mospheric pressure and nor- of detonation or of explosive decom-
4 or major residual injury even 4 mal ambient temperature or 4 position or reaction at normal tem-
though prompt medical treat- which are readily dispersed peratures and pressures.
ment were given. in air and which will burn
rapidly.
Materials which on short ex- Materials which are capable of det-
posure could cause serious Liquids and solids that can onation or explosive reaction but re-
3 temporary or residual injury 3 be ignited under almost all 3 quire a strong initiating source or
even though prompt medical ambient temperature condi- which must be heated under confine -
treatment were given. tions. merit before initiation or which react
explosively with water.
Materials which on intense Materials which are normally unstable
or continued exposure could Materials that must be mod- and readily undergo violent chemical
2 cause temporary tncapacita- erately heated or exposed to Z relatively high ambient tem- Z change but do not detonate. Also
lion or possible residual in- peratures before ignition can materials which may react violently
jury unless prompt medical with water or which may form poten-
treatment is given. occur• tially explosive mixtures with water.
Materials which on exposure
1 would cause irritation but
only minor residual injury
even if no treatment is given.
Materials which on exposure
under fire conditions would
Cn Q offer no hazard beyond that
of ordinary combustible ma-
-ial.
Materials that must be pre-
heated before ignition can
occur.
Q Materials that will not burn. Q
Materials which are normally stable,
but which can become unstable at ele-
vated temperatures and pressures or
which may react with water with some
release of energy but not vioiently. v
0
Materials which are normally stable, w
even under fire exposure conditions, Of
and which are not reactive with water.
48.101-48.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 48
MAGNESIUM
Scope
Sec. 48.101. This article applies to the storage, handling and processing of
magnesium, including the pure metal as well as those alloys of which the major
part is magnesium.
Permits
Sec. 48.102. For a permit for the melting, casting, heat treating, machining or
grinding of magnesium, see Section 4.101.
Storage of Pigs, Ingots and Billets
Sec. 48.103. (a) Storage of magnesium pigs, ingots and billets out of doors
shall be in piles not exceeding 1,000,000 pounds each, separated by aisles not less
in width than one half the height of pile, and separated from combustible material
or buildings on the same or adjoining property by a distance of not less than the
height of the nearest pile.
(b) Storage of pigs, ingots and billets in buildings shall be on floors of
noncombustible construction, in piles not larger than 500,000 pounds each,
separated by aisles not less in width than one half the height of the pile.
Melting Pots
Sec. 48.104. Floors under and around melting pots shall be of noncombustible
construction.
Storage of Magnesium Articles in Foundries and Processing Plants
Sec. 48.105. The size of storage piles of magnesium articles in foundries and
processing plants shall not exceed 1250 cubic feet and shall be separated by aisles
not less in width than one half the height of the pile.
Heat -treating Ovens
Sec. 48.106. Approved means shall be provided for control of magnesium
fires in heat -treating ovens.
Magnesium Processing Operations
Sec. 48.107. (a) At each grinding, buffing or wire brushing operation on
magnesium, not including rough finishing of castings, dust shall be collected by
means of suitable hoods or enclosures connected to a liquid precipitation type of
separator, such that the dust will be converted to sludge without contact in a dry
state with any high-speed moving parts.
(b) Connecting ducts or suction tubes shall be completely grounded and as
short as possible with no unnecessary bends. Ducts shall be carefully fabricated
and assembled, with a smooth interior and with internal lap joints pointing in the
direction of air flow and without unused capped side outlets, pockets or other
dead-end spaces which might allow an accumulation of dust.
(c) Each machine shall be equipped with its individual dust -separating unit,
126
1982 EDITION 48.107-48.110
except that with multiunit machines not more than two dust -producing units may
be served by one separator. Not more than four portable dust -producing units in a
single enclosure or stand may be served by one separator unit.
(d) Power supply to machines shall be interlocked with:
1. Exhaust air flow, and
2. Liquid pressure level or flow in such away that improper functioning of the
dust removal and separator system will shut down the machine it serves.
(e) All electric wiring, fixtures and equipment in the immediate vicinity of and
attached to dust -producing machines, including those used in connection with
separator equipment, shall be of approved types and installed for use in Class II,
Division 1 hazardous locations as specified in the Electrical Code.
(f) All equipment shall be securely grounded by permanent ground wires as
specified in the Electrical Code.
Fire -extinguishing Materials
Sec. 48.108. A supply of approved extinguishing materials in a substantial
container with a hand scoop or shovel for applying material on magnesium fires or
an approved extinguisher unit designed for use with such material shall be kept
within easy reach of every operator performing a machining, grinding or other
processing operation on magnesium.
Storage of Magnesium Articles in Warehouses and Stores
Sec. 48.109. (a) Magnesium storage in quantity greater than 50 cubic feet shall
be separated from storage of other materials that are either combustible or in
combustible containers, by aisles equal in width to not less than the height of the
piles of magnesium.
(b) Magnesium storage in quantity greater than 1000 cubic feet shall be
separated into piles, each not larger than 1000 cubic feet with aisles between equal
in width to not less than the height of the piles.
(c) Magnesium in quantities over 1000 cubic feet or in combustible containers
or within 30 feet of other combustibles shall not be stored in Unsprinklered
combustible buildings.
Handling of Magnesium Fines (Fine Magnesium Scrap)
Sec. 48.110. (a) Chips, turnings and other fine magnesium scrap shall be
collected from the pans or spaces under machines and from other places where
they collect at least once each working day and placed in a covered, vented steel
container and removed to a safe location.
(b) Magnesium fines shall be kept separate from other combustible materials.
(c) Storage in quantity greater than 50 cubic feet of fine magnesium scrap (six
55-gallon steel drums) shall be separated from other occupancies by an open
space of at least 50 feet or by an area separation wall constructed as specified in the
Building Code.
(d) Storage in quantity greater than 1000 cubic feet shall be separated from all
buildings other than those used for magnesium scrap recovery operations by a
distance of not less than 100 feet.
127
49.101-49.102 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 49
WELDING AND CUTTING USING
CALCIUM CARBIDE AND ACETYLENE
General Requirements
Sec. 49.101. (a) In performance of welding and cutting operations, only
approved equipment such as blowpipes, torches, regulators and acetylene genera-
tors that have been examined and tested and found to be safeguarded as far as
practicable shall be used.
(b) All cylinders or containers used for the storage of compressed gases shall be
constructed, charged and marked in accordance with nationally recognized safe
practices.
(c) For a permit to conduct welding and/or cutting operations, see Section
4.101.
Piping of Oxygen and Fuel Gases
Sec. 49.102. (a) Except as provided in Section 49.102 (b) and (c), piping shall
be of wrought iron, steel, brass or copper pipe, or approved seamless copper,
brass or other approved gas tubing. All piping and fittings for conveying gas or
liquid at pressures up to 150 pounds per square inch shall be suitable for a safe
working pressure of not less than 150 pounds per square inch. For pressures in
excess of 150 pounds per square inch, extra -heavy-duty pipe and fittings shall be
used as a minimum. Joints in steel or wrought iron pipe shall be welded or made
up with threaded or flanged fittings; or rolled, forged or cast steel, or malleable
iron fittings may be used. Joints in brass or copper pipe may be welded or made up
with threaded or flanged fittings. Joints in approved seamless copper, brass or
other approved nonferrous gas tubing shall be made by means of approved fittings
or, if of the socket type, with silver solder or similar high -melting -point material.
Cast-iron fittings shall be prohibited. Threaded connections in oxygen piping
shall be tinned or made up with other suitable joint sealer applied to the male
thread.
(b) Acetylene piping shall be steel or wrought iron pipe only.
(c) Oxygen piping shall be steel, wrought iron, brass or copper pipe or
approved seamless nonferrous gas tubing. Tubing shall be used only for pressures
of 150 pounds per square inch or less.
(d) Piping shall be protected against injury, and allowance made for con-
traction, expansion, jarring and vibration. If laid underground, it shall be below
the frost line and protected against corrosion. Low points in piping shall be
provided with drip pots and drain valves, the latter to be normally closed with
screw caps or plugs. Oxygen piping shall not be placed in any location where it
may be exposed to contact with oil.
(e) All piping shall be tested and proved tight at one and one-half times its
maximum working pressure. Any medium used for testing oxygen lines shall be
oil free. Flames shall not be used to detect leaks.
128
1982 EDITION 49.102-49.106
(f) All buried pipe and tubing and outdoor ferrous pipe and tubing shall be
covered or painted with a suitable corrosion -resisting material.
Manifolding of Cylinders
Sec. 49.103. (a) Oxygen manifolds shall not be located in an acetylene
generator room or in close proximity to cylinders of combustible gases. Oxygen
manifolds shall be located away from highly flammable material, especially oil,
grease or any substance likely to cause or accelerate fire.
(b) The aggregate capacity of fuel -gas cylinders connected to one manifold
inside a building shall not exceed 3000 cubic feet of gas, or 300 pounds in the case
of liquefied petroleum gas. More than one such manifold, each supplying one
blowpipe or one machine, may be located in the same room if separated at least 50
feet.
(c) Where it is necessary to manifold fuel -gas cylinders having an aggregate gas
capacity in excess of 3000 cubic feet, they shall be located outside or in a special
building, or in a separate room constructed in accordance with the provisions of
Section 49.109 (b).
Storage of Cylinders
Sec. 49.104. (a) Cylinders of fuel gases stored inside a building, except those
in actual use or attached ready for use, shall be limited to a total capacity of 3000
cubic feet (250 pounds of liquefied petroleum gas). Storage exceeding the above
amount shall be in a separate room as provided for by Section 49.109, or cylinders
shall be kept outside or in a special building. Buildings, rooms or compartments
provided for such storage shall be well ventilated and be without open -flame
heating or lighting devices.
(b) Cylinders stored inside of buildings shall be away from highly combustible
materials and in locations where they are not subject to excessive rise in tempera-
ture, mechanical injury or tampering. All cylinders, including empty ones, shall
have their caps in place and all valves tightly closed.
(c) All compressed gas cylinders in service or in storage shall be adequately
secured to prevent falling or being knocked over.
Liquid Oxygen
Sec. 49.105. Where liquid oxygen in a quantity exceeding 100 gallons is to be
used for welding and cutting, the container or containers shall be located outside
or in a special building having no other occupancy except that related to the
handling and gasification of the oxygen.
Hose and Hose Connections
Sec. 49.106. (a) Hose shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic pressure
of 800 pounds per square inch.
(b) A single hose having more than one gas passage, a wall failure of which
would permit the flow of one gas into the other gas passage, shall not be used.
Where two hoses joined by a web so as to form integral lengths of double hose are
129
49.106-49.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
used, the two hoses shall be identified as follows:
1. By exterior color, such as by employing green for oxygen and red for
acetylene, or
2. If the entire exterior of both passages is of the same color, the two sides
shall be distinguished by feel or touch (i.e., smooth versus rib or rough
exterior surface).
(c) When parallel lengths of oxygen and acetylene hose are taped together for
convenience and to prevent tangling, not more than 4 inches out of each 8 shall be
covered by tape.
(d) Hose connections shall be clamped or otherwise securely fastened in a
manner that will withstand, without leakage, twice the pressure to which they are
normally subjected in service but in no case less than a pressure of 300 pounds per
square inch.
(e) Hose shall be inspected frequently for leaks, burns, torn places, loose
connections or other defects which may render the hose unfit for service. Where
hose shows excessive wear or has been subjected to flashback it shall be inspected
and tested at twice the normal pressure which it is subject to in service but in no
case at less than 200 pounds per square inch before being returned to service.
Defective lengths of hose shall be discarded.
General Safety Rules for Welding and Cutting
Sec. 49.107. (a) No device or attachment facilitating or permitting mixture of
air or oxygen with combustible gases prior to consumption, except at the burner or
in a standard torch or blowpipe, shall be allowed unless approved for the purpose.
(b) The user shall not transfer gases from one cylinder to another or mix gases in
a cylinder.
(c) Under no conditions shall acetylene gas be generated, piped (except in
approved cylinder manifolds) or utilized at a pressure in excess of 15 pounds per
square inch gage pressure, except when dissolved in a suitable solvent in cylin-
ders manufactured according to Interstate Commerce Commission requirements.
(d) The use of liquid acetylene is prohibited.
(e) Acetylene gas shall not be brought in contact with unalloyed copper except
in a blowpipe or torch.
(f) Oxygen shall never be used from a cylinder or cylinder manifold unless a
pressure -regulating device intended for use with oxygen, and so marked, is
provided.
(g) Fuel gas shall never be used from cylinders through torches or other devices
equipped with shutoff valves without reducing the pressure through a suitable
regulator attached to the cylinder valve or manifold.
(h) Cylinders, valves, regulators, hose and other apparatus and fittings contain-
ing or using oxygen shall be kept free from oil or grease. Oxygen cylinders,
apparatus and fittings shall not be handled with oily hands or gloves or greasy
materials.
130
1982 EDITION 49.107-49.109
(i) When moving compressed gas cylinders by crane, suitable cradles shall be
used in order to reduce the possibility of dropping. Ordinary rope slings or
electromagnets shall not be used.
0) Oxygen and fuel gas cylinders and acetylene generators shall be placed far
enough away from the welding position that they will not be unduly heated by
radiation from heated materials, by sparks or slag, or by misdirection of the torch
flame.
(k) Gas welding or cutting shall not be done in or near rooms or locations where
flammable liquids or vapors, lint, dust or loose combustible stocks are so located
or arranged that sparks or hot metal from the welding or cutting operations may
cause ignition or explosion of such materials.
(1) When such welding or cutting must be done above or within 10 feet of
combustible construction or material or above a place where workers are
employed, or where persons are likely to pass, noncombustible shields shall be
interposed to protect such materials and persons from sparks and hot metal or
oxide.
(m) One or more first -aid fire -extinguishing appliances of a suitable approved
type shall be kept at the location where welding or cutting is being done.
(n) When welding or cutting is done above or within 10 feet of combustible
construction or material, a fire watcher shall be on hand to make use of fire -
extinguishing equipment.
(o) A fire watch shall be maintained for at least a half hour after completion of
cutting or welding operations to detect and extinguish possible smoldering fires.
Containers for Calcium Carbide
Sec. 49.108. Containers used for the storage of calcium carbide shall be of
metal of sufficient strength to ensure handling without rupture and shall be
provided with a screw top or its equivalent. They shall be of watertight con-
struction. Solder shall not be used on joints in such a manner that fire would
disrupt the package. Packages shall be marked CALCIUM CARBIDE —DAN-
GEROUS IF NOT KEPT DRY.
Storage of Calcium Carbide in Buildings
Sec. 49.109. (a) Storage of calcium carbide inside buildings shall be in a dry,
waterproof and well -ventilated location.
(b) Calcium carbide in excess of 600 pounds shall not be stored in a building
containing other occupancy unless in an acetylene generator room or separate
room in a one-story building without basement underneath the carbide storage
section. Such rooms shall be separated from the rest of the building by a one -hour
occupancy separation constructed as specified in the Building Code. The room or
compartments may also be used for storage of fuel -gas cylinders but not oxygen.
Adequate ventilation shall be provided.
(c) Calcium carbide in excess of 5000 pounds shall be stored in one-story
buildings without basement and used for either no other purpose except the
storage of fuel -gas cylinders, or in outside acetylene generator houses. Locations
131
49.109-49.113 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
of such storage buildings shall be approved by the chief and shall comply with the
requirements of the Building Code for a Group H, Division 1 Occupancy.
Generators to Be Approved
Sec. 49.110. Acetylene generators shall be of approved type and shall be
plainly marked with the rate in cubic feet of acetylene per hour for which they are
designed, the amount of weight of carbide necessary for a single charge, the
manufacturer's name and address and the name or number of the type of
generator.
Generator Rooms
Sec. 49.111. (a) Stationary generators shall be installed in a well -ventilated
room located in one-story buildings or on the top floor or roof of multistory
buildings. Such rooms shall be separated from the rest of the building by a one -
hour occupancy separation constructed as specified in the Building Code. At least
one wall of a generator room shall be an exterior wall.
(b) Approved explosion venting shall be provided in exterior walls or roofs.
The venting area shall be not less than one square foot per 50 cubic feet of room
volume.
(c) The storage of fuel gas cylinders in such rooms shall not exceed a total
capacity of 2000 cubic feet of gas, or a total water capacity of 735 pounds of LPG
or methylacetylene-propadiene stabilized.
Portable Generators
Sec. 49.112. (a) Portable generators shall not be used in rooms having a total
volume less than 35 times the total gas -generating capacity per charge of all
generators in the room. The gas -generating capacity in cubic feet per charge shall
be assumed as 4.5 times the weight of carbide per charge in pounds. Generators
shall not be used in rooms having a ceiling height less than 10 feet.
(b) An acetylene generator shall not be moved by derrick crane or hoist while
charged.
Protection Against Freezing
Sec. 49.113. Generators shall be placed where water will not freeze. No
common salt (sodium chloride) or other corrosive chemical shall be used as a
protection against freezing.
132
1982 EDITION 50.101-50.104
ARTICLE 50
MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC COATINGS
Scope
Sec. 50.101. (a) This article shall apply to (1) processes manufacturing
protective and decorative finishes or coating (paints) for industrial, automotive,
marine, transportation, institutional, household or other purposes, and (2) the
handling of flammable or combustible liquids, certain combustible solids and
potential dust explosion conditions
(b) This article shall not apply to (1) processes manufacturing nonflammable or
water -thinned coatings or (2) operations applying coating materials.
Definition
Sec. 50.102. For definition of ORGANIC COATING, see Section 9.117.
Permits
Sec. 50.103. For permits for organic coating manufacturing operations, see
Section 4.101.
Process Buildings
Sec. 50.104. (a) Manufacturing of organic coatings shall be done only in
buildings meeting the requirements of a Group H, Division 1 Occupancy as
specified in the Building Code. Such buildings shall have no pits or basements
and shall be provided with approved explosion venting facilities.
(b) An organic coating manufacturing operation shall not be located in the same
building with other occupancies. Operations incidental to or in connection with
organic coating manufacturing shall not be classed as "other occupancies" for the
purpose of this provision.
(c) An organic coating manufacturing operation shall be accessible from at
least one side for the purpose of fire control.
(d) Where topographical conditions are such that flammable or combustible
liquids may flow from the organic coating manufacturing operation so as to
constitute a fire hazard to properties of others, drainage facilities shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Section 50.106.
(e) Enclosed buildings in which Class I liquids are processed or handled shall
be ventilated at a rate of not less than '/z cubic foot per minute per square foot of
solid floor area. This shall be accomplished by exhaust fans preferably taking
suction at floor levels and discharging to a safe location outside the building.
Provision shall be made for introduction of noncontaminated intake air in such a
manner that all portions of solid floor areas will be subject to continuous
distributed movement of air.
(f) Heating in hazardous areas, if required, shall be provided by indirect means.
Ignition sources such as open flames or electrical heating elements, except as
provided in Section 50.111, shall not be used within the building.
133
50.105-50.106 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Storage of Raw Materials and Finished Products
Sec. 50.105. (a) The storage, handling and use of flammable and combustible
liquids shall be in accordance with Article 79.
(b) Tank storage for flammable and combustible liquids inside of buildings
shall be permitted only in storage areas at or above grade which are separated from
the processing area by a two-hour occupancy separation constructed as specified
in the Building Code. This is not intended to prevent processing equipment from
containing flammable and combustible liquids or storage in such quantities as are
essential to the continuity of operations.
(c) Tank car and tank vehicle loading and unloading stations for Class I liquids
shall be separated from the processing area, other plant buildings, nearest line of
adjoining property that may be built upon, or public thoroughfare, by a clear
distance of not less than 25 feet.
(d) Loading and unloading structures and platforms for flammable and com-
bustible liquids shall be designed and installed in accordance with Article 79.
(e) Tank cars for Class I or II liquids shall be unloaded so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property.
(f) Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible liquids shall be loaded and
unloaded in accordance with Article 79.
(g) Finished products that are flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored
outside of buildings or in a separate building, or in a separate room separated from
the processing area by a two-hour occupancy separation constructed as specified
in the Building Code. The storage of finished products shall be in tanks or in
closed containers in accordance with Article 79.
(h) The nitrocellulose storage area shall be in a separate building or in a room
which is separated from the processing area by a two-hour occupancy separation
constructed as specified in the Building Code. The nitrocellulose storage shall be
used for no other purpose. Electrical wiring equipment shall be installed in
accordance with the Electrical Code.
(i) Nitrocellulose shall be stored only in closed containers. Barrels shall be
stored on end and, if tiered, not more than two high. Barrels or other containers of
nitrocellulose shall not be opened in the main storage building but at the point of
use or other location set aside for this purpose.
0) Spilled nitrocellulose shall be promptly wetted with water and disposed of
by use or by burning in the open at a suitable detached location.
(k) The storage of organic peroxides shall be in accordance with Article 80.
(1) The size of the package containing the organic peroxide shall be selected so
that, as nearly as practical, full packages are utilized at one time. Any peroxide
spilled shall be promptly cleaned up and disposed of as recommended by the
supplier.
Drainage Facilities
Sec. 50.106. Drainage facilities shall be provided to direct flammable and
combustible liquid leakage and fire protection water to a safe location away from
134
1982 EDITION 50.106-50.108
the building, any other important value, or adjoining property.
Process Mills, Mixers and Kettles
Sec. 50.107. (a) Mills operating with close clearances and used for the
processing of flammable and heat -sensitive materials, such as nitrocellulose,
shall be located in a detached building or in a noncombustible structure without
other occupancy. The amount of nitrocellulose or other flammable material
brought into the area shall be no more than that required for a batch.
(b) Mixers shall be of the enclosed type or, if of the open type, shall be provided
with properly fitted covers. Where gravity flow is used, a shutoff valve shall be
installed as close as practical to the mixer and a control valve shall be provided
near the end of the fill pipe.
(c) Open kettles shall be located in an outside area, provided with a protective
roof or in a separate building of noncombustible construction or separated from
other areas by a two-hour occupancy separation constructed as specified in the
Building Code.
(d) The vaporizer section of heat transfer systems heating closed kettles
containing solvents shall be remotely located. Contact heated kettles containing
solvents shall be equipped with safety devices that in case of fire turn the process
heat off, turn the cooling medium on and inject inert gas into the kettle.
(e) The kettle and thin -down tank shall be instrumented, controlled and inter-
locked so that any failure of the controls will result in a safe condition. The kettle
shall be provided with a pressure rupture disc in case the normal vent becomes
inoperative. The vent piping from the rupture disc shall be of a minimum length
and shall discharge to a safe location. The thin -down tank shall be adequately
vented. Thinning operations shall be provided with an adequate vapor removal
system.
Process Piping
Sec. 50.108. (a) All piping, valves and fittings shall be designed for the
working pressures and structural stresses to which they may be subjected. They
shall be of steel or other material approved for the service intended.
(b) Valves shall be of an indicating type. Terminal valves on remote pumping
systems shall be of the "dead -man" type which will shut off both the pump and
the flow of solvent.
(c) Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected against
physical damage. Piping shall be pitched to avoid unintentional trapping of
liquids or suitable drains shall be provided.
(d) Approved flexible connectors may be used where vibration exists or where
frequent movement is necessary. Approved hose shall be used at dispensing
stations.
(e) Before being placed in service, all piping shall be free of leaks when tested
to not less than one and one-half times the working pressure or a minimum of not
less than 5 psig at the highest point in the system. Tests shall continue for a
minimum of 30 minutes.
135
50.109-50.112 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Transfer of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Process Areas
Sec. 50.109. (a) The transfer of large quantities of flammable and combustible
liquids shall be through piping by means of pumps. The use of compressed air as a
transfer medium shall be prohibited.
(b) Pumps shall be selected for the flammable and combustible liquid used, the
working pressures and the structural stresses to which they may be subjected.
(c) Where solvents are pumped from storage to points of use, approved
switches shall be provided in the processing areas and at the pumps to shut down
the pumps in case of fire.
(d) Empty and filled containers shall be stored outside the filling area.
Raw Materials in Process Areas
Sec. 50.110. (a) The amount of nitrocellulose brought into the operating area
shall not exceed that required for a shift. Any nitrocellulose which may be spilled
on the floor or elsewhere shall be promptly swept up, put into a pail of water and
removed at the end of the day or shift and disposed of by use or by burning in the
open at a suitable detached location.
(b) Organic peroxides brought into the operating area shall be in the original
shipping container and shall not exceed the quantity required for a shift. When in
the operating area the peroxide shall not be placed in locations exposed to ignition
sources, heat or mechanical shocks.
Electrical Equipment
Sec. 50.111. (a) All electrical wiring and equipment shall comply with the
Electrical Code.
(b) Where Class I liquids are exposed to the air, the design of equipment and
ventilation of buildings shall be such as to limit the Class I, Division 1 locations to
pits, the interior of equipment and the "immediate vicinity" of pumps or equip-
ment locations such as dispensing stations, open centrifuges, plate and frame
filters, opened vacuum filters, change cans and the surfaces of open equipment.
Immediate vicinity means a zone extending from the vapor liberation point 20 feet
horizontally in all directions and vertically from the floor to a level 6 feet above
the highest point of vapor liberation.
(c) All locations not covered by Section 50.111 (b) where Class I liquids are
handled shall be Class I, Division 2. If the flash point of the liquid processed is
higher than ambient temperature and at least 100°F., ordinary electrical equip-
ment may be used, though care shall be used in locating electrical apparatus to
prevent hot metal from falling into open processing equipment.
(d) Ordinary electrical equipment, including switch gear, may be used if
installed in a room which is maintained under positive pressure with respect to the
hazardous area. Air or other media for pressurization shall be taken from a
location where entrainment of flammable vapor is improbable.
Protection Against Static Electricity and Lightning
Sec. 50.112. (a) All equipment such as tanks, machinery and piping, where an
ignitable mixture may be present, shall be bonded and connected to a ground. The
136
1982 EDITION 50.112-50.114
bond or ground or both shall be physically -applied or shall be inherently present
by the nature of installation. This electrically conductive path shall have a
resistance of not more than one million ohms.
(b) Electrically isolated sections of metallic piping or equipment shall be
bonded to the other portions of the system or grounded.
(c) Tank vehicles loaded or unloaded through open connections shall be
grounded and bonded to the receiving system.
(d) When a flammable mixture is transferred from one portable container to
another, a bond shall be provided between the two containers.
(e) Steel framing of buildings shall be grounded with resistance of not more
than five ohms.
Fire Protection
Sec. 50.113. (a) An approved fire alarm system shall be provided.
(b) All plant fire protection facilities shall be adequately maintained, periodi-
cally inspected and tested.
Maintenance
See. 50.114. (a) The cleaning of tanks or vessels which have contained
flammable or combustible liquids shall be done only under the supervision of
persons who understand the fire and explosion potential.
(b) When necessary to make repairs involving "hot work," the work shall be
authorized by the responsible individual in charge before the work is started.
(c) When necessary to enter a tank, pit, manhole or other confined spaces, such
entry shall be authorized by the responsible individual in charge.
(d) Power -operated industrial trucks shall be of a type approved for the location.
(e) Open flames and direct -fired heating devices shall be prohibited in areas
where flammable vapor -air mixtures may exist.
(f) Smoking shall be prohibited except in designated areas.
(g) Empty containers previously used for flammable or combustible liquids
shall be removed to a well -detached, outside location and, if not cleaned on the
premises, removed from the plant as soon as practical.
(h) Storage in containers outside of buildings shall conform to Article 79.
(i) Adequate aisles shall be maintained for the unobstructed movement of
personnel and fire -protection equipment.
137
61.101-61.105 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
PART VI
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
ARTICLE 61
OIL -BURNING EQUIPMENT
Scope
Sec. 61.101. This article applies to oil -burning equipment except internal
combustion engines, oil lamps and portable devices such as blow torches, melting
pots and weed burners.
Use of Approved Equipment
Sec. 61.102. Oil -burning equipment shall be of an approved type.
Design, Construction and Installation
Sec. 61.103. The design, construction and installation of oil -burning equip-
ment shall be in accordance with the Mechanical Code.
Electrical Wiring and Equipment
Sec. 61.104. Electrical wiring and equipment used in connection with oil -
burning equipment shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the
Electrical Code.
Fuel Oil
Sec. 61.105. The grade of fuel oil used in a burner shall be that for which the
burner is approved and as stipulated by the manufacturer. Crankcase oil or any oil
containing gasoline shall not be used.
138
1982 EDITION 62.101-62.103
ARTICLE 62
INDUSTRIAL BAKING AND DRYING OVENS
Scope
Sec. 62.101.This article shall apply to the location, construction and operation
of industrial baking and drying ovens which are heated with oil or gas fuel or
which during operation contain flammable vapors from the products being baked
or dried. It is the intent of this article to provide requirements for the operation of
these ovens within certain limitations of control depending on oven design, paint
formulation and ventilation requirements, the disregard of which may cause them
to function in an unsafe manner, thereby becoming liable to destruction by fire or
explosion. In addition to the requirements of this article, all industrial baking and
drying ovens shall comply with the applicable provisions of U.F.C. Standard No.
62-1.
Permits and Plans Required
Sec. 62.102. (a) For a permit to operate an oven to which this code applies, see
Section 4.101.
(b) Application for a permit shall be accompanied by plans showing all
essential details and calculations for safe operation.
Location and Construction
Sec. 62.103. (a) Ovens, oven heaters and related equipment shall be located
with due regard to the possibility of fire resulting from overheating or from the
escape of fuel gas or fuel oil and the possibility of damage to the building and
injury to persons resulting from explosion.
(b) Ovens shall be located at or above grade, or, if in basements, at least 50
percent of the wall area of the room in which the oven is located shall be above
grade.
(c) Ovens shall be so located as to be readily accessible for inspection and
maintenance and with adequate clearances to permit the proper functioning of
explosion vents. Roofs and floors of ovens shall be sufficiently insulated and
ventilated to keep temperatures at combustible ceilings and floors below 160°F.
(d) Ovens shall be constructed of noncombustible materials throughout except
where the maximum oven -operating temperature is not over 160'F. The amount of
insulation used in oven panel construction shall be enough to prevent the outside
surface temperature from exceeding 160°F. , or adequate guards shall be provided
to protect personnel.
(e) Ovens which may contain flammable air -gas mixtures shall be equipped
with relief vents for freely relieving internal explosion pressures.
(f) All duct work shall be constructed of noncombustible material. Ducts shall
be made tight throughout and shall have no openings other than those required for
the proper operation and maintenance of the system. Ducts passing through
combustible walls, floors or roofs shall have adequate insulation and clearances to
prevent surface temperatures from exceeding 160°F. Exhaust ducts shall not
139
62.103-62.105 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
discharge near doors, windows or other air intakes in a manner that will permit
reentry of vapors into the building.
Ventilation
Sec. 62.104. (a) Ovens in which flammable or toxic vapors are liberated or
through which products of combustion are circulated shall be ventilated by the
introduction of a supply of fresh air and proper exhaust to outdoors. Discharge
pipes shall not terminate within 10 feet measured horizontally from any door,
window or wood frame walls of any building. Such oven ventilation shall be
arranged to provide vigorous and well -distributed air circulation within the oven
and to ensure that the flammable vapor concentration will be safely below the
lower explosive limit at all times. Unless the oven is operated in accordance with
specific approval specifying particular solvents and rate of ventilation, the rate of
ventilation shall be not less than 10,000 cubic feet of fresh air per gallon of solvent
evaporated in continuous process ovens and not less than 380 cubic feet per
minute per gallon of flammable solvent evaporated in batch process ovens.
(b) Exhaust duct openings shall be located in the area of greatest concentration
of vapors.
(c) All exhaust shall be by mechanical means using power -driven fans.
Safety Controls
Sec. 62.105. (a) Safety controls, as specified in U.F.C. Standard No. 62-1,
shall be sufficient in number and substantially constructed and arranged to
maintain the required conditions of safety and prevent the development of fire and
explosion hazards.
(b) Ventilation controls, suitably interlocked, shall be provided which will
ensure required ventilation of the system.
(c) Fuel safety controls, suitably interlocked and arranged to minimize the
possibility of dangerous accumulations of explosive air -fuel mixtures in the
heating system, shall be provided.
(d) Excess temperature controls shall be provided to maintain a safe operating
temperature within the oven.
(e) Conveyor interlocks shall be provided in conveyor ovens having a flam-
mable vapor hazard, so that the conveyor cannot move unless ventilating fans are
operating and discharging the required amount of air.
140
1982 EDITION
ARTICLE 63
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
63.101-63.102
Scope
Sec. 63.101. This article applies only to those refrigeration units or systems
described herein which require a permit.
Classifications
Sec. 63.102. Classification of some of the most common refrigerants:
(a) Group 1
(1) Carbon Dioxide(R-744)
(2) Monochlorodifluoromethane (R-22)
(3) Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) (R-500)
(4) Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21)
(5) Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (R-114)
(6) Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11)
(7) Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) (R-30)
(8) Trifluorotrichloroethane (R-113)
(9) Chlorotrifluoromethane (R-13)
(10) Bromotrifluoromethane (R-13 B 1)
(11) Tetrafluoromethane (R-14)
(12) Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) (R-502)
(13) Chloropentafluoroethane (R-115)
(14) Octafluorocyclobutane(R-C 318)
(b) Group 2
(1)
Ammonia (R-717)
(2)
Dichloroethylene (R-1130)
(3)
Methylchloride (R-40)
(4)
Methyl Formate (R-611)
(5)
Sulfur Dioxide (R-764)
(c) Group 3
(1) Butane (R-764)
(2) Ethane (R-170)
(3) Propane(R-290)
(4) Ethylene (R- 1150)
(5) Isobutane (R-601)
This listing of refrigerants includes those most commonly used. Additional
refrigerant information may be obtained from the National Fire Protection Asso-
ciation and the American National Standards Institute. This article does not
address the subject of toxicity of refrigerants.
141
63.103-63.108 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Permits
Sec. 63.103. For a permit to install or operate a mechanical refrigeration unit or
system, see Section 4.101.
Installation and Maintenance
Sec. 63.104. All new mechanical refrigeration systems shall be installed and
all existing installations shall be maintained in a safe manner which will minimize
the life, health and fire hazard of the installation. Installation shall be in accor-
dance with the provisions of the Mechanical Code, as applicable.
All refrigeration systems, new or existing, shall be safely maintained in an
operative condition, free from accumulations of oil, dirt, waste, excessive corro-
sion, any other debris or leaks.
Access
Sec. 63.105. Refrigeration systems shall be easily accessible at all times.
Instructions
Sec. 63.106. The person in charge of any premises on which a refrigeration
unit or system is installed requiring a permit as described in Section 4.101 shall
provide in an approved manner a card designating:
1. Instructions for suspending operation of the system in the event of an
emergency.
2. The name, address and emergency telephone numbers to obtain emergen-
cy service.
3. The name, address and telephone number of the fire department having
jurisdiction with instructions to notify that fire department in the event of
an emergency.
4. The location and the operation of the emergency diffusion system when
required by this article.
Emergency Signs and Labels
Sec. 63.107. The person in charge of any premises on which a refrigeration
unit or system is installed requiring a permit by Section 4.101 shall provide in an
approved manner emergency signs and labels as described in the Uniform
Mechanical Code.
Diffusion Systems
Sec. 63.108. (a) Emergency Ammonia Diffusion Systems. 1. General.
Ammonia refrigeration systems shall be provided with an approved system for
promptly and safely removing the ammonia refrigerant in the event of an emer-
gency. Such emergency systems shall discharge into an approved water storage
tank, water basin or diffuser having a capacity of 2 gallons of water for each pound
of ammonia.
2. Tanks and basins. Storage tanks and basins shall meet the requirements set
forth by the fire chief.
3. Water supply and discharge system. Diffusers shall be provided with the
following approved components:
142
1982 EDITION 63.108
(i) Connection to a permanent water supply.
(ii) A fire department inlet hose connection adjacent to the control box.
(iii) Engineered mixing chamber.
(iv) Connection to a permanent sewer or drainage system by means of welded
or flanged fittings.
(v) Necessary control valves, check valves, fittings.
4. Discharge line. Diffusers shall be provided with a discharge line above the
liquid refrigerant level on all operating pressure levels of the system. These
discharge lines shall have a cross -sectional area of not less than the total cross -
sectional area of the high pressure receiver(s) emergency pressure -relief device(s)
but not less than 1-inch-diameter pipe. There shall not be any shutoff devices of
any type in the discharge line between the vessel being relieved and the control
box.
5. Control valves. Control valves for diffusers shall be housed within an
emergency refrigerant control box.
(i) Each such control box shall be located outside of the building on a street
front or shall be equally accessible and shall be not more than 6 feet above
the sidewalk or adjoining ground level. All valves shall be adequately
identified as to the procedure to be followed sequentially in the event of an
emergency.
(ii) Each such control box shall be of iron or steel not less than 0.0598-inch
thickness and provided with a hinged cover and lock.
(iii) Each such control box shall be provided with a permanent label on the
outside cover reading FIRE DEPARTMENT —EMERGENCY
REFRIGERANT CONTROL BOX and the name of the refrigerant in the
system.
(iv) Emergency switches for deactivation of the system compressors shall be
provided within the emergency control box.
6. Size of receiving system. The discharge of the diffusion system shall not
exceed the capacity of the receiving system.
7. Testing. Every diffusion system shall be tested, as required by the fire chief,
prior to being accepted.
8. Notification of activation. The chief shall be notified immediately if the
activation of an ammonia diffusion system is considered imminent or if the
system activation has occurred, either automatically or manually.
9. Approval. Every emergency ammonia diffusion system shall be approved
by the fire chief.
(b) Other Types. Diffusion systems for other type refrigerants shall be
installed when deemed necessary by the fire chief.
143
74.101-74.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
PART VII
SPECIAL SUBJECTS
ARTICLE 74
COMPRESSED GASES
Scope
Sec. 74.101. This article applies to oxygen systems and to the storage,
handling and use of compressed gases. All fixed installations of nonflammable
medical gases intended for sedation wherein the patient is not rendered uncon-
scious, such as, but not limited to analgesia systems used for dentistry, podiatry
and such other similar uses. Liquefied petroleum gases and compressed gases
used in conjunction with welding or cutting operations are exempt from these
provisions.
Wherever the term "oxygen" occurs in this article, the requirements shall
apply to systems for nitrous oxide.
Definitions
Sec. 74.102. For definitions of BULK OXYGEN SYSTEM, CENTRAL
SUPPLY, D.I.S.S. DIAMETER -INDEX SAFETY SYSTEM, FLAMMABLE
ANESTHETIC, NONFLAMMABLE MEDICAL GAS and PIPED DISTRIBU-
TION SYSTEM, see Article 9.
Permits
Sec. 74.103. For a permit to store, handle or use flammable compressed gas or
nonflammable compressed gas, see Section 4.101.
Storage Containers
Sec. 74.104. (a) Cylinders and pressure vessels shall be designed, constructed,
tested and maintained in accordance with nationally recognized good practice.
(b) Each cylinder, pressure vessel or group of containers shall be marked with
the name of the gas contained in accordance with nationally recognized good
practice.
Cylinder Systems for Flammble Anesthetics and Nonflammable Med-
ical Gases
Sec. 74.105. Cylinders containing flammable anesthetics and nonflammable
medical gases in hospitals and similar facilities shall be stored, handled and used
in accordance with nationally recognized good practice.
Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites
Sec. 74.106. Bulk oxygen systems located at industrial and institutional
consumer sites shall be installed in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 74-1.
Storage and Use of Cylinders
Sec. 74.107. All compressed gas cylinders in service or in storage shall be
144
1982 EDITION 74.107-74.108
adequately secured to prevent falling or being knocked over.
EXCEPTION: Compressed gas cylinders in the process of examination, servic-
ing and refilling are exempt from this section.
Nonflammable Medical Gas System
Sec. 74.108. (a) Cylinders shall be designed, constructed, tested and main-
tained in accordance with U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Specifica-
tions and Regulations.
(b) High-pressure supply cylinders shall be kept or stored outdoors within a
secure enclosure. When outdoor storage is not practical, they shall be enclosed in
a separate room or enclosure of not less than one -hour fire -resistive construction.
Every door opening into such enclosures shall be protected by tight -fitting smoke
and draft control door assembly having a fire -protection rating of not less than 20
minutes. The door and frame shall bear an approved label or other identification
showing the rating thereof. Doors shall be maintained self -closing. Adequate
ventilation shall be provided, preferably to the exterior of the building. There
shall be not less than two vents, each not less than 36 square inches in area so
located that one required vent will be located within 6 inches of the floor and the
other vent within 6 inches of the ceiling. Enclosures shall be located away from
exits.
NOTE: It is the intent of this section to locate the supply system in a secure room
or enclosure with no communicating openings to the interior of the building other
than the nonflammable gas supply lines. In many cases such as high-rise buildings
and existing installations, this may be impracticable or cannot be accomplished.
These installations should be evaluated individually by the fire marshal, with
consideration given for automatic sprinkler protection to cylinder enclosure.
(c) Rooms or enclosures for storage or use of nonflammable medical gases
shall not be used for the storage of any other materials. No electric or gas
apparatus other than an approved heating device to keep the enclosure warm so the
gases will flow shall be permitted therein. Enclosures of supply systems shall be
provided with doors or gates which may be locked.
(d) When enclosures (interior or exterior) for supply systems are located near
sources of heat such as furnaces, incinerators or boiler rooms, they shall be of
such sufficient construction to protect cylinders from overheating. Open electri-
cal conductors and transformers shall not be located in close proximity to
enclosures. Such enclosures shall not be located adjacent to oil storage tanks.
(e) Ordinary electrical wall fixtures in supply rooms shall be installed in fixed
locations not less than 5 feet above the floor to avoid physical damage.
(f) Manifolds shall be of substantial construction and of a design and materials
suitable for the service pressure involved. Mechanical means shall be provided to
assure the connection of cylinders containing the proper gas to the manifold.
Cylinder outlets for oxygen shall have a .903-inch-14NGO-RH-EXT outside
diameter for oxygen, industrial and medical (Connection No. 540; American -
Canadian Standard for Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connec-
tions, ANSI B57.1-1965, CAS 896-1965), and for nitrous oxide, .825-inch-
14NGO-RH-EXT standard cylinder valve outlet connection for nitrous oxide
145
74.108 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(Connection No. 1320, American -Canadian Standard for Compressed Gas Cylin-
der Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections, ANSI B57.1-1965).
When other nonflammable gases or gas mixtures are to be piped, care should be
taken to assure noninterchangeability with other medical gases.
NOTE: It is advisable to obtain manifolds from, and have them installed under
the supervision of, a manufacturer familiar with proper practices for their con-
struction and use.
(g) A check valve shall be installed between each cylinder lead and the
manifold header as shown in Figure No. 2.
NOTE: The purpose of this check valve is to prevent the loss of gas from the
manifolded cylinders in the event the safety relief device on an individual cylinder
should function or a cylinder lead should fail.
(h) All flexible hose and D.I.S.S. fittings used to connect the pressure regulator
to the fixed piping on the low-pressure side and also used to connect the
dispensing unit to the outlet stations shall be of a type approved by the chief; the
hose and fittings shall have a bursting pressure of not less than four times the
maximum working pressure. The hose shall be a maximum length of 5 feet and
shall not penetrate walls, floors, etc.
(i) Threaded connections between the regulator and either the low-pressure
manifold or piping system shall be noninterchangeable connections complying
with D.I.S.S. CGA Pamphlet V-5.
0) The pipeline system shall be capable of delivering 50-55 psig to all outlets at
the maximum flow rate. Pressure -regulating equipment capable of maintaining
the minimum flow rate of the pipeline system shall be installed on each cylinder
upstream of the final pressure -relief valve, as shown in Figure No. 1.
EXCEPTION: Systems using approved manifold -type installations.
(k) A shutoff valve or check valve shall be installed downstream of each
pressure regulator, as shown in Figure No. 2.
(1) A pressure -relief valve set at 50 percent above normal pipeline pressure shall
be installed in the main line downstream of the pressure -regulating valve, as
shown in Figures Nos. 1 and 2. All pressure -relief valves shall close automatically
when excess pressure has been released. Relief valves shall be vented to the
outside or a safe area. Pressure -relief valves shall be of brass or bronze and
especially designed for oxygen service.
146
1982 EDITION 74.108-74.109
PRESSURE•
RELIEF VALVE \ MANIFOLD
TOPIPING- O O BLOCK
----iPRESSURE REGULATOR
FIGURE NO. 1
PRESSURE -RELIEF VALVE
� :j
VALVE
BLOCK MANIFOLD
t, BLOCK r TEE
TO
PIPING ----'
FROM CYLINDER 11 /
CHE KVALVES PRESSURE
REGULATOR
FIGURE NO.2
Pipe Distribution
Sec. 74.109. (a) Pipelines shall be seamless Type K or L (ASTM B-88) copper
tubing or standard weight (Schedule 40) brass pipe. Copper tubing preferably
should be hard temper for exposed locations and soft temper for underground or
concealed locations. Pipe sizes shall be in conformity with good engineering
practice for proper delivery of maximum volumes specified. Gas piping shall not
be supported by other piping but shall be supported with pipe hooks, metal pipe
straps, bands or hangers suitable for the size of pipe and of proper strength and
quality at proper intervals so that piping cannot be moved accidentally from the
installed position as follows:
'/4-inch pipe or tubing .................................. 6 feet
3/8-inch pipe or tubing .................................. 6 feet
147
74.109 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
'/z-inch pipe or tubing .................................. 6 feet
3/4-inch or I -inch pipe or tubing .......................... 8 feet
1'/4-inch or larger (horizontal) .......................... 10 feet
1'/4-inch or larger (vertical) ..................... every floor level
(b) All fittings used for connecting copper tubing shall be wrought copper,
brass or bronze fittings made especially for solder or brazed connection, except as
provided in Section 74.109 (c). Brass pipe shall be assembled with screw -type
brass fittings or with bronze or copper brazing -type fittings.
(c) Approved gas tubing fittings may be used on gas distribution lines when
pipe sizes are 1/2-inch nominal or less if the fitting is so installed as to be visible in
the room. Such fittings also may be used in connecting copper tubing of 3/4-inch
nominal or less to shutoff valves described in Section 74.110, provided the
fittings are readily accessible.
(d) Buried piping shall be adequately protected against frost, corrosion and
physical damage. Ducts or casings may be used. Oxygen piping may be placed in
the same tunnel, trench or duct with fuel -gas pipelines, electrical lines or steam
lines, if separated, provided there is good natural or forced ventilation. Oxygen
pipelines shall not be placed in a tunnel, trench or duct where exposed to contact
with oil.
(e) Oxygen pipelines installed in combustible partitions shall be protected
against physical damage by installation within pipe or conduit. Openings for
pipelines installed in concealed spaces shall be fire -stopped with construction
having a fire resistance equal to or greater than the original construction. Oxygen
risers may be installed in pipe shafts if suitable protection against physical
damage, effects of excessive heat, corrosion or contact with oil is provided.
Oxygen risers shall not be located in elevator shafts.
(f) Exposed oxygen pipelines should not be installed in storage rooms for
combustible materials, kitchens, laundries or other areas of special hazard. Where
installation of oxygen pipelines in such locations is unavoidable, the piping shall
be protected by an enclosure which will prevent the liberation of oxygen within
the room should leaks occur in the piping system installed in the enclosure.
(g) Pipelines exposed to physical damage such as might be sustained from the
movement of portable equipment such as carts, stretchers or trucks in corridors
and other locations shall be provided with suitable protection.
(h) The gas content of pipelines shall be readily identifiable by appropriate
labeling with the name of the gas contained. Such labeling shall be by means of
metal tags, stenciling, stamping or with adhesive markers in a manner that is not
readily removable. Labeling shall appear on the pipe at intervals of not more than
20 feet and at least once in each room and each story traversed by the pipeline.
(i) Piping systems for gases shall not be used as a grounding electrode.
0) Before erection, all piping, valves and fittings —except those supplied
especially prepared for oxygen service by the manufacturer and received sealed
on the job —shall be thoroughly cleaned of oil, grease and other readily oxidizable
materials by washing in a hot solution of sodium carbonate or trisodium phosphate
148
1982 EDITION 1 74.109-74.111
(proportion of one pound to three gallons of water). THE USE OF ORGANIC
SOLVENTS, FOR EXAMPLE, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, IS PRO-
HIBITED. Scrubbing shall be employed where necessary to ensure complete
cleaning. After washing, the material shall be rinsed thoroughly in clean, hot
water. After cleaning, particular care shall be exercised in the storage and
handling of all pipe and fittings. Pipe and fittings shall be temporarily capped or
plugged to prevent recontamination before final assembly. Tools used in cutting or
reaming shall be kept free from oil or grease. Where such contamination has
occurred, the items affected shall be rewashed and rinsed.
(k) All joints in the piping, except those permitted to be approved brass flared -
type gas tubing fittings and those at valves or at equipment requiring screw
connections, shall be made with silver brazing alloy or similar high melting point
(at least 1000°R) brazing metal. Particular care shall be exercized in applying the
flux to avoid leaving any excess inside the completed joints. The outside of the
tube and fittings shall be cleaned by washing with hot water after assembly.
(1) Screw joints used in shutoff valves, including station outlet valves, shall be
installed by tinning the male thread with soft solder. An approved oxygen luting or
sealing compound is acceptable.
(m) After installation of the piping, but before installation of the outlet valves,
the line shall be blown clear by means of oil -free, dry air or nitrogen.
Shutoff Valves
Sec. 74.110. (a) The main oxygen supply line shall be provided with a shutoff
valve so located as to be accessible in an emergency. (Cylinder valve will usually
suffice when not more than two cylinders are used.)
(b) Each riser supplied from the main line shall be provided with a shutoff valve
adjacent to the riser connection.
NOTE: Applicable only in installations with risers off the main line.
Station Outlets
Sec. 74.111. (a) Each station outlet for oxygen or nitrous oxide shall be
equipped with either a manually operated or automatic shutoff valve and shall be
legibly labeled with the name of the gas.
(b) Manually operated valves shall be equipped with noninterchangeable con-
nections complying with Diameter -Index Safety System (A Standard for Nonin-
terchangeable Low -Pressure Connections for Medical Gases, Air and Suction)
CGA Pamphlet V-5.
(c) Each station outlet equipped with a female member of an approved quick -
coupler of the noninterchangeable type for oxygen or nitrous oxide service, and
so identified, shall be provided with an automatic shutoff valve incorporated in
such a manner that when the quick -coupler is removed from the pipeline for
repair, the flow of oxygen or nitrous oxide shall be shut off until the female
member of the quick -coupler is reattached.
Female members of the quick -couplers of the noninterchangeable types of
oxygen or nitrous oxide may be attached to manually operated noninterchangea-
ble station shutoff valves for oxygen or nitrous oxide service.
149
74.111-74.115 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(e) All pressure gages and manometers for oxygen, including gages applied
temporarily for testing purposes, shall be manufactured expressly for that gas and
labeled OXYGEN —USE NO OIL!
Testing of Piping
Sec. 74.112. (a) After installation of station outlet valves, each section of the
pipeline systems shall be subjected to a test pressure of one and one-half times the
maximum working pressure, but not less than 150 psig, with oil -free, dry air or
nitrogen. This test pressure shall be maintained until each joint has been examined
for leakage by means of soapy water or other equally effective means of leak
detection safe for use with oxygen.
NOTE: A visual inspection of each brazen joint is recommended to make sure
that the alloy has flowed completely in and around the joint and that hardened flux
has not formed a temporary seal which holds test pressure. Remove all excess flux
for clear visual inspection of brazed connections. All leaks shall be repaired and the
section retested.
(b) After completing the testing of each individual pipeline system, all of the
associated pipeline systems shall be subjected to a 24-hour standing pressure test
at one and one-half times the maximum working pressure, but not less than 150
psig. The test gas shall be oil -free, dry air or nitrogen.
(c) After the pipeline systems are filled with test gas, the supply valve and all
outlet valves should be closed and the source of test gas disconnected. The system
shall remain leak -free for 24 hours.
Cross -connection Testing
Sec. 74.113. (a) To determine that no cross -connection to other pipeline system
exists, reduce all systems to atmospheric pressure. Disconnect all sources of test
gas from all of the systems, with the exception of the one system to be checked.
Pressure this system with oil -free, dry air or nitrogen to a pressure of 50 psig.
With appropriate adaptors matching outlet labels, check each individual station
outlet of all systems installed to determine that test gas is being dispensed from
only the outlets of this system.
(b) Disconnect the source of test gas and reduce the system tested to
atmospheric pressure. Proceed to test each additional pipeline system in accor-
dance with (a) above.
Purging
Sec. 74.114. When all medical gas piping systems have been tested in accor-
dance with Sections 74.112 and 74.113, the source of test gas shall be discon-
nected and the proper gas source of supply connected to each respective system.
Following this connection and pressurization, all outlets shall be opened in a
progressive order, starting nearest the source and completing the process of purge
flushing at the outlet farthest from the source. Gas shall be permitted to flow from
each outlet until each system is purged of test gas used during previous tests.
General Precautions
Sec. 74.115. (a) Approval of the chief shall be required prior to installation of
the system.
150
1982 EDITION
74.115
(b) The supply system shall be turned off at the end of each day of operation.
(c) All compressed gas cylinders in service or in storage shall be adequately
secured in an approved manner to prevent falling or being knocked over.
(d) Adequate precautions against theft and vandalism shall be taken.
(e) The installer shall post safety precautions and proper operating instructions
in a conspicuous approved location.
(f) The installer shall instruct the doctor or other person in charge of the office
in the proper techniques for using the equipment safely.
(g) Smoking shall be prohibited in, or around, supply system enclosures. NO
SMOKING —OXYGEN or similar warning signs shall be posted in the enclosure.
151
75.101-75.102, 75.102-A UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 75
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
Division I
General
Scope
Sec. 75.101. This article shall apply to the storage, handling and transporta-
tion of cryogenic fluids as hereinafter defined. This article is not intended to
include liquefied petroleum gas as defined in this code.
Definitions
Sec. 75.102 (a) General. For the definitions of BELOWGROUND CON-
TAINER, CRYOGENIC FLUIDS, CRYOGENIC INGROUND CONTAINER,
CRYOGENIC VESSEL, FLAMMABLE CRYOGENIC FLUIDS, SAFETY
FACTOR and SYSTEM, see Article 9.
CONTAINER, as used in this article, is any cryogenic vessel whether used for
transportation, handling or storage.
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS shall be classified according to Table No. 75.102-A.
LOW -TEMPERATURE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES are set
forth in Table No. 75.102-B.
TABLE NO.75.102-A—CLASSIFICATION OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
FLAMMABLE
NONFLAMMABLE
CORROSIVE/
HIGHLY TOXIC
OXIDIZER
Carbon
Air
Carbon
Flourine
Monoxide
Argon
Monoxide
Nitric Oxide
Deuterium'
Helium
Flourine
Oxygen
Ethylene
Krypton
Nitric Oxide
Hydrogen
Neon
Methane
Nitrogen
Xenon
'Heavy hydrogen is treated as hydrogen in this article.
152
TABLE NO.75.102-B-LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
GASES
NORMAL BOILING POINT
TRIPLE
POINT OR
CRITICAL POINT
(MELTING
POINT)
SPECIFIC HEAT
GAS DENSITY
LiOuiA
Oensit7
Latent Heat
MOLECULAR
CP Q 70°F.
14.7 PSIA BTU/
® 70°F.
14.7 PSIA
Pressure
Preswre
NAME
FORMULA
WEIGHT
Temp. °F.
Lb./Cu. Ft.
BTU/Lb.-Male
.Temp. °F.
PSIA
Temp. °F.
PSIA
(L0. Mole) (°F.)
Lb./Cu. FL
Air'
3
28.96
-317.9
54.56
2556
7.0
0.07493
Argon'
A
39.95
-302.6
86.98
2804
-187.6
705
-308.9
9.99
4.98
0.1034
Carbon Monoxide2
CO
28.01
-311.9
49.3
2597
-220.4
508
-337.1
2.23
6.97
0.0725
Deuterium2
D2
4.03
-417.3
10.7
540
-390.8
239
-426.0
2.48
6.97
0.0104
Fluorine
F2
38.00
-306.6
93.8
2815
-200.2
808
(-363.3)
7.49
0.0983
Helium'
He
4.00
-452.13
7.798
.36
-450.2
33
-455.84
7.35 x 10-1 4
4.98
0.01034
Hydrogen12
H2
2.02
-422.99
4.418
389
-399.8
188
-434.5
1.044
6.89
0.005209
Kryptons
Kr
83.80
-244.0
150.6
3884
- 82.8
796
-250.9
10.62
4.98
0.2172
Methane2
C114
16.04
-258.6
26.5
3519
-116.6
670
-296.5
1.69
8.6
0.0416
Neon'
Ne
20.18
-410.7
75.35
748
-379.7
395
-415.4
6.27
4.98
0.05215
Nitric Oxide'
NO
30.01
-241.0
79.3
.5953
-137.2
945
-263.6
3.16
7.1
0.0777
Nitrogen'
N2
28.01
-320.5
50.46
2405
-232.6
491
-345.9
1.82
6.98
0.07245
Oxygen'
02
32.00
-297.3
71.27
2932
-181.1
737
-361.8
2.10 x 10-2
7.02
0.08281
'Based on data from the Compressed Gas Association Meeting, June 19, 1962.
2Flammable.
3Proximate composition of dry air (Mole percent: 78.09 N2, 20.95 02. 0.93 AT, 0.03 CO2.
4K (lambda) point.
75.103-75.108 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Permits
Sec. 75.103. For a permit to store, handle or transport cryogens, see Section
4.101.
NOTE: This section shall not apply to vehicles properly equipped for and
using cryogenic fluids as the primary fuel for propelling the vehicle or
for refrigerating the lading.
Approval of Containers, Equipment and Devices
Sec. 75.104. (a) General. All containers, equipment and devices used for the
storage, handling and transportation of cryogenic fluids shall be of a type,
material and construction approved by the chief as suitable for such use. Approval
shall be based upon satisfactory evidence that the design, construction and test are
in accordance with nationally recognized standards. See Section 2.203 (b).
(b) Unidentified Containers. Containers, equipment or devices which are not
in compliance with recognized standards for design and construction may be
approved by the chief upon presentation of satisfactory evidence that they are
designed and constructed for safe operation.
The following data shall be submitted to the chief with reference to the
deviation from the standard with the application for approval:
1. Type and use of container, equipment or device.
2. Material to be stored, handled or transported.
3. Description showing dimensions and materials used in construction.
4. Design pressure, maximum operating pressure and test pressure.
5. Type, size and setting of safety devices.
6. Such other data as the chief may request.
Electrical Equipment
Sec. 75.105. (a) General. Electrical installations and equipment shall conform
to the provisions of the Electrical Code.
(b) Lighting. When required by the chief, lighting, including emergency
lighting, shall be provided for fire appliances and operating facilities such as
walkways, control valves and gages.
Electrical Grounding or Bonding
Sec. 75.106. Containers, systems and equipment used for flammable
cryogenic fluids shall be either grounded or bonded or both. Electrical grounding
and bonding shall be provided by an approved system and shall comply with the
Electrical Code. Suitable means shall be taken to protect the system against
corrosion, including corrosion caused by stray electric currents.
Warning Labels
Sec. 75.107. Warning labels and signs shall be posted on containers and
equipment and at such locations as may be prescribed by the chief.
Dispensing Areas
Sec. 75.108. Dispensing of flammable cryogenic fluids, liquefied oxygen,
liquid oxidizers or toxic/corrosive cryogenics shall be only at approved locations.
154
1982 EDITION 75.109-75.202
Fire Protection
Sec. 75.109. Provisions shall be made in all flammable storage areas for
controlling and extinguishing vent line fires.
Division II
CONTAINERS
Container Design, Construction and Testing
Sec. 75.201. (a) General. Containers used for the storage and handling of
cryogenic fluids shall be of approved materials and design in accordance with
nationally recognized standards. See Section 2.303 (b).
(b) Metallic. Metallic containers shall be constructed, inspected and tested in
accordance with nationally recognized standards. See Section 2.303 (b).
(c) Concrete. Concrete containers shall be built in accordance with the applic-
able provisions of the Building Code. Barrier materials used in connection with
concrete but not functioning structurally shall be materials authorized by
nationally recognized standards. See Section 2.303 (b).
(d) Shipping. Containers used in transportation shall be built, inspected and
tested in accordance with the applicable provisions of the United States Depart-
ment of Transportation.
Container Pressure -relief Devices
Sec. 75.202. (a) General. All pressure containers shall be protected by a
pressure -relief device or devices. If only one pressure -relief device is used, it
shall be set to operate at a pressure not to exceed the maximum allowable working
pressure. Additional relief devices may be set to operate at a higher pressure but
shall not exceed 150 percent of the maximum allowable working pressure.
(b) Fire Hazard Exposures. Containers subject to an exposure fire hazard
shall be protected by pressure -relieving devices designed to protect against
excessive pressure caused by fire exposure. Such devices shall be set to operate at
a pressure not in excess of 110 percent of the maximum allowable working
pressure and shall have a relieving capacity sufficient to prevent the pressure from
rising more than 20 percent above the maximum working pressure. If only one
device is used, it shall be set to operate at a pressure not to exceed the maximum
allowable working pressure.
(c) Accessibility and Moisture Effects. Relief devices shall be located so that
they are readily accessible for inspection and repair and shall be protected against
tampering. All relief devices shall be so designed or located that moisture cannot
collect and freeze in a manner which would interfere with proper operation of the
device.
(d) Shutoffs Between Relief Valves and Containers. No shutoff valves shall
be installed between relief valves and containers except that a shutoff valve may
be used on multiple valve installations where the arrangement of the valves will
provide full required flow through the relief devices at all times.
155
75.202-75.301 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(e) Outer Containers. Outer containers shall be equipped with pressure -relief
devices to adequately protect the containers from excessive pressure.
(f) Vessels Other than Containers. Heat exchangers and similar vessels shall
be protected with a relieving device of sufficient capacity to avoid overpressure in
case of internal failure.
(g) Subjecting to Low Temperatures. Safety relief valves shall not be sub-
jected to cryogenic temperatures except when operating.
Pressure -relief Vent Piping
Sec. 75.203. (a) Size. All relief vent piping shall have an area equal to at least
the area of the relief valve and shall be arranged so as not to unduly restrict the
flow.
(b) Arrangement. Relief devices or relief device vent piping shall be arranged
so that escaping gas will discharge unobstructed to the open air and not impinge
on personnel, containers, equipment and structures or enter enclosed spaces.
(c) Moisture Control and Termination. Vents shall be installed in such a
manner as to exclude or remove moisture and condensation and to prevent
malfunction due to freezing or icing. Drains shall be so installed as to prevent
possible flame impingement on the container, piping, equipment and structures.
Insulation
Sec. 75.204. Insulation for containers in oxygen service shall be noncombusti-
ble and shall be nonreactive with oxygen -enriched air.
Nameplate
Sec. 75.205. Each container shall be identified by the attachment of a name-
plate in an accessible place marked as authorized by nationally recognized
standards or the regulations of the United States Department of Transportation.
See Section 2.303 (b)
Division III
STORAGE
Installation of Aboveground Containers
Sec. 75.301. (a) Foundation and Protection of Supports. Containers shall be
provided with substantial concrete or masonry foundations, or structural steel
supports on firm concrete or masonry foundations. Structural steel supports,
exceeding 18 inches in height, for cryogenic fluid containers shall be protected
with protective coating having a two-hour fire -resistive rating as specified in the
Building Code.
(b) Temporary Installations. Temporarily installed portable containers shall
be provided with substantial noncombustible supports securely anchored on firm
compatible foundations. ASME or DOT approved mobile containers shall meet
the intent of this section.
EXCEPTION: Temporarily installed containers of liquid oxygen must be
installed over an approved noncombustible surface.
156
1982 EDITION 75.301-75.303
(c) Temperature Effects on Supports. When container supports or founda-
tions are likely to reach cryogenic temperatures, the supports or foundations shall
be of a material and design to withstand the low -temperature effects of cryogenic
fluid spillage.
Horizontal containers shall be so mounted on foundations as to permit expan-
sion and contraction.
(d) Support Design of Corrosion Protection. Every container shall be sup-
ported to prevent the concentration of excessive loads on the supporting portion of
the shell. That portion of the container in contact with foundations or saddles shall
be protected against corrosion.
(e) Flooding Areas. Containers located in areas that are subject to flooding
shall be securely anchored or elevated.
(f) Protection from Damage. Storage containers, piping, valves, regulating
equipment and other accessories shall be protected against physical damage and
against tampering.
(g) Securing. Containers shall be secured as may be necessary to prevent
shifting or upset.
Drainage for Aboveground Containers
Sec. 75.302. (a) General. The area surrounding a container for cryogenic
fluids shall be provided with drainage to prevent accidental discharge of fluids
from endangering adjacent containers, buildings and equipment or adjoining
property. These provisions may be altered or waived when determined by the
chief that such container does not constitute a hazard, after consideration of
special features such as rock for a heat sink, topographical conditions, nature of
occupancy, proximity to buildings on the same or adjacent property, capacity and
construction of containers and character of fluids to be stored.
(b) Drainage Design. Where a drainage system is utilized to provide the
required protection, such system shall be engineered to meet the intent of Section
75.302 (a).
Location of Aboveground Containers with Respect to Exposure
Sec. 75.303. (a) General. Cryogenic fluid containers shall be located in
accordance with Table No. 75.303. Containers in excess of the quantity in Table
No. 75.303 shall be engineered based on the exposure hazard. Extrapolations
from Table No. 75.303 are not applicable to quantities in excess of those listed.
(b) Production and Transfill Plant Exposure. Distance for cryogenic con-
tainers to exposures at production plants and transfill plants shall be engineered
based on the exposure hazard.
(Table on following page)
157
TABLE NO.75.303—MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS IN STORAGE
DISTANCE IN
FEET TO
DISTANCE IN FEET TO
NONFLAMMABLE
LIOUIDS5
DISTANCE IN FEET TO
FLAMMABLE LIOUIDS5
DISTANCE IN FEET
TO OXIDIZERS5
CORROSIVE AND HIGHLY
TOXIC LIQUIDS5
3501-
15,001-
1001-
EXPOSURE
75,000 gal.
0-3500 gal.
15,000 gal.
30,000 gal.
0.1000 gal.
50,000 gal.
20,000 gal. or less
BUILDINGS —
Type I and lope II-F.R.
1
5
5
5
1
1
5
Types II -NC and One -hour
1
251
501
751
1 min.
I min.
25
Types III, IV and V
1
501
751
1001
501
501
50
WALL OPENINGS, AIR INTAKES
1
75 above the system
10
10
253
FLAMMABLE and
COMBUSTIBLE
<1000 gal.
5
501
751
751
2512
251 2
501
LIQUID ABOVEGROUND
> 1000 gal.
5
50'
751
100'
501 2
501 2
501
FLAMMABLE and
COMBUSTIBLE
From tank
1
20
20
20
15
15
15
LIQUID BELOWGROUND
From vent
1
251
251
251
251 2
251 2
2512
FLAMMABLE GAS
<25,000 cu. ft.
5
251
25'
501
251 2
251 2
501
>25,000 cu. ft.
5
501
501
751
251 2
501 2
50'
FAST -BURNING SOLIDS
5
50'
751
1001
5012
501
501
PLACES OF PUBLIC ASSEMBLY
Nonambulatory patient areas
50
75
75
75
50
50
504
PROPERTY LINES
5
25
50
75
5
5
504
NONFLAMMABLE CRYOGEN
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
FLAMMABLE CRYOGEN
5
5
5
5
75' 2 1
751 z
501
OXIDIZER CRYOGEN
5
751 2
751 z
751 2
5
5
501 z
CORROSIVE AND HIGHLY
TOXIC CRYOGEN
5
501
501
50'
5
5
5
'The distances do not apply where protective structures having a minimimum fire resistance of two hours interrupt the line of sight between
uninsulated portions of the cryogenic storage installation and the exposure. In such cases, the cryogenic installation shall be a minimum distance of
1 foot (or greater distance if required for system maintenance) from the protective structure. The protective structure shall be at least 5 feet from the
exposure.
The protective structure (in lieu of distance) protects uninsulated cryogenic containers or supports, control equipment enclosures, and system
piping (or parts thereof) from external fire exposure. Cryogenic containers are well insulated. Such containers can provide ►ine-of-sight protection
for uninsulated system components.
Protective structure configuration and dimensions will, therefore, vary depending upon the components of a particular system and their spatial
relation to each other and to the exposure. Also, the configuration will allow for natural ventilation to prevent the accumulation of hazardous gas
concentrations and shall not have more than two sides at approximately 90-degree directions, except a third diagonal section may be used at the
vertex.
2Where it is necessary to locate liquefied oxygen in the vicinity of flammable cryogens, liquefied flammable gas or flammable liquids, suitable
protective means shall be taken (such as grading or diversion curbs) to prevent accumulation of liquids within 25 feet of each other.
3For Carbon monoxide-50 feet.
4For Carbon monoxide-75 feet.
5Distances may be increased when cryogenic fluid is reactive with exposure cryogenic fluid.
75.304-75.307 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Installation of Belowground Concrete Containers
Sec. 75.304. (a) Frost -heave Soils. Suitable tests shall be conducted by
qualified personnel at the site to determine whether the soil within the expected
freezing zone around the container is of the frost -heave susceptible type. If it is
determined that the soil is susceptible to ice -lens formation, select backfill of
sufficient width shall be placed around the vessel to prevent excessive pressure
from acting on the container or suitable means taken to ensure that the zone of
freezing will not extend into the frost -heave susceptible soil.
(b) Foundations. Belowground concrete containers shall be installed on foun-
dations or supports of concrete, masonry piling, steel or a suitable foundation of
aggregate which shall have been designed and constructed in accordance with the
Building Code.
(c) Limiting Access. The container storage area shall be fenced or otherwise
protected where necessary. A minimum of two access openings shall be provided,
and they shall be sufficient in size to accommodate emergency equipment.
Installation of Cryogenic In -ground Containers
Sec. 75.305. (a) General. Natural materials such as earth shall be proved to
have adequate chemical and physical properties for the construction and operation
of the container at the operating temperature.
(b) Container Base. Containers shall be bottomed out of material naturally
impermeable or made impermeable by artificial means.
(c) Design and Construction. Any foundation, such as those for the super-
structure or roof, shall be properly designed and constructed in accordance with
the Building Code.
(d) Fencing. The container storage area shall be fenced or otherwise protected
where necessary. A minimum of two access openings shall be provided and they
shall be of sufficient size to accommodate emergency equipment.
Location of Belowground and In -ground Containers with Respect to
Exposure
Sec. 75.306. The minimum distance from the edge of belowground and in -
ground flammable cryogenic containers to the nearest important building, proper-
ty line or public way or from aboveground flammable or combustible liquid
storage shall be in accordance with the following table:
CONTAINER CAPACITY
(Gallons)
MINIMUM DISTANCE
Less than 500
5 feet
More than 500 to 1000
25 feet
Over 1000
50 feet
Location of Containers with Respect to Dikes
Sec. 75.307. Containers of cryogenic fluids shall not be located within dikes
enclosing flammable or combustible liquid containers, LPG containers or com-
pressed gas containers.
160
1982 EDITION
75.401-75.402
Division IV
PIPING, PROCESS AND ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT AT
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES AND CONSUMER SITES
Piping, Materials and Construction
Sec. 75.401. (a) General. All piping and materials such as gaskets, thread
compound, etc., shall be suitable for the intended use through the full range of
pressure and temperature to which they will be subjected, maintaining a safety
factor of four to one.
(b) Piping System Design. The piping system shall be designed and con-
structed to provide adequate allowance for expansion, contraction, vibration,
settlement and fire exposure.
(c) Joints. Joints on all container piping and tubing over 2-inch nominal
diameter shall be made by welding or with welded flanges. For nonflammable and
nontoxic and noncorrosive cryogenic fluids, joints may be screwed, welded,
silver brazed or with welded flanges.
(d) Outside Piping. Piping outside buildings may be either buried or above-
ground and shall be well supported and protected against physical damage and
corrosion.
(e) Testing. All piping and tubing shall be tested after installation at not less
than one and one-half times hydraulically or one and one-fourth times pneu-
matically the maximum working pressure and proved free of leaks.
Valves and Accessory Equipment
Sec. 75.402. (a) General. All valves and accessory equipment shall be suitable
for the intended use at the temperatures of the application and shall be designed
for not less than the maximum pressure and minimum temperature to which they
may be subjected, maintaining a safety factor of four to one.
(b) Shutoffs on Containers. Shutoff valves shall be provided on all container
connections. Shutoff valves shall be located as close as practicable to the
containers.
(c) Containers in Excess of 2000 Gallons. All liquid and vapor connections on
flammable cryogenic fluid containers in excess of 2000 water gallons, except
gaging connections under 1/2-inch pipe size, shall be equipped with check valves
or a remotely controlled, quick -closing valve. Remote valves shall be labeled in a
manner acceptable to the chief. Remote valves shall be located as close as
practical to the tank.
(d) Shutoff on Pipelines. Shutoff valves shall be installed in all liquid pipelines
as needed to limit the volume of liquid discharged in event of piping or equipment
failure. Relief valves shall be installed between shutoff valves in all pipelines.
(e) Identification of Container Connections. All inlet and outlet connections
except relief valves, liquid -level gaging devices, and pressure gages on any
container shall be labeled or identified by a schematic drawing to designate
whether they are connected to vapor or liquid space.
161
76.402-75.602 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(f) Vent Reliefs for Flammables and Corrosives. All relief device vent lines
for flammable and corrosive cryogenics shall be piped to a vent stack which
discharges up in the air at a safe distance from personnel.
Division V
HANDLING, LOADING AND UNLOADING
Loading and Unloading Area
Sec. 75.501. (a) General. Loading and unloading shall be performed in such a
manner as not to create an unsafe condition.
(b) Control. Movement of vehicles, starting of engines, loading and unloading
operations shall be controlled by personnel responsible for this area.
(c) Oxygen Near Fuels. Loading and unloading of oxygen shall not be
permitted in the vicinity of loading or unloading of gaseous or liquid fuel.
(d) Parking Vehicles. Parked vehicles shall have wheel chocks in place.
Division VI
TRANSPORTATION
Containers, Tanks and Vessels
Sec. 75.601. Containers, tanks and vessels used for transporting cryogenic
fluids shall meet all applicable requirements of the United States Department of
Transportation.
Vehicles
Sec. 75.602. Vehicles transporting cryogenic fluids and subject to require-
ments of this code shall:
1. Be placarded at the front, rear and on each side identifying the product.
Placards shall have letters not less than 2 inches high using approximately a
5/8-inch stroke. Abbreviations shall not be used. In addition to the placard
identifying the product, vehicles shall also bear other placards as may be
required by the United States Department of Transportation, i.e., FLAM-
MABLE GAS, OXIDIZER, etc.
2. Be equipped with not less than one approved -type fire extinguisher, with a
minimum rating of 2-A:20-B:C.
3. Be equipped with adequate chock blocks.
162
1982 EDITION 76.101-76.103
ARTICLE 76
PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS
Definition
Sec. 76.101. For the definition of DUST as used in this article, see Article 9.
Permits
Sec. 76.102. For a permit to conduct an operation which produces dust, see
Section 4.101.
General Requirements
Sec. 76.103. (a) All dust -producing or dust -agitating machinery, such as
grinding mills and separators, and all elevators, elevator legs, spouts, hoppers and
other conveyors shall be provided with casing or enclosures maintained as nearly
dust -tight as possible.
(b) Approved magnetic or pneumatic separators shall be installed ahead of all
shellers, crackers, crushers, grinding machines, pulverizers and similar machines
in which the entrance of foreign materials may cause sparks to be generated.
(c) Suitable dust -collecting equipment shall be installed, and accumulation of
dust shall be kept at a minimum in the interior of buildings.
(d) All machinery and metal parts of the crushing, drying, pulverizing and
conveying system shall be electrically grounded in accordance with the Electrical
Code.
(e) Smoking and the carrying of matches, the use of heating or other devices
employing an open flame, or use of any spark -producing equipment is prohibited
in areas containing dust -producing or dust -agitating operations. Artificial light-
ing in such areas shall be by electricity with all wiring and electrical equipment
installed in accordance with the Electrical Code.
(f) Properly designed and located vents which will relieve the pressure resulting
from an explosion and prevent or reduce damage to buildings or equipment shall
be required in all buildings where flammable or explosive dusts are manufac-
tured, processed or generated. The design and amount of such equipment shall be
in accordance with the Building Code.
(g) Static electricity shall be removed from all machinery and other component
parts by permanent grounds or bonds or both. The design and installation of such
grounds shall be in accordance with approved standards.
163
77.101-77.104 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 77
EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING AGENTS
Division I
GENERAL
Scope
Sec. 77.101. This article shall apply to the manufacture, possession, storage,
sale, transportation and use of explosives and blasting agents.
Exceptions
Sec. 77.102. (a) Nothing in this article shall be construed as applying to:
1. The armed forces of the United States or the state militia.
2. Explosives in forms prescribed by the official United States Pharma-
copoeia.
3. The sale, possession or use of fireworks.
4. The possession, transportation and use of small arms ammunition.
5. The possession, storage, transportation and use of not more than one
pound of black sporting powder, 20 pounds of smokeless powder and 2000
small arms primers for hand loading of small arms ammunition for person-
al use.
6. The transportation and use of explosives or blasting agents by the United
States Bureau of Mines, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United
States Secret Service or Police and Fire Departments acting in their official
capacities.
7. Special industrial explosive devices which in the aggregate contain less
than 50 pounds of explosives.
Definitions
Sec. 77.103. For definitions of BLASTING AGENT, BULLET RESISTANT,
INHABITED BUILDING, EXPLOSIVES, GUNPOWDER, SPECIAL INDUS-
TRIAL EXPLOSIVE DEVICE, SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL HIGH -EXPLOSIVE
MATERIAL and TEST BLASTING CAP NO. 8, see Article 9.
Permits
Sec. 77.104. (a) Permits shall be obtained:
1. To manufacture, possess, store, sell or otherwise dispose of explosives or
blasting agents.
2. To transport explosives or blasting agents.
3. To use explosives or blasting agents.
4. To operate a terminal for handling explosives or blasting agents.
5. To deliver to or receive explosives or blasting agents from a carrier at a
terminal between the hours of sunset and sunrise.
164
1982 EDITION
77.104-77.105
6. To transport blasting caps or electric blasting caps on the same vehicle with
explosives.
(b) Permits required by Section 77.104 (a) of this article shall not be issued for:
1. Liquid nitroglycerin.
2. Dynamite (except gelatin dynamite) containing over 60 percent of liquid
explosive ingredient.
3. Dynamite having an unsatisfactory absorbent or one that permits leakage
of a liquid explosive ingredient under any conditions liable to exist during
storage.
4. Nitrocellulose in a dry and uncompressed condition in quantity greater
than 10 pounds net weight in one package.
5. Fulminate of mercury in a dry condition and fulminate of all other metals in
any condition except as a component of manufactured articles not hereinaf-
ter forbidden.
6. Explosive compositions that ignite spontaneously or undergo marked
decomposition, rendering the products or their use more hazardous, when
subjected for 48 consecutive hours or less to a temperature of 167°F.
7. New explosives until approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation,
except that permits may be issued to educational, governmental or indus-
trial laboratories for instruction or research purposes.
8. Explosives condemned by the U.S. Department of Transportation.
9. Explosives not packed or marked in accordance with the requirements of
the U.S. Department of Transportation.
10. Explosives containing an ammonium salt and a chlorate.
(c) No person shall keep or store, nor shall any pen -nit be issued to keep or
store, any explosives at any place of habitation or within 100 feet thereof.
(d) No person possessing a permit for storage of explosives at any place shall
keep or store any greater amount or other kind of explosives than are authorized in
such permit.
(e) The chief may require that any operations permitted under the provisions of
Section 77.104 (a) 2 or 3 shall be supervised at any or all times by employees of
the fire department designated by the chief to see that all safety and fire regula-
tions are observed. Where, in the opinion of the chief, no undue hazard to life or
property exists, the required supervision may be waived.
Bond Required
Sec. 77.105. Before a permit is issued, as required by Subsection (a) 3, of
Section 77.104, the applicant shall file with the jurisdiction a corporate surety
bond in the principal sum of $100,000 or a public liability insurance policy for the
same amount for the purpose of the payment of all damages to persons or property
which arise from, or are caused by, the conduct of any act authorized by the permit
upon which any legal judgment results. The chief may specify a greater or lesser
amount when, in his opinion, conditions at the location of use indicate a greater or
165
77.105-77.201 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
lesser amount is required. Public agencies shall be exempt from this bond
requirement.
General Requirements
Sec. 77.106. (a) The manufacture of explosives shall be prohibited unless such
manufacture is authorized by the chief.
(b) The storage of explosives and blasting agents is prohibited within the limits
established by law as the limits of the district in which such storage is to be
prohibited, except for temporary storage for use in connection with approved
blasting operations, provided, however, this prohibition shall not apply to whole-
sale and retail stocks of small arms ammunition, explosive bolts, explosive rivets
or cartridges for explosive -actuated power tools in quantities involving less than
500 pounds of explosive material.
(c) The chief may limit the quantity of explosives or blasting agents to be
permitted at any location.
(d) No person shall possess, offer for sale, sell or display explosives or blasting
agents at any location not authorized by permit issued by the chief.
Division II
STORAGE
Storage of Explosives
Sec. 77.201. (a) Explosives, including special industrial high -explosive mate-
rials, shall be stored in magazines which meet the requirements of this article.
(b) Magazines shall be at all times in the custody of a competent person who
shall be at least 21 years of age and who shall be held responsible for compliance
with all safety precautions.
(c) Smoking, matches, open flames, spark -producing devices and firearms
shall be prohibited inside or within 50 feet of magazines. Combustible materials
shall not be stored within 50 feet of magazines.
(d) The land surrounding magazines shall be kept clear of brush, dried grass,
leaves, trash and debris for a distance of at least 50 feet.
(e) Magazines shall be kept locked except when being inspected or when
explosives are being placed therein or being removed therefrom.
(f) Magazines shall be kept clean, dry and free of grit, paper, empty packages
and rubbish.
(g) Magazines shall not be provided with other than approved artificial heat or
light. Approved electric safety flashlights or safety lanterns may be used.
(h) Blasting caps, electric blasting caps, detonating primers, primed cartridges
or any item such as a squib or electric match, the function of which is to ignite or
detonate propellants, fireworks or explosives, shall not be stored in the same
magazine with other explosives.
(i) Magazines shall be of two types, namely, Class I and Class II.
166
1982 EDITION 77.201
0) Storage of explosives in quantities exceeding 100 pounds shall be in a Class I
magazine, except that a Class II magazine may be used for temporary storage of a
larger quantity of explosives at the site of blasting operations where such amount
constitutes not more than one day's supply for use in current operations. At the
end of the day's operations any remaining explosives shall be safely destroyed or
returned to a Class I magazine.
(k) Storage of explosives in quantities of 100 pounds or less shall be in Class I
or Class II magazines, except that explosives in any quantity when stored in
remote locations shall be in Class I, bullet -resistant magazines.
(1) Class I and Class II magazines shall be located away from inhabited
buildings, passenger railways, public highways and other magazines in con-
formity with the provisions of the American Table of Distances for Storage of
Explosives, Table No. 77.201, except as provided in Subsection 77.201 (m).
(m) At the site of blasting operations, a distance of not less than 100 feet shall
be maintained between Class I magazines and the blast area.
Class 11 magazines shall be kept not less than 150 feet from the blast area when
the quantity of explosives temporarily kept therein is in excess of 25 pounds and
not less than 50 feet when the quantity of explosives is 25 pounds or less.
(n) Packages of explosives shall not be unpacked or repacked in a magazine nor
within 50 feet of a magazine or in close proximity to other explosives. Opened
packages of explosives shall be securely closed before being returned to a
magazine.
(o) Magazines shall not be used for the storage of any metal tools nor any
commodity except explosives, blasting agents and oxidizers used in compound-
ing blasting agents. The quantity of blasting agents and oxidizers shall be
included when computing the total quantity of explosives for determining dis-
tance requirements.
(p) When an explosive has deteriorated to an extent that it is in an unstable or
danger6us condition, or if nitroglycerin leaks from any explosive, then the person
in possession of such explosive shall immediately report the fact to the chief and,
upon his authorization, shall proceed to destroy such explosives and clean floors
stained with nitroglycerin in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer.
Only experienced persons shall do the work of destroying explosives.
167
77,201
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TABLE NO. 77.201-AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF
EXPLOSIVES AND MINIMUM SEPARATION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND
BLASTING AGENTS FROM EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING AGENTS
EXPLOSIVES
DISTANCE IN FEET
WHEN STORAGE IS BARRICADED
From Passenger
Railways -Public
From
Highways with Traffic
From
Public
Volume of More than
3,000 Vehicles/Dayof
Separation
Pounds
Pounds
Inhabited
Highways
Barricaded
Over
Not Over
Buildings
Classes A to D
Magazines
2
5
70
30
51
6
5
10
90
35
64
8
10
20
110
45
81
10
20
30
125
50
93
11
30
40
140
55
103
12
40
50
150
60
110
14
50
75'
170
70
127
15
75
100
190
75
139
16
100
125
200
80
150
18
125
150
215
85
159
19
150
200
235
95
175
21
200
250
255
105
189
23
250
300
270
110
201
24
300
400
295
120
221
27
400
500
320
130
238
29
500
600
340
135
253
31
600
700
355
145
266
32
700
800
375
150
278
33
800
900
390
155
289
35
900
1,000
400
160
300
36
1,000
1,200
425
165
318
39
1,200
1,400
450
170
336
41
1,400
1,600
470
175
351
43
1,600
1,800
490
180
366
44
1,800
2,000
505
185
378
45
2,000
2,500
545
190
408
49
2,500
3,000
580
195
432
52
3,000
4,000
635
210
474
58
4,000
5,000
685
225
513
61
5,000
6,000
730
235
546
65
6,000
7,000
770
245
573
68
7,000
8,000
800
250
600
72
8,000
9,000
835
255
624
75
9,000
10,000
865
260
645
78
10,000
12,000
875
270
687
82
(Continued)
168
1982 EDITION
77.201
TABLE NO.77.201-AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF
EXPLOSIVES AND MINIMUM SEPARATION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND
BLASTING AGENTS FROM EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING AGENTS
(Continued)
EXPLOSIVES
DISTANCE IN FEET
WHEN STORAGE IS BARRICADED
From Passenger
Railways -Public
From
Highways with Traffic
Volume of More than
Pounds
Pounds
From
Inhabited
Public
Highways
3,000 Vehicles/Day
Separetlon
of
Barricaded
Over
Not Over
Buildings
Classes A to D
Magazines
12,000
14,000
855
275
723
87
14,000
16,000
900
280
756
90
16,000
18,000
940
285
786
94
18,000
20,000
975
290
813
98
20,000
25,000
1,055
315
876
105
25,000
30,000
1,130
340
933
112
30,000
35,000
1,205
360
981
119
35,000
40,000
1,275
380
1,026
124
40,000
45,000
1,340
400
1,068
129
45,000
50,000
1,400
420
1,104
135
50,000
55,000
1,460
440
1,140
140
55,000
60,000
1,515
455
1,173
145
60,000
65,000
1,565
470
1,206
150
65,000
70,000
1,610
485
1,236
155
70,000
75,000
1,655
500
1,263
160
75,000
80,000
1,695
510
1,293
165
80,000
85,000
1,730
520
1,317
170
85,000
90,000
1,760
530
1,344
175
90,000
95,000
1,790
540
1,368
180
95,000
100,000
1,815
545
1,392
185
100,000
110,000
1,835
550
1,437
195
110,000
120,000
1,855
555
1,479
205
120,000
130,000
1,875
560
1,521
215
130,000
140,000
1,890
565
1,557
225
140,000
150,000
1,900
570
1,593
235
150,000
160,000
1,935
580
1,629
245
160,000
170,000
1,965
590
1,662
255
170,000
180,000
1,990
600
1,695
265
180,000
190,000
2,010
605
1,725
275
190,000
200,000
2,030
610
1,755
285
200,000
210,000
2,055
620
1,782
295
210,000
230,000
2,100
635
1,836
315
230,000
250,000
2,155
650
1,890
335
250,000
275,000
2,215
670
1,950
360
275,000
300,000
2,275
690
2,000
385
(Continued)
169
77.201 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
NOTES: (Continued)
1. For exceptions, see Section 77.201 (n).
2. "Natural barricade" means natural features of the ground, such as hills, or timberof
sufficient density that the surrounding exposures which require protection cannot be
seen from the magazine when the trees are bare of leaves.
3. `Artificial barricade" means an artificial mound or reverted wall of earth of a
minimum thickess of 3 feet, except as set forth in Note 13.
4. "Barricaded" means that a building containing explosives is effectually screened
from a magazine, building, railway or highway, either by a natural barricade or by an
artificial barricade of such height that a straight line from the top of any sidewall of the
building containing explosives to the eave line of any magazine or building, or to a
point 12 feet above the center of a railway or highway will pass through such
intervening natural or artificial barricade.
5. "Inhabited building" means a building regularly occupied in whole or in part as a
habitation for human beings, or any church, schoolhouse, railroad station, store or
other structure where people are accustomed to assemble, except any building or
structure occupied in connection with the manufacture, transportation, storage or use
of explosives.
6. "Railway" means any steam, electric or other railroad or railway which carries
passengers for hire.
7. "Highway" means any street or public road. "Public highways, Classes A to D," are
highways with average traffic volume of 3000 or less vehicles per day.
8. When two or more storage magazines are located on the same property, each magazine
must comply with the minimum distances specified from inhabited buildings, rail-
ways and highways and, in addition, they shall be separated from each other by not less
than the distances shown for "separation of magazines," except that the quantity of
explosives contained in cap magazines shall govern in regard to the spacing of said cap
magazines from magazines containing other explosives.
EXCEPTION: Two or more magazines may be separated from each other by less
than the specified "separation of magazines" distances when such two or more
magazines, as a group, are considered as one magazine and the total quantity of
explosives stored in such group shall be treated as if stored in a single magazine
located on the site of any magazine of the group and shall comply with the minimum
of distances specified from other magazines, inhabited buildings, railways or
highways.
9. This table applies only to the manufacture and permanent storage of commercial
explosives. It is not applicable to transportation of explosives or any handling or
temporary storage necessary or incident thereto. It is not intended to apply to bombs,
projectiles or other heavily encased explosives.
10. All types of blasting caps in strengths through No. 8 cap shall be rated at 1'h pounds of
explosives per 1000 caps. For strengths higher than No. 8 cap, the manufacturer shall
be consulted.
I t . For quantity and distance purposes, detonating cord of 50 to 60 grains per square foot
shall be calculated as equivalent to 9 pounds of high explosives per 1000 feet. Heavier
or lighter core loads shall be rated proportionately.
12. For unbarricaded condition, the specified distance for "barricaded" shall be doubled.
13. The minimum separation between stores of explosives or blasting agents from barri-
caded stores of ammonium nitrate shall be not less than 16.7 percent of the distance
170
1982 EDITION 77.201-77.202
given for separation of magazines in Table No. 77.201. The minimum separation
between stores of explosives or blasting agents from barricaded stores of blasting
agents shall be not less than 60 percent of the distance given for separation of
magazines in Table No. 77.201. The distance determined from the above shall be
multiplied by six if barricades are not provided.
For the purpose of this note, the weight of the larger mass shall be used to determine
the required separation; however, the weight of ammonium nitrate may be reduced by
50 percent. The required separation between inhabited buildings, public highways and
railroads shall be not less than set forth in Table No. 77.201 using the sum of all
explosives and blasting agents that are at a distance less than set forth in the table. The
distance shall be measured from closest edge of the explosive material. Class A
explosives as defined by the Department of Transportation shall be within Class I
magazines. For the purposes of this note, artificial barricades of sand or dirt shall have
a thickness not less than the following:
Weight of
Explosive or
Blasting Agent
Barricade
Pounds
Pounds
Not
Thickness
Over
Over
(Inches)
2,000
12
2,000
6,000
15
6,000
12,000
20
12,000
25,000
25
25,000
40,000
30
40,000
60,000
35
60,000
100,000
40
100,000
200,000
50
200,000
1 300,000
1 60
Gunpowder
Sec. 77.202. (a) The chief may authorize the storage of smokeless powder not
to exceed 100 pounds, black sporting powder not to exceed 5 pounds, and small
arms primers not to exceed 20,000 in approved establishments. Smokeless
powder exceeding 20 pounds shall be stored in an approved Class II magazine.
Black sporting powder, when authorized, shall be stored in an approved Class II
magazine. Small arms primers shall be stored in a manner prescribed by the chief.
(b) The display of smokeless powder shall be only in original containers and
shall not exceed 20 pounds.
(c) Small arms primers shall not be stored or displayed with smokeless powder
or other explosives.
(d) Smokeless powder shall not be repackaged except in original -type con-
tainers, and repackaging shall be permitted only in locations designated and
approved by the chief.
(e) The repackaging of black sporting powder shall not be permitted.
171
77.203 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Class I Magazines
Sec. 77.203. (a) A magazine may be a building or excavation, tunnel or igloo,
or military -type magazine or a portable magazine constructed as required in this
section.
(b) Class I magazines shall be bullet resistant, fire resistant, weatherproof, theft
resistant and well ventilated.
EXCEPTION: Magazines used for the storage of blasting agents, Class B and
Class C explosives need not be bullet resistant.
(c) Building -type magazines shall be constructed of masonry, wood, metal or a
combination of these materials when bullet resistance is required.
1. Masonry units not less than 8 inches in thickness with all hollow spaces
filled with concrete, well -tamped sand or equivalent material, or
2. Reinforced concrete not less than 6 inches in thickness, or
3. Steel walls of minimum manufacturer's standard gage No. 14 (.0747 inch)
may be used, provided there are two layers spaced at least 6 inches apart
with all hollow spaces filled with concrete, well -tamped sand or equivalent
material, or
4. One layer of manufacturer's standard gage No. 6 (.1943-inch) or heavier
steel, lined on the interior with a minimum of 4 inches of wood, or
5. Two layers of manufacturer's standard gage No. 6 (.1943-inch) or heavier
steel, spaced a minimum �/2 inch apart and lined on the interior with a
minimum of 2 inches of wood, or
6. Two layers of wood, at least 2 inches nominal thickness each, spaced a
minimum of 4 inches apart with the hollow spaces filled with concrete,
well -tamped sand or equivalent material.
7. The roof shall also be protected when the magazine is located where it is
possible to fire a bullet directly through it into the explosives stored inside.
NOTE: Any sheeting used shall be tongue -and -groove lumber, plywood or approved
equal.
(d) Doors shall be of bullet -resistant construction and shall be installed in such
a manner that the hinges and hasps cannot be removed when the doors are locked
and closed.
Doors shall be equipped with substantial and approved means of locking. Each
door shall be equipped with two separate locks or a lock requiring two separate
keys. All padlocks shall be protected with steel caps constructed so as to prevent
sawing or lever action on the locks or hasps.
(e) Floors of magazines shall be securely fastened in place and shall be capable
of withstanding the loads imposed.
(f) The roofs and exterior sides of building -type magazines may be of wood
construction covered with not less than No. 26 gage (.016-inch) steel metal.
Roofs of building -type magazines located where it is possible to fire a bullet
directly through the roof into the magazine at such an angle that the bullet would
strike the explosives therein shall be constructed according to Section 77.203 (c)
172
1982 EDITION 77.203-77.204
or equipped with a sand tray located at the eave line and covering the entire
magazine ceiling area except that necessary for ventilation. Sand in the sand tray
shall be maintained at a depth of not less than 4 inches.
(g) Magazines shall be ventilated to minimize dampness and heating of stored
explosives. Ventilation openings shall be screened with 14 mesh, No. 21 gage
wire to prevent the entrance of sparks and shall be protected in a manner that will
maintain the bullet resistance of the magazine.
(h) Magazine interiors shall have a smooth finish with all nails, screws, bolts
and nuts countersunk or blinded.
(i) The approaches to magazines shall be provided with warning signs reading
EXPLOSIVES —KEEP OFF in red letters not less than 4 inches in height and a
stroke of at least 5/8 inch. The lettering shall be imposed upon a white background.
Location of signs shall be within 100 feet of the magazine and so placed that a
bullet through the sign will not strike the magazine.
0) Post an additional warning sign on the door with the letters not less than 2
inches in height and a stroke of 1/4 inch on a contrasting background reading
EXPLOSIVES, DANGEROUS.
Class II Magazines
Sec. 77.204. (a) Class II magazines shall be constructed of wood, metal, fiber
or a combination thereof, or any equivalent construction.
(b) Class II magazines shall be well constructed as follows:
1. Two-inch nominal thickness lumber, covered on the exterior with a mini-
mum of No. 20 manufacturer's standard gage steel, or
2. Two thicknesses of 1-inch plywood covered on the exterior with a mini-
mum of No. 20 manufacturer's standard gage steel, or
3. Fiber equal in strength to wood as indicated in Items Nos. 1 and 2 above,
covered on the exterior with a minimum of No. 20 manufacturer's standard
gage steel, or
4. Minimum No. 14 manufacturer's standard gage steel, lined on the interior
with one layer of 1-inch-thick plywood, or
5. Material of equal strength and fire resistance.
(c) Class II magazines containing explosives and located in buildings shall be
located for easy removal in case of fire and, when required by the chief, shall be
equipped with approved wheels or casters.
(d) Class II magazines shall be painted red and, when size permits, shall bear
lettering in white on sides and top at least 3 inches high with a 1/2-inch stroke
which reads EXPLOSIVES.
(e) Class II magazines containing explosives left at locations where no one is in
attendance shall be adequately secured to prevent their theft.
173
77.301 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Division III
USE, HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION
Use and Handling of Explosives
Sec. 77.301. (a) Blasting operations shall be conducted during daylight hours
except when authorized at other times by the chief.
(b) The handling and firing of explosives shall be performed only by the person
possessing a valid Explosives Certificate issued by the chief or by employees
under his direct personal supervision who are at least 18 years of age.
(c) A person while under the influence of intoxicants or narcotics shall not
handle explosives.
(d) A person shall not smoke or carry matches while handling explosives or
while in the vicinity thereof.
(e) An open -flame light shall not be used in the vicinity of explosives.
(f) Whenever blasting is being conducted in the vicinity of gas, electric, water,
fire alarm, telephone, telegraph or steam utilities, the blaster shall notify the
appropriate representative of such utilities at least 24 hours in advance of blasting,
specifying the location and intended time of such blasting. In an emergency, this
time limit may be waived by the chief.
(g) Blasting operations shall be conducted in accordance with nationally
recognized good practice.
(h) Before a blast is fired, the person in charge shall make certain that all
surplus explosives are in a safe place, all persons and vehicles are at a safe
distance or under sufficient cover and a loud warning signal has been sounded.
(i) Due precautions shall be taken to prevent accidental discharge of electric
blasting caps from current induced by radio or radar transmitters, lightning,
adjacent power lines, dust storms or other sources of extraneous electricity.
These precautions shall include:
1. The suspension of all blasting operations and removal of persons from the
blasting area during the approach and progress of an electrical storm.
2. The posting of signs warning against the use of mobile radio transmitters
on all roads within approximately 500 feet of the blasting operations.
3. Compliance with nationally recognized good practice when blasting with-
in one and one half miles of broadcast or high -power shortwave
transmitters.
0) When blasting is done in a congested area or in close proximity to a building,
structure, railway, highway or any other installation that may be damaged by
material being thrown into the air, the blast shall be covered with an adequate
blasting mat.
(k) Tools used for opening packages of explosives shall be constructed of
nonsparking materials.
(1) Empty boxes and paper and fiber packing materials which have previously
contained high explosives shall not be used again for any purpose but shall be
174
1982 EDITION 77.301-77.302
disposed of in a manner approved by the chief.
(m) Explosives shall not be abandoned.
Transportation of Explosives
See. 77.302. (a) Explosives shall not be carried or transported in or upon a
public conveyance or vehicles carrying passengers for hire.
(b) Vehicles used for transporting explosives shall be strong enough to carry the
load without difficulty and shall be in good mechanical condition. If vehicles do
not have a closed body, the explosives shall be covered with a flameproof and
moistureproof tarpaulin or other effective protection against moisture and sparks.
Such vehicles shall have tight floors, and exposed spark -producing metal on the
inside of the body shall be covered with wood or other nonsparking material to
prevent contact with packages of explosives. Packages of explosives shall not be
loaded above the sides of open -body vehicles.
(c) Explosives shall not be transported on any vehicle not authorized by the
chief.
(d) Every vehicle when used for transporting explosives shall be equipped with
not less than one approved -type fire extinguisher with a minimum rating of 2-A,
10-B:C, or two approved -type fire extinguishers, one of which shall have a
minimum rating of 2-A and the other a minimum rating of 10-B:C. Extinguishers
shall be so located as to be readily available for use.
(e) It shall be the duty of the person to whom a permit has been issued to
transport explosives over the highways of the municipality, to inspect those
vehicles employed by him to determine that:
1. Fire extinguishers are filled and in operating condition.
2. Electric wires are insulated and securely fastened.
3. The motor, chassis and body are reasonably clean and free of excessive
grease and oil.
4. The fuel tank and fuel line are securely fastened and are not leaking.
5. Brakes, lights, horn, windshield wipers and steering mechanism are func-
tioning properly.
6. Tires are properly inflated and free of defects.
7. The vehicle is in proper condition for transporting explosives.
(f) Spark -producing metals or spark -producing metal tools shall not be carried
in the body of a vehicle transporting explosives.
(g) Only those dangerous articles authorized by the U.S. Department of
Transportation to be loaded with explosives shall be carried in the body of a
vehicle transporting explosives.
(h) A person shall not smoke, carry matches or any other flame -producing
device, or carry any firearms or loaded cartridges while in or near a vehicle
transporting explosives, or drive, load or unload any such vehicle in a careless or
reckless manner.
(i) Vehicles transporting explosives shall be in the custody of drivers who are
physically fit, careful, capable, reliable, able to read and write the English
175
77.302-77.303 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
language, not addicted to the use or under the influence of intoxicants or narcotics
and not less than 21 years of age. They shall be familiar with state and municipal
traffic regulations and the provisions of this article governing the transportation of
explosives.
0) Vehicles transporting explosives shall display explosives signs on both
sides, front and rear conforming to the requirements of the vehicle code.
(k) Blasting caps and electric blasting caps when transported on the same
vehicle with other explosives shall be separated from the other explosives by
containment within a Class II magazine.
(1) Vehicles transporting explosives shall be routed to avoid congested traffic
and densely populated areas.
(m) Explosives shall not be transported through any completed vehicular
tunnel or subway except on approval of the chief.
(n) Vehicles transporting explosives shall not be left unattended at any time
within the jurisdiction.
(o) Unless authorized by the chief, a person other than the driver and one
assistant who is at least 18 years of age shall not ride on any vehicle transporting
explosives.
(p) The fire and police departments shall be promptly notified when a vehicle
transporting explosives is involved in an accident, breaks down or catches fire.
Only in the event of such an emergency shall the transfer of explosives from one
vehicle to another be allowed on highways within the jurisdiction and only when
qualified supervision is provided. Except in such an emergency, a vehicle trans-
porting explosives shall not be parked before reaching its destination except at
stopping and parking places designated and approved by the chief.
(q) Delivery shall be made only to authorized persons and into approved
magazines or approved temporary storage or handling areas.
(r) Vehicles containing explosives shall not be taken into a garage or repair shop
for repairs or storage.
Explosives and Blasting Agents at Terminals
Sec. 77.303. (a) The chief may designate the location and specify the maxi-
mum quantity of explosives or blasting agents which may be loaded, unloaded,
reloaded or temporarily retained at each terminal where such operations are
permitted.
(b) Shipments of explosives or blasting agents delivered to carriers shall
comply with the U.S. Department of Transportation regulations.
(c) Carriers shall immediately notify the chief when explosives or blasting
agents are received at terminals.
(d) Carriers shall immediately notify consignees of the arrival of explosives or
blasting agents at terminals.
(e) Truck terminals where explosives are loaded, unloaded or transferred shall
conform to the following conditions:
1. There shall be no aboveground storage tanks of flammable or combustible
176
1982 EDITION
77.303-77.304
liquids or other hazardous substances on the terminal proper or on immedi-
ate adjoining property which would present a significant exposure hazard.
2. There shall be no structures or occupancies on immediately adjoining
property which would constitute a serious exposure hazard to the terminal.
3. The terminal property shall be sufficiently large that dock or vehicle
storage areas containing explosives shall be a minimum of 50 feet from any
structure on adjoining property.
4. Adequate access to adjoining streets shall be provided to and from the
terminal property. Local routes between terminals and deviations from
state approved routes shall be prescribed by the chief.
5. Explosives shall be kept in vehicles to the greatest extent possible. During
transferring or loading operations, the explosives should remain on the
ground or on docks for as short a time as possible.
6. Specific areas of docks shall be designated for the temporary "storage" of
explosives during loading or transferring operations. A minimum distance
shall be specified and maintained between this designated area and all other
materials on the dock. Combustible storage and particularly flammable or
combustible liquids shall be kept at the greatest possible distance from this
designated area.
7. At all times, a watchman or guard shall be on duty on the terminal property,
and he shall be capable of driving all equipment in the area. At times when
there are a substantial number of vehicles carrying explosives in the
terminal, additional persons capable of driving shall be provided.
8. Adequate security against unauthorized persons' entering the terminal
shall be provided. In metropolitan areas, this will require a fence and
adequate gates.
9. The terminal shall be adequately lighted for normal observation of all
vehicles containing explosives.
10. Adequate fire -protection appliances shall be provided for the loading dock
near the designated explosives area and near parked vehicles.
11. A specific area of the terminal property shall be designated for vehicles
containing explosives.
12. Vehicles containing any special inherent hazard, such as mechanical
refrigeration equipment, shall be kept separated from the area designated
for the parking of explosives vehicles.
13. Shipments of explosives shall be transported without unnecessary delay,
keeping the explosives in the terminal an absolute minimum length of time,
not to exceed 48 hours, excluding Sundays and holidays.
Blasting Agents, General
Sec. 77.304. (a) Except when subject to U.S. Department of Transportation
regulations, blasting agents shall be stored, handled and used in the same manner
as explosives.
(b) Any ammonium nitrate stored at a closer distance to the blasting agent
177
77.304-77.307 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
storage area than as provided in (c) below shall be added to the quantity of blasting
agents to calculate the total quantity involved for application of Table No. 77.201.
(c) Minimum intraplant separation distances between mixing units and the
ammonium nitrate storage areas and blasting agents storage areas shall be in
conformity with Table No. 77.201, Note 13.
Mixing Blasting Agents
Sec. 77.305. (a) Buildings or other facilities used for mixing blasting agents
shall be located away from inhabited buildings, passenger railways and public
highways, in accordance with the provisions of Table No. 77.201.
(b) Not more than eight hours' production of blasting agents or the limit
determined by Table No. 77.201, whichever is less, shall be permitted in or near
the building or other facility used for mixing blasting agents. Larger quantities
shall be stored in magazines.
(c) Buildings or other facilities used for the mixing of blasting agents shall be
designed and constructed in accordance with the Building Code.
(d) Compounding and mixing of recognized formulations of blasting agents
shall be conducted in accordance with nationally recognized good practice.
(e) Smoking or open flames shall not be permitted in or within 50 feet of any
building or facility used for the mixing of blasting agents.
(f) Empty oxidizer bags shall be disposed of daily in a manner approved by the
chief.
Transportation of Blasting Agents
Sec. 77.306. Vehicles transporting blasting agents not subject to U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation regulations shall comply with all requirements of Section
77.302 except that they shall be marked or placarded on both sides, front and rear,
with the words BLASTING AGENTS in letters not less than 4 inches in height
and approximately a 5/8-inch stroke on a contrasting background.
Seizure of Explosives and Blasting Agents
Sec. 77.307. The chief may seize, take, remove or cause to be removed at the
expense of the owner all explosives, ammunition or blasting agents offered or
exposed for sale, stored, possessed or transported in violation of this article.
178
1982 EDITION 77.401-77.405
Division IV
MANUFACTURING, ASSEMBLING AND TESTING
Manufacturing, Assembling and Testing
Sec. 77.401. Any person planning to manufacture, assemble, test or load
explosives, ammunition, blasting agents or fireworks shall furnish to the chief the
following information:
1. The exact location of the place of manufacture.
2. The kind or kinds of explosives, ammunition, blasting agents or fireworks
to be manufactured or processed and the property of hazardous materials to
be used.
3. The names and addresses of individual owners, partners or officers of a
corporation.
4. A map of the operating premises with the operating buildings indicated in
which greater than one pound of explosives is manufactured, handled, used
or stored. The maximum amount of explosives greater than one pound to be
used in each building, number of persons in each operating building,
barricade locations and dimensions and the location and capacity of stor-
age magazines.
5. This article shall not be construed as applying to, or prohibiting the mixture
of, blasting agents such as nitrocarbonitrate or ammonium nitrate -fuel oil
in the loading area, provided all necessary safety precautions are taken.
6. A copy of the general safety rules which the manufacturer will enforce,
including plans for emergency procedures in the event of fire or explosion.
Plans of Plant
Sec. 77.402. A copy of the plans of the plant shall be kept in the office on the
premises of each explosive, ammunition, blasting agents or fireworks manufac-
turing plant and shall be made available to the chief or his authorized representa-
tive upon request.
Training
Sec. 77.403. Workmen who handle explosives or explosive charges shall be
instructed in the hazards of the materials and processes in which they are to be
engaged and with the safety rules governing such materials and processes.
Emergency Procedure
Sec. 77.404. Emergency procedures shall be formulated for each plant which
will include personal instruction in any emergency that may be anticipated. All
personnel shall be made aware of an emergency warning signal.
Intraline Distance
Sec. 77.405. This distance is the minimum permitted between any two build-
ings within one operating line. Intraline distances are also used for separating
certain specified areas, buildings and locations even though actual line operations
are not involved. Intraline distance separation is expected to protect explosives in
179
77.405-77.407 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
buildings from propagation detonation due to blast effects but not against the
possibility of propagation detonation due to fragments.
Intraline Separation of Operating Buildings
Sec. 77.406. (a) All mass detonating explosives Class A and fireworks man-
ufacturing buildings, including those where explosive charges are assembled,
manufactured, prepared or loaded, shall be separated from all other buildings,
including magazines, within the confines of the manufacturing plant at a distance
not less than those shown in the following Table No. 77.406 when the buildings
are barricaded.
(b) When a building or magazine containing explosives is not barricaded, the
intraline distances shown shall be doubled.
TABLE NO. 77.406-MINIMUM INTRALINE SEPARATION BETWEEN
BARRICADED OPERATING BUILDINGS CONTAINING CLASS A EXPLOSIVES
OR FIREWORKS MANUFACTURING
EXPLOSIVE OR FIREWORKS
IN POUNDS
MINIMUM
DISTANCE
IN FEET
EXPLOSIVE OR FIREWORKS
IN FOUNDS
MINIMUM
DISTANCE
IN FEET
Over
Not Over
Over
gotver
50
30
20,000
25,000
265
50
100
40
25,000
30,000
280
100
200
50
30,000
35,000
295
200
300
60
35,000
40,000
310
300
400
65
40,000
45,000
320
400
500
70
45,000
50,000
330
500
600
75
50,000
55,000
340
600
700
80
55,000
60,000
350
700
800
85
60,000
65,000
360
800
900
90
65,000
70,000
370
900
1,000
95
70,000
75,000
385
1,000
1,500
105
75,000
80,000
390
1,500
2,000
115
80,000
85,000
395
2,000
3,000
130
85,000
90,000
400
3,000
4,000
140
90,000
95,000
410
4,000
5,000
150
95,000
100,000
415
5,000
6,000
160
100,000
125,000
450
6,000
7,000
170
125,000
150,000
475
7,000
8,000
180
150,000
175,000
500
8,000
9,000
190
175,000
200,000
525
9,000
10,000
200
200,000
225,000
550
10,000
15,000
225
225,000
250,000
575
15,000
20,000
245
Operation -Buildings and Equipment
Sec. 77.407. (a) Operating buildings or rooms in which more than 50 pounds of
explosives or fireworks are present at any time shall be constructed with at least
one wall of explosion -relief type. The relief wall shall be placed so as to be of least
hazard to workmen in adjacent buildings.
(b) When explosive venting is required, the venting area will be calculated on 1
square foot for each 35 cubic feet of building or room area.
180
1982 EDITION 77.407
(c) All rooms or buildings shall have adequate aisle space and at least two exits
separated from each other by a distance equal to at least one fifth the perimeter of
the room. Openings in fire walls shall be equipped with approved, self -closing
fire doors. All exit doors shall open in the direction of exit travel and be equipped
with panic hardware.
EXCEPTION: Cubicles 100 square feet or less and occupied by not more than
two persons working within 12 feet of an unobstructed passageway may have one
exit.
(d) All electrical wiring and equipment shall be acceptable for the hazard
involved and installed in accordance with requirements for wiring and equipment
in hazardous locations.
(e) Effective bonding and grounding means shall be provided to prevent
accumulation of static charges where static charges are a hazard.
(f) Explosives dust shall not be exhausted to the atmosphere. Where vacuum
dust -collection systems are used, they shall comply with the following
requirements:
1. Adequate filters must be installed between the source vacuum and the point
of pickup to prevent explosives from entering the vacuum pump or exhauster.
2. The explosive dust -collection system shall be designed to prevent pinch
points —threaded fittings exposed to the hazardous dust and sharp turns, dead
ends, pockets, etc., in which explosives may lodge and accumulate outside the
collecting chamber.
3. The entire vacuum collection system shall be made electrically continuous
and be grounded to a maximum resistance of 5 ohms.
4. Chambers in which the dusts are collected shall not be located in the
operating area unless adequate shields for the maximum quantity of material in
the collector are furnished for personal protection.
EXCEPTION: Wet -dust -type collectors.
5. More than two rooms may not be serviced by a common connection to a
vacuum collection chamber. Where interconnections are used, means shall be
employed to prevent propagation of an incident by way of the collection piping.
6. When collecting the more sensitive explosives such as black powder, lead
azide or other high-energy materials, a "wet" collector which moistens the dust
close to the point of intake and maintains the dust wet until removed for disposal
shall be used. Wetting agents shall be compatible with the explosives.
7. Explosive dusts shall be removed from the collection chamber as often as
necessary to prevent overloading. The entire system shall be cleaned at a frequen-
cy that will eliminate hazardous concentrations of explosive dusts in pipes,
tubing, and/or ducts.
(g) Squirrel cage blowers shall not be used for exhausting hazardous fumes,
vapors or gases. Only nonferrous fan blades shall be used for fans located within
the ductwork and through which hazardous materials are exhausted. Motors shall
be located outside the duct.
(h) Work stations for small amounts of explosives (less than one pound) shall be
separated by distance, barrier or other means so that fire in one station will not
181
77.407-77.408 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ignite material in the next work station. When necessary, each operator shall be
protected by a personnel shield located between the operator and the explosive
device or explosive material being processed. This shield and its support shall be a
tested design to withstand a blast from the maximum amount of explosives
allowed behind it.
Explosive Operations
Sec. 77.408. (a) When the type of material and processing warrants, mechan-
ical operations involving explosives in excess of one pound shall be carried on at
isolated stations or at intraline distances, and machinery shall be controlled from
remote locations behind substantial barricades or at intraline separations so that
workmen may remain at a safe distance while machinery is operating.
(b) The working area where the screening, grinding, blending and other
processing of static -sensitive explosives or pyrotechnic materials is done shall be
maintained above 20 percent relative humidity. If the relative humidity drops
below 20 percent, the above operations shall be stopped and secured until the
relative humidity can be raised above 20 percent. It is desirable to keep the relative
humidity above 20 to 30 percent, except where metal powders are involved, and
then the relative humidity shall be between 50 and 60 percent.
(c) Means shall be provided and used to discharge static electricity from hand
trucks, buggies and similar equipment before they enter buildings containing
static -sensitive explosives. It is recommended that conductive wheels, including
metal wheels which could not cause sparks, be used on such equipment.
(d) Bulk explosives shall be kept in covered containers when not being used or
processed. Explosives shall not be stored or transported in open containers.
(e) The quantity of explosive materials at any particular work station shall be
limited to that posted on the load limit signs, and not to exceed four hours' supply
of material or four hours' supply of product, except that when this quantity would
introduce a serious hazard, such quantities shall be limited to a lesser amount.
(f) Appropriate receptacles with covers shall be provided for each station for
disposing of waste material and debris. These waste receptacles shall be emptied
and cleaned as often as necessary but not less than once each day or at the end of
each shift.
(g) General safety rules and operating instructions governing the particular
operation or process carried on at that location shall be available at each station.
The rules shall include requirements for bonding and grounding, permissible
cleaning agents to use and other precautions deemed necessary for safe operation.
(h) Personnel and explosive limits shall be posted.
(i) Regular maintenance and repair work shall not be permitted in an explosive
building until explosives are removed and the area is made safe. This does not
prohibit minor adjustments or emergency repairs to secure immediate safety.
0) Spilled or dropped explosives shall be cleaned up at once.
(k) Shipping containers, cleaning rags and other materials contaminated with
explosives shall be removed daily and disposed of in a safe manner.
182
1982 EDITION 77.408-77.410
(1) Fireworks, explosives or explosive charges shall not be stored near any
source of heat.
Location of Explosive Detonations for Testing
Sec. 77.409. (a) Detonation or ignition of explosive charges or fireworks for
testing shall be done only in a location so isolated by distance in accordance with
the Quantity and Distance Table No. 77.201, or where barriers shall be provided
that will protect any person connected with the test.
(b) Adequate shelter or distance shall be provided to protect employees detonat-
ing explosives.
(c) When tests are being conducted or explosives are being detonated, only
authorized persons shall be present. Areas where explosives are regularly or
frequently detonated or burned shall be fenced and posted with adequate warning
signs. Adequate warning devices shall be used before burning or detonating
explosives to warn persons who might approach from any direction that they are
approaching a danger zone.
Disposal of Waste Explosives and Fireworks
Sec. 77.410. (a) Sites for destruction of explosives shall be located at the
maximum practicable safe distance from inhabited buildings, public highways,
operating buildings and all other exposures. The separation shall be not less than
the inhabited building distance (see Table No. 77.201). When possible, barri-
cades shall be utilized between the site and inhabited buildings.
(b) Provision shall be made so scrap explosive material will not be placed in any
burn location until at least 48 hours after the last fires have gone out.
(c) A blasting shelter shall be provided near the burn area for emergency use.
183
78.101-78.106 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 78
FIREWORKS
Definition
Sec. 78.101. For definition of FIREWORKS, see Section 9.108.
Permits for Manufacturing, Sale and Discharge
Sec. 78.102. (a) The manufacture of fireworks within the jurisdictional area is
prohibited except under special permits as are required by local and state
regulations.
(b) Except as hereinafter provided, it shall be unlawful for any person to
possess, store, to offer for sale, expose for sale, sell at retail or use or explode any
fireworks, provided that the chief shall have power to adopt reasonable rules and
regulations for the granting of permits for supervised public displays of fireworks
by a jurisdiction, fair associations, amusement parks, other organizations or for
the use of fireworks by artisans in pursuit of their trade. Every such use or display
shall be handled by a competent operator approved by the chief and shall be of
such character and so located, discharged or fired so as, in the opinion of the chief
after proper investigation, not to be hazardous to property or endanger any
person.
(c) Applications for permits shall be made in writing at least 10 days in advance
of the date of the display. After such privilege shall be granted, sale, possession,
use and distribution of fireworks for such display shall be lawful for that purpose
only. No permit granted hereunder shall be transferable.
Bond for Fireworks Display Required
Sec. 78.103. The permittee shall furnish a bond or certificate of insurance in an
amount deemed adequate by the chief for the payment of all damages which may
be caused either to a person or persons or to property by reason of the permitted
display and arising from any acts of the permittee, his agents, employees or
subcontractors.
Disposal of Unfired Fireworks
Sec. 78.104. Any fireworks that remain unfired after the display is concluded
shall be immediately disposed of in a way safe for the particular type of fireworks
remaining.
Exception
Sec. 78.105. Nothing in this article shall be construed to prohibit the use of
fireworks by railroads or other transportation agencies for signal purposes of
illumination, or the sale or use of blank cartridges for a show or theater, or for
signal or ceremonial purposes in athletics or sports or for use by military
organizations.
Seizure of Fireworks
Sec. 78.106. The chief shall seize, take, remove or cause to be removed at the
expense of the owner all stocks of fireworks offered or exposed for sale, stored or
held in violation of this article.
184
1982 EDITION 79.101
ARTICLE 79
FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Division I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Scope
Sec. 79.101. (a) General. The storage, use, dispensing and mixing of flam-
mable and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with this article, except as
otherwise provided in other laws or regulations. This article also applies specifi-
cally to all flammable and combustible liquids as defined in Section 79.102,
except those that are solid at 100°F. or above. When heated, sprayed or mixed,
Class II or Class III liquids may assume the characteristics of lower flash point
liquids. Under such conditions the appropriate provisions of this article for the
actual flash point shall apply.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. The transportation of flammable and combustible liquids
when in conformity with the Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations on
file with and approved by the Department of Transportation.
2. Alcoholic beverages in retail sales or storage uses, provided the liquids are
packaged in individual containers not exceeding 4 liters.
3. Medicines, foodstuffs and cosmetics, containing not more than 50 percent by
volume of water -miscible liquids and with the remainder of the solution not being
flammable, in retail sales or storage uses when packaged in individual containers not
exceeding 4 liters.
4. Storage and use of fuel -oil tanks and containers connected with oil -burning
equipment. Such storage and use shall comply with Article 61 and the Mechanical
Code.
5. Liquids without flash points that can be flammable under some conditions,
such as certain halogenated hydrocarbons and mixtures containing halogenated
hydrocarbons.
6. Mists, sprays or foams except flammable aerosols in containers as may be
included under Division II.
(b) Liquids With Unusual Burning Characteristics. Additional require-
ments may be necessary for the safe storage and use of liquids which have unusual
burning characteristics, which are subject to self -ignition when exposed to the air,
which are highly reactive with other substances, which are subject to explosive
decomposition, or have other special properties which dictate safeguards over and
above those specified for a normal liquid of similar flash point classification. See
Article 80.
(c) Alternate Materials or Methods. In particular installations, the provisions
of this article may be altered in accordance with Section 2.301 at the discretion of
the chief after consideration of the special features such as topographical condi-
tions, barricades, walls, adequacy of building exits, nature of occupancies,
proximity to buildings or adjoining property and character of construction of such
buildings, capacity and construction of proposed tank and character of liquids to
be stored, nature of process, degree of private fire protection to be provided and
185
79.101-79.102 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
the adequacy of facilities of the fire department to cope with flammable and
combustible liquid fires.
Definitions
Sec. 79.102. (a) General. For definition of AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC
TANK; AUTOMATIC FIRE CHECK; BOILING POINT; BOILOVER;
CLOSED CONTAINER; COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID; DIP TANKS; DISTILL-
ERY; FIRE POINT; FLASH POINT; FLAME ARRESTER; FLAMMABLE
LIQUID; LABELED; LIQUID; LIQUID, UNSTABLE (Reactive); LISTED;
LOW-PRESSURE TANK; MARINE SERVICE STATION; MERCANTILE
OCCUPANCY; SERVICE STATION, AUTOMOTIVE; VAPOR -BALANCE
SYSTEM; VAPOR -PROCESSING SYSTEM; VAPOR -PROCESSING UNIT;
VAPOR -RECOVERY SYSTEM and VAPOR -TRANSFER EQUIPMENT, see
Article 9.
(b) Limited Application. For the purpose of this article, certain terms and
words are defined as follows:
CHEMICAL PLANT is a plant or that portion of a plant other than a refinery
or distillery where flammable or combustible liquids are produced by chemical
reactions or used in chemical reactions.
CONDENSATE TANK is a tank which is installed in the vapor -return piping
of a vapor -recovery system to collect condensed gasoline. All such tanks shall be
capable of being emptied of liquids without opening.
CONTAINER is any vessel of 60 U.S. gallons or less capacity used for
transporting or storing flammable or combustible liquids.
DISPENSING is the pouring or transferring of flammable or combustible
liquids from a container, tank or similar vessel whereby flammable vapors may be
liberated to the atmosphere.
LIQUID STORAGE ROOM is a room classified as a Group H, Division 2
Occupancy that has an exterior wall and which is used for the storage of limited
quantities of liquids.
LIQUID STORAGE ROOM, INSIDE, is a room classified as a Group H,
Division 2 Occupancy that does not have an exterior wall, is limited in size and in
which the storage quantities of liquids are limited.
LIQUID STORAGE WAREHOUSE is a Group H, Division 2 Occupancy
used only for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids in unlimited
quantities.
MIXING is the combining, blending or bringing together within the same
container, tank or vessel flammable or combustible liquids or other materials
whereby flammable vapors may be liberated to the atmosphere.
PORTABLE TANK is any closed vessel having a liquid capacity over 60 U.S.
gallons and not intended for fixed installation.
STORAGE is the keeping, retention or leaving of flammable or combustible
liquids in closed containers, tanks or similar vessels.
USE is the placing in action or service flammable or combustible liquids
whereby flammable vapors may be liberated to the atmosphere.
186
1982 EDITION 79.103-79.104
Permits
Sec. 79.103. For permits to store or use flammable or combustible liquids, see
Section 4.101.
Portable Tanks, Containers and Equipment
Sec. 79.104. (a) General. Portable tanks, containers and equipment used or
intended to be used for the storage, use or sale of flammable or combustible
liquids shall be of an approved type. Containers and portable tanks shall be
designed and constructed in accordance with nationally recognized standards or
U.F.C. Standard No. 79-5. See Section 2.303 (b). The capacity of individual
containers and portable tanks for liquids shall conform to Table No. 79.104.
TABLE NO. 79.104—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SIZE OF CONTAINERS AND
PORTABLE TANKS
CONTAINER TYPE
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
COMBUSTIBLE
LIQUIDS
Class I -A
Class I-B
Class I-C
Class II
Class III
Glass
1 pt.
1 qt.
1 gal.
1 gal.
5 gal.
Metal or approved
plastic
1 gal.
5 gal.
5 gal.
5 gal.
5 gal.
Safety Cans
2 gal.
5 gal.
5 gal.
5 gal.
5 gal.
Metal Drum
60 gal.
60 gal.
60 gal.
60 gal.
60 gal.
Approved Portable
Tanks
660 gal.
660 gal.
660 gal.
660 gal.
660 gal.
Polyethylene
60 gal.
60 gal.
NOTES:
1. Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs and cosmetics, when packaged according to
commonly accepted practices for retail sales, are exempted.
2. Class I -A and Class I-B liquids may be stored in glass containers of not more than 1
gallon capacity if the required liquid purity (such as American Chemical Society
analytical reagent grade or higher) would be affected by storage in metal containers
or if the liquid would cause excessive corrosion of the metal container.
3. Polyethylene containers meeting the requirements• of the standard referenced in
Section 2.303 (b) may be used.
(b) Portable Tank Emergency Venting. Each portable tank shall be provided
with one or more devices installed in the top with sufficient emergency venting
capacity to limit internal pressure under fire -exposure conditions to 10 psig or 30
percent of the bursting pressure of the tank, whichever is greater. The total venting
capacity shall be not less than that specified in Section 79.510 (b) 1 or 79.510 (b)
3. At least one pressure -actuated vent having a minimum capacity of 6000 cubic
feet of free air per hour (14.7 psia and 60'E) shall be used. It shall be set to open at
not less than 5 psig. If fusible vents are used, they shall be actuated by elements
that operate at a temperature not exceeding 300°F. When used for paints, drying
oils and similar materials where plugging of the pressure -actuated vent can occur,
fusible vents or vents of the type that soften to failure at a maximum of 300°F.
under fire exposure may be used for the entire emergency venting requirement.
187
79.105 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Design and Construction of Tanks
Sec. 79.105. (a) Materials. Tanks shall be designed and built in accordance
with recognized good engineering standards for the material of construction being
used with the following limitations and exceptions:
I . The material of tank construction shall be compatible with the liquid to be
stored. The chief may require that evidence be submitted to substantiate
that the properties of the liquid are compatible with the tank.
2. Tanks constructed of combustible materials shall be subject to the approval
of the chief and limited to:
A. Installation underground, or
B. Use where required by the properties of the liquid stored, or
C. Storage of Class III-B liquids aboveground in areas not exposed to a
spill or leak of Class I or Class II liquid, or
D. Storage of Class III-B liquids inside a building protected by an
approved automatic fire -extinguishing system.
Unlined concrete tanks may be used for storing liquids having a gravity of
40 degrees API or heavier. Concrete tanks with special linings may be used
for other services, provided the design is in accordance with sound engi-
neering practice. See also Section 79.502.
4. Tanks may have combustible or noncombustible linings.
5. Special engineering consideration shall be used if the specific gravity of the
liquid to be stored exceeds that of water or if the tank is designed to contain
liquids at a liquid temperature below WE
(b) Fabrication. Tanks may be of any shape or type consistent with sound
engineering design.
(c) Atmospheric Tanks. Atmospheric tanks shall be built in accordance with
recognized standards of design. See Section 2.303 (b).
Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels may be used as atmospheric tanks.
Atmospheric tanks shall not be used for the storage of a liquid at a temperature at
or above its boiling point.
(d) Low-pressure Tanks. The normal operating pressure of the tank shall not
exceed the design pressure of the tank.
Low-pressure tanks shall be built in accordance with recognized standards of
design. See Section 2.303 (b).
Tanks regulated in Subsection (c) above may be used for operating pressures
not exceeding 1 psig and shall be limited to 2.5 psig under emergency venting
conditions.
Pressure vessels may be used as low-pressure tanks.
(e) Pressure Vessels. The normal operating pressure of the vessel shall not
exceed the design pressure of the vessel.
Except where otherwise approved by the chief, fired and unfired pressure
vessels shall be designed and constructed in accordance with nationally recog-
nized standards of design. See Section 2.303 (b).
188
1982 EDITION 79.106-79.113
Warning Labels
Sec. 79.106. Warning labels shall conform with the Federal Hazardous Sub-
stance Labeling Act and applicable state laws. All flammable liquids, flammable
and liquid compounds or mixtures manufactured, packaged or offered for sale
shall be conspicuously marked or labeled in easily legible type which is in
contrast by typography, layout or color with any other printed matter on the label.
EXCEPTION: Foods, drugs or cosmetics subject to the Federal Food, Drug and
Cosmetic Act.
Warning Signs
Sec. 79.107. (a) General. The chief may require warning signs as he deems
necessary for the purpose of pointing out the hazards of storing or using flam-
mable liquids.
(b) Style. Warning signs shall be of a durable material with red lettering on a
white background and shall read DANGER —FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. Letters
shall be not less than 3 inches in height and %z inch in stroke.
(c) Location. Signs shall be posted in locations as directed by the chief.
Operating Heating, Lighting and Cooking Appliances
Sec. 79.108. Heating, lighting or cooking appliances which utilize Class I
liquids shall not be operated within a building or structure.
EXCEPTION: Single-family dwelling.
Unlawful Sales of Flammable Liquids
Sec. 79.109. It shall be unlawful for any person to sell or offer for sale Class I or
Class II liquids with a flash point of 110°F. or less for the express purpose of
domestic cleaning.
Cleaning with Flammable Liquid
Sec. 79.110. Class I liquids and Class II liquids with a flashpoint below 110°F.
shall not be used within a building for washing parts or removing grease or dirt
unless they are used in a closed machine approved for the purpose or in a separate
well -ventilated room constructed in accordance with Section 79.804.
Waste Petroleum Products and Flammable or Combustible Liquids
Sec. 79.111. Flammable or combustible liquids or any waste liquid containing
crude petroleum or its products shall not be discharged into or upon any street,
highway, drainage canal or ditch, storm drain, sewer or flood -control channel,
lake or tidal waterway, or upon the ground.
Sources of Ignition
Sec. 79.112. In locations where flammable vapors may be present, precautions
shall be taken to prevent ignition by eliminating or controlling sources of ignition.
Abandonment and Status of Tanks
Sec. 79.113. (a) Permits. For permits to remove, abandon, place temporarily
out of service or otherwise dispose of any flammable or combustible liquid tank,
see Section 4.101.
189
79.113-79.201 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(b) Tanks Temporarily Out of Service. Tanks temporarily out of service shall
have the fill line, gage opening and pump connection secured against tampering.
Vent lines shall remain open and be maintained in accordance with the require-
ments of this article for vent lines.
(c) Tanks Out of Service 90 Days. Any tank not used for a period of 90 days
shall be properly safeguarded or removed in a manner approved by the chief.
Tanks which are to be placed back in service shall be tested in a manner
approved by the chief.
(d) Aboveground Tanks Out of Service One Year. Any aboveground tank
which has been abandoned for a period of one year shall be removed from the
property in a manner approved by the chief.
(e) Underground Tanks Out of Service One Year. Any underground tank
which has been abandoned for a period of one year shall be either removed from
the ground and the hole properly filled or such tank may be abandoned in place
and safeguarded in a manner and with material approved by the chief.
(f) Reinstallation of Tanks. Tanks which are to be reinstalled for flammable or
combustible liquid service shall comply with all of the provisions of this article.
See Division VI of this article.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.114. Fire protection for the storage, transportation and dispensing of
flammable liquids shall be in accordance with Article 10 except as otherwise
provided in this article.
Division II
CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE INSIDE
BUILDINGS
General
Sec. 79.201. (a) Scope. This division shall apply to the storage of flammable
and combustible liquids in drums or other containers not exceeding 60-gallon
individual capacity and the storage of portable tanks not exceeding 660-gallon
individual capacity. For the purpose of this article, flammable aerosols and
unstable liquids shall be treated as Class I -A liquids.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Liquids in the fuel tanks of motor vehicles, aircraft, boats, or
portable or stationary engines.
2. Alcoholic beverages in retail sales or storage uses, provided the liquids are
packaged in individual containers not exceeding 4 liters.
3. Medicines, foodstuffs and cosmetics, containing not more than 50 percent by
volume of water -miscible liquids and with the remainder of the solution not being
flammable, in retail sales or storage uses when packaged in individual containers not
exceeding 4 liters.
4. The storage of liquids that have no fire point when tested in accordance with
U.F.C. Standard No. 9-6.
5. The storage of distilled spirits and wines in wooden barrels or casks.
Portable tanks exceeding 660 gallons shall comply with Division V.
190
1982 EDITION 79.201
(b) Reactive Materials. Materials which will react with water or other liquids
to produce a hazard shall not be stored in the same room with flammable or
combustible liquids.
(c) Empty Containers. The storage of empty tanks and containers previously
used for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids, unless free from
explosive vapors, shall be as specified for the storage of flammable liquids. Tanks
and containers when emptied shall have the covers or plugs immediately replaced
in openings.
(d) Storage Near Exits. Class I, II or III -A liquids shall not be stored
(including stock for sale) near exit doorways, stairways, nor in a location that
would impede egress.
(e) Quantities Allowed Within Specified Buildings. Storage of Class I, II or
III -A liquids in buildings in quantities in excess of those listed in this subsection
shall be within inside liquid storage rooms, liquid storage rooms, liquid storage
warehouses, dispensing rooms or mixing rooms constructed as required for
Group H, Division 2 Occupancies. Class I -A liquids shall not be stored in
basement areas. In addition to these requirements, see requirements for permits,
Section 79.103. Amounts permitted shall be stored in approved containers,
approved locations, and shall be limited in accordance with the following:
1. In assembly buildings, hotels, apartment houses, one- and two-family
dwellings and lodging houses, storage is prohibited.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Quantities not exceeding 10 gallons for maintenance pur-
poses and operation of equipment when stored in approved containers and located in
a private garage or approved locations.
2. Storage in excess of 10 gallons that is used for maintenance purposes and
operation of equipment when stored in cabinets which comply with Section
79.201 (g).
2. Educational, institutional and offices:
(i) Amount limited to that required for maintenance, operations, demonstra-
tion, treatment and laboratory work.
(ii) Storage in excess of 10 gallons shall be in storage cabinets which comply
with Section 79.201 (g).
3. Wholesale and retail stores:
(i) In rooms or areas accessible to the public, storage shall be limited to
quantities needed for display and normal merchandising purposes but shall
not exceed 2 gallons per square foot of floor area actually being used for
merchandising Class I, II or III -A liquids.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Class I -A liquids shall not be stored in basements.
2.The storage of Classes I and II liquids other than on the ground floor shall not
exceed 1 gallon per square foot of floor area actually being used for merchandising
liquids.
For water -miscible liquids or for areas protected with automatic sprin-
klers installed in accordance with U.B.C. Standard No. 38-1 for extra -
hazard occupancies, the quantities may be doubled.
The manner of storage shall be in accordance with Subsection (f) of this
191
79.201 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
section. Dispensing shall be in accordance with Division VIII.
(ii) In rooms or areas not accessible to the public, storage shall not exceed the
greater of 2 gallons per square foot of floor area actually being occupied by
the storage, not including adjacent aisles, or 60 gallons of Class I -A, 120
gallons of Class 1-13, 180 gallons of Class I-C, 240 gallons of Class II or
660 gallons of Class III -A liquids, or 240 gallons in any combination of
Class I and Class II liquids, subject to the limitations of the individual
class.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Class I -A liquids shall not be stored in basements.
2. The storage of Classes I and II liquids on other than the ground floor shall not
exceed 1 gallon per square foot of floor area actually being occupied by the storage,
not including adjacent aisles.
For water -miscible liquids or for areas protected with automatic sprin-
klers installed in accordance with U.B.C. Standard No. 38-1 for extra -
hazard occupancies, the quantities may be doubled.
Quantities exceeding these limitations shall be stored in an approved
inside liquid storage room or liquid storage warehouse in accordance with
Section 79.202 or 79.203.
The manner of storage shall be in accordance with Subsection (f) of this
section. Dispensing shall be in accordance with Division VIII.
(iii) Classes I, II and III -A liquids in excess of 10 gallons that are used for
maintenance purposes and operation of equipment shall be stored in
cabinets which comply with Section 79.201 (g).
4. Miscellaneous industrial buildings:
(i) Storage shall not exceed 60 gallons of Class I -A, 120 gallons of Class I-B,
180 gallons of Class I-C, 240 gallons of Class II or 660 gallons of Class III -
A liquids, or 240 gallons in any combination of Class I and Class II liquids,
subject to the limitations of the individual class.
EXCEPTION: Class I -A liquids shall not be stored in basements.
For water -miscible liquids or for areas protected with automatic sprin-
klers installed in accordance with U.B.C. Standard No. 38-1 for extra -
hazard occupancies, the quantities may be doubled.
Quantities exceeding these limitations shall be stored in an approved
inside liquid storage room or liquid storage warehouse in accordance with
Section 79.202 or 79.203.
The manner of storage shall be in accordance with Subsection (f) of this
section. Dispensing shall be in accordance with Division VIII.
(ii) Classes I, II and III -A liquids in excess of 10 gallons that are used for
maintenance purposes and operation of equipment shall be stored in
cabinets which comply with Section 79.201 (g).
(f) Manner of Storage in Wholesale and Retail Stores and Miscellaneous
Industrial Buildings. In wholesale and retail stores and miscellaneous industrial
buildings, liquid storage not exceeding the quantities set forth in Section 79.201
(e), Items Nos. 3 and 4, shall be in accordance with the provisions of this
subsection.
192
1982 EDITION 79.201-79.202
Containers under 30-gallon capacity shall not be stacked more than 3 feet or
two containers high, whichever is greater, unless on fixed shelving or otherwise
satisfactorily secured. Containers over 30 gallons shall not be stored more than
one container high. All containers shall be stored in an upright position.
Shelving shall be of stable construction, of sufficient depth and of such
arrangement that containers displayed thereon will not be easily displaced.
Piles shall be not closer than 3 feet to the nearest beam, chord, girder or other
obstruction and shall be 3 feet below sprinkler deflectors or discharge orifices of
water spray or other overhead fire -protection systems.
In areas that are not accessible to the public, Classes I, II and III -A liquids shall
not be stored in the same pile or rack section as ordinary combustible com-
modities except when they are packaged together as kits.
Leaking containers shall be taken to a safe location in an area not accessible to
the public and the contents transferred to an undamaged container.
(g) Storage Cabinets. 1. General. When provisions of this code require that
liquid containers be stored in storage cabinets, such cabinets and storage shall be
in accordance with this section. Cabinets shall be conspicuously labeled in red
letters FLAMMABLE —KEEP FIRE AWAY.
2. Quantities. The quantity of Class I or Class II liquids shall not exceed 60
gallons and the total quantities of all liquids in a storage cabinet shall not exceed
120 gallons.
3. Construction. Cabinets may be constructed of wood or metal. Cabinets
shall be listed or constructed in accordance with the following:
A. Unlisted metal cabinets. Metal cabinets shall be of steel having a thickness
of not less than 0.043 inch. The cabinet, including the door, shall be double
walled with 1'/2-inch airspace between the walls. Joints shall be riveted or welded
and shall be tight fitting. Doors shall be well fitted, self -closing and equipped with
a latching device. The bottom of the cabinet shall be liquid tight to a height of at
least 2 inches.
B. Wooden cabinets. Wooden cabinets including the doors shall be of not less
than 1-inch Exterior grade plywood. All joints shall be fastened in two directions
with wood screws. Doors shall be well fitted, self -closing and equipped with a
latch. The bottom of the cabinet shall be liquid tight to a height of at least 2
inches. Cabinets shall be painted with an intumescent -type paint.
4. Location. Not more than three cabinets shall be located in the same room.
EXCEPTION: Cabinets in groups not exceeding three may be located in the
same room, provided they are spaced from other cabinets not less than 100 feet.
Inside Liquid Storage Room
Sec. 79.202. (a) General. Inside liquid storage rooms shall comply with all the
requirements of Section 79.203 and this section.
(b) Construction. The construction of inside liquid storage rooms shall be in
accordance with the Building Code for a Group H, Division 2 Occupancy.
(c) Limited Area. Inside liquid storage rooms shall not exceed 500 square feet
193
79.202-79.203 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
in area and shall be separated from other areas by occupancy separations having a
fire -resistive rating not less than one hour for rooms up to 150 square feet in area
and not less than two hours where the room is more than 150 square feet in area.
Separations from other occupancies shall be not less than required by Table No. 5-
B of the Building Code.
Liquid Storage Rooms
Sec. 79.203. (a) General. Quantities of liquids exceeding those set forth in
Section 79.201 shall be within a room complying with the requirements of this
section. Such rooms shall be classified as a Group H, Division 2 Occupancy.
Liquid storage rooms shall be protected by automatic sprinkler systems
installed in accordance with U.B.C. Standard No. 38-1 and Tables Nos. 79.200-
C, 79.200-D-1 and 79.200-D-2. In -rack sprinklers shall also comply with U.F.C.
Standard No. 81-1. For in -rack sprinklers, alternate lines shall be staggered and
multiple levels of sprinkler heads shall be provided with water shields unless
separated by horizontal barriers or unless the sprinkler heads are listed for such
installations. Racks with solid shelves shall be provided with in -rack sprinklers at
every tier or level.
Automatic foam -water systems and automatic aqueous film -forming foam -
water sprinkler systems may be used when approved by the chief.
All liquid storage rooms shall be provided with adequate drainage. Drainage
systems shall be sized and designed to carry off any anticipated spill, plus the
minimum calculated fire flow of the sprinkler system to a safe location. If
connected to a public drain or sewer system, a clarifier shall be installed.
(b) Construction. The construction of liquid storage rooms shall be in accor-
dance with the Building Code and have a minimum of one exterior wall.
(c) Dispensing or Mixing. Liquids shall not be dispensed or mixed in liquid
storage rooms unless such rooms comply with the electrical, heating and ventila-
tion requirements in Division VIII.
(d) Quantities and Arrangement of Storage. 1. General. The quantities and
arrangements of liquid storage shall be in accordance with Table No. 79.200-A or
79.200-B, as applicable, and this section.
2. Mixed storage. When two or more classes of liquids are stored in a single
pile or single rack section, the maximum quantities, permitted in the pile or rack
section shall be the smallest of the two or more separate maximum quantities.
3. Separation and aisles. Storage shall be arranged in piles or racks in
accordance with Table No. 79.200-A or 79.200-B. Piles shall be separated from
each other by at least 4-foot aisles. Aisles shall be provided so that no container is
more than 12 feet from an aisle. Where the storage of liquids is on racks, a
minimum 4-foot-wide aisle shall be provided between adjacent rows of racks and
adjacent storage of liquids. Main aisles shall be a minimum of 8 feet wide. Aisles
shall be provided for access to doors, required windows or ventilation openings,
standpipe connections, mechanical equipment, switches, etc. Such aisles may be
3 feet in width, provided they are not required for separation of piles or racks.
194
1982 EDITION 79.203-79.205
4. Stabilizing and supports for storage. Containers and piles shall be sepa-
rated by pallets or dunnage to provide stability and to prevent excessive stress to
container walls. Portable tanks stored over one tier high shall be designed to nest
securely without dunnage. See Section 2.303 (b) for requirements on portable
tank design. Shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay and similar
installations shall be of noncombustible construction or of wood not less than f-
inch nominal thickness.
Liquid Storage Warehouses
Sec. 79.204. (a) General. Buildings used for storage of flammable or combus-
tible liquids exceeding the quantities set forth in Section 79.201 or 79.203 shall
comply with the provisions of this section. Such buildings shall be classified as a
Group H, Division 2 Occupancy and shall comply with the requirements of the
Building Code for such occupancy.
(b) Sprinker Systems. Liquid storage warehouses shall be protected by auto-
matic sprinkler systems installed in accordance with U.B.C. Standard No. 38-1
and Tables Nos. 79.200-C, 79.200-D-1, 79.200-D-2 and 79.200-D-3. For in -
rack sprinklers, alternate lines shall be staggered and multiple levels of sprinkler
heads shall be provided with water shields unless separated by horizontal barriers
or unless the sprinkler heads are listed for such installations. Racks with solid
shelves shall be provided with in -rack sprinklers at every tier or level. Automatic
foam -water systems or automatic aqueous film -forming foam -water sprinkler
systems may be used when approved by the chief.
All liquid storage warehouses shall be provided with adequate drainage.
Drainage systems shall be sized and designed to carry off any anticipated spill,
plus the minimum calculated fire flow of the sprinkler system to a safe location. If
connected to a public drain or sewer system, a clarifier shall be installed.
(c) Storage Arrangement. The total quantities of liquids in a liquid storage
warehouse shall not be limited, but the arrangement of storage shall be in
accordance with Table No. 79.200-A or 79.200-B, as appropriate. Piles and aisles
shall be in accordance with Section 79.203 (d) 3.
Containers and piles shall be separated by pallets or dunnage to provide
stability and to prevent excessive stress to container walls. Portable tanks stored
over one tier high shall be designed to nest securely without dunnage. Shelving,
racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay and similar installations shall be of
noncombustible construction or of wood not less than 1-inch nominal thickness.
(d) Mixed Storage. When two or more classes of liquids are stored in a pile, the
maximum quantities permitted in that pile shall be the smallest of the two or more
separate maximum quantities, and the height of storage permitted in that pile shall
be the least of the two or more separate heights as given in Table No. 79.200-A or
79.200-B, as applicable. When two or more classes of liquids are stored in the
same rack, the maximum height of storage permitted shall be the least of the two
or more separate heights given in Table No. 79.200-B.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.205. (a) Portable Fire Extinguishers. 1. Type. Approved portable
195
79.205 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
fire extinguishers shall be provided as specified by U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1,
except as specified herein.
2. Size and location. At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of
not less than 20-B shall be located not less than 10 feet nor more than 50 feet from
any Class I or Class II liquid storage area located outside of a liquid storage room.
At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B shall
be located outside of but not more than 10 feet from the door opening into a liquid
storage room.
(b) Warehouse Hose Lines. In liquid storage warehouses, either 1'h-inch lined
or 1-inch hard rubber hand hose lines installed in accordance with Article 10 shall
be provided in sufficient number to reach all liquid storage areas.
(c) Water Supply. The water supply shall be sufficient to meet the specified
fire -protection demand, including at least 500 gallons per minute for inside and
outside hose lines.
196
TABLE NO.79.200-A-STORAGE ARRANGEMENTS FOR PALLETIZED OR SOLID -PILE STORAGE
IN LIQUID STORAGE ROOMS
MAXIMUM QUANTITY (GALLONS)
MAXIMUM QUANTITY SGALLONS)
MAXIMUM STORAGE HEIGHT (FEET)
PER PILE
PER ROOM
CLASS
STORAGE
LEVEL
DRUMS
Containers
Portable Tanks
Containers
Portable Tanks
Containers
Portable Tanks
Ground floor
1
5
-
3,000
-
12,000
-
I -A
Upper floors
1
5
-
2,000
-
8,000
-
Basements
0
Not permitted
Not permitted
-
-
Ground floor
1
6%2
7
5,000
20,000
15,000
40,000
I-B
Upper floors
1
61/2
7
3,000
10,000
12,000
20,000
Basements
0
Not permitted
Not permitted
-
-
-
-
Ground floor
1
6'/22
7
5,000
20,000
15,000
40,000
I-C
Upper floors
1
6'h2
7
3,000
10,000
12,000
20,000
Basements
0
Not permitted
Not permitted
-
-
-
-
Ground floor
3
10
14
10,000
40,000
25,000
80,000
II
Upper floors
3
10
14
10,000
40,000
25,000
80,000
Basements
1
5
7
7,500
20,000
7,500
20,000
Ground floor
5
20
14
15,000
60,000
50,000
100,000
III
Upper floors
5
20
14
15,000
60,000
50,000
100,000
Basements
3
10
7
10,000
20,000
25,000
40,000
'See Section 79.204 (a) for unlimited quantities in liquid warehouses.
2These height limitations may be increased to 10 feet if containers have capacity of 5 gallons or less.
a
79.200-B
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TABLE NO.79.200-B—STORAGE ARRANGEMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE IN
LIQUID STORAGE ROOMS
MAXIMUM STORAGE
MAXIMUM QUANTITY
STORAGE
HEIGHT (FEET)
(GALLONS) PER ROOM
Containers
Containers
CLASS
TYPE RACK
LEVEL
Ground
Double Row
floor
25
7,500
I -A
or
Upper floors
15
4,500
Single Row
Basements
Not Permitted
—
Ground
I-B
Double Row
floor
25
15,000
or
Upper floors
15
9,000
I-C
Single row
Basements
Not Permitted
—
Ground
Double Row
floor
25
24,000
II
or
Upper floors
25
24,000
Single Row
Basements
15
9,000
Multirow
Ground
40
48,000
III
Double Row
Floor
20
48,000
or Single
Upper Floors
Row
Basements
20
24,000
198
TABLE NO.79.200-C—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION FOR SOLID -PILE AND PALLETIZED STORAGE OF LIQUIDS
IN CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANKS1
STORAGE CONDITIONS
CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND
MINIMUM
HOSE STREAM
MINIMUM
DURATION
Density
Area (sq. ft.)
.
Maximum
High
Ordinary
Class
Container Size
gpm/
Spacin
DEMAND
SPRINKLERS &
Liquid
and Arrangement
sq. ft.
Temp.
Temp.
(sq. ft.
(gpm)
HOSE STREAMS (hrs.)
5 gal. or less, with/without
0.30
3000
5000
100
750
cartons, palletized or solid pile
Flammable aerosols in cartons,
I -A
palletized or solid pile
0.30
6000
10,000
]00
1000
2
Containers greater than 5 gal.,
on end or side, palletized or
0.60
5000
8000
80
750
solid pile
I-B
5 gal. or less, with/without
0.30
3000
5000
100
I-C
cartons, palletized or solid pile
500
2
Containers.greater than 5 gal.
0.25
5000
8000
100
&
II
on pallets or solid pile, one high
Containers greater than 5 gal.
II
on pallets or solid pile, more
0.60
5000
8000
80
750
2
than one high on end or side
I-B, I-C, tI
Portable tanks, one high
0.30
3000
5000
100
500
2
II
Portable tanks, two high
0.60
5000
8000
80
750
2
(Continued)
Y
TABLE NO.79.200-C—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION FOR SOLID -PILE AND PALLETIZED STORAGE OF LIQUIDS
IN CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANKS —(Continued)
STORAGE CONDITIONS
CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND
MINIMUM
HOSE STREAM
MINIMUM
DURATION
Density
.
Area (sq. ft.)
Maximum
High
Ordinary
Class
Container Size
gpm/
Spacingg
DEMAND
SPRINKLERS &
Liquid
and Arrangement
sq. ft.
Temp.
Temp.
(sq. tt.)
(gpm)
HOSE STREAMS (hrs.)
5 gal. or less, with/without
cartons, palletized or solid pile
0.25
3000
5000
120
500
1
Containers greater than 5 gal.,
on pallets or solid pile, on
0.25
3000
5000
120
500
1
end or sides, up to three high
III
Containers greater than 5 gal.,
on pallets or solid pile, on
0.35
3000
5000
100
750
2
end or sides up to 18 feet high
Portable tanks, one high
0.25
3000
5000
120
500
1
Portable tanks, two high
0.50
3000
5000
80
750
2
'The design area contemplates the use of Class II standpipe systems. Where Class I standpipe systems are used, the area of application shall be
increased by 30 percent without revising density.
C
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m
TABLE NO. 79.200-D-1 —AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN
CONTAINERS OF 5-GALLON CAPACITY OR LESS1 IN CARTONS ON CONVENTIONAL WOOD PALLETS OR WITHOUT
CARTONS BUT STRAPPED TO PALLETS2
CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN
MIN.
& DEMAND
IN -RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND
MIN.
DURATION
Density
Area (sq ft)
Racks over 9 ft.
Min.
Number of
HOSE
STREAM
SPRINKLER
& HOSE
High
Ord.
CLASS
gpm/
Max.
Racks up to 9 ft.
(2.7m) to 12 ft.
Nozzle
Sprinklers
DEMAND
STREAM
LIQUID
sq. ft.
Temp.
Temp.
Spacing
(2.7m) deep
(3.7m) deep
Pressure
Operating
(gpm)
(hrs.)
(a) ord. temp. sprin-
(a) ord'. temp. sprin-
(a) 8 sprinklers if
klers 8 feet apart
klers 8 feet apart hori-
only one level
horizontally
zontally
(b) 6 sprinklers
(b) one line sprinklers
(b) two lines sprin-
ea. on two levels
above each level of
klers above each level
if only two levels
I
0.40
3000
5000
80 sq.
storage
of storage
30 psi
(c) 6 sprinklers
750
2
(m�'
ft./hd.
(c) locate in longitudi-
(c) locate in trans-
ea. on top 3 lev-
25 ft.
nal flue space, stag-
verse flue spaces,
els, if 3 or more
height)
gered vertical
staggered vertical and
levels
(d) shields required
within 20 in. of aisle
(d) hydraulically
where multilevel
(d) shields required
most remote
where multilevel
(Continued)
8
o�
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z
V
t0
N
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1
N
O
N
TABLE NO. 79.200-D-1 —AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN
CONTAINERS OF 5-GALLON CAPACITY OR LESSt IN CARTONS ON CONVENTIONAL WOOD PALLETS OR WITHOUT
CARTONS BUT STRAPPED TO PALLETS? (Continued)
CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN
MIN.
& DEMAND
IN -RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND
MIN.
DURATION
Density
Area (sq. ft.)
Racks over 9 ft.
Min.
Number of
HOSE
STREAM
SPRINKLER& HOSE
High
Ord.
CLASS
gpm/
Max.
Racks up to 9 ft.
(2.7m) to 12 ft.
Nozzle
Sprinklers
DEMAND
STREAM
LIQUID
sq. ft.
Temp.
Temp.
Spacing
(2.7m) deep
(3.7m) deep
Pressure
Operating
(gpm)
(hrs.)
(a) ord. temp. sprin-
(a) ord. temp. sprin-
klers 8 feet apart
klers 8 feet apart hori-
horizontally
zontally
(b) one line sprinklers
(b) two lines between
(a) hydraulically
between levels at
levels at nearest 10
most remote — 6
II
0.30
3000
5000
100 sq.
nearest 10 foot verti-
foot vertical intervals
30 psi
sprinklers at each
750
2
ft./hd.
cal intervals
(c) locate in trans-
level, up to max.
(max.
(c) locate in longitudi-
verse flue spaces,
of three levels
25 ft.
nal flue space, stag-
staggered vertical and
height)
gered vertical
within 20 in. of aisle
(d) shields required
(d) shields required
where multilevel
where multilevel
III
120 sq
Same as
max.
0.25
3000
5000
ft./hd.
Same as Class II
Same as Class 11
30 psi
p
Class II
500
2
'Flammable aerosols not included.
2The design area contemplates the use of Class II standpipe systems. Where Class I standpipe systems are used, the area of application shall be
increased by 30 percent without revising density.
v
TABLE NO.79.200-D-2—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN CONTAINERS
GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITY1
CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN
MIN.
& DEMAND
IN -RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND
MIN.
DURATION
Density
Area (sq. ft.)
On -end Storage
Min.
Number of
HOSE
STREAM
S & OSER
CLASS
gpm/
Max.
On -side Storage
(on pallets) up to
Nozzle
Sprinklers
DEMAND
STREAM
High
Ord.
LIQUID
sq. t
Temp. I
Temp.
Spacing
Rocks up to 9 ft.
9 ft. deep racks
ressure
Operating
(gpm)
(hrs.)
(a) ord. temp. sprin-
(a) ord. temp. sprin-
klers 8 feet apart
klers 8 feet apart hori-
horizontally
zontally
hydraulically
(b) one line sprinklers
(b) one line sprinklers
most remote 6
m
80 sq.
above each tier of
above each tier of
sprinklers at each
I -A
0.60
3000
5000
ft./hd.
storage
g
storage
g
30 psi
p
level
1000
2
(max
(c) locate in longitudi-
(c) locate in longitudi-
25 ft.
nal flue space, stag-
nal flue space, stag -
height)
gered vertical
gered vertical
(d) shields required
(d) shields required
where multilevel
where multilevel
(a) see (a) above
(a) see (a) above
I-B, I-C
(b) one line sprinklers
(b) see (b) above
& II
(max.
100 sq.
every three tiers of
(c) see (c) above
25 ft.
0.60
3000
5000
ft./hd.
storage
(d) see (d) above
30 psi
(a) see (a) above
750
2
height)
(c) see (c) above
(d) see (d) above
(Continued)
N
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TABLE NO.79.200-D-2—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN CONTAINERS
GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITY' --(Continued)
CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN
MIN.
& DEMAND
IN -RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND
MIN.
DURATION
Density
Area (sq. ft.)
On -end Storage
Min.
Number of
HOSE
STREAM
SPRINKLER& HOSE
High
I Ord.
CLASS
gpm/
Max.
On -side Storage
(on pallets) up to
Nozzle
Sprinklers
DEMAND
STREAM
LIQUID
sq. ft.
Temp.
Temp.
Spacing
Racks up to 9 ft.
9 ft. deep racks
Pressure
Operating
(gpm)
(hrs.)
(a) see (a) above
(a) see (a) above
III
(b) one line sprinklers
(b) one line sprinklers
(max.
120 sq.
every sixth level
every third level
40-ft.
0.25
3000
5000
ftdhd.
(maximum)
(maximum)
15 psi
(a) see (a) above
500
1
height)
(c) see (c) above
(c) see (c) above
(d) see (d) above
(d) see (d) above
'The design contemplates the use of a Class II standpipe system. Where a Class I standpipe system is used, the area of application shall be increased
by 30 percent without revising density.
TABLE NO.79.200-D-3—AUTOMATIC AFFF-WATER PROTECTIONI, 2 REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS3
IN CONTAINERS
CEILING SPRINKLER
DESIGN 6 DEMAND
IN -RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND*
CLASS
LIQUID
HOSE
STREAM
DEMANDS
DURATION
AFFF
SUPPLY
DURATION
WATER
SUPPLY
Density
pm/sq. ft
Area (sq. ft.)
On -and Storage of Drums
(on Pellets) up to 25 ft.
Minimum
Nozzle
Pressure
Number of
Sprinklers
Operating
High
Temp.
Ord.
Temp.
I -A, I-B,
0.30
1500
2500
(a) ord. temp. sprinkler up
30 psi
Three
500
15 min.
2 hrs.
I-C, 1I
to 10 feet apart
sprinklers
horizontally
per level
(b) one line sprinklers
above each level of storage
(c) locate in longitudinal
flue space, staggered
vertically
(d) Shields required for
multilevel
'System shall be a closed head wet system with approved devices for proportioning aqueous film -forming foam (AFFF).
z Except as modified herein, in -rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 81-1.
3171ammable aerosols not included.
4The height of storage shall not exceed 25 feet.
5Hose stream demand includes inside hand hose (1'/2 inches) required in Division XV.
79.301-79.302 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Division III
STATIONARY TANK STORAGE INSIDE BUILDINGS
General
Sec. 79.301. (a) Scope. This division applies only to the storage of flammable
and combustible liquids in stationary tanks in buildings.
(b) Where Allowed. Stationary tanks for the storage of Class I, 11 or III -A
liquids may be installed in industrial plants, chemical plants, distilleries, service
stations, processing plants, bulk plants and refineries when in rooms or buildings
constructed and separated as required in the Building Code for Group H, Division
2 Occupancies or for fuel storage for emergency and standby power systems when
approved by the chief.
(c) Tank Design and Construction. The design, fabrication and construction
of tanks shall be in accordance with Section 79.105.
(d) Tank Supports. Tanks shall be securely supported to prevent settling,
sliding or lifting and shall comply with the requirements of the Building Code.
Steel supports or piling for tanks storing Class I, II or III -A liquids shall have a
fire -resistance rating of not less than two hours, except that solid web steel saddles
need not be protected if less than 12 inches high at their lowest point. At the
discretion of the chief, water -spray protection in accordance with U.F.C. Standard
No. 79-2, or U.B.C. Standard No. 38-1, or equivalent, may be used.
Where a tank is located in an area that may be subjected to flooding, the
applicable precautions in Appendix II-B shall apply.
(e) Testing. Prior to being put into service, tanks shall be tested in accordance
with nationally recognized design standards.
Tank Connections
Sec. 79.302. (a) Normal Venting. 1. General. Atmospheric storage tanks
shall be adequately vented to prevent the development of either positive or
negative pressure that exceeds the design pressure of such tanks as a result of
filling, emptying or atmospheric temperature changes.
Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be adequately vented to prevent
development of pressure or vacuum as a result of filling or emptying and
atmospheric temperature changes from exceeding the design pressure of the tank
or vessel. Protection shall also be provided to prevent overpressure from any
pump discharging into the tank or vessel when the pump discharge pressure can
exceed the design pressure of the tank or vessel.
If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill or withdrawal connection
and simultaneous filling or withdrawal can be made, the vent size shall be based
on the maximum anticipated simultaneous flow.
Tank -venting systems shall be provided with sufficient capacity to prevent
blowback of vapor or liquid at the fill opening while the tank is being filled. Vent
pipes shall be not less than 1'/a-inch nominal inside diameter. The capacity of the
vent shall be based on the filling or withdrawal rate, whichever is greater, and the
vent line length. Unrestricted vent piping sized in accordance with Table No.
206
1982 EDITION 79.302
79.302 may be used to prevent back -pressure development in tanks from exceed-
ing 2.5 psig. Where tank -venting devices are installed in vent lines, their flow
capacities shall be determined in accordance with nationally recognized engineer-
ing standards. See Section 2.303 (b).
TABLE NO. 79.302—VENT LINE DIAMETERS
MAXIMUM FLOW
GPM
PIPE LENGTHI
50 FEET
100 FEET
200 FEET
100
1'/4-inch
I %4-inch
1 �/4-inch
200
1 %4-inch
1'/4-inch
1 %4-inch
300
1 %4-inch
1'/4-inch
1'/2-inch
400
1'/4-inch
1'/2-inch
2-inch
500
1'/z-inch
1 %2-inch
2-inch
600
1 %2-inch
2-inch
2-inch
700
2-inch
2-inch
2-inch
800
2-inch
2-inch
3-inch
900
2-inch
2-inch
3-inch
1000
2-inch
2-inch
3-inch
'Vent lines of 50 feet, 100 feet and 200 feet of pipe plus seven ells.
Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class I -A liquids shall be equipped with
approved venting devices which shall be normally closed except when venting
under pressure or vacuum conditions.
Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class I-B and Class I-C liquids shall be
equipped with approved venting devices which will be normally closed, except
when venting under pressure or vacuum conditions or with approved flame
arresters.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Venting devices and flame arresters may be omitted from
Class I-B and Class I-C liquids where conditions are such that their use may, in case
of obstruction, result in tank damage.
Liquid properties justifying the omission of such devices include, but are not
limited to, condensation, corrosiveness, crystallization, polymerization, freezing or
plugging. When any of these conditions exist, consideration may be given to
heating, use of devices employing special materials of construction, the use of liquid
seals or inerting in accordance with nationally recognized engineering standards for
explosion -prevention systems. See Section 2.303 (b).
2. Vent pipes 2 inches or less in nominal inside diameter and longer than 10 feet.
3. Tanks storing gasoline are exempt from the above requirements, provided the
vent pipes do not exceed 3 inches nominal inside diameter.
All vent line flame arresters and venting devices shall be installed in accor-
dance with their listings.
2. Location and arrangement of vents. Vent pipes from tanks storing Class I,
II or III -A liquids shall terminate outside of the building at a point not less than 8
feet above the fill pipe opening and not less than 12 feet above the adjacent ground
level. Vent pipes shall discharge vertically or horizontally in order to disperse
207
79.302 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
vapors and shall be arranged so that flammable vapors will not enter the building
openings, be trapped under eaves or other obstructions, nor discharge into
hazardous locations. Vent lines shall not terminate within 5 feet of openings into a
building nor within 5 feet of a property line that may be built upon.
Vent lines from tanks shall not be used for other purposes except when
approved by the chief.
3. Installation of vent piping. Vent piping shall be installed in accordance
with Division VII, "Piping, Valves and Fittings. " Vent pipes shall be installed so
as to drain toward the tank without sags or traps in which liquid can collect. Vent
pipes shall be installed in such a manner as to be not subject to physical damage or
vibration.
4. Manifolding. The manifolding of tank vent piping shall be avoided except
where required for special purposes such as vapor recovery, vapor conservation or
air pollution control. When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall be
such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of the system, the vapors they
may be required to handle when manifolded tanks are subject to the same fire
exposure.
Vent piping for tanks storing Class I liquids shall not be manifolded with vent
piping for tanks storing Class II or Class III liquids unless positive means are
provided to prevent the vapors from Class I liquids from entering tanks storing
Class II or Class III liquids to prevent contamination and possible change in
classification of the less volatile liquid.
(b) Emergency Relief Venting. 1. General. Every stationary tank located
inside a building shall be equipped with adequate additional venting that will
relieve excessive internal pressure caused by exposure to fires in accordance with
Subsection 2 below.
Discharge from emergency vents shall be to the outside of the building in
accordance with the provisions of Section 79.302 (a) 2.
2. Emergency vent capacity. Where entire dependence for emergency relief is
placed upon pressure -relieving devices, the total venting capacity of both normal
and emergency vents shall be enough to prevent rupture of the shell or bottom of
the tank, if vertical, or of the shell or heads, if horizontal. If unstable liquids are
stored, the effects of heat or gas resulting from polymerization, decomposition,
condensation or self -reactivity shall be taken into account. The total capacity of
both normal and emergency venting devices shall be not less than that derived
from Division V, Section 79.510 (b), "Emergency Relief Venting for Fire
Exposure for Aboveground Tanks." Said device or devices shall be approved
relief or pressure/vacuum venting devices or other devices approved by the chief.
(c) Bank Openings Other than Vents. 1. General. Connections for all tank
openings shall be liquid tight. All openings to tanks shall be located outside of
buildings at a location free from any source of ignition and not less than 10 feet
away from any building opening or property line that may be built upon. Such
openings shall be provided with a liquid -tight cap which shall be closed when not
in use and shall be properly identified.
For top -loaded tanks, a metallic fill pipe shall be designed and installed to
208
1982 EDITION 79.302-79.303
minimize the generation of static electricity by terminating the pipe within 6
inches of the bottom of the tank and it shall be installed to avoid excessive
vibration.
2. Openings for manual gaging. Openings for manual gaging, if independent
of the fill pipe, shall be provided with a liquid -tight cover. Covers shall be kept
closed when not in use. Each such opening shall be protected against liquid
overflow and possible vapor release by means of a spring -loaded check valve or
other approved device.
3. Openings for vapor recovery. Tank openings provided for purposes of
vapor recovery shall be protected against possible vapor release by means of a
spring -loaded check valve or dry -break connections, or other approved device,
unless the opening is pipe connected to a vapor -processing system. Openings
designed for combined fill and vapor recovery shall also be protected against
vapor release unless connection of the liquid delivery line to the fill pipe simul-
taneously connects the vapor -recovery line. All connections shall be vapor tight.
4. Auxiliary opening protection. Each connection to a tank inside of build-
ings through which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an internal or
an external valve located as close as practical to the shell of the tank.
Tanks for storage of Class I or Class II liquids inside buildings shall be provided
with either:
(i) A normally closed remotely activated valve, or
(ii) An automatic -closing heat -activated valve, or
(iii) An approved device on each liquid -transfer connection below the liquid
level, except for connections used for emergency disposal, to provide for
quick cutoff of flow in the event of fire in the vicinity of the tank.
This function can be incorporated in the valve required by Section 79.302 (c) 4
and, if a separate valve, shall be located adjacent to the valve required in Section
79.302 (c) 4.
5. Overflow protection. Tanks storing Classes I, II and III -A liquids inside
buildings shall be equipped with a device, or other means shall be provided, to
prevent overflow into the building. Suitable devices include, but are not limited
to, a float valve, a preset meter on the fill line, a valve actuated by the weight of the
tank contents, a low head pump which is incapable of producing overflow or a
liquid -tight overflow pipe at least one pipe size larger than the fill pipe discharg-
ing by gravity back to the outside source of liquid or to an approved location.
6. Piping, valves and fittings. All connections, fittings or other appurtenances
shall be installed in accordance with Division VII, "Piping, Valves and Fittings."
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.303. Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with Article 10.
209
79.401-79.403 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Division IV
CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE
OUTSIDE BUILDINGS
General
Sec. 79.401. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in closed
containers or portable tanks outside of buildings shall be in accordance with this
division. For permits, see Section 4.101.
Plans
Sec. 79.402. Plans shall be submitted with each application for a permit to store
more than 5000 gallons of liquids in drums or tanks. The plans shall indicate the
methods of storage, quantities to be stored, distances from buildings and property
lines, access ways, fire -protection facilities and provisions for drainage and
runoff. Storage shall be in accordance with approved plans.
Location on Property
Sec. 79.403. Outdoor storage of liquids in containers and portable tanks shall
be in accordance with Table No. 79.403. Storage of liquids may be near buildings
located on the same property, provided such storage is in accordance with Section
79.404 and this section.
When two or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum
quantity permitted in the pile shall be the smallest of the two or more separate
maximum quantities.
Containers or portable tanks in a pile shall be not more than 150 feet from a 20-
foot-wide access way that will allow fire -control apparatus to approach the pile.
The storage area shall be protected against tampering or trespassers where
necessary and shall be kept free of weeds, debris and other combustible materials
not necessary to the storage.
Materials which will react with water or other liquids to produce a hazard shall
not be stored in the same area with flammable and combustible liquids.
210
TABLE NO.79.403—OUTDOOR LIQUID STORAGE IN CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANKS
CLASS
CONTAINER
STORAGE —MAX.
PER PILE
PORTABLE TANK
STORAGE MAX.
PER PILE
GALLONSI
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
PILES
OR RACKS
(Ft.)
DISTANCE TO
PROPERTY LINE
THAT CAN BE
BUILT UPON 2,3
(Ft.)
DISTANCE TO
STREET, ALLEY
OR A PUBLIC WAY 3
(Ft.)
Gallons'.4
Height (Ft.)
Gallons'.4
Height (Ft.)
I -A
1,100
10
2,200
7
5
50
10
I-13
2,200
12
4,400
14
5
50
10
I-C
4,400
12
8,800
14
5
50
10
II
8,800
12
17,600
14
5
25
5
III
22,000
18
44,000
14
5
10
5
'For mixed class storage, see Section 79.403.
2If protection by a public fire department or private fire brigade capable of providing cooling water streams is not available, the
distance shall be doubled.
3When the total quantity stored does not exceed 50 percent of the maximum allowed per pile, the distances may be reduced 50 percent,
but not less than 3 feet.
4For storage in racks, the quantity limits per pipe do not apply, but the rack arrangement shall be limited to a maximum of 50 feet in
length and two rows or 9 feet in depth.
79.404-79.409 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Container and Tank Storage Near Buildings on the Same Property
Sec. 79.404. A maximum of 1100 gallons of liquids in closed containers and
portable tanks may be stored adjacent to a building located on the same premises
and under the same management, provided that:
1. The building does not exceed one story in height. Such building shall be of
fire -resistive construction with noncombustible exterior surfaces or non-
combustible construction and must be devoted principally to the storage of
liquids, or
2. The exterior building wall adjacent to the storage area shall have a fire -
resistance rating of not less than two hours, having no opening to above -
grade areas within 10 feet horizontally of such storage and no openings to
below -grade areas within 50 feet horizontally of such storage.
The quantity of liquids stored adjacent to a building protected in accordance
with Item No. 2 above may exceed 1100 gallons, provided the maximum quantity
per pile does not exceed 1100 gallons and each pile is separated by a 10-foot
minimum clear space along the common wall.
Where the quantity stored exceeds the 1100 gallons permitted adjacent to the
building given in Item No. 1 above, or the provisions of Item No. 2 cannot be met,
a minimum distance in accordance with the column for distance to property line
that can be built upon in Table No. 79.403 shall be maintained between buildings
and nearest container or portable tank.
Drainage
Sec. 79.405. The storage area shall be graded in a manner to divert possible
spills away from buildings or other exposures or shall be surrounded by a curb at
least 6 inches high. When curbs are used, provisions shall be made for draining of
accumulations of groundwater or rainwater or spills of liquids. Drains shall
terminate at a safe location and shall be accessible to operation under fire
conditions.
Fencing and Maintenance
Sec. 79.406. Storage area shall be protected against tampering or trespassers
by fencing or other control measures. The area shall be kept free of weeds, debris
and other combustible materials not necessary to the storage. A distance of not
less than 15 feet shall be maintained between the liquid storage and combustible
material.
Ignition Sources
Sec. 79.407. Signs shall be posted in the storage areas prohibiting open flames
and smoking.
Outside Dispensing
Sec. 79.408. Outside dispensing shall be in approved locations. See Division
VIII.
Empty Containers and Tanks Storage
Sec. 79.409. The storage of empty tanks and containers previously used for the
storage of flammable or combustible liquids, unless free from explosive vapors,
212
1982 EDITION 79.409-79.503
shall be stored as if filled. Tanks and containers when emptied shall have the
covers or plugs immediately replaced in openings.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.410. Fire protection for outside storage of flammable and combustible
liquids shall be in accordance with Article 10.
Division V
STATIONARY TANK STORAGE, ABOVEGROUND
OUTSIDE OF BUILDINGS
Restricted Locations
Sec. 79.501. The storage of Class I and Class II liquids in aboveground tanks
outside of buildings is prohibited within the limits established by law as the limits
of districts in which such storage is prohibited.
Design and Construction of Tanks
Sec. 79.502. Tanks shall be designed, fabricated and tested in accordance with
Section 79.105.
EXCEPTION: Existing oil storage reservoirs with concrete lining and with a
combustible roof covering and built prior to the adoption of this section may be
continued for the storage of petroleum products with a flash point in excess of 150°F.
Location with Respect to Property Lines, Public Ways and Important
Buildings on the Same Property
Sec. 79.503. (a) Tanks for Pressures Not More Than 2.5 psig. Every
aboveground tank for storage of Class I, II or III -A liquids and those liquids with
boilover characteristics and unstable liquids operating at pressures not in excess of
2.5 psig and designed with a weak roof -to -shell seam or equipped with emergency
venting devices which will not permit pressures to exceed 2.5 psig shall be located
in accordance with Table No. 79.503-A.
EXCEPTION: Vertical tanks having a weak roof -to -shell seam and storing Class
III -A liquids may be located at one half the distances specified in Table No. 79.503-
A, provided the tanks are not within a diked area or drainage path for a tank storing a
Class I or Class II liquid.
(b) Floating Roof Tank Defined. For the purpose of this division, a floating
roof tank is defined as one which incorporates either:
1. A pontoon or double -deck metal floating roof in an open -top tank, or
2. A fixed metal roof with ventilation at the top and roof eaves and containing
a metal floating roof or cover meeting any of the following requirements:
A. A pontoon or double -deck metal floating roof.
B. A metal floating cover supported by liquid -tight metal pontoons or
floats which provide sufficient buoyancy to prevent sinking of cover
when half of the pontoons or floats are punctured.
An internal metal floating pan, roof or cover which does not meet the require-
ments of Item No. 2 above or one which uses plastic foam (except for seals) for
213
79.503-79.504 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
flotation, even if capsulated in metal or fiberglass, shall be considered as being a
fixed roof tank.
(c) Tanks for Pressures Exceeding 2.5 psig. Aboveground tanks for the
storage of Class I, II or III -A liquids except those liquids with boilover charac-
teristics and unstable liquids operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 psig or equip-
ped with emergency venting which will permit pressures to exceed 2.5 psig shall
be located in accordance with Table No. 79.503-B.
(d) Tanks for Boilover Liquids. Aboveground tanks for storage of liquids with
boilover characteristics shall be located in accordance with Table No. 79.503-C.
Liquids with boilover characteristics shall not be stored in fixed roof tanks
larger than 150 feet in diameter unless an approved inerting system is provided on
the tank.
(e) Tanks for Unstable Liquids. Every aboveground tank for the storage of
unstable liquids shall be located in accordance with Table No. 79.503-D.
(f) Tanks for Class III-B Liquids. Every aboveground tank for the storage of
Class III-B liquids, excluding unstable liquids, shall be located in accordance
with Table No. 79.503-E, except when located within a diked area or drainage
path for a tank or tanks storing a Class I or Class II liquid. When a Class III-B
liquid storage tank is within the diked area or drainage path for a Class I or Class II
liquid, Subsection 79.502 or the exception to Section 79.503 (a) shall apply.
(g) Use of Open Space on Adjacent Property. Where two tank properties of
diverse ownership have a common boundary, the chief may, with the written
consent of the owners of the two properties, substitute the distances required in
Subsections 79.503 (a) through (f) for the minimum distances specified in this
section.
(h) Direction of Horizontal Pressure Tanks. Where end failure of horizontal
pressure tanks and vessels can expose property, the tank shall be placed with the
longitudinal axis parallel to the nearest important exposure.
Tank Marking
Sec. 79.504. All aboveground storage tanks over 100 gallons (water capacity)
permanently installed, mounted or affixed and used for the storage of Class I, II or
III -A liquids shall bear the label or placard in accordance with U.F.C. Standard
No. 79-3, identifying the material therein.
EXCEPTION: Tanks of 300-gallon capacity or less located on private property
and used for heating and cooking fuels in single-family dwellings need not be
marked.
214
1982 EDITION
79.503-A
TABLE NO.79.503-A—STABLE LIQUIDS OPERATING PRESSURE
2.5 PSIG OR LESS)
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
FROM PROPERTY LINE
FROM NEAREST SIDE OF ANY
WHICH IS OR CAN BE BUILT
PUBLIC WAY OR FROM
UPON, INCLUDING THE
NEAREST IMPORTANT
OPPOSITE SIDE OF A PUBLIC
BUILDING ON THE SAME
WAY AND SHALL BE NOT
PROPERTY AND SHALL BE
TYPE OF TANK
PROTECTION
LESS THAN 5 FEET
NOT LESS THAN 5 FEET
Protection
Floating
for
1/2times diameter of
%b times diameter of
Roof
exposures I
tank
tank
Diameter of tank but
[See Sec.
79.503 (b)]
None
need not exceed 175
1/6 times diameter of
feet
tank
Approved
foam or
inerting
Vertical
system on
%2 times diameter of
%b times diameter of
with
tanks not
tank
tank
weak
exceeding
roof-
150 feet in
to-
diameter2
shell
Protection
seam
for
Diameter of tank
1/3times diameter of
[See Sec.
p ex osures'
tank
79.503 (a)]
2 times diameter of tank
/3 times diameter
None
but need not exceed 350
of tank
feet
Approved
Horizontal
inerting
and
system on
vertical
the tank
%2 times Table
/2 times Table
with
or approved
No. 79.503-F
No. 79.503-F
emer-
foam
gency
system
relief
on vertical
venting
tanks
to limit
Protection
pressures
to 2.5 psig
for
Table No. 79.503-F
Table No. 79.503-F
exposures'
None
2 times Table No.
79.503-F
Table No. 79.503-F
'Protection for exposure is protection by a public fire department or private fire brigade
capable of providing cooling water streams on structures on property adjacent to liquid
storage.
2For tanks over 150 feet in diameter use "Protection for exposures" or "None," as
applicable.
215
79.503-B, 79.503-C UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TABLE NO.79.503-B—STABLE LIQUIDS (OPERATING PRESSURE GREATER
THAN 2.5 PSIG)
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
FROM PROPERTY LINE
FROM NEAREST SIDE OF ANY
WHICH IS OR CAN BE BUILT
PUBLIC WAY OR FROM
UPON, INCLUDING THE
NEAREST IMPORTANT
OPPOSITE SIDE OF A PUBLIC
BUILDING ON THE SAME
TYPE OF TANK
PROTECTION
WAY
PROPERTY
Protection
I %2 times Table No.
1'/2 times Table No.
for
79.503-F but shall be
79.503-F but shall be
Any type
exposures
not less than 25 feet
not less than 25 feet
3 times Table No.
1'h times Table No.
None
79.503-F but shall be
79.503-F but shall be
not less than 50 feet
not less than 25 feet
'Protection for exposure is protection by a public fire department or private fire brigade
capable of providing cooling water streams on structures on property adjacent to liquid
storage.
TABLE NO.79.503-C—BOILOVER LIQUIDS
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
FROM PROPERTY LINE
FROM NEAREST SIDE OF ANY
WHICH IS OR CAN BE BUILT
PUBLIC WAY OR FROM
UPON, INCLUDING THE
NEAREST IMPORTANT
OPPOSITE SIDE OF A PUBLIC
BUILDING ON THE SAME
WAY AND SHALL BE NOT
PROPERTY AND SHALL BE
TYPE OF TANK
PROTECTION
LESS THAN 5 FEET
NOT LESS THAN 5 FEET
Protection
Floating
for
/2 times diameter of
'/6 times diameter of
roof
exposures
tank
tank
[See Sec.
'/6 times diameter of
79.503 (b)]
None
Diameter of tank
tank
Approved
foam or
inerting
Diameter of tank
/3 times diameter of
system
tank
Fixed
Protection
roof
for
2 times diameter of tank
2/3 times diameter of
[See Sec.
exposures'
tank
79.503 (c)]
4 times diameter of tank
None
but need not exceed 350
2/3 times diameter of
feet
tank
'Protection for exposure is protection by a public fire department or private fire brigade
capable of providing cooling water streams on structures on property adjacent to liquid
storage.
216
1982 EDITION
TABLE NO.79.503-D—UNSTABLE LIQUIDS
79.503-D
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
FROM PROPERTY LINE
FROM NEAREST SIDE OF ANY
WHICH IS OR CAN BE BUILT
PUBLIC WAY OR FROM
UPON, INCLUDING THE
NEAREST IMPORTANT
OPPOSITE SIDE OF A PUBLIC
BUILDING ON THE SAME
TYPE OF TANK
PROTECTION
WAY
PROPERTY
Horizontal and
Tank pro-
Table No. 79.503-F but
Not less than 25 feet
vertical tanks
tected with
not less than 25 feet
with emergency
any one of
relief venting to
the follow -
permit pressure
ing:
not in excess of
approved
2.5 psig
water spray,
approved
inerting,
approved
insulation
and refriger-
ation,
approved
barricade
Protection
2'/2 times Table No.
for
79.503-F but
not less than 50 feet
exposures
Not less than 50 feet
5 times Table No.
None
79.503-F but
Not less than 100 feet
not less than 100 feet
Horizontal and
Tank pro-
2 times Table No. 79.503-F
vertical tanks
tected with
but
Not less than 50 feet
with emergency
any one of
not less than 50 feet
relief venting to
the follow -
permit pressure
ing:
over 2.5 psig
approved
water spray,
approved
inerting,
approved
insulation
and refriger-
ation,
approved
barricade
Protection
4 times Table No.
Not less than 100 feet
for
79.503-F but
exposures'
not less than 100 feet
8 times Table No.
None
79.503-F but
Not less than 150 feet
not less than 150 feet
'Protection for exposure is protection by a public fire department or private fire brigade
capable of providing cooling water streams on structures on property adjacent to liquid
storage.
217
79.503-E, 79.503-F UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TABLE NO.79.503-E—CLASS III-B LIQUIDS
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
FROM NEAREST SIDE OF ANY
FROM PROPERTY LINE WHICH
PUBLIC WAY FROM
IS OR CAN BE BUILT UPON,
NEAREST IMPORTANT
INCLUDING THE OPPOSITE
BUILDING ON THE SAME
CAPACITY GALLONS
SIDE OF A PUBLIC WAY
PROPERTY
12,000 oiless
5
5
12,001 to 30,000
10
5
30,001 to 50,000
10
10
50,001 to 100,000
15
10
100,001 or more
15
15
TABLE NO.79.503-F—REFERENCE TABLE FOR USE IN TABLES NOS.
79.503-A TO 79.503-D
CAPACITY TANK
GALLONS
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
FROM PROPERTY LINE WHICH
IS OR CAN BE BUILT UPON,
INCLUDING THE OPPOSITE
SIDE OF A PUBLIC WAY
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET
FROM NEAREST SIDE OF ANY
PUBLIC WAY FROM
NEAREST IMPPOO RTANT
BUILDING ON THE SAME
PROPERTY
275 or less
5
5
276 to 750,
10
5
751 to 12,000
15
5
12,001 to 30,000
20
5
30,001 to 50,000
30
10
50,001 to 100,000
50
15
100,001 to 500,000
80
25
500,001 to 1,000,000
100
35
1,000,001 to 2,000,000
135
45
2,000,001 to 3,000,000
165
55
3,000,001 or more
175
60
218
1982 EDITION 79.505
Spacing Between Adjacent Tanks
Sec. 79.505. (a) Stable Liquids. The spacing between tanks containing stable
liquids shall be not less than set forth in Table No. 79.505-A.
When tanks are in a diked area containing Class I or Class II liquids, or in the
drainage path of Class I or Class II liquids, and are compacted in three or more
rows or in an irregular pattern, spacing greater than specified in Table No. 79.505-
A or other means may be required by the chief to make tanks in the interior of the
pattern accessible for fire -fighting purposes.
TABLE NO.79.505-A—MINIMUM SPACING (SHELL -TO -SHELL) OF TANKS
CONTAINING STABLE LIQUIDSI,2
FIXED ROOF TANKS
TANK DIAMETER
(Feet)
FLOATING ROOF
TANKS
Class I or II
Liquids
Class III
Liquids
Not over 150
'/6 sum of adjacent
'/6 sum of adjacent
'/6 sum of adjacent
tank diameters but
tank diameters but
tank diameters but
not less than 3 feet
not less than 3 feet
not less than 3 feet
More than 150
If remote impound-
'/6 sum of adjacent
'/a sum of
%6 sum of
ing is in accordance
tank diameters
adjacent tank
adjacent tank
with Sec. 79.506 (b)
diameters
diameters
If impounding is
'/a sum of adjacent
'/3 sum of
'/4 sum of
around tanks in
tank diameters
adjacent tank
adjacent tank
accordance with
diameters
diameters
Sec. 79.506 (c)
'Crude petroleum tanks having individual capacities not exceeding 126,000 gallons
(3,000 barrels), when located at production facilities in isolated locations, need not be
separated by more than 3 feet.
2Tanks used only for storing Class III-B liquids may be spaced 3 feet apart unless within a
diked area or drainage path for a tank storing a Class I or II liquid.
(b) Unstable Liquids. The spacing between such tanks containing unstable
liquids shall be not less than one half the sum of their diameters.
(c) Spacing Between Liquid and LPG Tanks. The minimum horizontal
separation between an LP -gas container and a Class I, II or III -A liquid storage
tank shall be 20 feet except in the case of Class I, II or III -A liquid tanks operating
at pressures exceeding 2.5 psig or equipped with emergency venting permitting
pressures to exceed 2.5 psig, in which case the provisions of Section 79.505 (a)
shall apply. Suitable means shall be taken to prevent the accumulation of Class I,
II or III -A liquids under adjacent LP -gas containers such as by dikes, diversion
curbs or grading. When flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks are within
a diked area, the LP -gas containers shall be outside the diked area and at least 10
feet away from the center line of the wall of the diked area. The foregoing
provisions shall not apply when LP -gas containers of 125 gallons or less capacity
are installed adjacent to fuel -oil supply tanks of 660 gallons or less capacity.
Horizontal separation is not required between aboveground LP -gas containers and
underground flammable and combustible liquid tanks.
219
79.506-79.508 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Supports, Foundations and Anchorage
Sec. 79.506. (a) Tanks at Grade. Tanks shall rest on the ground or on
foundations made of concrete, masonry, piling or steel. Tank foundations shall be
designed to minimize the possibility of uneven settling of the tank and to
minimize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the foundation.
(b) Tanks Above Grade. Tanks shall be securely supported. Supports for tanks
storing Class I, II or III -A liquids shall be of concrete, masonry or protected steel.
Single wood timber supports (not cribbing) laid horizontally may be used for
outside aboveground tanks if not more than 12 inches high at their lowest point.
(c) Fire Protection of Steel Supports. Steel supports or piling for tanks storing
Class I, II or III -A liquids shall have a fire -resistance rating of not less than two
hours, except that solid web steel saddles need not be protected if less than 12
inches high at their lowest point. At the discretion of the chief, water -spray
protection in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-2, or U.B.C. Standard No.
38-1, or equivalent may be used.
(d) Design of Supports. The design of the supporting structure for tanks shall
be in accordance with well -established engineering principles of mechanics and
shall comply with the Building Code.
Tanks shall be so supported as to prevent the excessive concentration of loads
on the supporting portion of the shell.
(e) Locations Subject to Flooding. Where a tank is located in an area that may
be subjected to flooding, the applicable provisions of Appendix II-B apply.
(f) Seismic Design. In areas subject to earthquakes, the tank supports and
connections shall be designed to resist damage as a result of such shocks in
accordance with the Building Code.
Stairs, Platforms and Walkways
Sec. 79.507. Stairs, platforms and walkways shall be of noncombustible
construction and shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the
Building Code.
Drainage Dikes and Walls for Aboveground Tanks
Sec. 79.508. (a) General. The area surrounding a tank or group of tanks shall
be provided with drainage or shall be diked to prevent accidental discharge of
liquid from endangering adjacent tanks, adjoining property or reaching water-
ways. These provisions may be altered or waived when determined by the chief
that such tank or group of tanks does not constitute a hazard to other tanks,
waterways or adjoining property, after consideration of special features such as
topographical conditions, nature of occupancy and proximity to buildings on the
same or adjacent property, capacity and construction of proposed tanks and
character of liquids to be stored and nature and quantity of private and public fire
protection provided.
(b) Drainage. Where protection of adjacent tanks, adjoining property or
waterways is by means of a natural or man-made drainage system, such system
shall comply with the following:
220
1982 EDITION 79.508
Drainage shall be provided at a slope of not less than 1 percent away from the
tank toward an impounding basin or an approved means of disposal having a
capacity greater than that of the largest tank served. This termination area and the
route of the drainage system shall be so located that a fire occurring in the
drainage system will not seriously endanger tanks or adjoining property.
(c) Diked Areas. Where protection of adjacent tanks, adjoining property or
waterways is accomplished by retaining the liquid around the tank by means of a
diked area, such diked area shall comply with the following:
1. Except as provided in Item No. 2, the volumetric capacity of the diked area
shall be not less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be released from the
largest tank within the diked area. The capacity of the diked area enclosing more
than one tank shall be calculated by deducting the volume of the tanks other than
the largest tank below the height of the dike.
2. The volumetric capacity of the diked area for a tank or group of tanks
containing crude petroleum with boilover characteristics shall be not less than the
tank or tanks served by the enclosure. The capacity of the diked area enclosing
more than one tank shall be calculated by deducting the volume of the tanks below
the height of the dike.
3. Walls of the diked area shall be of earth, steel, concrete or solid masonry
designed to be liquid tight and to withstand a full hydrostatic head. Earthen walls
3 feet or more in height shall have a flat section at the top not less than 2 feet wide.
The slope shall be consistent with the angle of repose of the material of which the
walls are constructed.
4. The walls of the diked area shall be restricted to an average height of 6 feet
above the interior grade, except as provided in Item No. 5 below.
5. Dikes may be higher than an average of 6 feet above interior grade where
provisions are made for normal and necessary emergency access to tanks, valves
and other equipment and safe egress from the diked enclosure.
A. Where the average height of the dike containing Class I and Class II liquids
is over 12 feet measured from interior grade or where the distance between
any tank and the top inside edge of the dike wall is less than the height of the
dike wall, provisions shall be made for normal operation of valves and for
access to tank roofs without entering below the top of the dike. These
provisions may be met through the use of remote -operated valves, elevated
walkways or similar arrangements.
B. Piping passing through dike walls shall be designed to prevent excessive
stresses as a result of settlement or fire exposure.
C. The distance between tanks and the toe of the interior dike walls shall be not
less than 5 feet.
6. Each diked area containing two or more tanks shall be subdivided, prefera-
bly by drainage channels leading to an impounding basin or by intermediate curbs
or spill dikes in order to prevent spills from endangering adjacent tanks within the
diked area as follows:
A. When storing normally stable liquids in vertical cone roof tanks con-
structed with weak roof -to -shell seam or approved floating roof tanks or
221
79.508-79.510
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
when storing crude petroleum in producing areas in any type of tank, one
subdivision for each tank in excess of 10,000 barrels and one subdivision
for each group of tanks (no tank exceeding 10,000-barrel capacity) having
an aggregate capacity not exceeding 15,000 barrels.
B. When storing normally stable, flammable or combustible liquids in tanks
not covered in Subsection (a), one subdivision for each tank in excess of
100,000 gallons (2,500 barrels) and one subdivision for each group of
tanks (no tank exceeding 100,000-gallon capacity) having an aggregate
capacity not exceeding 150,000 gallons (3,570 barrels).
C. When storing unstable liquids in any type of tank, one subdivision for each
tank, except that tanks installed in accordance with the drainage require-
ments of U.F.C. Standard No. 79-2 for water -spray systems for fire
protection shall require no additional subdivision.
Note: Since unstable liquids will react more rapidly when heated than when at
ambient temperatures, subdivision by drainage channels is the preferred method.
D. The drainage channels or intermediate curbs shall be located between tanks
so as to take full advantage of the available space with due regard for the
individual tank capacities. Intermediate curbs, where used, shall be not
less than 18 inches in height.
7. The distance between the inside toe of any dike and the shell of any tank not
over 30 feet in diameter shall be not less than 5 feet. For tanks over 30 feet in
diameter the distance shall be not less than 10 feet.
(d) Removing Water from Diked Area. Provision shall be made for draining
or removing excess water from a drainage sytem or diked area. Such drains shall
not discharge to adjoining property, natural water courses, public sewers or public
drainage channels unless the drain is so designed as to prevent the release of
flammable or combustible liquids. A valve operable from outside the dike shall be
provided in the dike system and shall normally be kept closed. Control of
drainage shall be accessible under fire conditions.
(e) Combustible Materials in Diked Areas. The diked area shall be kept free
of combustible material, empty or full drums or barrels.
Tank Valves
Sec. 79.509. Each connection to an aboveground tank located below normal
liquid level shall be provided with an internal or external control valve located as
close as practicable to the shell of the tank. Except for liquids whose chemical
characteristics are incompatible with steel, such valves, when external, and their
connections to the tank shall be of steel.
Tank Connections
Sec. 79.510. (a) Normal Venting. 1. General. Atmospheric storage tanks
shall be adequately vented to prevent the development of vacuum or pressure
sufficient to distort the roof of a cone roof tank or exceeding the design pressure in
the case of other atmospheric tanks as a result of filling or emptying and
atmospheric temperature changes.
222
1982 EDITION 79.510
Normal vents shall be sized in accordance with nationally recognized engineer-
ing standards or shall be at least as large as the filling or withdrawal connection,
whichever is larger, but in no case less than 1'/4-inch nominal inside diameter. See
Section 2.303 (b).
Low-pressure tanks and pressure.vessels shall be adequately vented to prevent
development of pressure or vacuum, as a result of filling or emptying and
atmospheric temperature changes, from exceeding the design pressure of the tank
or vessel. Protection shall also be provided to prevent overpressure from any
pump discharging into the tank or vessel when the pump discharge pressure can
exceed the design pressure of the tank or vessel.
If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill or withdrawal connection
and simultaneous filling or withdrawal can be made, the vent size shall be based
on the maximum anticipated simultaneous flow.
Tank venting systems shall be provided with sufficient capacity to prevent
blowback of vapor or liquid at the fill opening while the tank is being filled. Vent
pipes shall be not less than 1'/4-inch nominal inside diameter. The capacity of the
vent shall be based on the filling or -withdrawal rate, whichever is greater, and the
vent line length. Unrestricted vent piping sized in accordance with Table No.
79.302-A may be used to prevent back -pressure development in tanks from
exceeding 2.5 psig. Where tank venting devices are installed in vent lines, their
flow capacities shall be determined in accordance with nationally recognized
standards. See Section 2.303 (b).
The outlet of all vents and vent drains on.tanks equipped with venting to permit
pressures exceeding 2.5 psig shall be arranged to discharge in such a way as to
prevent localized overheating of, or flame impingement on, any part of the tank in
the event vapors from such vents are ignited.
Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class I -A liquids shall be equipped with
venting devices which shall be normally closed, except when venting under
pressure or vacuum conditions.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Tanks of 3000-barrel capacity or less containing crude
petroleum in crude producing areas.
2. Outside aboveground atmospheric tanks under 1000 gallon capacity.
3.Flame arresters or venting devices with integral flame arresters may be omitted
from Class I-B and Class I-C liquids where conditions are such that their use may, in
case of obstruction, result in tank damage.
Liquid properties justifying the omission of such devices include, but are not
limited to, condensation, corrosiveness, crystallization, polymerization, freezing or
plugging. When any of these conditions exist, consideration may be given to
heating, use of devices employing special materials of construction, the use of liquid
seals or inerting in accordance with nationally recognized engineering standards for
explosion -prevention systems. See Section 2.303 (b).
4. Vent pipes 2 inches or less in nominal inside diameter and longer than 10 feet.
5. Tanks storing gasoline are exempt from the above requirements, provided the
vent pipes do not exceed 3 inches nominal inside diameter.
All vent -line flame arresters and venting devices shall be installed in accor-
dance with their listings.
223
79.510 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
2. Location and arrangement. Where vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class
I liquids are adjacent to building or public ways, they shall be located so that the
vapors are released at a safe point outside of buildings and not less than 12 feet
above the adjacent ground level. In order to aid their dispersion, vapors shall be
discharged upward or horizontally away from closely adjacent walls. Vent outlets
shall be located so that flammable vapors will not be trapped by eaves or other
obstructions and shall be at least 5 feet from building openings or property lines
that may be built upon.
3. Installation of vent piping. Vent piping shall be installed in accordance
with Division VII, "Piping, Valves and Fittings." Vent pipes shall be installed so
as to drain toward the tank without sags or traps in which liquid can collect. Vent
pipes shall be installed in such a manner as to be not subject to physical damage or
vibration.
4. Manifolding. The manifolding of tank vent piping shall be avoided except
where required for special purposes such as vapor recovery, vapor conservation or
air pollution control. When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall be
such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of the system, the vapors they
may be required to handle when manifolded tanks are subject to the same fire
exposure. Vent piping for tanks storing Class I liquids shall not be manifolded
with vent piping for tanks storing Class II or Class III liquids unless positive
means are provided to prevent the vapors from Class I liquids from entering tanks
storing Class II or Class III liquids, to prevent contamination and possible change
in classification of the less volatile liquid.
(b) Emergency Relief Venting for Fire Exposure for Aboveground Tanks.
1. General. Every aboveground storage tank shall have some form of con-
struction or device that will relieve excessive internal pressure caused by exposure
fires.
EXCEPTION: Tanks larger than 12,000-gallon capacity storing Class III-B
liquids and not within the diked area or the drainage path of Class I or Class II liquids
do not require emergency relief venting.
In a vertical tank the construction referred to above may take the form of a
floating roof, lifter roof, a weak roof -to -shell seam or other approved pressure -
relieving construction. The weak roof -to -shell seam shall be constructed to fail
preferential to any other seam.
Where entire dependence for emergency relief is placed upon pressure -reliev-
ing devices, the total venting capacity of both normal and emergency vents shall
be enough to prevent rupture of the shell or bottom of the tank, if vertical, or of the
shell or heads, if horizontal. If unstable liquids are stored, the effects of heat or
gas resulting from polymerization, decomposition, condensation or self -reac-
tivity shall be taken into account. The total capacity of both normal and emergen-
cy venting devices shall be not less than that derived from Table No. 79.510-A,
except as provided in Subsections 3 and 4 below. Such device may be a self -
closing manhole cover, or one using long bolts that permit the cover to lift under
internal pressure, or an additional or larger relief valve or valves. The wetted area
of the tank shall be calculated on the basis of 55 percent of the total exposed area
224
1982 EDITION 79.510, 79.510-A, 79.510-13
of a sphere or spheroid, 75 percent of the total exposed area of a horizontal tank
and the first 30 feet above grade of the exposed shell area of a vertical tank. (See
Appendix VI -A for the square footage of typical tank sizes.)
TABLE NO. 79.510-A-WETTED AREA VERSUS CUBIC FEET FREE
AIR PER HOUR'
(14.7 psia and 60°F.)
SO. FT.
CFH
SO. FT.
CFH
SO. FT.
CFH
20
21,100
200
211,000
1,000
524,000
30
31,600
250
239,000
1,200
557,000
40
42,100
300
265,000
1,400
587,000
50
52,700
350
288,000
1,600
614,000
60
63,200
400
312,000
1,800
639,000
70
73,700
500
354,000
2,000
662,000
80
84,200
600
392,000
2,400
704,000
90
94,800
700
428,000
2,800
742,000
100
105,000
800
462,000
and over
120
126,000
900
493,000
140
147,000
1000
524,000
160
168,000
180
190,000
200
211,000
'Interpolate for intermediate values.
TABLE NO.79.510-B-WETTED AREA OVER 2800 SO. FT. AND PRESSURES
OVER 1 PSIG
SO. FT.
CFH
SO. FT.
CFH
2,800
742,000
9,000
1,930,000
3,000
786,000
10,000
2,110,000
3,500
892,000
15,000
2,940,000
4,000
995,000
20,000
3,720,000
4,500
1,100,000
25,000
4,470,000
5,000
1,250,000
30,000
5,190,000
6,000
1,390,000
35,000
5,900,000
7,000
1,570,000
40,000
6,570,000
8,000
1,760,000
2. Tanks and storage vessels over 1 psig. For tanks and storage vessels
designed for pressures over 1 psig, the total rate of venting shall be determined in
accordance with Table No. 79.510-A, except that when the exposed wetted area of
the surface is greater than 2,800 square feet, the total rate of venting shall be in
accordance with Table No. 79.510-13 or calculated by the following formula:
CFH = 1107 AO 82
225
79.510 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
WHERE:
CFH = venting requirement, in cubic feet of free air per hour.
A = exposed wetted surface, in square feet.
The foregoing formula is based on Q = 21,000 AO.82.
3. Venting capacity. The total emergency relief venting capacity for any
specific stable liquid may be determined by the following formula:
Cubic feet of free air per hour = V 1337
LVM_
V = cubic feet of free air per hour from Table No. 79.510-A.
L = latent heat of vaporization of specific liquid in Btu per pound.
M = molecular weight of specific liquids.
4. Allowable reductions in vent capacities for stable liquids. For tanks
containing stable liquids, the required airflow rate in Subsection 1 or 3 above may
be multiplied by the appropriate factor listed in the following schedule when
protection is provided as indicated. Only one factor can be used for any one tank.
0.5 for drainage in accordance with requirements for remote impounding in
Section 79.508 (b) for tanks over 200 square feet of wetted area.
0.3 for water spray in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-2 and drain-
age in accordance with requirements for remote impounding in Section
79.508 (b).
0.3 for insulation in accordance with Item A below.
0.15 for water spray with insulation in accordance with Item A below and
drainage in accordance with requirements for remote impounding in
Section 79.508 (b).
Insulation systems for which credit is taken shall meet the following perfor-
mance criteria:
A. Remain in place under fire -exposure conditions.
B. Withstand dislodgment when subjected to hose stream impingement dur-
ing fire exposure. This requirement may be waived where use of solid hose
streams is not contemplated or would not be practical.
C. Maintain a maximum conductance value of 4.0 Btu per hour per square
foot per degree E when the outer insulation jacket or cover is at a tempera-
ture of 1660'E and when the mean temperature of the insulation is 1000°F.
5. Termination of vent outlets where pressure exceeds 2.5 psig. The outlet of
all vents and vent drains on tanks equipped with emergency venting to permit
pressures exceeding 2.5 psig shall be arranged to discharge in such a way as to
prevent localized overheating of or flame impingement on any part of the tank in
the event vapors from such vents are ignited.
6. Venting device capacity. A. Identification. Each commercial tank -venting
device shall have stamped on it the opening pressure, the pressure at which the
valve reaches the full open position and the flow capacity at the latter pressure. If
the start -to -open pressure is less than 2.5 psig and the pressure at full open
226
1982 EDITION 79.510
position is greater than 2.5 psig, the flow capacity at 2.5 psig shall also be
stamped on the venting device. The flow capacity shall be expressed in cubic feet
per hour of air at 60°F. and zero pressure psig (14.7 psis).
B. Determination of capacity. The flow capacity of tank -venting devices
under 8 inches in nominal pipe size shall be determined by actual test of each type
and size of vent. These flow tests may be conducted by the manufacturer if
certified by a qualified impartial observer or may be conducted by a qualified,
impartial outside agency. The flow capacity of tank venting devices 8 inches
nominal pipe size and larger, including manhole covers with long bolts or
equivalent, may be calculated, provided that the opening pressure is actually
measured, the rating pressure and corresponding free orifice area are stated, the
word "calculated" appears on the nameplate and the computation is based on a
flow coefficient of 0.5 applied to the rated orifice area.
C. A suitable formula for this calculation is:
CFH = 1667 CfA P, — PQ
WHERE:
CFH = venting requirement in cubic feet of free air per hour.
Cf = 0.5 (the flow coefficient).
A = the orifice area in square inches.
P, = the absolute pressure inside the tank in inches of water.
PQ = the absolute atmospheric pressure outside the tank in inches of water.
(c) Tank Openings Other than Vents. 1. General. Each connection to an
aboveground tank through which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with
an internal or an external valve located as close as practical to the shell of the tank.
Each connection below the liquid level through which liquid does not normally
flow shall be provided with a liquid -tight closure. This may be a valve, plug or
blind, or a combination of these.
2.Openings for manual gaging. Openings for gaging on tanks storing Class I
liquids shall be provided with a vapor -tight cap or cover. Such covers shall be
closed when not gaging.
3. Fill pipe openings. For top -loaded tanks, metallic fill pipes shall be
designed and installed to minimize the generation of static electricity by terminat-
ing the pipe within 6 inches of the bottom of the tank and it shall be installed to
avoid excessive vibration.
For Class I-B and Class I-C liquids other than crude oils and asphalts, the fill
pipe shall be so designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating
static electricity.
Filling and emptying connections for Classes 1, II and III -A liquids which are
made and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any
source of ignition and not less than 5 feet away from any building opening. Such
connections for any liquid shall be closed and liquid tight when not in use and
shall be properly identified.
227
79.510-79.511 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
4. Openings for vapor recovery. Vapor -recovery systems shall be in accor-
dance with Section 79.916.
5. Piping, valves and fittings. All connections, fittings or other appurtenances
shall be installed in accordance with Division VII, "Piping, Valves and Fittings."
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.511. (a) General. Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with
nationally recognized standards.
(b) Tanks for Class I Liquids Spaced Less Than 50 Feet. When required by
the chief, foam fire protection shall be provided for any aboveground tank (except
pressure tanks operating at or above 1-pound-per-square-inch gage pressure) and
used for the storage of Class I flammable liquids when such tank or group of tanks
spaced less than 50 feet apart, shell to shell, has a liquid surface area in excess of
1500 square feet and when such tanks:
1. Are used for storage of crude oil, or
2. Are used for in -process products and are located within 100 feet of any
fired still, heater, related fractioning or processing apparatus, or similar
device at a processing apparatus, or similar device at a processing plant or
petroleum refinery as herein defined, or
3. Are considered by the chief as presenting an unusual exposure hazard
because of topographical conditions; nature of occupancy and proximity
on the same or adjoining property and height and character of liquids to be
stored; degree of private fire protection to be provided, and facilities of the
fire department to cope with flammable liquid fires.
(c) Foam Fire Protection. Where foam fire protection is required, installation
shall meet the requirements of U.F.C. Standard No. 79-1, except that where tank
shells are accessible for the erection of portable foam applicators, for at least three
quarters of their perimeter, portable foam applicators shall be approved.
(d) Storage of Foaming Materials. Where foam fire protection is required,
foam -producing materials may be stored off the premises under the following
conditions:
1. Such materials stored off the premises shall be of the proper type suitable
for use in the equipment of the installation where required.
2. Such materials shall be immediately available at the storage location at all
times.
3. Adequate loading and transportation facilities shall be assured.
4. The time required to deliver such materials at the required location in the
event of fire shall not exceed two hours.
5. At the time of a fire, these off -premises supplies shall be accumulated in
sufficient quantities before placing the equipment in operation to ensure
foam production at an adequate rate without interruption until extinguish-
ment is effected.
228
1982 EDITION 79.601-79.603
Division VI
TANK STORAGE UNDERGROUND, OUTSIDE OR
UNDER BUILDINGS
General
Sec. 79.601. (a) Location. A flammable or combustible liquid storage tank
may be located underground, outside of or under a building if such installation
meets the requirements of this section. The tank shall be so located with respect to
existing foundations and supports that the loads carried by the latter cannot be
transmitted to the tank. The distance from any part of a tank storing liquids to the
nearest wall of any basement, pit, cellar or property line shall be not less than 3
feet. A minimum distance of 1 foot, shell to shell, shall be maintained between
underground tanks.
(b) Depth and Cover. Excavation for underground storage tanks shall be made
with due care to avoid undermining of foundations of existing structures. Under-
ground tanks shall be set on firm foundation and surrounded with at least 6 inches
of noncorrosive inert material such as clean sand or gravel well tamped in place or
in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. Tanks shall be
covered with a minimum of 2 feet of earth or shall be covered by not less than 1
foot of earth, on top of which shall be placed a slab of reinforced concrete not less
than 4 inches thick. When underground tanks are or are likely to be subjected to
traffic, they shall be protected against damage from vehicles passing over them by
at least 3 feet of earth cover, or 18 inches of well -tamped earth plus 6 inches of
reinforced concrete, or 8 inches of asphaltic concrete. When asphaltic or rein-
forced concrete paving is used as part of the protection, it shall extend at least 1
foot horizontally beyond the outline of the tank in all directions.
(c) Anchorage. Where a tank may become buoyant due to a rise in the level of
the water table or due to location in an area that may be subjected to flooding,
suitable precautions shall be observed to anchor the tank in place. See Appendix
II-B or manufacturer's installation instructions for tanks in locations that may be
flooded.
(d) Leaking Tanks. Leaking tanks shall be promptly emptied and removed
from the ground or abandoned in accordance with Section 79.113.
(e) Used Tanks. Used tanks may be reinstalled if they comply with the
requirements of Section 79.105 and Section 79.603. See Section 2.303 (b).
Design and Construction of Tanks
Sec. 79.602. Underground tanks or enclosed tanks inside of buildings shall be
designed and constructed in accordance with Section 79.105.
Corrosion Protection
Sec. 79.603. All underground tanks and piping shall be protected from corro-
sive conditions by any of the following methods:
1. Through the use of an engineered, properly installed and maintained
cathodic protection system.
229
79.603-79.604 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
2. Approved corrosion -resistant materials of construction such as special
alloys, nonmetallics, reinforced plastic coatings, composites or equivalent
systems.
If conditions based on adequate proof actually warrant the deletion of the
corrosion -protection requirements, the chief may waive the corrosion -protection
requirements.
Tank Connections
Sec. 79.604. (a) Vents. 1. Vent capacity. Tank -venting systems shall be
provided with sufficient capacity to prevent blowback of vapor or liquid at the fill
opening while the tank is being filled. Vent pipes shall be not less than 1'/4-inch
nominal inside diameter. The capacity of the vent shall be based on the filling or
withdrawal rate, whichever is greater, and the vent line length. Unrestricted vent
piping sized in accordance with Table No. 79.302 may be used to prevent back -
pressure development in tanks from exceeding 2.5 psig. Where tank -venting
devices are installed in vent lines, their flow capacities shall be determined in
accordance with nationally recognized engineering standards. See Section 2.303
(b). (See section under emergency venting dealing with commercial venting
devices.)
2. Location and arrangement of vents for Class I liquids. Vent pipes from
underground storage tanks storing Class I liquids shall terminate outside of
buildings at a point not less than 8 feet above the fill pipe opening and not less than
12 feet above the adjacent ground level. Vent pipes shall discharge only upward or
horizontally in order to disperse vapors and shall be arranged so that flammable
vapors will not enter building openings, be trapped under eaves or other obstruc-
tions, nor discharge to hazardous locations. Vent lines shall not terminate within 5
feet of openings into a building nor within 5 feet of a property line that may be
built upon.
Vent pipes shall not be obstructed by devices provided for vapor recovery or
other purposes unless the tank and associated piping and equipment are otherwise
protected to limit back -pressure development to less than the maximum working
pressure of the tank and equipment by the provisions of pressure/vacuum vents,
rupture discs or other tank -venting devices installed in the tank vent lines. Vent
outlets and devices shall be protected to minimize the possibility of blockage from
weather, snow, dirt or insect nests.
Tanks containing Class I -A liquids shall be equipped with pressure and vacuum
venting devices with integral flame arresters which shall be normally closed
except when venting under pressure or vacuum conditions. Tanks storing Class
I-B or Class I-C liquids shall be equipped with pressure/vacuum venting devices
or with listed flame arresters.
EXCEPTION: Vent pipes 2 inches or less in nominal inside diameter and longer
than 10 feet shall not be obstructed by devices that will reduce their capacity and,
thus, cause extensive back pressure. In addition, tanks storing gasoline are exempt
from the above requirements for pressure/vacuum venting devices except as required
for excessive back pressure of flame arresters, provided the vent does not exceed 3
inches nominal inside diameter.
230
1982 EDITION 79.604
Vent lines from tanks shall not be used for other purposes except when
approved by the chief.
All vent line flame arresters and venting devices shall be installed in accor-
dance with their listings.
3. Location and arrangement of vents for Class II or Class III -A liquids.
Vent pipes from tanks storing Class II or Class III -A liquids shall terminate in
accordance with Section 79.302 (a) 2.
4. Installation of vent piping. Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance
with Division VII, "Piping, Valves and Fittings." Vent pipes shall be so laid as to
drain toward the tank without sags or traps in which liquid can collect. They shall
be located so that they will not be subjected to physical damage. The tank end of
the vent pipe shall enter the tank through the top.
5. Manifolding. When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall be such
as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of the system, the vapors they can
be required to handle when manifolded tanks are filled simultaneously.
EXCEPTION: For service stations, the capacity of manifolded vent piping shall
be sufficient to discharge vapors generated when two manifolded tanks are simul-
taneously filled.
Vent piping for tanks storing Class I liquids shall not be manifolded with vent
piping for tanks storing Class II or Class III liquids unless positive means are
provided to prevent the vapors from Class I liquids from entering tanks storing
Class II or Class III liquids to prevent contamination and possible change in
classification of the less volatile liquid.
(b) Tank Openings Other than Vents for Underground Tanks. 1. General.
All connections, fittings or other appurtenances shall be installed in accordance
with Division VII, "Piping, Valves and Fittings."
2. Openings for manual gaging. Openings for manual gaging, if independent
of the fill pipe, shall be provided with a liquid -tight cap or cover. Covers shall be
kept closed when not gaging. If inside a building, each such opening shall be
protected against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by means of a spring -
loaded check valve or other approved device.
3. Fill pipe and discharge lines. Fill pipe and discharge lines shall enter tanks
only through the top. Fill lines shall be sloped toward the tank.
For Class I liquids other than crude oils, gasolines and asphalts, the fill pipe
shall be so designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating
static electricity by terminating within 6 inches of the bottom of the tank.
4. Location of connections that are made or broken. Filling and emptying
and vapor -recovery connections for Classes I, II and III -A liquids which are made
and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any source
of ignition and not less than 5 feet away from any building opening. Such
connections shall be closed and liquid tight when not in use and shall be properly
identified.
5. Protection against vapor release. Tank openings provided for purposes of
vapor recovery shall be protected against possible vapor release by means of a
231
79.604-79.701 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
spring -loaded check valve or dry -break connection, or other approved device,
unless the opening is pipe -connected to a vapor -processing system. Openings
designed for combined fill and vapor recovery shall also be protected against
vapor release unless connection of the liquid delivery line to the fill pipe simul-
taneously connects.the vapor -recovery line. All connections shall be vapor tight.
Testing
Sec. 79.605. (a) General. Before being covered or placed in use, tanks and
piping connected to underground tanks shall be tested for tightness in the presence
of the chief. For pipe testing, see Section 79.708. The system shall not be covered
until it has been approved.
(b) New Underground Tanks. New underground tanks shall be tested for
tightness hydrostatically or pneumatically at not less than 3 pounds per square
inch and not more than 5 pounds per square inch for 30 minutes. Pneumatic
testing shall not be used on a tank containing flammable or combustible liquids or
vapors.
(c) Existing Tanks and Piping. Existing underground storage tanks and piping
shall be tested for leakage at the owner's or operator's expense when the chief has
reasonable cause to believe a leak exists. Orders requiring testing on underground
tanks or piping shall indicate that the test be completed by a specified date. Tanks
shall be emptied of flammable or combustible liquids and piping and other
equipment shall not be used if required tests are not completed within the
specified time.
When testing is required, owners or operators shall provide the chief with data
setting forth the method of testing that is to be used and shall submit the name of a
qualified individual who will conduct the test. The method of testing to be used
shall consider the effects of temperature, pressure and other variables and shall
establish conclusively whether the tank or piping is leaking. Pneumatic testing
shall not be used for tanks. For piping, see Section 79.708.
Devices used for final testing of tanks shall be capable of detecting leaks as
small as 0.05 gallon per hour. Leaking piping and equipment shall not be used
until repaired or replaced. For leaking tanks, see Section 79.601 (d)
The chief may require that the test be conducted in his presence.
(d) Used Tanks. Used tanks intended for flammable or combustible liquid
service shall be tested as required for new tanks. See also Section 79.601. (e).
Division VII
PIPING, VALVES AND FITTINGS
Materials and Design
Sec. 79.701. (a) General. Piping, valves, fittings and related components
intended for use with flammable and combustible liquids shall be designed and
fabricated from suitable materials having adequate strength and durability to
withstand the pressures, structural stress and exposures to which they may be
subjected. Such equipment shall conform to nationally recognized engineering
standards, be listed for the application or be approved by the chief. See Section
232
1982 EDITION 79.701-79.706
2.303 (b). Nonmetallic piping, if used, shall be installed as per the manufacturer's
installation instructions.
(b) Low Melt Point Materials. Low melting point materials, such as alumi-
num, copper and brass; or materials which soften on fire exposure, such as
nonmetallic materials; or nonductible materials, such as cast iron, may be used
underground for all liquids within their pressure and temperature limitations. If
such materials are used outdoors in aboveground piping systems or within
buildings, they shall be either:
1. Suitably protected against fire exposure, or
2. So located that any leakage resulting from the failure would not unduly
expose persons, buildings or structures, or
3. Located where leakage can readily be controlled by operation of an
accessible remotely located valve or valves.
Protection Against Corrosion and Galvanic Action
Sec. 79.702. All piping, related fluid -handling components and supports for
both underground and aboveground applications where subject to external corro-
sion shall be fabricated from noncorrosive materials, coated or provided with
corrosion protection as specified in Section 79.603.
Dissimilar metallic parts which promote galvanic action shall not be joined
together.
Valves
Sec. 79.703. Pipe systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to
operate the system properly and to protect the plant. Pipe systems in connection
with pumps shall contain a sufficient number of valves to control properly the
flow of liquid in normal operation and in the event of physical damage. Connec-
tions to piping by which equipment, such as tank cars, tank vehicles or marine
vessels, discharges liquids into storage tanks shall be provided with check valves
for automatic protection against backflow.
Supports
Sec. 79.704. Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected
against physical damage and excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibra-
tion, expansion or contraction.
Swing Joints
Sec. 79.705. Approved swing joints shall be installed on all underground
liquid, vapor and vent piping where the piping leaves the dispensing island or
location and just before connecting to any underground tank fittings. Swing joints
shall also be installed on piping that is rigidly supported or connected between
fixed points and which is subject to thermal expansion or differential movements.
Listed flexible connectors may be used in lieu of swing joints with approval of the
chief.
Pipe Joints
Sec. 79.706. Joints shall be made liquid tight and shall be either welded,
flanged or threaded. Threaded joints shall be made up tight with a suitable thread
233
79.706-79.802 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
sealant or lubricant. Joints in piping systems used for Class I liquids shall be
welded when located in concealed spaces within buildings. Approved nonmet-
allic joints may be used when installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions.
Pipe joints dependent upon the friction characteristics or resiliency of combus-
tible materials for mechanical continuity or liquid tightness of piping shall not be
used inside buildings. They may be used outside of buildings aboveground or
belowground. If used aboveground outside of buildings, the piping shall either be
secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting, or the piping system shall be so
designed that any spill resulting from disengagement will not unduly expose
persons, buildings or structures, and will be readily controllable by remote
valves.
Bends
Sec. 79.707. Pipe and tubing shall not be bent in excess of 90 degrees nor at a
radius less than five diameters of the nominal trade size of the pipe or tube when
the radius is measured from the inside edge of the pipe or tube.
Testing
Sec. 79.708. The complete piping system before being covered, enclosed or
placed in use shall be hydrostatically tested to 150 percent of the maximum
anticipated pressure of the system, or pneumatically tested to 110 percent of the
maximum anticipated pressure of the system, but not less than 5-pound-per-
square-inch gage at the highest point of the system. These test pressures shall be
maintained for at least 30 minutes or for a sufficient time period to complete
visual inspection of all joints and connections. There shall be no leakage or
permanent distortion. Care should be exercised to ensure that these pressures are
not applied to vented aboveground, underground or inside storage tanks, as they
should be tested independently from the piping systems.
Existing piping shall be tested with inert gas when the chief has reason to
believe that a leak exists. Such tests shall be at the expense of the owner or
operator. See also Section 79.605 (c).
Division VIII
USE, DISPENSING AND MIXING
Scope
Sec. 79.801. This division applies to the use, dispensing and mixing of Class I,
II or IIl-A liquids at inside and at outside locations for both portable and fixed
operations. In addition, this division shall apply to tank vehicle loading and
unloading facilities.
Inside Operations
Sec. 79.802. (a) General. All mixing, blending and similar operations involv-
ing the use of Class I, II or III -A liquids shall be performed in an inside use,
dispensing and mixing room constructed to meet the requirements of a Group H,
Division 2 Occupancy as defined in the Building Code.
234
1982 EDITION 79.802-79.803
EXCEPTION: When approved by the chief, dispensing of Class II or Class III
liquids from a single container having a capacity of not more than 60 gallons may be
permitted outside of an inside use, dispensing and mixing room. The storage and use
of 10 gallons or less of Class I or Class II liquids or 60 gallons or less of Class III
liquids in containers may be permitted outside of an inside use, dispensing and
mixing room or flammable liquid cabinet. All quantities so allowed shall be
considered as contributing to the totals allowed in Sections 79.201 (e) 4 (i) and (ii).
Special conditions may be imposed by the chief regarding locations, types of
containers, dispensing units, fire -control measures and other factors involving fire
safety.
See Division IX for dispensing in service stations and Division X for dispens-
ing on farms and construction projects.
(b) Dispensing Equipment. Class I and Class II liquids shall not be dispensed
by gravity from tanks, drums, barrels or similar containers. Dispensing devices
for flammable or combustible liquids shall be of an approved type. An exception
may be granted where the nature of the liquid to be dispensed makes such a
restriction impractical. Approved pumps taking suction from the top of the
container shall be used. Flammable or combustible liquidsshall not be dispensed
by a device that operates through pressure within a storage tank or container,
unless the tank or container has been approved as a pressure vessel for the use to
which it is subjected. Air or oxygen shall not be used to pressurize an approved
pressure vessel. Class I liquids shall be dispensed only from approved safety cans
or original containers.
(c) Closure of Mixing or Blending Vessels. Vessels used for mixing or
blending of Class I flammable liquids shall be provided with self -closing, tight-
fitting, noncombustible lids that will control the fire within such vessel. Where
such devices are impractical, automatic or manually controlled fire -extinguishing
devices approved by the chief shall be provided.
(d) Bonding of Vessels. Vessels shall be electrically connected by bond wires,
piping or similar means where differences of potential could otherwise be created
by the accumulation of static electricity charges.
(e) Control of Spills or Connection to Sewers. Provision shall be made to
prevent flammable or combustible liquids which may be spilled at loading or
unloading points from entering public sewer and drainage systems or natural
waterways. Connections to such sewers, drains or waterways by which flammable
or combustible liquids might enter shall be provided with separator boxes or other
approved means whereby such entry is precluded. Crankcase drainings and
flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped into sewers but shall be
stored in tanks or tight drums outside of any buildings until removed from the
premises.
Container -filling Facilities
Sec. 79.803. (a) Manual Operations. Class I liquids shall not be run into
containers unless the nozzle and containers are electrically interconnected. The
provisions of this section shall be deemed to have been complied with where the
metallic floor plates on which the container stands while filling are electrically
235
79.803-79.805 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
connected to the fill stem or where the fill stem is bonded to the container during
filling by means of a bond wire.
(b) Automatic Operations. Container -filling operations for Class I liquids
involving conveyor belts or other automatic -feeding operations shall be ade-
quately designed to prevent static accumulations.
Design and Construction of Inside Use, Dispensing and Mixing
Room
Sec. 79.804. An inside use, dispensing and mixing room shall be constructed
in accordance with the Building Code for a Group H, Division 2 Occupancy and
the following:
1. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided and shall be designed and
installed in an approved manner for extrahazardous locations. An automat-
ic sprinkler system may be connected to the domestic water supply main in
accordance with Section 10.308 (d). Openings to other rooms or buildings
shall be provided with noncombustible liquid -tight raised sills or ramps at
least 4 inches in height, or the floor in the room shall be at least 4 inches
below surrounding floors. A permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an
open -grated trench inside of the room, extending 1 foot wider than the door
opening, which drains to a safe location. The room shall be provided with
approved self -closing fire doors.
2. Electrical wiring and equipment located in inside storage rooms shall be
approved for Class I, Division 1 hazardous locations in accordance with
the Electrical Code.
3. Ventilation shall be designed to provide for a complete change of air within
the room at least six times per hour. Ventilation shall be installed in
accordance with the provisions of the Mechanical Code. It shall be con-
trolled by a switch located outside of the door. The ventilation equipment
and any lighting fixtures shall be operated by the same switch. An indicator
light shall be installed adjacent to the switch if Class I flammable liquids
are dispensed or used within the room.
4. Heating shall be restricted to low-pressure steam or hot water and to
electric units approved for Class I hazardous locations.
5. Adequate explosion venting shall be provided in accordance with an
approved design.
6. Exit facilities shall be provided in accordance with the Building Code.
7. Drainage facilities shall be provided to direct liquid leakage and fire -
protection water to a safe location away from the building, any important
valve or adjoining property.
8. Emergency drainage systems containing Classes I, II and III -A liquids
connected to a public sewer or discharging into public waterways shall be
equipped with traps or separators to prevent flammable or combustible
liquids from entering the public sewer or waterways.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.805. Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with Article 10.
236
1982 EDITION 79.806-79.807
Dispensing Outside of Buildings
Sec. 79.806. (a) Location on Property. Dispensing operations shall be located
on an area graded in a manner to direct spills away from buildings, storage piles or
any other exposures to a safe impounding area, or shall be surrounded by a curb at
least 6 inches high. Where curbs are used, provisions shall be made for draining
accumulations of groundwater or rainwater or spills of liquids. Drains shall
terminate at a safe location and shall be accessible under fire conditions.
Dispensing shall be conducted at least 15 feet from any building, any combusti-
ble material, or any storage of Class I, 11 or III liquids, and at least 25 feet from
any opening in a building, any property line, or any street, alley or public way.
(b) Dispensing Device. Dispensing of Class I, II and III -A liquids shall be by
means of an approved pump. Dispensing from drums shall be by a pump taking
suction from the top. Class 11 and Class III liquids may also be dispensed using
inert gas or water, provided the tank or container has been approved as a pressure
vessel for the use to which it is subjected. Air or oxygen shall not be used to
pressurize any container for dispensing.
Dispensing from underground storage tanks shall be in accordance with Divi-
sion IX, "Service Stations."
(c) Ignition Sources. 1.Open flame. Smoking, open flame or other sources of
ignition shall be prohibited within 25 feet of the dispensing area. Legible signs
with the words NO SMOKING printed thereon shall be posted in conspicuous
locations around the dispensing area.
2. Electrical devices. Electrical wiring and equipment in the dispensing area
shall be installed in accordance with the Electrical Code.
3. Static accumulation. When Class I or Class II liquids are dispensed,
adequate grounding and bonding shall be provided to prevent the accumulation of
static electricity. See Section 79.807 (a) 3.
(d) Fire Protection. Fire protection shall be provided in the dispensing area in
accordance with Article 10.
Loading and Unloading Facilities
Sec. 79.807. (a) Tank Vehicle Loading Racks. 1. Construction. Noncom-
bustible materials only shall be used for the construction of loading racks.
2. Location. Tank vehicle loading racks dispensing Class I, II or III -A liquids
shall be separated from tanks, warehouses or other plant buildings, and nearest
property line that may be built upon by a clear distance of not less than 25 feet,
measured from the nearest position of any fill stem. Buildings for pumps or for
shelter of loading personnel may be part of the loading rack.
3. Static protection. Loading racks shall be equipped with protection against
the accumulation of static charges during truck -filling operations. Unless other-
wise approved by the chief, protection shall consist of a bare -braided metallic
bond wire not less than 8 AWG in size permanently electrically connected to the
fill stem or some part of the fill -stem piping. The fill -stem pipe assembly must
form a continuous electrically conducted path downstream from the point of
bonding. The free end of such wire shall be provided with a clamp or similar
237
79.807 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
device for convenient attachment to some metallic part of the cargo tank of the
tank vehicle. The bond -wire connection shall be made prior to opening the dome
cover. It shall be maintained in place during the entire filling operation and the
dome covers shall be securely closed before the bond wire is disconnected from
the cargo tank.
4. Drag chains. Drag chains or similar devices on tank vehicles shall not be
deemed to meet the requirement of the preceding paragraph for static protection.
5. Signs. Legible signs shall be maintained at the entrance gate or gates of each
bulk plant and near each loading rack with the words NO SMOKING printed
thereon.
6. Fencing. Each loading rack or property upon which a loading rack is located
shall be surrounded by a fence not less than 5 feet in height, constructed of wire
mesh, solid metal sheathing or masonry. No person shall load or unload or permit
the loading or unloading of a tank vehicle unless such vehicle is entirely within
such enclosure. No person shall drive or permit the driving of any tank vehicle
into or from the premises of a bulk plant except while traveling in a forward
direction.
EXCEPTION: Existing installations where adequate public safety exists due to
isolation, natural barriers or other factors as determined by the chief.
7. Top loading. When top loading a tank vehicle with Class I and Class II
liquids without vapor control, valves used for the final control of flow shall be of
the self -closing type and shall be manually held open except where automatic
means are provided for shutting off the flow when the vehicle is full. It shall be
unlawful for any person to tie or lock such a self -closing valve in the open
position. When top loading a tank vehicle with vapor control, flow control shall
be in accordance with Subsection 8 below.
8. Bottom loading. When bottom loading a tank vehicle with or without vapor
control, a positive means shall be provided for loading a predetermined quantity
of liquid, together with an automatic secondary shutoff control to prevent overfill.
The connecting components between the loading rack and the tank vehicle
required to operate the secondary control shall be functionally compatible.
When bottom loading a tank vehicle that is equipped for vapor control but when
vapor control is not used, the tank shall be vented to the atmosphere to prevent
pressurization of the tank. Such venting shall be at a height not lower than the top
of the cargo tank on the vehicle.
When bottom loading a tank vehicle, the coupling between the liquid loading
hose or pipe and the truck piping shall be by means of a dry disconnect coupling.
Connections to the plant vapor -control system shall be designed to prevent the
escape of vapor to the atmosphere when not connected to a tank vehicle.
Vapor -processing equipment shall be separated from aboveground tanks, ware-
houses, other plant buildings, loading and unloading facilities or nearest line of
adjoining property that can be built upon by a distance of at least 25 feet. Vapor -
processing equipment shall be protected against physical damage by remote
location or by the provision of guardrails, curbs or fencing.
238
1982 EDITION 79.807
9. Switch loading. No tank vehicle which has previously contained Class I
liquids shall be loaded with Class 11 or Class III liquids until such tank vehicle and
all piping, pumps, hoses and meters connected thereto have been completely
drained and flushed.
10. Electrical equipment. All wiring and electrical equipment located within
25 feet of any portion of the loading rack shall be designed, operated and installed
so as not to create an ignition hazard. Electrical equipment shall be designed and
installed in accordance with the Electrical Code. The chief shall determine the
extent of the Class I location when a condition is not covered by the Electrical
Code. See Section 79.1407 (b).
(b) Tank Car Loading Racks. 1. Construction. Noncombustible materials
only shall be used for the construction of loading racks.
2. Location. Tank car loading racks dispensing Class 1, II or III -A liquids shall
be separated from tanks, warehouses or other plant buildings and nearest property
line that may be built upon by a clear space of not less than 25 feet, measured from
the nearest position of any fill stem. Buildings for pumps or for shelter of loading
personnel may be part of the loading rack.
3. Static protection. Where the resistance of a tank car to ground through the
rails is 25 ohms or greater, bonding shall be provided as in Section 79.807 (a) 3.
4. Stray current protection. Tank car loading facilities where Class I, II or III -
A liquids are loaded or unloaded through open domes shall be protected against
stray currents by permanently bonding the pipe to at least one rail and to the rack
structure. Multiple pipes entering the rack area shall be permanently electrically
bonded together. In areas where excessive stray currents are known to exist, all
pipes entering the rack area shall be provided with insulating sections to elec-
trically isolate the rack piping from the pipe lines.
5. Signs. Legible signs shall be maintained at the entrance gate or gates of each
bulk plant and near each loading rack with the words NO SMOKING printed
thereon.
6. Fencing. Each loading rack or property upon which a loading rack is located
shall be surrounded by a fence not less than 5 feet in height, constructed of wire
mesh, solid metal sheathing or masonry. No person shall load or unload or permit
the loading or unloading of a tank car unless such tank car is entirely within such
enclosure.
EXCEPTION: Existing installations where adequate public safety exists due to
isolation, natural barriers or other factors as determined by the chief.
7. Top and bottom loading. Top or bottom loading of a tank vehicle shall be in
accordance with Section 79.807 (a) 7 and 8.
8. Switch loading. No tank car which has previously contained Class I liquids
shall be loaded with Class 11 or Class III liquids until such tank car and all piping,
pumps, hoses and meters connected thereto have been completely drained and
flushed.
(c) Fire Protection. Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with
Article 10. Approved portable fire extinguishers shall be provided for the
extinguishment of fires as designated in U.F.C. Standard No. 10-1. Extinguishers
239
79.807-79.808 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
shall be provided and maintained, having a minimum classification of 40-B at
each loading rack. Suitable fire -control devices, such as small hose or portable
fire extinguishers, shall be available to locations where fires are likely to occur.
Additional fire -control equipment may be required by the chief where an unusual
exposure hazard exists. Such additional fire -control equipment shall be sufficent
to extinguish a fire in the largest tank. The design and amount of such equipment
shall be in accordance with approved engineering standards.
Unloading Operations
Sec. 79.808. (a) Transfer Apparatus. Transfer apparatus shall be of an
approved type.
(b) Storage Tanks. Class I, II or III liquids shall be transferred from a tank
vehicle or tank car only into an approved atmospheric tank or approved portable
tank.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Liquids used as fuels may be transferred from tank vehicles
into fuel tanks of aircraft, marine craft, motor vehicles or special equipment when
approval is granted by the chief, provided:
A. The tank vehicle's specific function is that of supplying fuel to fuel tanks.
B. The operation is not performed where the public is invited or where there is
unusual exposure to life and property.
C. The dispensing line does not exceed 50 feet in length.
D. The dispensing nozzle is an approved type.
2. When such tank vehicle or tank is disabled through accident or mechanical
failure and it becomes necessary to remove the cargo at that location, such cargo
may be transferred to another tank vehicle or tank car.
(c) Time Limit. Tank vehicles and tank cars shall be unloaded as soon as
possible after arrival at point of delivery and shall not be used as storage tanks.
Tank cars shall be unloaded only on private sidings or railroad siding facilities
equipped for transferring the liquid between tank cars and permanent storage
tanks. Unless otherwise permitted by the chief, a tank car shall not be allowed to
remain on a siding at point of delivery for more than 24 hours while connected for
transfer operations.
(d) Inside Buildings. Tank vehicles or tank cars shall not be located inside any
building while unloading Class I, II or III -A liquids, unless approved by the chief.
EXCEPTION: A tank vehicle may be located under the canopy of an automotive
service station.
(e) Vehicle Motor. Motors of tank vehicles shall be shut off during the making
and breaking of hose connections and during the unloading operation.
EXCEPTION: When unloading is done with a pump deriving its power from the
tank vehicle motor.
(f) Attendant. The operator or other competent person shall be in attendance at
all times while a tank vehicle or tank car is discharging cargo. Whenever
practicable, the tank vehicle or tank car shall be positioned so that the operating
controls and the discharging end of the hose or hoses are both in view of the
operator or other competent person.
(g) Chock Blocks. At least two chock blocks not less than 5 inches by 5 inches
240
1982 EDITION 79.808-79.902
by 12 inches in size and dished to fit the contour of tires shall be used during
unloading operations of tank vehicles.
Division IX
SERVICE STATIONS
Scope
Sec. 79.901. This division applies to both automotive and marine service
stations.
Storage
Sec. 79.902. (a) Class I Liquids in Basements or Pits. Class I liquids shall not
be stored or used within a building having a basement or pit into which flammable
vapors may travel, unless such area is provided with ventilation designed to
prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors therein.
(b) General Provisions. Class I liquids shall be stored in closed containers, or
in tanks located underground or in special enclosures as described in Section
79.902 (c). Class II and Class III -A liquids shall be stored in containers or in tanks
located underground or in special enclosures as described in Section 79.902 (c). A
connection shall not be made between any aboveground tank and any under-
ground tank.
The temporary use of portable or semiportable tanks in conjunction with the
dispensing of Class I, II or III -A liquids into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles or
other motorized equipment on premises not normally accessible to the public is
permitted. However, such installation shall be made only with the approval of the
chief.
(c) Special Enclosures. When installation of tanks in accordance with Divi-
sion VI is impractical or because of property or building limitations, tanks for
Class 1, II or 111-A liquids may be installed in buildings if enclosed as follows:
Enclosure shall be liquid tight and vapor tight without backfill. Sides, top and
bottom of the enclosure shall be of reinforced concrete at least 6 inches thick, with
openings for inspection through the top only. Tank connections shall be so piped
or closed that neither vapors nor liquid can escape into the enclosed space. Means
shall be provided whereby portable equipment may be employed to discharge to
the outside any vapors which might accumulate should leakage occur.
Tanks containing Class I, 11 or lII-A liquids shall not exceed 6000 gallons
individual or 18,000 gallons aggregate.
(d) Storage Inside Buildings. Class I, II or 111-A liquids may be stored in
approved containers inside service station buildings in accordance with Section
79.201 (e) 3.
(e) Dispensing. Class I liquids shall not be dispensed or transferred within a
service station building, except as provided in Section 79.903 (d). Class II and
Class 111-A liquids may be dispensed in lubrication or service rooms of a service
station building, provided the heating equipment complies with Section 79.906
and electrical equipment complies with Section 79.905. Delivery of any Class 1,
241
79.902-79.903 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
II or III -A liquid shall not be made into portable containers unless such container
is of approved material and construction, having a tight closure with screwed or
spring cover, so designed that the contents can be dispensed without spilling.
Class I or Class II liquids shall not be dispensed into the fuel tank of a motor
vehicle from aboveground tanks.
(f) Maintenance Testing. All leak -detecting devices shall be tested annually
by the owner or occupant of the property on which they are located. All test results
shall be maintained on the premises and available to the chief upon request.
(g) Inventory Control. Accurate daily inventory records shall be maintained
on the premises and reconciled on all Class I, II or III -A liquids. A consistent or
accidental loss of Class I, II or III -A liquids shall be immediately reported to the
local fire department.
(h) Safety Rules. There shall be no smoking or open flames in the areas used
for fueling, servicing internal combustion engines, receiving or dispensing of
Class I, II or III -A liquids. A conspicuous sign prohibiting smoking, filling
unapproved containers and requiring the motor to be shut off during fueling
operations shall be posted within sight of each customer being served. The motors
of all vehicles being fueled shall be shut off during the fueling operation.
Dispensing Services
Sec. 79.903. (a) Design and Construction. Class I and Class II liquids shall be
transferred from underground tanks by means of fixed pumps so designed and
equipped as to allow control of the flow and to prevent leakage or accidental
discharge. Supplemental means shall be provided outside of the dispensing
device whereby the source of power may be readily disconnected in the event of
fire or other accident. Dispensing devices for Class I, II or III -A liquids shall be of
approved type. See Section 2.303 (b). Class I, II or III -A liquids shall be
dispensed by approved pumps taking suction through the top of the container.
Class I, II or III -A liquids shall not be dispensed by a device that operates through
pressure within a storage tank or container unless the tank or container has been
approved as a pressure vessel for the use to which it is subjected. In no case shall
air or oxygen pressure be used for dispensing flammable Class I, II or III -A
liquids. This section does not prohibit use permitted by Section 79.904.
A listed automatic -closing -type hose nozzle valve with or without a latch -open
device shall be provided on island -type dispensers used for dispensing Class I, II
or III -A liquids.
Overhead -type dispensing units shall be provided with a listed automatic -
closing -type hose nozzle valve without a latch -open device. A listed automatic -
closing -type hose nozzle valve with latch -open device may be used if the design of
the system is such that the hose nozzle valve will close automatically in the event
the valve is released from a fill opening or upon impact with a driveway.
(b) Supervision. The dispensing of Class I and Class II liquids into the fuel
tank of a vehicle or into a container shall at all times be under the supervision of a
qualified attendant.
EXCEPTION: Supervision by a qualified attendant is not required for a service
station which is not open to the public and which is used only by a commercial,
242
1982 EDITION 79.903
industrial, governmental or manufacturing establishment for fueling vehicles used
in connection with their business, provided that the owner of such station is
accountable for the safe operation of the station and the training of the users thereof.
Such stations may include card- or key -operated dispensers.
The attendant's primary function shall be to supervise, observe and control the
dispensing of Class I and Class II liquids while said liquids are being dispensed. It
shall be the responsibility of the attendant to prevent the dispensing of Class I and
Class II liquids into portable containers not in compliance with Section
79.104 (a), control sources of ignition, and io give immediate attention to acci-
dental spills and fire extinguishers, if needed.
(c) Location. Dispensing devices at automobile service stations shall be
located a minimum distance of 10 feet from a property line and so located that all
parts of a vehicle being serviced will be on the premises of the service station. In
addition, the location of dispensing devices shall be in accordance with the
following:
1. Dispensing devices at automobile service stations shall be located not less
than 10 feet from any building which is less than one -hour fire -resistive
construction. Such dispensing devices shall also be located so that the
nozzle, when hose is fully extended, shall not reach within 5 feet of any
building opening.
2. Dispensing units shall be at least 20 feet from all fixed sources of ignition.
3. All dispensing devices shall be protected against physical damage from
vehicles by mounting on a concrete island a minimum of 6 inches in height.
Alternate methods of providing equivalent protection may be permitted
when approved by the chief.
4. Apparatus dispensing Class I and Class II liquids into the fuel tanks of
motor vehicles of the public shall not be located at a bulk plant unless
separated by a fence or similar barrier from the area in which bulk
operations are conducted.
5. Dispensing devices shall be secured to the island in an approved manner
other than piping and conduit.
(d) Inside Garages. Where an outside location is impractical, dispensing
devices approved for inside use may be installed inside a garage or similar
establishment, storing, parking, servicing or repairing automotive equipment
upon the approval of the location and safeguards by the chief. A dispensing device
shall be protected against physical damage by vehicles by mounting on a concrete
island or by equivalent means and shall be located in a position where it cannot be
struck by a vehicle descending a ramp or other slope out of control. A remote
emergency shutoff for electric power to the dispensing unit and the pump supply-
ing it shall be provided at an accessible location and shall be clearly labeled as to
its intended purpose. The dispensing area shall be provided with an approved
mechanical or gravity ventilation system. When dispensing units are located
below grade, only approved mechanical ventilation shall be used and the entire
dispensing area shall be protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system.
Ventilating systems shall be electrically interlocked with Class I dispensing units
243
79.903-79.904 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
so that the dispensing units cannot be operated unless the ventilating fan motors
are energized.
(e) Electrical Controls. A control shall be provided that will permit the pump
to operate only when a dispensing nozzle is removed from its bracket or normal
position with respect to the dispensing unit and the switch on this dispensing unit
is manually actuated. This control shall also stop the pump when all nozzles have
been returned, either to their brackets or to the normal nondispensing position. In
addition, electrical conditions shall comply with the following:
I . A clearly labeled manually operated pump master switch shall be provided
in an approved location, within 75 feet of, but not nearer than 15 feet to,
any dispenser. Where such master switch is not visible from all dispensers,
the location thereof shall be indicated by approved signs.
2. Signs identifying the pump master switch shall be labeled EMERGENCY
PUMP SHUTOFF.
3. The master switch on all individual pump circuit switches shall be set in the
"off" position before closing the service station for business at any time.
(f) Special -type Dispensers. Approved special dispensing systems such as,
but not limited to, coin -operated and remote preset types are permitted at service
stations, provided there is at least one qualified attendant on duty while the station
is open to the public.
1. The attendant or supervisor on duty shall be capable of performing the
functions and assuming the responsibilities covered in Section 79.903 (b).
2. Emergency controls shall be installed at a location acceptable to the chief,
but controls shall be not more than 100 feet from dispensers.
3. Instructions for the operation of dispensers shall be conspicuously posted.
4. Remote preset -type devices are to be in the "off" position while not in use
so that the dispenser cannot be activated without the knowledge of the
attendant.
5. The dispensing device shall be in clear view of the attendant at all times and
the obstacle shall not be placed between the dispensing devices and the
attendant.
6. The attendant shall at all times be able to communicate with persons in the
dispensing area.
Pressure Delivery Service Stations
Sec. 79.904. (a) General. System used for the dispensing of Class I or Il
liquids that transfer the liquid from storage to individual or multiple dispensing
units by pumps that are not located at dispensing units shall comply with this
section.
Pressure systems shall incorporate with each turbine an indicator light illumi-
nated when the turbine is running. Said light shall be visible from the pump island
and suitably identified as to the system served.
The chief may alter or impose additional regulations where such systems are
located within buildings. Notification shall be given to the chief prior to abandon-
244
1982 EDITION 79.904
ment, alteration or repair of any part of a pressure delivery system, except the
dispenser.
(b) Approval of Equipment and Installation. Tanks, pits, pumps, electrical
equipment, piping systems, dispensers, hose, nozzles and other integral parts of
pressure delivery systems shall be approved.
(c) Pumps. 1. Pumps installed above grade outside of buildings shall be
located not less than 10 feet from lines of adjoining property which may be built
upon or from a property line that abuts upon a public right-of-way or thor-
oughfare. Pumps shall be located not less than 10 feet from buildings which are
not of combustible or at least one -hour fire -resistive construction in accordance
with the Building Code nor less than 5 feet from any building opening.
2. Pumps installed above grade shall be mounted on a concrete foundation and
shall be protected against damage by vehicles.
3. Submersible or subsurface pumps shall be installed in accordance with
approved standards.
(d) Pits. 1. Pits intended to contain subsurface pumps or fittings from submer-
sible pumps shall be not larger than necessary to contain the intended equipment
and to permit the free movement of hand tools operated from above grade.
2. Pits and covers shall be designed and constructed to withstand the external
forces to which they may be subjected. When located above any underground
tank, at least 1 foot of earth or sand cover shall be maintained over the top of the
tank.
3. Pits shall be protected against ignition of vapors by one of the following
methods:
(i) Sealing the unpierced cover with mastic or by bolting against a gasket in an
approved manner.
(ii) Filling the pit with a noncombustible inert material.
(e) Piping, Valves and Fittings. 1. Piping, valves and fittings shall be
designed for the working pressures and structural stresses to which they may be
subjected. They shall be galvanized or otherwise protected against external
corrosion with an approved material. All threaded joints or connections shall be
made up tight with the use of an approved pipe joint sealing compound. Approved
nonmetallic joints may be used when installed in accordance with the manufac-
turer's instructions.
2. A check or manual valve shall be provided in the discharge dispensing
supply line from the pump with a union between the valve and the same pump
discharge.
3. An approved emergency shutoff valve (impact valve) incorporating a fusible
link designed to close automatically in the event of severe impact or fire exposure
shall be properly installed, rigidly mounted and connected by a union in the
dispensing supply line at the base of each dispensing device. "Properly installed"
shall mean that the shear section of the impact valve is mounted flush with the top
of the surface upon which the dispenser is mounted.
4. Each pump shall have installed on the discharge an approved leak -detection
245
79.904-79.905 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
device which will provide an indication if the piping and dispensers are not
essentially liquid tight.
5. After completion of the installation, the system shall be tested as provided in
Section 79.708.
Electrical Equipment
Sec. 79.905. (a) General. This section shall apply to areas where Class I
liquids are stored.
(b) Approved Wiring and Equipment. All installation of electric wiring and
equipment shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. For Class I liquids
where electrical wiring and equipment are installed, evidence that such wiring
and equipment are of the type approved for use in the hazardous locations as set
forth in Table No. 79.905 and that such wiring and equipment have been installed
in accordance with the Electrical Code will be required.
(c) Classified Area. In Table No. 79.905 a classified area shall not extend
beyond the unpierced wall, roof or other solid partition.
(d) Unclassified Area. For area classifications not covered in Section 79.905
(b) and not listed in Table No. 79.905, the chief shall have the authority to classify
the extent of the hazardous area.
246
1982 EDITION
TABLE NO.79.905—CLASS I LOCATIONSI
79.905
LOCATION
GROUP D
DIVISION
EXTENT OF
CLASSIFIED AREA
Underground Tank
Fill opening
1
Any pit, box or space below grade level,
any part of which is within the Division 1
or 2 classified area.
2
Up to 18 inches above grade level within a
horizontal radius of 10 feet from a loose
fill connection and within a horizontal
radius of 5 feet from a tight fill
connection.
Vent—
1
Within 3 feet of open end of vent, extend -
Discharging upward
ing in all directions.
2
Area between 3 feet and 5 feet of open end
of vent, extending in all directions.
Dispensing Units —
(Except Overhead Type)
Pits
1
Any pit, box or space below grade level,
any part of which is within the Division l
or 2 classified area.
Dispenser
1
The area within a dispenser enclosure up
to 4 feet vertically above the base except
that area defined as Division 2. Any area
within a nozzle boot.
2
Areas within a dispenser enclosure above
the Division 1 area. Areas within a dis-
penser enclosure isolated from Division 1
by a solid partition or a solid nozzle boot
but not completely surrounded by Divi-
sion 1 area. Within 18 inches horizontally
in all directions from the Division 1 area
located within the dispenser enclosure.
Within 18 inches horizontally in all direc-
tions from the opening of a nozzle boot
not isolated by a vapor -tight partition,
except that the classified area need not be
extended around a 90-degree or greater
comer.
Outdoor
2
Up to 18 inches above grade level within
20 feet horizontally of any edge of
enclosure.
Indoor
with mechanical
ventilation
2
Up to 18 inches above grade or floor level
within 20 feet horizontally of any edge of
enclosure.
with gravity
ventilation
2
Up to 18 inches above grade or floor level
within 25 feet horizontally of any edge of
enclosure.
(Continued)
247
79.905
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TABLE NO.79.905—CLASS I LOCATIONS' —(Continued)
GROUP D
EXTENT OF
LOCATION
DIVISION
CLASSIFIED AREA
Dispensing Units —
Overhead Type
1
Within the dispenser enclosure and 18
inches in all directions from the enclosure
where not suitably cut off by ceiling or
wall. All electrical equipment integral
with the dispensing hose or nozzle.
2
An area extending 2 feet horizontally in
all directions beyond the Division 1 area
and extending to grade below this classi-
fied area.
2
Up to 18 inches above grade level within
20 feet horizontally measured from a
point vertically below the edge of any
dispenser enclosure.
Remote Pump —Outdoor
1
Any pit, box or space below grade level if
any part is within a horizontal distance of
10 feet from any edge of pump.
2
Within 3 feet of any edge of pump,
extending in all directions. Also up to 18
inches above grade level within 10 feet
horizontally from any edge of pump.
Remote Pump —Indoor
1
Entire area within any pit.
2
Within 5 feet of any edge of pump,
extending in all directions. Also up to 3
feet above floor or grade level within 25
feet horizontally from any edge of pump.
Lubrication or Service
Room
—with Dispensing
1
Any pit within any unventilated area.
2
Any pit with ventilation.
2
Area up to 18 inches above floor or grade
level and 3 feet horizontally from a lubri-
cation pit.
Dispenser for
Class I liquids
2
Within 3 feet of any fill or dispensing
point, extending in all directions.
Lubrication or Service
Room
—without Dispensing
2
Entire area within any pit used for lubrica-
tion or similar service where Class 1liq-
uids may be released.
2
Area up to 18 inches above any such pit,
and extending a distance of 3 feet horizon-
tally from any edge of the pit.
Special Enclosure Inside
Building [See Sec.
79.902 (c)]
1
Entire enclosure.
(Continued)
248
1982 EDITION
79.905-79.907
Sales, Storage and Rest
Rooms
Non-
If there is any opening to these rooms
classified
within the extent of a Division I area, the
entire room shall be classified as Division
1.
Vapor -processing Systems
Pits
I
Any pit, box or space below grade level,
any part of which is within a Division I or
2 classified area or which houses any
equipment used to transport or process
vapors.
Vapor -processing
2
Within any protective enclosure housing
Equipment Located Within
vapor -processing equipment.
Protective Enclosures [See
Sec. 79.912 (c) 2]
Vapor -processing
2
The space within 18 inches in all direc-
Equipment Not Within
tions of equipment containing flammable
Protective Enclosures
vapor or liquid extending to grade level.
(excluding piping and
Up to 18 inches above grade level within
combustion devices)
10 feet horizontally of the vapor -process-
ing equipment.
Equipment Enclosures
1
Any area within the enclosure where
vapor or liquid is present under normal
operating conditions.
2
The entire area within the enclosure other
than Division 1.
Vacuum Assist Blowers
2
The space within 18 inches in all direc-
tions extending to grade level. Up to 18
inches above grade level within 10 feet
horizontally.
'Locations as classified in the Electrical Code.
Heating Equipment
Sec. 79.906. (a) Electrical Equipment. Electrical heating equipment shall
conform to Section 79.905.
(b) Fuel -burning Equipment. Only wet heat systems and direct -fired makeup
air heaters are permitted in dispensing rooms or in any area where vapors could
migrate. Such systems shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Mechan-
ical Code.
Drainage and Waste Disposal
Sec. 79.907. (a) Control and Connection to Sewer. Provisions shall be made
in the area where Class I, II or III -A liquids may be spilled to prevent liquids from
249
79.907-79.909 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
flowing into interior of service station buildings. Such provisions may be by
grading driveway, raising door sills, or other equally effective means. Crankcase
drainings and flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped into sewers
but shall be stored in tanks or tight drums outside of any building until removed
from the premises.
(b) Crankcase Drainings. Tanks installed for crankcase drainings shall be
installed in accordance with the requirements for Class I liquid storage. In
addition thereto, drainage lines terminating inside a building shall be equipped
with a nonremovable-type cap (such as a hinged cap).
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.908. A fire extinguisher with a minimum classification of
2-A, 20-B:C shall be provided and so located that it will be not more than 75 feet
from any pump, dispenser or fill -pipe opening.
Service Stations Located Inside Buildings
Sec. 79.909. (a) General. This section shall apply to automotive service
stations which dispense fuels into vehicles in areas that are wholly or partially
enclosed by the walls, floors or ceilings of the buildings.
EXCEPTION: Service stations located inside a building with two or more sides
of the dispensing area open to the building exterior so that normal ventilation can
normally be expected to dissipate flammable vapors.
Dispensing of fuel into motor vehicles inside of buildings is permitted when
approved by the chief.
(b) Construction. Automotive service stations within buildings shall be con-
structed with the requirements of the Building Code.
(c) Ventilation. 1. General. Heating and air-conditioning and ventilation
systems shall comply with the Mechanical Code.
2. Interlocks on dispensers. When mechanical systems for ventilation are
installed serving only the area where fuels are dispensed, the system shall operate
when the service station is open for business and shall be interlocked to dispens-
ing units so that fuel cannot be dispensed unless the ventilation system is in
operation.
3. Exhaust system design. The exhaust system shall be designed to provide air
movement across all portions of the dispensing floor area and to prevent the flow
of flammable vapors beyond the dispensing area. Exhaust inlet ducts shall be not
less than 3 inches nor more than 12 inches above the floor. Exhaust ducts shall not
be located in floors or penetrate the floor of the dispensing area and shall
discharge to a safe location outside the building.
(d) Piping. 1. General. Piping systems shall comply with the provisions of
Division VII.
2. Enclosure of vent piping. All fuel and flammable vapor piping inside
buildings but outside the service station area shall be enclosed within a horizontal
or a vertical shaft used only for this piping. Vertical and horizonal shafts shall be
constructed of materials having a fire -resistance rating of not less than two hours.
250
1982 EDITION 79.909-79.910
(e) Drainge Systems. 1. Control. Floors shall be liquid tight. Emergency
drainage systems shall be provided to direct flammable or combustible liquid
leakage and fire -protection water to a safe location. This may require curbs,
scuppers or special drainage systems.
2. Connection to sewer. Emergency drainage systems, if connected to public
sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be equipped with traps or
separators.
Marine Service Stations
Sec. 79.910. (a) General. The general construction of marine service stations
shall be in accordance with the Building Code. The storage of Class I, II or III -A
liquids at such location shall, except as otherwise provided in this section, be in
accordance with the provisions of this article.
Marine service stations shall not be located at a bulk plant unless separated by a
fence or similar barrier from the area in which bulk operations are conducted.
(b) General Construction. Piers, wharves and floats where Class 1,11 or Ill -A
liquid dispensers are located shall be of fire -resistive construction and impervious
to spills of such liquids and oils within the immediate area of the dispenser.
(c) Storage and Handling. Class I, II or III -A liquids may be stored in
approved portable containers within marine service station buildings. Storage of
Class I liquids in approved closed portable containers shall not exceed 10-gallon
aggregate capacity except within a room or building approved for such storage or
which meets the requirements of Section 79.203. Class II or Class III -A liquids
may be stored and dispensed inside marine service station buildings from
approved containers of not more than 120-gallon capacity, provided the heating
equipment complies with Section 79.906.
1. Tanks, valves, fittings and piping for Class 1, II or III -A liquids and
liquefied petroleum gases shall be approved for such use and fully pro-
tected from external corrosion.
2. There shall be no connection between any aboveground tank and any
underground tank, except the aboveground tanks located in an adjoining
bulk plant may be connected by piping to marine service station under-
ground tanks if, in addition to valves at the aboveground tanks, a valve is
also installed within control of marine service station personnel.
3. Pipelines at marine service stations where attached to piers, wharves or
other structures shall be fully protected against physical damage and
excessive stresses.
4. A valve whereby supply from shore may be shut off shall be provided in
each product line at or near the approach to the pier, wharf or other
structure, and an approved quick -throw valve shall be provided above each
flexible connection to stop flow to float in the event of rupture of such
flexible connections.
5. Not more than two flexible connections shall be permitted in any line
leading from any pier or wharf to a float, except when unusual conditions
exist; then additional flexible connections may be allowed upon permission
of the chief.
251
79.910 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
6. All commodity piping at marine service stations shall be welded or welded
flanged steel construction, except that screwed piping 2 inches or less in
diameter shall be permitted.
7. Piping used for transporting Class I liquids shall be grounded to control
stray electrical current.
8. Testing of piping systemsishall be in accordance with Section 79.708.
(d) Dispensing. Wharves, piers or floats at marine service stations shall be
used exclusively for the dispensing or transfer of petroleum products to or from
marine craft, except that transfer of essential ship stores is permitted. Sales of ship
stores or merchandise shall not be allowed from an area where fuel is dispensed
into the tanks of motor craft.
1. Tanks and pumps, other than those integral with approved dispensing
devices, supplying Class 1, 11 or III -A liquids at marine service stations
shall be located only on shore or upon express permission of the chief on
piers of solid -fill type. Approved dispensing devices with or without
integral pumps may be located on shore, piers of solid -fill type, open piers,
wharves or floating docks.
2. Dispensing of Class 1,11 or I11-A liquids or liquefied petrolum gases shall
at all times be under the direct control of a competent person who is fully
aware of the operation, mechanics and hazards inherent to fueling of boats.
3. Dispensing of Class 1, 11 or 1II-A liquids into the fuel tanks of marine craft
shall be by means of an approved -type hose equipped with a listed automat-
ic -closing nozzle with or without latch -open device.
4. Hoses used for dispensing or transferring Class I, 11 or I11-A liquids, when
not in use, shall be reeled, racked or otherwise protected from mechanical
damage.
5. Fueling of floating marine craft at other than a marine service station is
prohibited except by special authorization of the chief.
6. No delivery of any Class 1, II or III -A liquids shall be made into portable
containers unless such container is of approved material and construction,
having a tight closure with screwed or spring cover, so designed that the
contents can be dispensed without spilling.
7. Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders shall not be filled or discharged at any
petroleum marine service station without first obtaining written permission
from the chief. Approved storage facilities for liquefied petroleum gas
cylinders shall be provided.
8. The dispensing area shall be located from other structures so as to provide
room for safe ingress and egress of craft to be fueled. Dispensing units
shall in all cases be at least 20 feet from any activity involving fixed sources
of ignition.
(e) Fire Prevention Regulations.
1. All marine facilities shall be maintained in a neat and orderly manner and
no accumulation of rubbish or waste oils in excessive amounts shall be
permitted. Any spills of Class I, II or 1II-A liquids at or upon the water of
252
1982 EDITION
79.910
marine service stations shall be reported immediately to the fire depart-
ment and jurisdictional authorities.
2. Metal containers with tight -fitting or self -closing metal lids shall be pro-
vided for the temporary storage of combustible trash or rubbish.
3. No vessel or craft shall be made fast to or berthed at any fuel docks serving
a marine service station, except during fueling operations, and no craft
shall be made fast to any other vessel or craft occupying a berth at any
marine service station.
4. No construction, maintainence, repair or reconditioning work involving
the use of open flames or arcs or spark -producing devices shall be per-
formed at any marine service station facility or within 50 feet of the
dispensing facilities, including piers, wharves or floats. The chief may
grant permission in writing to make repairs, provided no fueling is done at
the pier, wharf or float during the course of such emergency repairs.
5. All electrical equipment installed and used must be in accordance with the
Electrical Code as it applies to wet, damp and hazardous locations. Clearly
identified emergency switches readily accessible in case of fire or physical
damage at any dispensing unit shall be provided on each main float and at
the shore approach to the pier, wharf or floating dock, so interlocked as to
shut off power to all pump motors from any individual location and reset
only from the master switch. Each switch is to be identified by an approved
sign stating EMERGENCY PUMP SHUTOFF. The master switch shall be
set in the "off" position before closing the marine service station at any
time. Pressure systems shall incorporate with each turbine an indicator
light illuminated when the turbine is running. Said light shall be visible
from the shore approach and from the dispenser location and suitably
identify the system served.
6. Smoking or open flames shall be prohibited within 50 feet of fueling
operations. NO SMOKING signs shall be posted conspicuously about the
premises. Such signs shall have letters not less than 4 inches in height on a
background of contrasting color.
7. Boat owners or operators shall not offer their craft for fueling unless the
tanks being filled are properly vented to dissipate fumes to the outside
atmosphere.
8. There shall be predominantly displayed at the face of each wharf, pier or
float at such elevation as to be clearly visible from the decks of marine craft
being fueled, a sign or signs with letters not less than 3 inches in height on a
background of contrasting color bearing the following or equivalent
wording:
WARNING
NO SMOKING —STOP ENGINE WHILE FUELING
SHUT OFF ELECTRICITY
DO NOT START ENGINE UNTIL AFTER BELOW -
DECK SPACES ARE VENTILATED
253
79.911-79.912 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.911. (a) Communications. Means shall be available for calling the fire
department. Such means may consist of a proprietary alarm system, a fire
department alarm box or telephone not requiring a coin to operate; whichever it is
must be within 100 feet of marine service station premises.
(b) Piers, Wharves and Floats. Piers, wharves and floats at marine service
stations shall be equipped with wet standpipes connected to a reliable water
supply with piping capable of supplying 100 gpm at 65 psi at the most remote
outlet.
(c) Corrosion Protection and Flexible Connections. Pipe fittings and joints
shall be adequately treated to protect metal from corrosion. A flexible connection
may be permitted between the dock or pier and any floating deck.
(d) Hose Stations. Hose stations shall be supplied with:
1. One and one -half -inch valve;
2. One hundred feet of an approved lined hose not less than 1'/2 inches in
diameter capable of withstanding 500-pound psi test pressure; and
3. A combination fog and straight stream shutoff -type nozzle.
Hose stations shall be so spaced as to provide protection to any portion of
docks, piers, wharves or floating craft. An approved and listed hose reel or
approved and listed semiautomatic hose rack shall be provided and shall be
located so as to make the hose accessible. Hose shall be enclosed within a cabinet,
and hose stations shall be labeled FIRE HOSE —EMERGENCY USE ONLY. All
tests and valving must meet the approval of the chief.
(e) Fire Extinguishers. Fire extinguishers, each having a 20-B:C rating, shall
be provided as follows: One on each float and one on the pier or wharf within 25
feet of the head of the gangway to the float, except that where the office is within
25 feet of the gangway or is on the float and an extinguisher is provided thereon,
the extinguisher at the head of the gangway need not be provided.
Vapor Recovery
Sec. 79.912. (a) General. This section shall apply to all vapor -recovery and
vapor -processing systems.
(b) Vapor -balance Systems. 1. Dispensing devices. Dispensing devices
incorporating provisions for vapor recovery shall be listed and labeled. Existing
listed or labeled dispensing devices may be modified for vapor recovery, provided
that the modifications made are "listed by report" by a nationally recognized
testing laboratory. The "listing by report" shall contain a description of the
component parts used in the modification and recommended method of installa-
tion on specific dispensers. Such report shall be made available upon request to
the chief.
Means shall be provided to shut down fuel dispensing in the event the vapor -
return line becomes blocked.
2. Vapor -return line closeoff. An acceptable method shall be provided to close
off the vapor -return line from dispensers when the product is not being dispensed.
3. Piping materials. All piping in a vapor -recovery system shall comply with
254
1982 EDITION 79.912
Divisions V, VI and VII of this article. Nonmetallic piping, if used, shall be
installed as per the manufacturer's installation instructions.
4. Piping installation. All existing or new vent piping shall comply with
Divisions V, VI and VII. All vapor -return piping shall be so laid as to drain back to
the tank. There shall be no sags or traps in the vapor -return piping in which liquid
can become trapped. If necessary, due to grade, condensate tanks may be installed
in vapor -return piping. All condensate tanks shall be designed and installed so
they may be emptied of liquids without opening.
5. Swing joints and shear section. Swing joints shall be provided in all vapor -
return piping at the tank and at the base of the riser, below the dispenser.
An approved shear section shall be properly installed, rigidly mounted and
connected by a union in the vapor -return piping at the base of each dispensing
device. "Properly installed" shall mean that the shear section is mounted flush
with the top of the surface upon which the dispenser is mounted.
6. Testing. All vapor -return lines and vent piping shall be tested in accordance
with Section 79.708.
(c) Vapor Processing, 1. Equipment to be listed: Vapor -processing systems
consisting of hose nozzle valve, vapor pumps, flame arresters, fire checks, or
systems for prevention of flame propagation, controls and vapor -processing
equipment shall be individually listed for the intended use in a specified manner.
Any vapor -processing system that introduces air into the underground piping
and/or storage tanks shall be provided with equipment for prevention of flame
propagation that has been tested and listed as suitable for the intended use.
2. Location on property. Vapor -processing equipment shall be located at or
above grade. Any source of ignition shall be located not less than 50 feet from any
fuel -transfer area and not less than 18 inches above any tank -fill opening and top
of dispenser island.
Vapor -processing units shall be located not less than 10 feet from the nearest
building or property line which may be built upon. Where the required distances
to buildings, property lines or fuel -transfer areas cannot be obtained, means shall
be provided to protect equipment against fire exposure. Such means may include
approved protective enclosures which extend at least 18 inches above the equip-
ment, constructed of fire-resistant or noncombustible materials, or protection
with an approved water -spray system.
Vapor -processing equipment shall be located a minimum of 20 feet from
dispensing devices. Processing equipment shall be protected against physical
damage by the provision of guardrails, curbs, protective enclosures or fencing. If
approved protective enclosures are used, approved means shall be provided to
ventilate the volume within the enclosure to prevent pocketing of flammable
vapors.
If a down slope exists toward the location of the vapor -processing unit from any
fuel -transfer area, additional separation and/or height requirements may be
imposed.
3. Equipment installation. Vapor -processing units shall be securely mounted
on concrete, masonry or structural steel supports on concrete or other noncom-
255
79.912 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
bustible foundations.
Vapor -recovery and vapor -processing equipment may be installed on roofs, at
the discretion of the chief.
4. Piping materials. All piping in a mechanical assist system shall comply
with Divisions V, VI and VII of this article.
Nonmetallic piping, if used, shall be installed as per the manufacturer's
installation instructions.
5. Piping installation. All existing or new vent lines shall comply with Section
79.604. All vapor -return lines shall be so laid as to drain back to the tank.
There shall be no sags or traps in the vapor -return lines in which liquid can
become trapped. If necessary, due to grade, condensate tanks may be installed in
vapor -return piping. All condensate tanks shall be designed and installed so they
may be drained without opening.
6. Swing joints and emergency shutoff valve (impact). Swing joints shall be
provided in all vapor -return lines at the tank and at the base of the riser, below the
dispenser.
An approved emergency shutoff valve (impact) incorporating a fusible link
designed to close automatically in event of severe impact or fire exposure shall be
properly installed, rigidly mounted and connected by a union in the vapor -return
line at the base of each dispensing device. "Properly installed" shall mean that
the shear section of the impact valve is mounted flush with the top of the surface
upon which the dispenser is mounted.
7. Vapor -return line closeoff. An acceptable method shall be provided to close
off the vapor -return line from dispensers when product is not being dispensed.
8. Component design. If a component is likely to contain a flammable vapor/
air mixture under operating conditions and can fail in a manner to ignite the
mixture, it shall be designed to withstand an internal explosion without failure to
the outside and so protected as to stop flame propagation to other parts of the
system.
9. Fire checks. Approved fire checks or other positive means of automatic
isolation of underground storage tanks shall be installed in vapor -return piping to
prevent a flashback from reaching the underground tanks. Such devices also shall
be installed in all vapor/air piping as close as practicable to each burner or group
of burners in a vapor incineration unit, and in all vapor -transfer piping as close as
practicable to any refrigeration, absorption or similar types of processing
equipment.
10. Vent termination. Vents from vapor -processing units shall be not less than
12 feet above adjacent ground level and not less than 8 feet above the processing
unit itself. Vent outlets shall be so directed and located that flammable vapors will
not accumulate or travel to an unsafe location or enter buildings.
11. Vesting. All vapor -return lines, vapor -transfer lines and vent piping shall be
tested in accordance with Section 79.708.
12. Electrical equipment. All electrical equipment shall be in accordance with
Table No. 79.905. All electrically energized vapor -recovery equipment shall be
256
1982 EDITION 79.912-79.1003
directly connected to and controlled by the emergency pump shutoff switch in
Section 79.903 (e).
13. Control measures. Fences, bumper posts or other control measures shall be
provided where necessary to protect against tampering, trespassing and vehicle
traffic. The area shall be kept clear of combustible materials of any nature within
15 feet of the installed vapor -processing unit.
(d) Maintenance. All vapor -recovery and vapor -processing equipment shall be
subject to periodic maintenance, tests and inspections. All maintenance, tests and
inspections set forth in the listing document, or other tests as may be set forth by
the chief, shall be the responsibility of the owner or occupant of the premises upon
which such equipment is located.
Only the manufacturer of the affected equipment, or an equally qualified
person, may perform maintenance on a vapor -recovery system or vapor -process-
ing equipment. Written records of all maintenance, tests, inspections and the
results and recommendations of same shall be maintained on the premises where
the equipment is located. All written records of maintenance, tests, inspections
and results and recommendations resulting from same shall be made available to
the chief upon request.
All incidents involving leaks, fires, explosions, overheating or requiring shut-
ting down equipment, other than for routine maintenance or tests, shall be
immediately reported to the fire department.
Division X
STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE
LIQUIDS ON FARMS AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Scope
Sec. 79.1001. This division applies to permanent and temporary storage of
Class I and Class 11 liquids for private use on farms and rural areas and at
construction sites, earth -moving projects, gravel pits or borrow pits. The storage
of Class I and Class II liquids in aboveground tanks is prohibited within the limits
established by law as the limits of districts in which such storage is prohibited.
This division does not apply to the storage and use of fuel -oil tanks and
containers connected with oil -burning equipment regulated in Article 61 and the
Mechanical Code.
Permits
Sec. 79.1002. A permit shall be obtained from the chief prior to installation.
See Section 4.101. Permits for the storage of liquids regulated by this division
shall be issued only if the chief finds that the storage is isolated and is of such a
nature that life and property are safeguarded.
Combustibles and Open Flame Near Tanks
Sec. 79.1003. Storage areas shall be kept free of weeds and extraneous
combustible material. Open flames and smoking shall not be permitted in flam-
mable or combustible liquid storage areas.
257
79.1004-79.1007 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Marking of Tanks and Containers
Sec. 79.1004. Tanks and containers for the storage of liquids aboveground
shall be conspicuously marked with the name of the product which they contain
and FLAMMABLE —KEEP FIRE AND FLAME AWAY. Tanks shall bear the
additional marking KEEP 50 FEET FROM BUILDINGS.
Electrical
Sec. 79.1005. All electrical installations shall be installed in accordance with
the electrical code.
Individual Containers of 60-Gallon or Less Capacity Each
Sec. 79.1006. Metal containers having a capacity of not more than 60 gallons
may be used for storage of Class I or Class 11 liquids. Such containers shall be in
accordance with the requirements of the U.S. Department of Transportation or
shall be of an approved design. Discharge devices shall not be of a type that
develops an internal pressure on the container. Pumping devices or approved self -
closing faucets used for dispensing liquids shall not leak and shall be well
maintained. Individual containers shall not be interconnected and shall be kept
closed when not in use.
Outside containers stored outside shall be in accordance with Division IV
(outside storage section). Storage inside a building shall comply with other
divisions of this article and the Building Code.
Permanent Tanks of 61- to 1100-Gallon Capacity and Temporary
Tanks Not Exceeding 10,000-Gallon Capacity
Sec. 79.1007. (a) General. Storage of Class I or Class II liquids in above-
ground permanent tanks of 61- to 1100-gallon capacity and temporary tanks not
exceeding 10,000-gallon capacity shall be outside of buildings. Tanks shall be of
single -compartment design constructed in accordance with Section 79.105. Vent-
ing shall be in accordance with Sections 79.510 (a) and (b).
(b) Fill Opening Security. Fill opening shall be equipped with a closure
designed so that it may be locked.
(c) Location. Tanks shall be kept outside and at least 50 feet from any building
or combustible storage and shall be so located or such additional distance shall be
provided as will ensure that any vehicle, equipment or container being filled
directly from such tank shall be not less than 50 feet from any structure, haystack
or other combustible storage.
(d) Type of Tank. Tanks may be either tanks with top openings only or tanks
elevated for gravity discharge.
(e) Tanks with Top Openings Only. Tanks with top openings only shall be
mounted and equipped as follows:
1. A stable base of timbers or blocks approximately 6 inches in height may be
used to support stationary tanks. The bottom of such tanks shall not be in
contact with the ground. Tanks may be supported on well -constructed
metal legs connected to shoes or runners designed so that the tank is
stabilized and the entire tank and its supports may be moved as a unit.
258
1982 EDITION 79.1007-79.1102
2. Tanks shall be equipped with a tightly and permanently attached approved
pumping device having an approved hose of sufficient length for filling
vehicles, equipment or containers to be served from the tank. Either the
pump or the hose shall be equipped with a padlock to its hanger to prevent
tampering. An effective antisiphoning device shall be included in the
pump discharge unless a self -closing nozzle is provided. Siphons or
internal pressure discharge devices shall not be used.
(f) Tanks for Gravity Discharge. Tanks with a connection in the bottom or the
end for gravity dispensing liquids shall be mounted and equipped as follows:
1. Supports to elevate the tank for gravity discharge shall be of adequate
strength and design to provide stability.
2. Bottom or end openings for gravity discharge shall be equipped with a
valve located adjacent to the tank shell which will close automatically in the
event of fire through the operation of an effective heat -actuated releasing
device. If this valve cannot be operated manually, it shall be supplemented
by a second manually operated valve. The gravity discharge outlet shall be
provided with an approved hose equipped with a self -closing valve at the
discharge end of a type that can be padlocked to its hanger.
(g) Basins and Dikes. When required by the chief, the area surrounding a tank
or group of tanks shall be provided with drainage to an approved basin or shall be
diked to prevent accidental discharge of liquid from endangering adjacent tanks,
adjoining property or reaching waterways. All dikes shall be in accordance with
Section 79.508.
(h) Extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers with a minimum classification
of 20-B:C may be required by the chief.
Division XI
WELL -DRILLING OPERATIONS
Scope
Sec. 79.1101. This division shall apply to well -drilling operations for oil and
natural gas.
Permits
Sec. 79.1102. (a) General. For permits to drill, own, operate or maintain an oil
and natural gas well, see Section 4.101.
(b) Pre -field Inspection. The permit for any new well shall be issued only after
it has been determined by a field inspection or by other means that such location
for a well complies with the provisions of this code. Such determination shall be
made within a period of five days.
(c) Plot Plan. The application for a permit to drill a well shall be accompanied
by a plot plan drawn to scale or with dimensions showing all buildings and
improvements within a radius of 300 feet of the exact location of the proposed
wellhead.
259
79.1103-79.1107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Location of Well
Sec. 79.1103. (a) A storage tank or boiler, fired heater, open -flame device or
other source of ignition shall not be located nearer than 25 feet to any wellhead.
Engines used in the drilling production and serving of wells are exempt from the
above provision.
(b) Wells shall not be drilled within 75 feet of any dedicated public street,
highway or nearest rail of a railway being used as such.
(c) Wells shall not be drilled within 100 feet of any building not necessary to the
operation of the well.
(d) Wells shall not be drilled within 300 feet of any building used as a place of
public assemblage, institution or school.
(e) Buildings shall not be constructed within the distance set forth in Section
79.1102 (c) and (d) of an existing well.
Waste Control
Sec. 79.1104. (a) Discharge Upon a Street or Water Channel. A liquid
containing crude petroleum or its products shall not be permitted to be discharged
into or upon any street, highway, drainage canal or ditch, storm drain or flood -
control channel.
(b) Discharge on Ground. Oil, waste oil, refuse or waste material shall not be
permitted on the surface of the ground under, around or near any well, pump
boiler, oil storage tank or building except within an oil sump or tank.
(c) Clearing Around Walls and Tanks. All land within 25 feet of any well,
flammable or combustible liquid tank or other appurtenance to any such well shall
be at all times kept free and clear of dry weeds, grass, rubbish or other combusti-
ble material. When, in the opinion of the chief, the distance is not sufficient to
provide reasonable fire safety, a greater distance may be required which shall not
exceed the height of a derrick or greatest dimension of a tank.
Sumps
Sec. 79.1105. (a) Maximum Width. Sumps or other basins for the retention of
oil or petroleum products shall not exceed 12 feet in width.
(b) Backfilling Sumps. Sumps or other basins for the retention of oil or
petroleum products larger than 6 feet by 6 feet by 6 feet shall not be maintained
longer than 60 days after the cessation of drilling operations.
(c) Fencing. Sumps, diversion ditches or depressions used as sumps shall be
securely fenced or covered.
Prevention of Blowouts
Sec. 79.1106. Adequate protection shall be provided to control and prevent the
blowout of a well. Protection equipment shall meet the requirements as specified
by federal, state or other applicable jurisdictions.
Storage Tanks
Sec. 79.1107. The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in tanks shall
comply with Division V of this article. Each oil storage tank or group of tanks
260
1982 EDITION 79.1107-79.1203
shall have posted in a conspicuous place on or near such tank or tanks a legible
sign with the name of the owner or operator, name or number of lease and the
telephone number where a responsible person may be reached at any time, printed
thereon.
Soundproofing Material
Sec. 79.1108. Where soundproofing material is required during field opera-
tions, such materials shall be noncombustible, provided that fire -retardant treated
material may be used and maintained, subject to the approval of the chief.
Smoking
Sec. 79.1109. Smoking shall not be permitted at any well or tank location
except as designated and in posted areas approved by the chief.
Signs
Sec. 79.1110. Each well location shall have posted in a conspicuous place a
legible sign with the name of the owner or operator, name or number of the lease
and number of the well printed thereon. Such signs shall be maintained on the
premises from the time materials are delivered for drilling purposes until the well
is abandoned.
Field Loading Racks
Sec. 79.1111. Field loading racks shall conform to the provisions of Division
VIII of this article.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.1112. Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with Article 10.
Division XII
TANK VEHICLES FOR FLAMMABLE AND
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Permits
Sec. 79.1201. For permits to operate tank vehicles, see Section 4.101.
Tank Vehicle Construction
Sec. 79.1202. Tank vehicles shall be designed, constructed, equipped and
maintained in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-4.
Full Trailers and Semitrailers
Sec. 79.1203. (a) Attachments. Trailers shall be firmly and securely attached
to the vehicle drawing them in a manner conforming with accepted engineering
practice.
(b) Brakes. Each full trailer and semitrailer shall be equipped with reliable
brakes on all wheels, and adequate provision shall be made for their efficient
operation from the driver's seat of the vehicle drawing the trailer or semitrailer.
(c) Trailing. Trailer connections shall be such as to prevent the towed vehicle
from whipping or swerving from side to side dangerously or unreasonably and
shall cause the trailer to follow substantially in the path of the towing vehicle.
261
79.1204 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Operation of Tank Vehicles
Sec. 79.1204. (a) Vehicle Maintenance. Tank vehicles shall not be operated
unless they are in proper repair, devoid of accumulation of grease, oil or other
flammables and free of leaks.
(b) Leaving Vehicle Unattended. The driver, operator or attendant of any tank
vehicle shall not leave the vehicle while it is being filled or discharged. Delivery
hose, when attached to a tank vehicle, shall be considered to be a part of the tank
vehicle.
(c) Vehicle Shutdown. Motors of tank vehicles or tractors shall be shut down
during making or breaking hose connections. If loading or unloading is done
without the use of a power pump, the tank vehicles or tractor motor shall be shut
down throughout such operations.
(d) Bonding. The cargo tank shall be bonded to the fill pipe when loading. The
bond -wire connection shall be made prior to opening the dome covers. It shall be
maintained in place during the entire filling operation and the dome covers shall
be securely closed before the bond wire is disconnected from the cargo tank.
(e) Outage. A cargo tank or compartment thereof used for the transportation of
any flammable or combustible liquid shall not be loaded liquid full. The vacant
space (outage) in a cargo tank or compartment thereof used in the transportation
of flammable or combustible liquids shall be not less than 1 percent; sufficient
space (outage) shall be left vacant in every case to prevent leakage from or
distortion of such tank or compartment by expansion of the contents due to rise in
temperature in transit.
(f) Overfill Protection. The driver, operator or attendant of any tank vehicle
shall, before making delivery to any tank, determine the unfilled capacity of such
tank by a suitable gaging device. To prevent overfilling he shall not deliver in
excess of that amount.
(g) Securing Hatches. During loading, hatch covers shall be secured on all but
the receiving compartments.
(h) Simultaneous Delivery. Simultaneous delivery to underground tanks from
two or more discharge hoses shall be made by means of mechanically tight
connections between the hose and fill pipe.
(i) Covers Closed in Transit. Dome covers shall be closed and latched while
the tank vehicle is in transit.
0) Liquid Temperature. Material shall not be loaded into or transported in a
tank vehicle at a temperature above its ignition temperature unless properly
safeguarded in an approved manner.
(k) Low Vapor Pressure Liquids. Flammable or combustible liquids with a
vapor pressure of 40 psi absolute or less at 100°F. shall be loaded into cargo tanks
designed and constructed in accordance with Section 79.1202.
(1) Bonding of Fill Stem. The cargo tank shall be bonded to the fill stem or
some part of the rack structure, electrically interconnected with the fill -stem
piping, except tank vehicles used for asphalt, tank vehicles loading any flam-
mable or combustible liquids through bottom connections and tank vehicles used
262
1982 EDITION 79.1204-79.1207
exclusively for transporting Class III liquids when loaded at locations where no
Class I and Class II liquids are handled.
(m) Bonding to Underground Tanks. An external bond -wire connection or
bond wire integral with a hose is required for the unloading of flammable liquids
into underground tanks.
Smoking Prohibited
Sec. 79.1205. Smoking by tank vehicle drivers, helpers, repairmen or other
personnel is prohibited while they are driving, making deliveries, filling or
making repairs to tank vehicles.
Parking and Garaging
Sec. 79.1206. (a) Parking on Thoroughfare. A tank vehicle shall not be left
unattended on any residential street; nor in or within 500 feet of any residential
area, apartment or hotel complex, educational, hospital or care facility at any
time; or at any other place that would, in the opinion of the chief, present an
extreme life hazard.
(b) In locations other than those specified in Section 79.1206 (a), a driver shall
not leave a tank vehicle unattended on any street, highway, avenue or alley.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. The necessary absence in connection with loading or unload-
ing the vehicle, but during actual discharge for the vehicle, the provisions of Section
79.1204 (b) shall apply.
2. Stops for meals during the day or night, if the street is well lighted at the point of
parking.
3. When, in case of accident or other emergency, the operator must leave to obtain
assistance.
(b) Parking Off Thoroughfare. A tank vehicle shall not be parked at any one
point for longer than one hour except:
1. Off a street, highway, avenue or alley;
2. Inside a bulk plant and 25 feet from the property line or within a building
approved for such use;
3. At other approved locations not less than 50 feet from any building except
those approved for the storage or serving of such vehicle;
4. When, in case of breakdown or other emergency, the operator must leave
the vehicle to take necessary action to correct the emergency.
(c) Garaging. Tank vehicles shall not be parked or garaged in any buildings
other than those specifically approved for such use by the chief.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.1207. Each tank vehicle shall be equipped with a fire extinguisher
having a minimum classification of 2-A, 20-13:C.
263
79.1301-79.1304 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Division XIII
INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
Scope
Sec. 79.1301. This division shall apply to those industrial plants where the use
of flammable or combustible liquids is incidental to the principal business or
where flammable or combustible liquids are used only in unit physical operations
such as mixing, drying, evaporating, filtering, distillation and similar operations
which do not involve chemical reaction.
Where portions of such plants involve chemical reactions such as oxidation,
reduction, halogenation, hydrogenation, alkylation, polymerization and other
chemical processes, those portions of the plant shall be in accordance with
Division XV, "Chemical and Processing Plants."
Construction
Sec. 79.1302. Buildings shall be constructed in accordance with the Building
Code.
Incidental Storage and Use of Liquids
Sec. 79.1303. (a) General. This section shall apply to those portions of an
industrial plant where the storage and use of liquids are incidental to the principal
business, such as automobile assembly, construction of electronic equipment,
furniture manufacturing or similar operations.
(b) Storage of Liquids. Storage of Classes I, II and III -A liquids shall be in
accordance with Divisions lI, III, IV, V and VI.
(c) Use of Liquids. The use of Classes 1, II and III -A liquids shall be in
accordance with Division VIII.
EXCEPTION: The quantity of liquid that may be located outside of a use,
dispensing and mixing room or storage cabinet or in any one fire area of a building
shall not exceed that specified in Section 79.201 (e) 4 or one portable tank of 660
gallons of Class I-B, I-C, II or III -A liquids.
Ventilation
Sec. 79.1304. (a) Open Systems and Processes. Buildings or rooms or other
enclosures in which Class I, II or III -A liquids are used or stored in open systems
and processes shall be provided with ventilation in accordance with the provisions
of this section. Where natural ventilation is not sufficient under all conditions to
prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors, mechanical ventilation shall be
provided and used.
(b) Design. Design of ventilating systems shall take into account the relatively
high specific gravity of the vapors. Openings to the outside for natural ventilation
shall be 6 inches above floor level and shall be unobstructed except by louvers or
coarse screens. Mechanical systems for removing flammable and combustible
liquid vapors shall be designed and installed in accordance with the provisions of
the Mechanical Code.
264
1982 EDITION 79.1305-79.1311
Ignition Sources
Sec. 79.1305. Open flames, heating devices and processes employing tem-
peratures capable of igniting vapors of Class I or Class II liquids shall be
prohibited in buildings, rooms or other confined spaces in which Class I liquids
are used in the open or in which Class I1 or III -A liquids are used for the purpose of
saturating, coating or otherwise treating goods or materials. Artificial lighting
shall be by electricity only. Electrical devices shall be a type approved for such
locations and shall comply with the applicable provisions of the Electrical Code.
Smoking shall be prohibited, and suitable signs to that effect shall be displayed.
Separation of Unstable Liquids
Sec. 79.1306. Areas where unstable liquids are used or small-scale unit
chemical processes are carried on shall be separated from the remainder of the
building in conformance with the Building Code for a Group H, Division 2
Occupancy.
Drainage
Sec. 79.1307. (a) Control of Drainage. Emergency drainage systems shall be
provided to direct flammable or combustible liquid leakage and fire -protection
water to a safe location. The industrial plant shall be designed and operated to
prevent the normal discharge of flammable or combustible liquids into public
waterways, public sewers or adjoining property.
(b) Connection to Public Sewers. Emergency drainage systems, if connected
to public sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be equipped with traps
or separators.
Tank Vehicle and Tank Car Loading and Unloading
Sec. 79.1308. Tank vehicle and tank car loading and unloading facilities shall
conform to Division VIII.
Electrical Equipment
Sec. 79.1309. (a) General. All electrical equipment and wiring shall be
installed in accordance with the Electrical Code.
(b) Classified Areas. Table No. 79.1309 shall be used to delineate and classify
areas for the purpose of installation of electrical equipment under normal circum-
stances. In the application of classified areas, a classified area shall not extend
beyond an unpierced floor, wall, roof or other solid partition.
Repairs to Equipment
Sec. 79.1310. Hot work, such as welding or cutting operations, use of spark -
producing power tools and chipping operations shall be permitted only under
supervision of an individual in responsible charge. The individual in responsible
charge shall make an inspection of the area to be sure that it is safe for the work to
be done and that safe procedures will be followed for the work specified.
Housekeeping
Sec. 79.1311. (a) General. Maintenance and operating practices shall be in
accordance with established procedures which will tend to control leakage and
265
79.1311, Table 79.1309 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
prevent the accidental escape of flammable or combustible liquids. Spills shall be
cleaned up promptly.
(b) Access. Adequate aisles shall be maintained for unobstructed movement of
personnel and so that fire protection equipment can be brought to bear on any part
of flammable or combustible liquid storage, use or any unit physical operation.
(c) Disposal of Waste. Combustible waste material and residues in a building
or unit operating area shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered metal
receptacles and disposed of daily. See Article 11, Division II.
(d) Maintenance of Yards. Ground area around buildings and unit operating
areas shall be kept free of weeds, trash or other unnecessary combustible mate-
rials. See Article 11, Division II.
TABLE NO.79.1309—CLASS I LOCATIONS'
LOCATION
DIVISION
EXTENT OF
CLASSIFIED AREA
Indoor equipment where
I
Area within 5 feet of any edge of such
flammable vapor -air mixtures
equipment, extending in all directions.
may exist under normal
operations.
2
Area between 5 feet and 8 feet of any edge
of such equipment, extending in all direc-
tions. Also, area up to 3 feet above floor
or grade level within 5 feet to 25 feet
horizontally from any edge of such
equipment.2
Outdoor equipment where
1
Area within 3 feet of any edge of such
flammable vapor -air mixtures
equipment, extending in all directions.
may exist under normal
operations.
2
Area between 3 feet and 8 feet of any edge
of such equipment extending in all direc-
tions. Also, area up to 3 feet above floor
or grade level within 3 feet to 10 feet
horizontally from any edge of such
equipment.
Tank—Aboveground3
Shell, Ends or Roof and
2
Within 10 feet from shell, ends or roof of
Dike Area
tank. Area inside dikes to level of top of
dike.
Vent
1
Within 5 feet of open end of vent, extend-
ing in all directions.
2
Area between 5 feet and 10 feet from open
end of vent, extending in all directions.
Floating Roof
1
Area above the roof and within the shell.
Drum and Container Filling
Outdoors, or Indoors with
1
Within 3 feet of vent and fill opening,
Adequate Ventilation
extending in all directions.
2
Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from vent
or fill opening, extending in all directions.
Also up to 18 inches above floor or grade
level within a horizontal radius of 10 feet
from vent or fill opening.
(Continued)
266
1982 EDITION Table 79.1309, 79.1312
Pumps, Bleeders,
Withdrawal Fittings, Meters
and Similar Devices
Indoors
2
Within 5 feet of any edge of such devices,
extending in all directions. Also up to 3
feet above floor or grade level within 25
feet horizontally from any edge of such
devices.
Outdoors
2
Within 3 feet of any edge of such devices,
extending in all directions. Also up to 18
inches above grade level within 10 feet
horizontally from any edge of such
devices.
Pits
Without Mechanical
1
Entire area within pit if any part is within
Ventilation
a Division 1 or 2 classified area.
With Mechanical
2
Entire area within pit if any part is within
Ventilation
a Division 1 or 2 classified area.
Containing valves, fittings
2
Entire pit.
or piping, and not within a
Division 1 or 2 classified
area.
Drainage Ditches,
2
Area up to 18 inches above ditch, separa-
Separators, Impounding
for or basin. Also up to 18 inches above
Basins
grade within 15 feet horizontally from any
edge.
11-ocations as classified in the Electrical Code.
2The release of Class I liquids may generate vapors to the extent that the entire building, and
possibly a zone surrounding it, should be considered a Class I, Division 2 location.
3For tanks underground, see Division VI.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.1312. (a) Appliances. Where Class I, II or III -A liquids are used or
dispensed, fire -protection appliances shall be provided in accordance with Article
10.
(b) Access. Industrial plants shall be located so that each building or unit of
equipment is accessible from at least one side for fire -fighting and fire -control
purposes. Access shall be provided by unobstructed aisles whereby fire control
apparatus may be brought to bear on any part of such Class I, II or III -A liquid
storage or use.
(c) Fire Flow. Water shall be available in volume and at adequate pressure to
supply water hose streams, foam -producing equipment, automatic sprinklers or
water -spray systems as the need is indicated by the special hazards of operation,
dispensing and storage.
267
79.1312-79.1403 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(d) Special Extinguishing Equipment. Special extinguishing equipment such
as that utilizing foam, inert gas or dry chemical shall be provided as the need is
indicated by the special hazards of operation, dispensing and storage.
(f) Special Hazards. Where the need is indicated by special hazards of
operation, liquid -processing equipment, major piping and supporting steel shall
be protected by approved water -spray systems, deluge systems, approved fire-
resistant coatings, insulation or any combination of these.
(g) Periodic Inspecting and Testing. All plant fire -protection facilities shall
be adequately maintained, periodically inspected and tested.
Division XIV
BULK PLANTS
Scope
Sec. 79.1401. This division shall apply to that portion of a property where
flammable and combustible liquids are received by tank vessel, pipe lines, tank
car or tank vehicle and are stored or blended in bulk for the purpose of distributing
such liquids by tank vessel, pipeline, tank car, tank vehicle or container.
Buildings
Sec. 79.1402. (a) Construction. Building shall be constructed in accordance
with the Building Code.
(b) Units. Rooms in which liquids are stored, used or transferred by pumps
shall have exit facilities arranged to prevent occupants from being trapped in the
event of fire.
(c) Heating. Rooms in which Class I liquids are stored or used shall be heated
only by means not constituting a source of ignition, such as steam or hot water.
Rooms containing heating appliances involving sources of ignition shall be
located and arranged to prevent entry of flammable vapors.
Ventilation
Sec. 79.1403. (a) General. Ventilation shall be provided for all rooms,
buildings or enclosures in which Class I liquids are pumped, used or transferred.
Design of ventilation systems shall take into account the relatively high specific
gravity of the vapors. Ventilation may be provided by adequate openings in
outside walls at floor level unobstructed except by louvers or coarse screens.
Where natural ventilation is inadequate, mechanical ventilation shall be provided
in accordance with the Mechanical Code.
(b) Basements and Pits. Class I liquids shall not be stored or used within a
building having a basement or pit into which flammable vapors may travel, unless
such area is provided with ventilation designed to prevent the accumulation of
flammable vapors therein.
(c) Dispensing of Class I Liquids. Containers of Class I liquids shall not be
drawn from or filled within buildings unless provision is made to prevent the
accumulation of flammable vapors in hazardous concentrations. Where mechan-
268
1982 EDITION 79.1403-79.1406
ical ventilation is required, it shall be kept in operation while flammable vapors
may be present.
Storage
Sec. 79.1404. Storage of Classes I, II and III -A liquids in bulk plants shall, in
addition to complying with the provisions of this division, comply with the
applicable provisions of Divisions II, III, IV and V of this article.
Loading and Unloading Facilities
Sec. 79.1405. Tank vehicle and tank car loading or unloading facilities shall
conform to to the requirements of Division VIII.
Wharves
Sec. 79.1406. (a) Scope. This section shall apply to all such installations
except marine service stations as covered in Division IX.
(b) Definition. WHARF is any wharf, pier, bulkhead or other structure over or
contiguous to navigable water, the primary function of which is the transfer of
liquid cargo in bulk between shore installations and any tank vessel, ship, barge,
lighter boat or other mobile floating craft.
(c) Transferring Times. Package cargo of liquids, including full and empty
drums, bulk fuel and stores, may be transported over a wharf during cargo
transfer at such times and places as agreed upon by the wharf superintendent and
the senior deck officer on duty.
(d) 'htansferring Locations. Wharves at which liquid cargoes are to be
transferred in bulk quantities to or from tank vessels shall be at least 100 feet from
any bridge over a navigable waterway, or from an entrance to or superstructure of
any vehicular or railroad tunnel under a waterway. The termination of the wharf
loading or unloading fixed piping shall be at least 20 feet from a bridge or from an
entrance to or superstructure of a tunnel.
(e) Cargo Vessels and Tiransfer Equipment. Substructure and deck shall be
substantially designed for the use intended. Deck may employ any material which
will afford the desired combination of flexibility, resistance to shock, durability,
strength and fire resistance. Heavy timber construction is acceptable.
Tanks used exclusively for ballast water or Class II or Class III liquids may be
installed on suitably designed wharves.
Loading pumps capable of building up pressures in excess of the safe working
pressure of cargo hose or loading arms shall be provided with bypasses, relief
valves or other arrangement to protect the loading facilities against excessive
pressure. Relief devices shall be tested at not more than yearly intervals to
determine that they function satisfactorily at the pressure at which they are set.
All pressure hoses and couplings shall be inspected at intervals appropriate to
the service. With the hose extended, test the hose and couplings using the "in-
service maximum operating pressures. " Any hose showing material deteriora-
tions, signs of leakage or weakness in its carcass or at the couplings shall be
withdrawn from service and repaired or discarded.
269
79.1406-79.1407 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(f) Piping, Valves and Fittings. Piping, valves and fittings shall be in accor-
dance with Division VII, with the following exceptions and additions:
1. Flexibility of piping shall be assured by appropriate layout and arrange-
ment of piping supports so that motion of the wharf structure resulting from
wave action, currents, tides or the mooring of vessels will not subject the
pipe to repeated strain above the elastic limit.
2. Pipe joints depending upon the friction characteristics of combustible
materials or grooving of pipe ends for mechanical continuity of piping
shall not be used.
3. Swivel joints may be used in piping to which hoses are connected and for
articulated swivel -joint transfer systems, provided that the design is such
that the mechanical strength of the joint will not be impaired if the packing
material should fail, as by exposure to fire.
4. Piping systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to operate the
system properly and to control the flow of liquid in normal operation and in
the event of physical damage.
5. In addition to the requirements of Item No. 4 above, each line conveying
Class I and Class II liquids leading to a wharf shall be provided with a
readily accessible block valve located on shore near the approach to the
wharf and outside of any diked area. Where more than one line is involved,
the valves shall be grouped in one location.
6. Means of easy access shall be provided for cargo line valves located below
the wharf deck.
7. Pipe lines on wharves shall be adequately bonded and grounded if Class I
and Class II liquids are transported. If excessive stray currents are encoun-
tered, insulating joints shall be installed. Bonding and grounding connec-
tions on all pipe lines shall be located on wharf side of hose riser insulating
flanges, if used, and shall be accessible for inspection.
8. Hose or articulated swivel -joint pipe connections used for cargo transfer
shall be capable of accommodating the combined effects of change in draft
and maximum tidal range, and mooring lines shall be kept adjusted to
prevent surge of the vessel from placing stress on the cargo transfer system.
9. Hose shall be supported so as to avoid kinking and damage from chafing.
(g) Loading or discharging shall not commence until wharf superintendent and
officer in charge of tank vessel agree that tank vessel is properly moored and all
connections are properly made.
(h) Mechanical work shall not be performed on the wharf during cargo transfer,
except under special authorization based on a review of the area involved,
methods to be employed and precautions necessary.
Electrical Equipment
Sec. 79.1407. (a) General. All wiring and electrical equipment located within
25 feet of any portion of the loading rack shall be designed, operated and installed
so as not to create an ignition hazard. Electrical equipment shall be designed and
installed in accordance with the Electrical Code.
270
1982 EDITION 79.1407-79.1409, Table 79.1407
(b) Extent of Classified Area. Table No. 79.1407 shall be used to classify
areas for the purpose of installation of electrical equipment.
Ignition Sources
Sec. 79.1408. Class I, 1I or III -A liquids shall not be used, drawn or dispensed
where flammable vapors may reach a source of ignition. Smoking shall be
prohibited except in designated localities. NO SMOKING signs shall be conspic-
uously posted where hazard from flammable vapors is normally present.
Drainage and Waste Disposal
Sec. 79.1409. Provision shall be made to prevent liquids which can be spilled
at loading or unloading points from entering public sewers and drainage systems
or natural waterways. Connection to such sewers, drains or waterways by which
liquids might enter shall be provided with separator boxes or other approved
means whereby such entry is precluded.
TABLE NO. 79.1407—CLASS I LOCATIONS'
GROUP D
EXTENT OF
LOCATION
DIVISION
CLASSIFIED AREA
Tank Vehicle and Tank Care
1
Within 3 feet of edge of dome, extending
Loading through open
in all directions.
dome
2
Area between 3 feet and 15 feet from edge
of dome, extending in all directions.
Loading through bottom
1
Within 3 feet of point of venting to
connections with
atmosphere, extending in all directions.
atmospheric venting
2
Area between 3 feet and 15 feet from point
of venting to atmosphere, extending in all
directions. Also up to 18 inches above
grade within a horizontal radius of 10 feet
from point of loading connection.
Loading through closed
1
Within 3 feet of open end of vent, extend -
dome with atmospheric
ing in all directions.
venting
2
Area between 3 feet and 15 feet from open
end of vent, extending in all directions.
Also within 3 feet of edge of dome,
extending in all directions.
Loading through closed
2
Within 3 feet of point of connection of
dome with vapor control
both fill and vapor lines, extending in all
directions.
Bottom loading with vapor
2
Within 3 feet of point of connection,
or any bottom unloading
extending in all directions. Also up to 18
inches above grade within a horizontal
radius of 10 feet from point of connection.
(Continued)
271
Table 79.1407
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TABLE NO.79.1407—CLASS I LOCATIONS —(Continued)
GROUP D
EXTENT OF
LOCATION
DIVISION
CLASSIFIED AREA
Drum and Container Filling
Outdoors, or indoors with
1
Within 3 feet of vent and fill opening,
adequate ventilation
extending in all directions.
2
Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from vent
or fill opening, extending in all directions.
Also up to 18 inches above floor or grade
level within a horizontal radius of 10 feet
from vent or fill opening.
Tank—Aboveground3
Shell, ends or roof and dike
2
Within 10 feet from shell, ends or roof of
area
tank. Area inside dikes to level of top of
dike.
Vent
I
Within 5 feet of open end of vent, extend-
ing in all directions.
2
Area between 5 feet and 10 feet from open
end of vent, extending in all directions.
Floating roof
1
Area above the roof and within the shell.
Pits
Without mechanical
1
Entire area within pit if any part is within
ventilation
a Division I or 2 classified area.
With mechanical ventilation
2
Entire area within pit if any part is within
a Division 1 or 2 classified area.
Containing valves, fittings
2
Entire pit.
or piping, and not within a
Division 1 or 2 classified
area
Pumps, Bleeders,
Withdrawal Fittings, Meters
and Similar Devices
Indoors
2
Within 5 feet of any edge of such devices,
extending in all directions. Also up to 3
feet above floor or grade level within 25
feet horizontally from any edge of such
devices.
Outdoors
2
Within 3 feet of any edge of such devices,
extending in all directions. Also up to 18
inches above grade level within 10 feet
horizontally from any edge of such
devices.
(Continued)
272
1982 EDITION Table 79.407, 79.1410
Storage and Repair Garage
1
All pits or spaces below floor level.
for Tank Vehicles
2
Area up to 18 inches above floor or grade
level for entire storage or repair garage.
Drainage Ditches,
2
Area up to 18 inches above ditch, separa-
Separators, Impounding
for or basin. Also up to 18 inches above
Basins
grade within 15 feet horizontally from any
edge.
Garages for Other Than
Ordinary
If there is any opening to these rooms
Tank Vehicles
within the extent of an outdoor classified
area, the entire room shall be classified
the same as the area classification at the
point of the opening.
Outdoor Drum Storage
Ordinary
Indoor Warehousing Where
Ordinary
If there is any opening to these rooms
There is No Flammable
within the extent of an indoor classified
Liquid Transfer
area, the room shall be classified the same
as if the wall, curb or partition did not
exist.
Office and Rest Rooms
Ordinary
[Locations as classified in the Electrical Code.
ZWhen classifying extent of area, consideration shall be given to the fact that tank cars or
tank vehicles may be spotted at varying points. Therefore, the extremities of the loading
or unloading positions shall be used.
3Fortanks underground, see Division VI.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.1410. Fire protection shall be in accordance with Article 10 and the
following:
1. Suitable portable fire extinguishers with a rating of not less than 20-B shall
be located with 75 feet of those portions of the facility where fires are likely
to occur, such as hose connections, pumps and separator tanks.
2. Where piped water is available, ready -connected fire hose in size appropri-
ate for the water supply shall be provided so that manifolds where connec-
tions are made and broken can be reached by at least one hose stream.
3. Material shall not be placed on wharves in such a manner as to obstruct
access to fire -fighting equipment or important pipeline control valves.
4. Where the wharf is accessible to vehicle traffic, an unobstructed roadway
to the shore end of the wharf shall be maintained for access of fire -fighting
apparatus.
273
79.1501-79.1504 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Division XV
CHEMICAL AND PROCESSING PLANTS
Scope
Sec. 79.1501. This division shall apply to those plants or buildings which
contain chemical operations such as oxidation, reduction, halogenation, alkyla-
tion, polymerization, fractional distillation, where liquids are produced by chem-
ical reactions or used in chemical reactions and other chemical processes.
EXCEPTION: Refineries or distilleries. See Division XVI.
Construction
Sec. 79.1502. Processing buildings shall be constructed in accordance with the
Building Code.
Location of Processing Vessel
Sec. 79.1503. (a) Exterior Locations. The location of each processing vessel
shall be based upon its liquid capacity. Processing vessels shall be located with
respect to distances to lines of adjoining property which can be built upon in
accordance with Table No. 79.1503, except when the processing plant is designed
in accordance with Subsection (b).
TABLE NO. 79.1503—LOCATION OF PROCESSING VESSELS FROM
PROPERTY LINES
PROCESSING VESSELS
WITH EMERGENCY RELIEF
VENTING TO PERMIT PRESSURE
STABLE
LIQUIDS
UNSTABLE
LIQUIDS
Not in excess of 2.5 psig
Table No.
2'h times Table
79.503-F'
No. 79.503-F'
Over 2.5 psig
1 �/2 times Table
4 times Table
No.79.503-F'
I No.79.503-F'
'Double distances where protection of exposure is not provided.
(b) Interior Locations. The distances required by Table No. 79.1503 may be
waived when the vessels are housed within a building and the exterior wall facing
the line of adjoining property which can be built upon is a blank wall having a fire -
resistance rating of not less than four hours. When Class I -A or unstable liquids
are involved, the blank wall shall have explosion resistance in accordance with
good engineering practice.
Drainage
Sec. 79.1504. (a) Control. Emergency drainage systems shall be provided to
direct flammable or combustible liquid leakage and fire -protection water to a safe
location. The processing plant shall be designed and operated to prevent the
normal discharge of flammable or combustible liquids to public waterways,
public sewers or adjoining property.
(b) Connection to Sewers. Emergency drainage systems, if connected to
public sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be equipped with traps or
separators.
274
1982 EDITION 79.1505-79.1509
Ventilation
Sec. 79.1505. (a) General. Enclosed processing buildings for Class I or Class
lI liquids shall be ventilated at a rate of not less than six air changes per hour.
Where natural ventilation is inadequate, mechanical ventilation shall be provided
in accordance with the Mechanical Code. Natural or mechanical ventilation shall
discharge or exhaust to a safe location outside of the building. Provision shall be
made for introduction of makeup air in such a manner as to include all floor areas
or pits where flammable vapors may collect. Local or spot general ventilation may
be needed for the control of special fire or health hazards. Such ventilation, if
provided, can be utilized for up to 75 percent of the required ventilation.
(b) Ventilation Equipment. Equipment used in a building and the ventilation
of the building shall be designed so as to limit flammable vapor -air mixtures under
normal operating conditions to the interior of equipment and to not more than 5
feet from equipment which exposes Class I liquids to the air. Examples of such
equipment are dispensing stations, open centrifuges, plate and frame filters, open
vacuum filters and surfaces of open equipment.
Explosion Relief
Sec. 79.1506. Areas where Class I -A or unstable liquids are processed shall
have explosion venting in accordance with the Building Code.
Storage of Liquids
Sec. 79.1507. (a) Tanks. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in
tanks shall be in accordance with the applicable provisions of Divisions II, III, IV,
V and VI.
(b) Special Tanks. Day tanks, running tanks and surge tanks are permitted in
process area.
(c) Containers. The storage of liquids in containers shall be in accordance with
the applicable provisions of Divisions II and IV.
Piping, Valves and Fittings
Sec. 79.1508. (a) General. Piping, valves and fittings shall be in accordance
with Division VII.
(b) Connections. Listed flexible connectors may be used where vibration
exists or where frequent movement is necessary. Approved hose may be used at
transfer stations.
(c) Identification. Piping containing liquids shall be identified in accordance
with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-3.
Transfer
Sec. 79.1509. The transfer of large quantities of Class I, II or III -A liquids shall
be through piping by means of pumps, water displacement or inert gas. Except as
required in process equipment, gravity flow shall not be used. Compressed air
shall not be used as a transferring medium. Positive displacement pumps shall be
provided with pressure relief discharging back to the tank or to pump suction.
275
79.1510-79.1517 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Equipment
Sec. 79.1510. Equipment shall be designed and arranged to prevent the
unintentional escape of liquids and vapors and to minimize the quantity escaping
in the event of accidental release.
Loading and Unloading Facilities
Sec. 79.1511. Tank vehicle and tank car loading and unloading facilities shall
be in accordance with Division VIII.
Dispensing
Sec. 79.1512. Dispensing shall be in accordance with Division VIII.
Ignition Sources
Sec. 79.1513. Open flames, heating devices and processes employing tem-
peratures capable of igniting the vapors of the flammable liquid shall be pro-
hibited in buildings, rooms and other confined spaces in which Class I flammable
liquids are used in the open or in which Class 11 and Class III liquids are heated
above their flash point in open containers. Artificial lighting shall be by electricity
only. Electrical devices shall be of type approved for such locations. Electrical
devices shall be installed in accordance with the Electrical Code.
Housekeeping
Sec. 79.1514. (a) Container Leakage. Wherever flammable or combustible
liquids are stored in containers, provision shall be made and maintained for the
detection of leakage. Leaking containers shall be immediately removed and the
contents transferred to a tight container.
(b) Access. Access shall be provided by unobstructed aisles whereby fire -
control appliances may be brought to bear on any part of such flammable or
combustible liquid storage.
(c) Waste Disposal. In buildings, rooms or other confined spaces in which
flammable or combustible liquids are stored, combustible waste materials shall
not be allowed to accumulate.
Maintenance and Repair
Sec. 79.1515. Hot work, such as welding or cutting operations, use of spark -
producing power tools and chipping operations shall be permitted only under
supervision of an individual in responsible charge. The individual in responsible
charge shall make an inspection of the area to be sure that it is safe for the work to
be done and that safe procedures will be followed for the work specified.
Electrical Equipment
Sec. 79.1516. (a) General. All electrical equipment and wiring shall be
installed in accordance with the Electrical Code.
(b) Classified Areas. Table No. 79.1308 shall be used to delineate and classify
areas for the purpose of installation of electrical equipment.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.1517. Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with Article 10.
276
1982 EDITION 79.1601-79.1608
Division XVI
REFINERIES AND DISTILLERIES
Scope
Sec. 79.1601. This division shall apply to a plant or portions of a plant in
which flammable liquids are produced on a commercial scale from crude
petroleum, natural gasoline or other hydrocarbon sources or where liquids pro-
duced by fermentation are concentrated and where concentrated products may
also be mixed, stored or packaged.
Locations
Sec. 79.1602. A permit shall not be issued for the operation of a chemical
plant, distillery, refinery or plant storing crude petroleum until approval has been
given for the operation with respect to topography, nearness to places of assembly,
residential or mercantile occupancy and adequacy of water supply for fire control.
Manner of Storage
Sec. 79.1603. Class I, II or III -A liquids shall be stored in drums or other
closed containers in accordance with Divisions II and IV of this article.
Storage Tanks
Sec. 79.1604. Tanks for the storage of Class I, II or III -A liquids in tank farms
and in locations other than process areas shall be located in accordance with
Division III, V or VI of this article.
Pressure Vessels
Sec. 79.1605. Construction, installation and maintenance of pressure vessels
shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Mechanical Code or other
nationally recognized standards.
Location of Process Units
Sec. 79.1606. Process units shall be located so that they are accessible from at
least one side for the purpose of fire control. Where topographical conditions are
such that flammable or combustible liquids may flow from a processing area so as
to constitute a fire hazard to other property, provision shall be made to divert or
impound the flow by curbs, drains or other suitable means.
Fence
Sec. 79.1607. Except where a refinery is made inaccessible to the public by a
natural or other adequate barrier, a substantial fence of wire or other noncombusti-
ble material (except that wooden supporting posts may be used) shall be main-
tained around the refinery. Such fence shall be not less than 5 feet in height and
any and all openings in any such fence shall be arranged with gates which shall
remain normally closed.
EXCEPTION: Gates or openings with gate attendant.
Smoking
Sec. 79.1608. Smoking is prohibited except in approved, posted areas.
277
79.1609-79.1803 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Waste Combustibles
Sec. 79.1609. Persons shall not accumulate or allow the dangerous accumula-
tion of grass, weeds, waste combustible materials or waste Class I, II or III -A
liquids on the premises of a refinery.
EXCEPTION: In a sump, tank or receptacle approved for this purpose.
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.1610. Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with Article 10.
Division XVII
TRANSPORTATION PIPELINES
Permits
Sec. 79.1701. For permits to use or to excavate near a pipeline used for the
transportation of flammable or combustible liquids, see Section 4.101.
Division XVIII
DRY CLEANING WITH FLAMMABLE
OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Scope
Sec. 79.1801. Dry-cleaning plants or systems as defined in Section 9.106 in
which flammable or combustible liquids are used or stored shall comply with this
division. For dry-cleaning plants using noncombustible liquids, see Article 36.
Plant and System Classification
Sec. 79.1802. Dry-cleaning plants or systems shall be classified according to
the character of the flammable or combustible liquids used or stored as follows:
1. Class I plants or systems are those plants or systems in which Class I
flammable liquids are employed as solvents for dry cleaning.
2. Class II plants or systems are those plants or systems in which Class II
combustible liquids are employed as solvents for dry cleaning.
3. Class III -A plants or systems are those plants or systems in which Class
III -A combustible liquids are employed as solvents for dry cleaning.
4. Class III-B plants or systems are those plants or systems in which Class
III-B combustible liquids are employed as solvents dry cleaning.
Except for the quantities of liquids allowed for scouring, brushing or spotting in
Section 79.1815 (c), when more than one class of flammable or combustible
solvent is used or stored in a plant, the classification shall be based on the
numerically lowest class.
Permits
Sec. 79.1803. For permits to engage in the business of dry cleaning, see
Section 4.101.
278
1982 EDITION 79.1804-79.1806
Solvents
Sec. 79.1804. (a) Changes in Class. Solvents shall not be changed to a solvent
in a more hazardous classification unless such change has been approved by the
chief and a new permit issued.
(b) Verification of Class. The chief may require that samples of solvent be
taken and tested to verify that a system is correctly classified. Tests shall be by an
independent agency or laboratory.
(c) Heating. The temperatures of Class II and Gass III -A liquids shall not
exceed 90°F. The temperature of Class III-B liquids shall not be in excess of 30°F.
below their flash point. When liquid coolers are required, temperatures shall be
monitored by visual as well as audible alarming devices installed to warn opera-
tors that temperatures are approaching the specified limitation.
Prohibited Liquids
Sec. 79.1805. Except as provided in Section 79.1815 (c), Class I flammable
liquids shall not be used for dry cleaning.
Occupancy Requirements
Sec. 79.1806. (a) General. Class II and Class III -A dry cleaning plants shall be
within buildings conforming to the requirements of the Building Code for a Group
H, Division 2 Occupancy. Class III-B dry-cleaning plants may be within build-
ings conforming to the requirements for a Group B, Division 2 Occupancy.
Buildings containing dry-cleaning plants shall be sprinklered throughout in
accordance with the provisions of the Building Code.
(b) Location Within Buildings. Dry-cleaning rooms and solvent storage
rooms shall be located only on the first story.
(c) Plant Separations. Buildings containing Class II or Class III -A dry-
cleaning plants and their associated operations shall be separated from all other
businesses by not less than four-hour fire -resistive occupancy separations.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Class II dry-cleaning plants and associated operations may
be separated from other businesses by two-hour fire -resistive occupancy separations
when the total quantity of Class II liquids within the building does not exceed 550
gallons and the capacity of individual containers or tanks does not exceed 275
gallons.
2. Class III -A plants and associated operations may be separated from other
occupancies by two-hour fire -resistive occupancy separations when the total quan-
tities of Class III -A liquids within the building does not exceed 1320 gallons and the
capacity of individual containers or tanks within the building does not exceed 330
gallons.
(d) Occupancy Separations. 1. Dry-cleaning rooms. Dry-cleaning rooms
containing Class II or Class III -A solvents shall be separated from other uses
including solvent storage, offices, laundering, scouring, scrubbing, pressing and
ironing operations by not less than two-hour fire -resistive occupancy separations.
EXCEPTION: Solvent storage tanks need not be separated from the dry-clean-
ing room when the capacity of each such tank does not exceed 1500 gallons,
provided there are not more than two storage tanks and the aggregate capacity of all
solvent tanks and containers within the room does not exceed 7500 gallons.
279
79.1806-79.1809 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Dry-cleaning rooms containing Class III-B solvents need not be separated from
other uses in the dry-cleaning plant; however, the maximum capacity of any
containers or tanks within the room shall not exceed 2500 gallons and the capacity
of all containers or tanks within the room shall not exceed 7500 gallons.
2. Solvent storage. Except for solvent storage allowed within a dry-cleaning
room in Subsection 1 above, solvents stored within a plant shall be within inside
liquid storage rooms or liquid storage rooms and shall comply with the require-
ments of Section 79.202 or 79.203.
EXCEPTION: Solvent storage for scouring, brushing and spotting operations
may be in accordance with Section 79.201 (e), Item No. 4 (ii).
3. Drying rooms. Rooms or areas in which articles are hung up to dry shall be
separated from other uses by not less than two-hour fire -resistive occupancy
separations.
EXCEPTION: Approved drying or deodorizing cabinets may be located within
dry cleaning rooms.
4. Rooms containing open flames. Fuel -burning equipment which generates
an open flame shall be separated from rooms in which solvents are used or stored
by not less than four-hour fire -resistive occupancy separations. Openings to such
rooms shall be at least 10 feet from any opening into rooms containing solvents.
5. Floors. Floors in rooms containing solvents shall comply with the require-
ments of the Building Code for rooms used for storage of flammable or combusti-
ble liquids.
Ventilation
Sec. 79.1807. A mechanical ventilation system shall be installed in dry-
cleaning rooms and in drying rooms which is designed to exhaust 1 cubic foot of
air per minute for each square foot of floor area.
The ventilation system shall operate automatically when the dry-cleaning
equipment is in operation and shall have manual controls at an approved location.
Heating Equipment
Sec. 79.1808. Fuel -burning equipment shall be separated from dry-cleaning
operations and solvent storage areas as required by Section 79.1805 (d) 4.
Circulating -air systems which return air from dry-cleaning rooms or solvent
rooms to fuel -burning or other heating equipment shall not be employed.
EXCEPTION: Forced -air, fuel -burning or other heating equipment which is
separated from the dry-cleaning room may be employed when only Class III-B
systems are used. Combustion -air or fuel -burning equipment shall not be taken from
rooms in which liquids are used or stored nor from areas containing flammable
vapors.
Electrical Equipment and Lighting
Sec. 79.1809. Lighting shall be by electricity. Electrical wiring and equipment
shall be installed in accordance with the Electrical Code. Electrical forced -air
heating systems shall comply with Section 79.1808.
280
1982 EDITION 79.1810
Solvent Containers, Tanks and Transferring Equipment
Sec. 79.1810. (a) General. Containers and tanks shall comply with the
appropriate division of this article, except as modified by this section. Piping
shall comply with Division VII of this article; however, flexible hoses resistant to
the solvent may be used to connect equipment when the operating pressures do not
exceed 5 pounds. Required shutoff valves at equipment shall be ahead of flexible
connectors.
(b) Transferring. Transferring of solvents from storage tanks through pro-
cesses shall be by closed circuit piping. Pumps of positive displacement type shall
have a bypass and relief valve.
Fill openings to storage tanks shall be located outside of the building at an
approved location. Each fill pipe inlet shall be permanently identified with the
appropriate liquid classification.
(c) Venting. The emergency relief venting capacity for aboveground tanks and
containers shall not be less than that derived from Table No. 79.510-A multiplied
by 0.3. In calculating the vent size, 100 percent of the surface area of the tank or
container shall be assumed to be wetted.
(d) Gaging Device. A gaging device shall be installed on inside storage or
treatment tank. Gaging devices shall be of a design that will not allow vapors to
escape within the building nor liquids to escape in case a gage is broken.
(e) Sludge Removal. When underground treating and settling tanks are used, a
separate suction pipe shall be carried to the bottom of the tank and a pump shall be
installed to remove the sludge. Discharge piping from the pump shall connect to a
suitable container.
(f) 11reatment Tanks. Treatment tanks shall be built in accordance with
approved standards and shall be designed for working pressure not less than 15
psig when they are subject to pressures greater than atmospheric.
Pressure -relief devices shall be installed on treatment tanks that are subject to
pressures greater than atmospheric which will prevent the pressures in the tank
from exceeding 10 percent above the working pressure. Relief devices shall be
connected to an underground tank or an aboveground tank of a dry-cleaning unit
by piping not less than 3/4 inch in size without a shutoff valve in the piping.
(g) Filters. Pressure -type filters shall be equipped with a reliable pressure gage
and shall not be operated at pressures exceeding those for which they were
designed. Filters shall be provided with an air bleeding valve and line connected
to discharge into a washer or into the storage tank vent line. Such air bleeding
lines shall not discharge into the room. Pressure -relief devices shall be installed
on pressure filters to prevent the pressure in the filter from raising more than 10
percent above its working pressure. Relief devices shall be connected to an
underground tank or dry-cleaning unit by piping not less than 3/4 inch in size.
(h) Sight Glasses. Sight glasses, the breakage of which would permit the
escape of liquids, shall not be of the type readily damaged by heat and shall be
protected against physical damage.
281
79.1811-79.1813 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Dry-cleaning Units
Sec. 79.1811. (a) Construction. Except as provided in Section 79.1815, the
immersion or agitation of textiles in solvent and the extraction of solvent from
textiles shall be within dry-cleaning machines that comply with this section. Dry
cleaning units shall be substantially constructed closed units that are well secured
to the building or foundations. The loading opening shall be equipped with a
close -fitting door designed to prevent solvent leaks. The units shall be provided
with interlocks to prevent cylinder rotation under power when the doors are open.
A manually operated stop switch shall be installed on or at each unit.
(b) Connections. Dry-cleaning units shall be provided with an overflow pipe
one size larger than the size of solvent supply line to the machine. Such overflow
pipe shall be connected to the shell of the washer so that the top of overflow is
below the bottom of the trunion shaft; it shall be without shutoff valves and be
arranged to discharge to a suitable tank. The supply pipe shall contain a shutoff
valve, shall enter the washer above the discharge level and shall discharge away
from the door opening.
(c) Traps. Individual button and lint traps shall be provided for each dry
cleaning unit.
(d) Warning Labels or Signs. A permanently affixed label or sign shall be
displayed near the door opening of each machine indicating that it is not to be
operated with solvents having a flash point less than a specified level. The
specified flash point shall be the minimum flash point established by the manufac-
turer. The label shall also indicate that the doors to the machine shall not be open
until the rotating cylinder has stopped.
Stills
Sec. 79.1812. The source of heat for stills shall be limited to steam, hot water or
oil. If steam is used, a pressure -regulating valve shall be installed in the steam line
to the still and a check valve shall be installed in the steam line between the boiler
and the still. Stills shall be liquid and gas tight and shall be designed to operate on
the vacuum principle. If a relief valve is installed on a still, it shall be equipped
with a vent line extending to the exterior.
Each still shall be provided with a combination vacuum and pressure gage.
Each still shall be equipped with a constant level to automatically maintain the
solvent liquid in the still at the proper height.
Drying Tumblers and Cabinets
Sec. 79.1813. Drying tumblers shall be of substantial construction well
secured to foundations and shall be provided with self -closing explosion hatches
having an area equal to at least one-third square foot for each 30 cubic feet of
cylinder volume. Hatches shall be arranged to open away from the operator. Each
drying tumbler in Class II systems shall be provided with approved extinguishing
equipment arranged to operate automatically in case of a fire unless otherwise
approved by the chief.
Drying tumblers in Class II systems shall be provided with a steam jet of not
less than 3/8-inch size for humidifying during the drying processes. Drying
282
1982 EDITION 79.1813-79.1815
tumblers and drying cabinets shall be ventilated to the outside by means of pipes
or ducts connected to an exhaust fan of sufficient capacity to remove all dust,
vapors or lint generated by the process. Such discharge pipes or ducts shall be
carried to a height of not less than 6 feet above the roof and shall be provided with
cleanout facilities. Discharge pipes shall not terminate within 10 feet measured
horizontally from any door, window or combustible wall.
The fan shall be properly housed and so interlocked so as to ensure operation
while the drying tumbler is in use. Fan blades shall be of nonferrous metal, and
fan motors shall not be located within the duct.
Bonding and Grounding
Sec. 79.1814. (a) General. Storage tanks, treatment tanks, filters, pumps,
piping, duct work, dry-cleaning units, stills, tumblers, drying cabinets and other
such equipment, if not inherently electrically conductive, shall be bonded
together and grounded. Isolated equipment shall be grounded.
(b) Pulleys and Belting. Pulleys and belting in dry-cleaning rooms shall be
provided with properly grounded combs, collectors or neutralizers.
(c) Double Process Equipment. When fabrics are transferred from one piece
of equipment to another, the two pieces of equipment shall be electrically bonded
together.
(d) Spotting Tables. Metal tops of spotting tables shall be permanently and
effectively grounded.
Scouring, Brushing and Spotting
Sec. 79.1815. (a) Design. The brushing (prespotting) table shall have a liquid -
tight top with a curb on all sides not less than 1 inch high. The top of the table shall
be pitched so as to ensure thorough draining to a 11/2-inch drain connected to a
suitable container especially provided and marked for that purpose.
(b) Type of Solvent. All scouring or brushing and spotting (prespotting)
operations utilizing solvents with lower flash points than the solvents used in the
plant dry-cleaning units shall be limited to 1 gallon and dispensed from approved
safety cans. Additional storage shall be in approved safety cans or approved metal
shipping containers of not over 1-gallon capacity. Class I liquids and Class II
liquids in Class III plants that are not in use shall be stored in cabinets that comply
with Section 79.201 (g) or shall be within rooms complying with Section 79.202
or 79.203.
Mechanical ventilation shall be provided at scouring, brushing and spotting
tables. The mechanical ventilation system shall be designed to capture vapors and
exhaust them through a system that complies with the Mechanical Code.
(c) Dry Cleaning Outside of Dry-cleaning Units. Textiles which cannot be
cleaned within dry-cleaning units that comply with Section 79.1911 may be
cleaned on scouring or brushing tables or in scrubbing tubs that contain not more
than 3 gallons of flammable or combustible solvent. Scrubbing tubs shall be
secured to the floor and shall be provided with permanent 1'/2-inch trapped drains
to a suitable container especially provided and marked for that purpose.
283
79.1816-79.1817
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Fire Protection
Sec. 79.1816. Approved portable fire extinguishers of a type suitable for
fighting fires involving flammable or combustible liquids shall be provided in all
dry-cleaning plants. At least one extinguisher shall be provided at each entrance to
every room or area where flammable or combustible liquids are stored or used.
3 Smoking
Sec. 79.1817. Smoking in dry cleaning plants shall be only within designated
smoking rooms. NO SMOKING signs shall be posted in all rooms containing
flammable or combustible liquids.
284
1982 EDITION 80.101-80.103
ARTICLE 80
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Scope
Sec. 80.101. This article shall apply to materials not otherwise covered in this
code which are highly flammable, or which may react to cause fires or explosions,
or which by their presence create or augment a fire or explosion hazard, or which
because of the toxicity, flammability or liability to explosion render fire fighting
abnormally dangerous or difficult; also to flammable or combustible liquids
which are chemically unstable and which may spontaneously form explosive
compounds or undergo spontaneous reactions of explosive violence or with
sufficient evolution of heat to be a fire hazard. Hazardous materials shall include
such materials as flammable solids, corrosive liquids, poisonous gases or highly
toxic, radioactive, oxidizing, unstable or reactive, hypergolic or pyrophoric as
defined in Article 9. Also, any substance or mixture of substances which is an
irritant, a strong sensitizer, or which generates pressure through exposure to heat,
decomposition or other means.
Permits
Sec. 80.102. For a permit to store, transport on site or use corrosive liquids,
oxidizing materials, organic peroxides, nitromethane, ammonium nitrate,
ammonium nitrate fertilizers and fertilizer mixtures, highly toxic materials,
pyrophoric materials, hypergolic materials, cryogenic materials, poisonous gases
or hazardous materials, see Section 4.101.
For a permit to store, handle or use radioactive material, see Section 4.101.
All hazardous materials permits shall be posted in a conspicuous location on the
premises.
General Requirements
Sec. 80.103. (a) The manufacture, storage, on -site transportation or use of
hazardous materials shall be safeguarded with such protective facilities as public
safety requires.
(b) The chief may require the following:
1. The separation or isolation of any material that in combination with other
substances may bring about a fire or explosion or may liberate a flammable
or poisonous gas.
2. The separation of occupancies or buildings from other storage when the
quantity stored constitutes a fire or life hazard.
(c) Defective containers which permit leakage or spillage shall be disposed of
or repaired in accordance with recognized safe practices; no spilled material shall
be allowed to accumulate on floors or shelves.
(d) Where kept for retail sale in containers or packages usual to the retail trade,
storage shall be neat and orderly and shelves shall be of substantial construction.
(e) Where specific requirements are not otherwise established, storage, trans-
portation or use of hazardous materials shall be in accordance with nationally
recognized standards or good practices.
285
80.103-80.106 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(f) Visible hazard identification signs as specified in U.F.C. Standard No. 79-3
shall be placed at all entrances to and in locations where hazardous materials are
stored, handled or used in quantities requiring a permit.
(g) Satisfactory provisions shall be made for containing or neutralizing spills or
leakage of hazardous materials which may occur during storage, handling,
transportation or use.
(h) Materials safety data sheets shall be readily available for all hazardous
materials on the premises.
(i) For storage cabinet, transportation and storage tank requirements, see
Sections 80.109, 80.110 and 80.111.
Oxidizing Materials
Sec. 80.104. (a) Oxidizing materials shall be stored in cool, ventilated, dry
locations and separated from organic materials. Bulk oxidizing materials shall not
be stored on or against combustible surfaces.
(b) Oxidizing materials shall be stored separately from flammable liquids,
flammable solids, combustible materials, hazardous chemicals, corrosive liquids
and such other noncompatible materials as may be determined by the chief.
Radioactive Materials
Sec. 80.105. (a) Durable, clearly visible signs of warning of radiation dangers
shall be placed at all entrances to areas or rooms where radioactive materials are
used or stored. In addition, each container in which radioactive materials are
used, stored or transported shall bear a durable, clearly visible, appropriate
warning sign. Such signs shall bear the three -bladed radiation symbol in magenta
or purple on a yellow background in accordance with nationally recognized good
practice.
(b) Signs are not required for storage of manufactured articles other than
liquids, such as instruments or clock dials or electronic tubes or apparatus of
which radioactive materials are a component part, and luminous compounds,
when securely packed in strong containers, provided the gamma radiation at any
surface of the package is less than 10 milliroentgens in 24 hours.
(c) When not in use, radioactive materials shall be kept in adequately shielded
fire-resistant containers of such design that the gamma radiation will not exceed
200 milliroentgens per hour or equivalent at any point of readily accessible
surface.
Reactive and Unstable Materials
Sec. 80.106. (a) General. Reactive and unstable materials shall be kept apart
from open flames, excessive heat and other potential ignition sources. Storage
shall be controlled to prevent excessive temperatures and pressures and to prevent
contamination. Uncontaminated content of broken or cracked bags, packages or
other containers shall be transferred to new and clean containers before storing.
Other spilled materials and discarded containers shall be promptly gathered up
and destroyed in an approved manner. Internal combustion motor vehicles or lift
trucks shall not be parked or stored in a room or compartment where such
286
1982 EDITION 80.106
materials are located. Electrical equipment shall conform to the requirements of
the Electrical Code.
(b) Organic Peroxides. A detached, well -isolated, ventilated and unheated
storage building with walls having not less than a two-hour fire -resistive rating
constructed in accordance with the Building Code, a noncombustible floor and a
lightweight insulated roof shall be provided for the storage of 50 pounds or more
of organic peroxides. If not adequately protected by a fast -acting deluge -type
automatic sprinkler system, the storage building shall be located the following
minimum distances from flammable or combustible liquid storage, combustible
materials in the open and from any other building or highway.
WEIGHT OF ORGANIC PEROXIDE
(Pounds (Pounds
DISTANCE
Over) Not Over)
(Feet)
50 to 100
75
100 to 500
100
500 to 1000
125
1000 to 3000
200
3000 to 5000
300
The organic peroxides shall be stored in the original shipping containers (ICC
containers). Care shall be taken to avoid rough handling or contamination of these
chemicals. Readily legible warning signs and placards shall be prominently
placed in the storage and processing areas.
(c) Nitromethane. A suitably isolated outdoor storage area shall be provided
for nitromethane, Hazardous processing shall not be permitted in the vicinity of
this storage area. Nitromethane shall be stored in the drums in which it is received
or in an underground tank with suitable corrosion protection and a minimum of 2
feet of earth over the tank or in barricaded tanks aboveground. If the drum storage
is not adequately protected by a fast -acting deluge -type automatic sprinkler
system, the storage of 2000 pounds or more shall be located the following
minimum distances from inhabited buildings:
WEIGHT
(Pounds (Pounds
APPROXIMATE NUMBER
DISTANCE
Over) Not Over)
OF DRUMS
(Feet)
Beginning at 2000
4
100
2000 to 10,000
20
200
10,000 to 20,000
40
300
20,000 to 40,000
80
400
40,000 to 80,000
160
500
Care shall be taken to avoid rough handling or contamination of this chemical.
Readily legible warning signs and placards shall be prominently placed in the
storage and processing areas.
287
80.106-80.107 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(d) Ammonium Nitrate. 1. All flooring in storage and handling areas shall be
of noncombustible material and shall be without drains, traps, pits or pockets into
which any molten ammonium nitrate could flow and be confined in case of fire.
2. Each storage pile of bags or other authorized packages and containers of such
materials shall not exceed 12 feet in height, 12 feet in width and 30 feet in length.
Such pile units shall be separated by a clear space of not less than 36 inches in
width from the base to the top of the piles, serving as cross aisles. At least one
service or main aisle in the storage area shall be not less than 4 feet in width. A
clearance of not less than 30 inches shall be maintained from building walls and
partitions and of not less than 36 inches from ceilings or roof structural members
with a minimum of 18 inches from sprinklers.
3. Ammonium nitrate storage areas shall be separated by a space of 30 feet or
by a tight noncombustible partition from storages of organic chemicals, corrosive
liquids, compressed gases, flammable and combustible materials or other con-
taminating substances such as sulphur, coal, flour and metallic powders such as
zinc, copper and magnesium where storage of such materials is permitted with
ammonium nitrate.
4. Quantities of ammonium nitrate or ammonium nitrate fertilizer having no
organic coating, in the form of crystals, flakes, grains or pills, including fertilizer
grade, dynamite grade, nitrous oxide grade and technical grade ammonium
nitrate and ammonium nitrate phosphate (containing 60 percent or more
ammonium nitrate by weight) of more than 50 tons total weight shall be stored in a
well -ventilated building. Such building shall be of one -hour fire -resistive or
noncombustible construction as specified in the Building Code or shall be
equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system. In populated areas,
quantities of 2500 tons or more shall be stored in well -ventilated buildings of one -
hour fire -resistive or noncombustible construction as specified in the Building
Code, equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system. No combustible
materials or ammonium nitrate sensitizing contaminants shall be stored in this
building.
5. Storage of ammonium nitrate, coated or mixed with organic anticaking
materials, except compounded blasting agents, shall not be permitted in popu-
lated and congested areas. Outside such areas, quantities of 500 tons or less may
be stored in well -ventilated buildings of one -hour fire -resistive or noncombusti-
ble construction as specified in the Building Code, equipped with an approved
automatic sprinkler system.
Highly Toxic Materials
Sec. 80.107. (a) Highly toxic materials shall be segregated from other chemi-
cals and combustible and flammable substances by storage out of doors or in a
room or compartment separated from other areas by a one -hour occupancy
separation constructed as specified in the Building Code. The storage room shall
be provided with adequate drainage facilities and natural or mechanical ventila-
tion to the outside atmosphere constructed as specified in the Mechanical Code.
EXCEPTION: Approved storage cabinets for hazardous materials may be used
for limited amounts approved by the chief.
288
1982 EDITION 80.107-80.111
(b) Highly toxic materials shall be segregated from other chemicals and
combustible and flammable substances by storage in a room or compartment
separated from other areas by a one -hour occupancy separation constructed as
specified in the Building Code. The storage room shall be provided with adequate
drainage facilities and natural or mechanical ventilation to the outside atmosphere
constructed as specified in the Mechanical Code.
(c) Legible warning signs and placards stating the nature and location of the
highly toxic materials shall be posted at all entrances to areas where such
materials are stored or used.
Poisonous Gases
Sec. 80.108. (a) Storage of poisionous gases shall be in rooms of at least one -
hour fire -resistive construction as specified in the Building Code and having
natural or mechanical ventilation adequate to remove leaking gas. Such ventila-
tion shall not discharge to a point where the gases may endanger any person,
domestic animal or wildlife.
EXCEPTION: Poisonous gases may be stored or used in a room without one -
hour fire -resistive construction and mechanical ventilation, provided:
1. Two approved self-contained breathing apparatus units are provided in the
immediate area.
2. Atmosphere is monitored and an audible and visual alarm is activated when the
maximum safe level for long-term exposure is reached.
3. Excess flow control is provided at the bulk source.
4. Emergency shutdown controls are provided internal and external to the area of
use.
5. Approved gas cylinder cabinets which provide adequate ventilation and fire
protection are utilized.
(b) Legible warning signs stating the nature of hazard shall be placed at all
entrances to locations where poisonous gases are stored or used.
Storage Cabinets for Hazardous Materials
Sec. 80.109. Cabinets for the storage of hazardous materials shall be of
approved substantial construction and of 0.0478-inch steel or a minimum of f-
inch plywood or equivalent which is compatible with the material being stored.
Doors shall be self -closing and self -latching. A minimum of 2-inch sill shall be
provided and cabinets shall be liquid tight to the top of the sill. Cabinets shall be
painted with an intumescent -type paint and shall be conspicuously labeled in red
letters on contrasting background HAZARDOUS —KEEP FIRE AWAY and with
hazard identification in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-3.
Designation of Cargo
Sec. 80.110. No person shall operate any vehicle transporting any hazardous
materials unless at the time of such transportation there are affixed to both sides,
the front and the rear of the vehicle placards and identification numbers in
conformity with Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, 1981.
Aboveground Storage Tanks and Pressure Vessels
Sec. 80.111. (a) All aboveground storage tanks, pressure vessels and con-
289
80.111
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
tainers over 100 gallons (water capacity) permanently installed, mounted or
affixed and used for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids, com-
pressed gases, or hazardous chemicals regulated by this article, shall be identified
in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-3.
EXCEPTION: Portable tanks not permanently mounted, temporary tanks used
on construction sites, drum storage and packaged materials in containers of 55-
gallon or less capacity.
Labels shall conform with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-3 for size and color and
shall be affixed to tank, vessel or container so as to be conspicuously visible at all
times.
(b) When any tank covered in this section is housed within a building, the
building shall have the same hazard identification label in a conspicuous location
on the exterior of the building.
290
1982 EDITION 81.101-81.104
ARTICLE 81
HIGH -PILED COMBUSTIBLE STOCK
Scope
Sec. 81.101. This article shall apply to the storage of high -piled combustible
stock. Factors such as method and height of stock piling, combustibility of
materials, fuel load and rate of heat release, areas and size of piles, aisles,
automatic fire -extinguishing systems, smoke -removal systems, building con-
struction and fire separations are considered in setting forth the provisions of this
article.
Definitions
Sec. 81.102. For definitions of HIGH -PILED STORAGE and COMMODITY,
see Article 9.
Permits
Sec. 81.103. For permits to use buildings for high -piled combustible stock, see
Section 4.101.
Classification of Contents
Sec. 81.104. Commodity classifications shall be as defined and in accordance
with the following:
Class I Commodities
Appliances, electrical
Beer or wine, up to 20 percent alcohol
Cable and wiring on reels
Cement in bags
Ceramics
Dairy products in nonwax-coated containers
Dry insecticides
Foods in noncombustible containers
Frozen foods
Fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or containers
Glass
Glycol in cans
Gypsum board
Inert materials, bagged
Insulation, noncombustible
Metal products
Class II Commodities
Class I products, if in small cartons or small packages
placed in ordinary corrugated cartons
Beer or wine up to 20 percent alcohol in wood containers
Incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs in cartons
Thinly coated fine wire on reels or in cartons
291
81.104
Class III Commodities
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Combustible fiberboard
Plastic -coated paper food containers
Wood doors, frames and cabinets
Furniture (wood, natural fiber, upholstered, nonplastic or
wood or metal with plastic -padded and covered aim rests)
Nonflammable liquids in plastic containers
Lubricating or hydraulic fluid in cans
Paints, oil base, in cans
Cork, baled
Feed, bagged
Fertilizers, bagged
Lumber (stored flat)
Mattresses (excluding foamed rubber and foamed plastics)
Paper and pulp, horizontal storage
Paper, waste, baled
Pillows (excluding foamed rubber and foamed plastics)
Plywood
Rags, baled
Rugs (no foamed backing)
Sugar, bagged
Wood, baled
Yarns (natural fiber and viscose)
Class IV Commodities
Alcohol (over 20 percent but under 80 percent) in cans, or
bottles in cartons
Electronic equipment in foam plastic
Furniture, plastic upholstered
Linoleum products
Lumber (stored vertical)
Pharmaceuticals, alcoholic elixirs, tonics, etc.
Rugs, foamed back
Shingles, asphalt
Clothing, synthetic or nonviscose
Thread or yarn, synthetic or nonviscose
Furniture, wood or metal with plastic covering
and/or padding
Rubbergoods
Special Hazard Commodities
Lacquers (which dry by solvent evaporation) in cans or
cartons
Alcohol, 80 percent or higher in bottles in cartons
292
1982 EDITION 81.104-81.106
Paint cans, aerosol (LP -gas filled)
Pallets and flats, wooden
Paper, asphalt, rolled, horizontal storage
Paper, asphalt, rolled, vertical storage
Paper and pulp, rolled, vertical storage (unbanded)
Plastic products in cartons (ABS, styrene, polyethylene)
Plastic, pyroxylin, foamed urethane and styrene
Rubber tires
Flammable and combustible liquids
Automatic Fire -extinguishing Systems
Sec. 81.105. (a) An approved automatic fire -extinguishing system shall be
required throughout the building when the contiguous area (minimum separation
between storage areas is 60 feet) used for high -piled combustible storage exceeds
12,000 square feet, inclusive of aisles.
EXCEPTION: Automatic fire -extinguishing systems may be provided only in
the storage area when it is separated from the remainder of the building by a one -
hour fire -resistive occupancy separation in accordance with the Building Code.
(b) The design and installation of automatic fire -extinguishing systems shall
conform to requirements in the Building Code and U.F.C. Standard No. 81-1.
(c) The fire -extinguishing systems shall be designed by a registered engineer or
approved designer.
(d) The design of automatic fire -extinguishing systems for Special Hazard
Commodities shall be approved by the chief. The chief shall be guided by the
standards and recommendations of the National Fire Protection Association,
Factory Mutual Engineering and other nationally recognized fire protection
authorities.
Smoke Removal
Sec. 81.106. (a) Smoke -removal capability shall be provided in buildings
protected by an automatic fire -extinguishing system and shall be designed to
provide a minimum of six changes of air per hour at 100 percent exhaust to the
outside.
(b) The air -handling system fans shall be controlled to shut down in accordance
with the automatic shutoff requirements of the Mechanical Code or by activation
of the fire -protection system.
(c) The system shall be designed for manual activation and override of automat-
ic shutdown by separate control switches from the main power switches to the
building lights and equipment.
(d) The control switches shall be located in an approved location and shall be
clearly identified.
(e) The fan capacity shall be based on an empty building.
(f) There shall be a minimum of two separate fans located in different locations
of the same fire areas of the building.
293
81.107-81.109 UNIFORM FIRE CODE,
Roof Vents, Venting Ratios and Draft Curtains
Sec. 81.107. (a) Roof vents and draft curtains shall be installed when the
contiguous area (minimum separation between areas is 60 feet) used for high -
piled combustible stock exceeds 2500 square feet.
EXCEPTION: Areas protected by an approved fire -extinguishing system.
(b) The design and installation of roof vents and draft curtains shall be as
specified in the Building Code except as herein provided.
(c) Vents shall be installed in the roof, except that perimeter venting in the
exterior walls by the use of automatic opening windows will be permitted to vent
roof areas within 75 feet of an exterior wall. The top of such windows shall be
located within 1 foot of the roof or ceiling level and the windows shall be not less
than 30 inches nor more than 60 inches in depth. Roof areas more than 75 feet
from an exterior wall shall be provided with roof vents. Venting shall be provided
in accordance with the following table:
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
VENT AREA TO
FLOOR AREA RATIO
MAXIMUM SPACING
BETWEEN VENT CENTERS
Classes 1, II and III
1:100
120 feet
Cass IV
1:50
100 feet
Special Hazard Commodities
1:30
75 feet
(d) The minimum dimension of any roof vent shall be not less than 4 feet.
(e) Vents shall consist of automatic roof vents or automatic opening windows
equipped with a fusible link designed to release at 165°F. or roof monitors with a
minimum opening of 24 inches or roof openings covered with approved plastics
that will melt when heated and drop out at 165°F.
(f) Draft curtains shall be provided to aid the operation of roof vents. Draft
curtains shall comply with the requirements of the Building Code except as herein
provided.
(g) Draft curtains shall be at least 6 feet in depth and shall be of approved
materials. For Classes I, I1 and III commodities, draft curtains shall divide the
under -roof area into sections not to exceed 10,000 square feet. For Class IV and
Special Hazard Commodities, draft curtains shall divide the under -roof area into
sections not to exceed 6000 square feet.
Aisles
Sec. 81.108. Aisles of not less than 44 inches in width shall be established to
provide access to exits and fire department access doors.
Access to Building
Sec. 81.109. Access doors shall be provided at near ground level for fire-
fighting purposes in accordance with the Building Code, except as herein pro-
vided. There shall be at least one door not less than 3 feet in width and not less than
6 feet 8 inches in height in each 100 lineal feet or major fraction thereof of the
exterior wall which faces the access roadways required by Section 10.207. Metal
294
1982 EDITION
81.109-81.110
roll -up doors are not acceptable for such purposes unless approved by the chief.
Wet Standpipes
Sec. 81.110. (a) A Class II standpipe system shall be provided for all high -
piled stock areas that are not protected by automatic sprinklers. One and one -half -
inch hose connections complying with U.B.C. Standard No. 38-2 shall be
provided in high -piled storage areas which are protected by automatic sprinklers.
(b) Approved and listed hose reels or approved and listed semiautomatic hose
racks shall be provided and shall be located so as to make the hose accessible at all
times. The reels or racks shall be recessed or protected by suitable cabinets
designed for such use.
295
82.101-82.105 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 82
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
Scope
Sec. 82.101. This article shall apply to the storage, handling and transportation
of liquefied petroleum gas and the installation of all equipment pertinent to
systems for such uses.
Permits and Reports of Installations
Sec. 82.102. (a) For a permit to install or maintain an LP -gas container or
operate LP -gas tank vehicles, see Section 4.101.
(b) Installers shall maintain a record of all installations for which a permit is not
required by Section 4.101 (but not including installation of gas -burning
appliances and replacing of portable cylinders) and have it available for inspection
by the chief.
Inspection of Installations
Sec. 82.103. It shall be the duty of the chief to inspect a reasonable number of
liquefied petroleum gas installations to determine if compliance is being made
with the provisions of this article.
Installation of Equipment
Sec. 82.104. All liquefied petroleum gas equipment, including such equip-
ment installed at utility gas plants, shall be installed in accordance with the
provisions of U.F.C. Standard No. 82-1 and U.F.C. Standard No. 82-2, except as
otherwise provided in this article or in other laws or regulations legally in effect.
Location of Containers
Sec. 82.105. (a) Within the limits established by law restricting the storage of
liquefied petroleum gas for the protection of heavily populated or congested
commercial areas, the aggregate capacity of any one installation shall not exceed
2000 gallons water capacity, except that in particular installations this capacity
limit may be altered at the discretion of the chief after consideration of special
features such as topographical conditions, nature of occupancy and proximity to
buildings, capacity of proposed tanks, degree of private fire protection to be
provided and facilities of the local fire department. The storage of liquefied
petroleum gas shall conform to the provisions of the local zoning ordinance.
(b) Multiple container installations with a total storage water capacity of more
than 180,000 gallons (150,000 gallons LP -gas capacity) shall be subdivided into
groups containing not more than 180,000 gallons in each group. Such groups shall
be separated by a distance of not less than 50 feet, unless the tanks are (1) mounted
in an approved manner, or (2) protected with approved insulation on such areas
that may be subject to impingement of ignited gas from pipelines or other leakage,
or (3) protected by firewalls of approved construction, or (4) protected by an
approved system for application of water, or (5) protected by other approved
means. Where one of these forms of protection is provided, the separation shall
not be less than 25 feet between such container groups.
296
1982 EDITION 82.105-82.108
(c) The storage and transportation of liquefied petroleum gas and the installa-
tion of all pertinent equipment shall be installed and maintained in accordance
with U.F.C. Standard No. 82-1 and subject to the approval of the chief. These
orders shall apply to all persons and places within the jurisdiction except as herein
provided.
(d) Containers shall be located with respect to buildings or line of adjoining
property which may be built upon in accordance with the following table:
TABLE NO.82.105
CONTAINER CAPACITY
(U.S. Gallons)
MINIMUM DISTANCE
Less than 100
5 feet
100 to 500
10 feet
500 to 1200
25 feet
Over 1200
50 feet
NOTE: At the discretion of the chief, containers may be located a lesser distance to
buildings of not less than one -hour fire -resistive construction in accordance with the
Building Code, provided the above distances applied to openings in buildings are main-
tained and the relief valves will not discharge in the direction of a means of egress or against
the building.
(e) A stationary storage tank shall be not less than 10 feet from the nearest street
line or sidewalk.
(f) Liquefied petroleum gas storage shall be separated from flammable or
combustible liquid storage as specified in Section 79.505 (c).
Parking and Garaging
Sec. 82.106. (a) The parking and garaging of tank vehicles used for the
transportation of liquefied petroleum gases shall be in accordance with Article
79.
(b) During the unloading or transfer of liquefied petroleum gas, the tank truck
shall be located or parked clear of a public thoroughfare, unless:
1. The failure to transfer would create a hazard.
2. It is impossible due to topography.
Prohibited Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Sec. 82.107. (a) Liquefied petroleum gas shall not be used for the purpose of
operating any device or equipment unless such equipment or device is approved
for use with a liquefied petroleum gas.
(b) Liquefied petroleum gas shall not be released to the atmosphere except
through an approved liquid -level gage or other approved device.
Dispensing and Overfilling =
Sec. 82.108. (a) The dispensing of liquefied petroleum gases shall be per-
formed by a qualified attendant.
(b) It shall be illegal for any person, firm, corporation, association, club or
organization to operate a self-service liquefied petroleum gas -dispensing opera-
tion which is open to the public.
297
82.108-82.113 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(c) A person shall not fill or maintain a liquefied petroleum gas container with
�'- liquefied petroleum gas in excess of the fixed outage gage installed by the
manufacturer or the weight stamped on the tank.
Safety Devices
Sec. 82.109. A person shall not tamper with or make ineffective the safety
devices of any liquefied petroleum gas container.
Smoking and Open -flame Devices
Sec. 82.110, (a) The chief may require the posting of NO SMOKING signs.
No person shall smoke within 25 feet of any LP -gas container of 1200-gallon
capacity or less, nor within 50 feet of any such container over 1200-gallon
capacity.
(b) A person shall not install or maintain any open -flame device outside of
buildings within 25 feet of any LP -gas container having a capacity of 1200 gallons
or less, nor within 50 feet of any such container having a capacity over 1200
gallons.
(c) A person shall not install or maintain any LP -gas container with a capacity
of 1200 gallons or less within 25 feet of any open -flame device outside of
buildings, nor shall any person install or maintain any such container with a
capacity in excess of 1200 gallons within 50 feet of any such open -flame device.
Clearance of Combustibles
Sec. 82.111. All weeds, grass, brush, trash or other combustible material shall
be kept a minimum of 10 feet away from all LP -gas tanks or containers.
Abandonment of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Equipment
Sec. 82.112. Whenever the use of liquefied petroleum gas equipment has been
discontinued, it shall be abandoned in an approved manner within a period of 30
days.
All of the following procedures may be used when approved by the chief:
1. Removal of all liquefied petroleum equipment.
2. Burn -off of contents of container.
3. Venting contents of container to atmosphere when discharge of gas can be
led to a safe point of discharge.
4. All service openings shall be capped or plugged after contents have been
removed from container.
Protecting Containers from Vehicles
Sec. 82.113. LP -gas containers located in areas such as alleys, driveways or
parking lots where they may be damaged by vehicles shall be protected.
298
1982 EDITION 83.101-83.105
ARTICLE 83
MATCHES
Permits
Sec. 83.101. For a permit to manufacture or store more than 60 matchman's
gross (14,400 matches each gross) of matches, see Section 4.101.
Wholesale Storage
Sec. 83.102. (a) At wholesale establishments and wherever matches exceeding
60 matchman's gross are stored, shipping containers containing matches shall be
arranged in piles not exceeding 10 feet in height nor 1500 cubic feet in volume
with aisles at least 4 feet wide.
(b) Where other materials or commodities are stored on the same floor with
matches, a portion of the room shall be devoted to match storage exclusively and a
clear space of not less than 4 feet maintained between match storage and such
other materials or commodities.
Storage Not to Be Near Vertical Openings
Sec. 83.103. Matches shall not be stored within 10 feet of any open elevator
shaft, elevator shaft opening, open stairway or other vertical opening.
Match Bins Required
Sec. 83.104. Where shipping containers containing matches are opened, the
contents of such broken containers shall be removed and stored in metal or metal -
lined bins equipped with self -closing metal or metal -lined covers.
Storage by Retailers
Sec. 83.105. Where matches are sold at retail, original sealed packages may be
stored on shelves. When such packages are broken, individual boxes shall be
stored in metal or metal -lined bins as described in Section 83.104.
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84.101-84.105 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ARTICLE 84
MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION
Scope
Sec. 84.101. The provisions of this article shall apply where ribbon -type
cellulose acetate or other safety film is used in conjunction with electric arc,
xenon or other light -source projection equipment which develops hazardous
gases, dust or radiation.
The provisions of this article shall apply to the projection of ribbon -type
cellulose nitrate film regardless of the light source used in projection.
Projection Room
Sec. 84.102. (a) Every motion picture projection machine used for projecting
film regulated under Section 84.101 shall be operated within a motion picture
projection room complying with the requirements of the Building Code.
(b) Projection rooms which are limited to the projection of safety film shall be
posted on the outside of each projection room door and within the projection room
itself with a conspicuous sign with 1-inch block letters stating SAFETY FILM
ONLY IS PERMITTED IN THIS ROOM.
(c) There shall be installed and maintained ready for use in every projection
room not less than two approved first -aid and fire appliances with at least a 10-B:C
rating.
Smoking
Sec. 84.103. A person shall not smoke or maintain any other source of ignition
within any projection room in which cellulose nitrate film is permitted, nor shall
the operator or manager of the premises permit any person to smoke or to maintain
any other source of ignition within said projection room. Conspicuous NO
SMOKING signs shall be posted in such a room.
Projection Equipment
Sec. 84.104. A person owning, controlling or managing any motion picture
projection equipment shall not use or permit the use of projection equipment or
film which is in a hazardous condition.
Film Storage and Use
Sec. 84.105. (a) Cellulose nitrate film may not be used or stored except within
an enclosed film magazine, an approved storage cabinet or transportation con-
tainer. Rewinding of cellulose nitrate film shall be done within an enclosed film
rewind machine. Examination of film may be done on an open hand rewind
machine with not more than one reel outside an approved container at any time.
(b) Safety film which is not mounted for projection shall be stored in approved
transportation containers or an approved film cabinet.
300
1982 EDITION 85.101-85.103
ARTICLE 85
ELECTRICAL
Scope
Sec. 85.101. This article applies to the permanent or temporary use of electri-
cal appliances, fixtures, motor or wiring.
EXCEPTION: Low -voltage wiring, such as communications and signal wiring.
This article shall be enforced in cooperation with the authority having jurisdic-
tion for the enforcement of the Electrical Code.
Definitions
Sec. 85.102. For the purposes of this article, certain terms are defined as
follows:
APPLIANCE or FIXTURE is a device or machine that is operated by
electricity to perform a specific task or function and shall be known as:
(a) Fixed: An appliance or fixture which is fastened or otherwise secured at a
specific location.
(b) Portable: An appliance or fixture which is actually moved or can easily be
moved from one place to another in normal use.
(c) Stationary: An appliance or fixture which is not easily moved from one
place to another in normal use.
EXTENSION CORD (portable flexible cord) is wiring of any length which
has one male connector on one end and one or more female connectors on the
other.
FLEXIBLE CORD is wiring which is attached to an appliance or fixture in
accordance with the manufacturer's design for the purpose of attaching to a
receptacle for power supply.
MULTIPL•UG ADAPTER is any device that plugs into a receptacle and
allows that receptacle to supply power to more appliances or fixtures than that for
which it was originally designed, such as cube adapters, strip plugs and multiplug
extension cords.
PERMANENT WIRING is any wiring affixed to a structure in accordance
with the Electrical Code.
RECEPTACLE is an electrical outlet designed for use with a plug or connector
for the purpose of supplying electrical power to an appliance or fixture.
TEMPORARY WIRING is wiring installed in an approved manner for a
specified period when approved by the authority enforcing the Electrical Code.
Use of Temporary Wiring
Sec. 85.103. (a) During Construction. Temporary wiring for electrical power
and lighting installations shall be permitted during the period of construction,
remodeling, repair or demolition of buildings, structures, equipment or similar
activities.
(b) During Christmas. Temporary wiring for electrical power and lighting
installations shall be permitted for a period not to exceed 90 days for Christmas
301
85.103-85.109 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
decorative lighting, carnivals and similar purposes, and for experimental or
developmental work.
(c) Attachment to Structures. When temporary wiring is attached to a
structure, it shall be attached in an approved manner.
Abatement of Electrical Hazards
Sec. 85.104. When any electrical hazards are identified, measures to abate
such conditions shall be taken. All identified hazardous electrical conditions in
permanent wiring shall be brought to the attention of the authority enforcing the
Electrical Code.
Electrical Motors
Sec. 85.105. All electrical motors shall be maintained in a manner free from
accumulations of oil, dirt, waste and other debris which will interfere with
required motor ventilation or create a fire hazard.
Extension Cords
Sec. 85.106. (a) Prohibited Use. Extension cords shall not be used as a
substitute for permanent wiring.
(b) Use with Portable Appliances. Extension cords are permitted only with
portable appliances or fixtures. While in immediate use, in accordance with the
following:
1. Each extension cord shall be plugged directly into an approved receptacle
and shall, except for approved multiplug extension cords, serve only one
appliance or fixture.
2. The current capacity of the cord shall be not less than the rated capacity of
the appliance or fixture.
3. The extension cord is maintained in good condition without splices,
deterioration or damage.
4. The extension cord is of the grounded type when servicing grounded
appliances or fixtures.
(c) Installation. Extension cords and flexible cords shall not be affixed to
structures, extend through walls, ceilings, floors, under doors or floor coverings,
nor be subject to environmental damage or physical impact.
Multiplug Adapters
Sec. 85.107. The use of multiplug adapters such as multiplug extension cords,
cube adapters, strip plugs or any other device that does not comply with this code
or the Electrical Code is prohibited.
Access
Sec. 85.108. A minimum of 30 inches of clearance shall be provided in front of
electrical control panels for access.
Nonapproved Appliances
Sec. 85.109. Electrical appliances or fixtures shall not be sold, offered for sale
or rent, disposed of by gift or premium, nor made available for use or used unless
they are of an approved type.
302
1982 EDITION 86.101-86.103
ARTICLE 86
PESTICIDES —STORAGE
Scope
Sec. 86.101. This division shall apply to both inside and outside storage of all
forms of pesticides in portable containers other than fixed installation on transpor-
tation equipment.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Highly toxic pesticides, see Article 80.
2. Storage in dwellings or private garages of pesticides registered by the Environ-
mental Protection Agency for use around the home. Such pesticides are registered
under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1945 (FIFRA) as
amended by the Federal Economic Poison Control Act of 1972.
General Requirements
Sec. 86.102 (a) Containment of Hose Stream Runoff. Pesticide storage shall
be located or constructed so that runoff from fire -fighting operations will not
contaminate streams, ponds, groundwaters, croplands, pasture land or buildings.
(b) Flammable or Combustible. Pesticides that are flammable or combustible
liquids shall be stored in accordance with the provisions of Article 79.
(c) Oxidizers. Pesticides that are oxidizing agents shall be stored in accordance
with Article 80.
(d) Storage with Ammonium Nitrate. Pesticides shall not be stored in the
same area with ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
(e) Storage Methods. Pesticides shall be stored in accordance with the rec-
ommendations of the manufacturer. Storage of pesticides shall be arranged
according to compatibility.
(f) Location of Storage. Pesticide storage shall be restricted to a first -story
room or area which has direct access to the outside without passing through
intervening rooms or corridors.
EXCEPTION: A facility used exclusively for pesticide storage.
Pesticides shall not be stored in basements.
(g) Storage on Damp Floors. Pesticides in containers which could be
damaged by moisture or water shall be stored off the floor.
(h) Damaged Containers. Leaking or damaged containers of pesticides or
materials contaminated by pesticides shall be immediately segregated and dis-
posed of or decontaminated in accordance with regulatory requirements, man-
ufacturer's instructions or recommended industry practice.
(i) Toxicity Data. Material safety data sheets for each toxic pesticide shall be
available at each storage location.
Signs
Sec. 86.103.(a) Identification of Buildings, Rooms or Areas. Pesticide
storage buildings, storage rooms or storage areas shall be identified by prominent
and legible signs in accordance with U.F.C. Standard No. 79-3.
(b) Container Labels. Each group of pesticide containers shall have labels
visible to readily permit identification.
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86.104-86.108 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Fire Protection
Sec. 86.104. Storage facilities shall be protected in accordance with the
provisions of Article 10.
Emergency Management
Sec. 86.105. Emergency preplanning and post -fire management shall be
established and displayed to assist in proper action.
Display
Sec. 86.106. The quantity of pesticides in rooms or areas accessible to the
public shall be limited to that needed for display. Drums and large packages shall
be stacked in a safe manner.
Storage Areas
Sec. 86.107. (a) Designating Areas. A separate building, room, portion of a
building or outside area shall be designated as the pesticide storage area.
(b) Security. The storage area shall be secured in such a manner as to prevent
unauthorized entry.
Pesticides Stored as Compressed Gases
Sec. 86.108. (a) Sources of Heat. Compressed gas pesticides shall be stored
away from heat (steam pipes, heaters, direct sun).
(b) Anchoring. All compressed gas cylinders in service or in storage shall be
adequately secured to prevent their falling or being knocked over.
(c) Closing Containers and Safety Cap. Containers shall be tightly closed and
provided with a safety cap when not in use, whether empty or full.
(d) Separation from Other Gases. Pesticide containers shall be separated
from other compressed gases by pipe railings or other effective means.
304
1982 EDITION
APPENDIX
APPENDIX I -A
Division I
REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO
EXISTING BUILDINGS
APPENDIX I -A
LIFE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING
BUILDINGS
1. GENERAL
(a) Purpose. The purpose of this appendix is to provide a reasonable degree of
safety to persons occupying existing buildings that do not conform with the
minimum requirements of this code by providing for alterations to such existing
buildings.
EXCEPTION: Group R, Division 3 or Group M Occupancies.
(b) Effective Date. Within 18 months after the effective date of this appendix,
plans for compliance shall be submitted and approved, and within 18 months
thereafter the work shall be completed or the building shall be vacated until made
to conform.
(c) Alternate Materials and Methods. Alternate materials and methods may
be used, provided such materials or methods comply with the spirit and intent of
this appendix.
The chief may modify any of the provisions of this appendix in conformance
with Section 2.301 of this code.
2. EXITS
(a) Number of Exits. Every floor above the first story used for human
occupancy shall have access to at least two separate exits, one of which may be an
exterior fire escape complying with Subsection (d) of this section. Subject to the
approval of the chief, an approved ladder device may be used in lieu of a fire
escape when the construction feature or location of the building on the property
make the installation of a fire escape impracticable.
EXCEPTION: In all occupancies, second stories with an occupant load of 10 or
less may have one exit.
An exit ladder device when used in lieu of a fire escape shall conform with
U.B.C. Standard No. 33-3 and the following:
1. Serves an occupant load of 10 or less or a single dwelling unit or guest
room.
2. The building does not exceed three stories in height.
3. The access is adjacent to an opening as specified for emergency egress or
rescue or from a balcony.
4. Shall not pass in front of any building opening below the unit being served.
305
APPENDIX I -A UNIFORM FIRE CODE
5. The availability of activating the device for the ladder is accessible only
from the opening or balcony served.
6. So installed that it will not cause a person using it to be within 6 feet of
exposed electrical wiring.
(b) Stair Construction. All required stairs shall have a minimum run of 9
inches and a maximum rise of 8 inches and shall have a minimum width of 30
inches, exclusive of handrails. Every stairway shall have at least one handrail. A
landing having a minimum 30-inch run in the direction of travel shall be provided
at each point of access to the stairway.
EXCEPTION: Fire escapes as provided for in this section.
Exterior stairs shall be of noncombustible construction.
EXCEPTION: On buildings of Types III, IV and V, provided the exterior stairs
are constructed of wood not less than 2-inch nominal thickness.
(c) Corridors. Corridors of Groups A, B, E, I, H and R, Division 1 Occupan-
cies serving as an exit for an occupant load of 30 or more shall have walls and
ceilings of not less than one -hour fire -resistive construction as required by the
Building Code. Existing walls surfaced with wood lath and plaster in good
condition or'/2-inch gypsum wallboard or openings with fixed wired glass set in
steel frames are permitted for corridor walls and ceilings and occupancy separa-
tions when approved. Doors opening into such corridors shall be protected by 20-
minute fire assemblies or solid wood doors not less than 13/4 inches thick. Where
the existing frame will not accommodate the 13/4-inch-thick door, a 13/8-inch-thick
solid bonded wood core door or equivalent insulated steel door shall be permitted.
Doors shall be self -closing or automatic -closing by smoke detection. Transoms
and openings other than doors from corridors to rooms shall comply with Section
3305 (h) of the Building Code or shall be covered with a minimum of 3/4-inch
plywood or 1/2-inch gypsum wallboard or equivalent material on the room side.
EXCEPTION: Existing corridor walls, ceilings and opening protection not in
compliance with the above may be continued when such buildings are protected with
an approved automatic sprinkler system throughout. Such sprinkler system may be
supplied from the domestic water system if it is of adequate volume and pressure.
(d) Fire Escapes. 1. Existing fire escapes which in the opinion of the chief
comply with the intent of this section may be used as one of the required exits. The
location and anchorage of fire escapes shall be of approved design and
construction.
2. Fire escapes shall comply with the following:
Access from a corridor shall not be through an intervening room.
All openings within 10 feet shall be protected by three -fourths -hour fire
assemblies. When located within a recess or vestibule, adjacent enclosure walls
shall be of not less than one -hour fire -resistive construction.
Egress from the building shall be by a clear opening having a minimum
dimension of not less than 29 inches. Such openings shall be openable from the
inside without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort. The sill of an
opening giving access shall be not more than 30 inches above the floor of the
building or balcony.
306
1982 EDITION APPENDIX I -A
Fire escape stairways and balconies shall support the dead load plus a live load
of not less than 100 pounds per square foot and shall be provided with a top and
intermediate handrail on each side. The pitch of the stairway shall not exceed 60
degrees with a minimum width of 18 inches. Treads shall be not less than 4 inches
in width and the rise between treads shall not exceed 10 inches. All stair and
balcony railings shall support a horizontal force of not less than 50 pounds per
lineal foot of railing.
Balconies shall be not less than 44 inches in width with no floor opening other
than the stairway opening greater than 1/8 inch in width. Stairway openings in such
balconies shall be not less than 22 inches by 44 inches. The balustrade of each
balcony shall be not less than 36 inches high with not more than 9 inches between
balusters.
Fire escapes shall extend to the roof or provide an approved gooseneck ladder
between the top floor landing and the roof when serving buildings four or more
stories in height having rooms with less than 4:12 slope. Fire escape ladders shall
be designed and connected to the building to withstand a horiziontal force of 100
pounds per lineal foot; each rung shall support a concentrated load of 500 pounds
placed anywhere on the rung. All ladders shall be at least 15 inches wide, located
within 12 inches of the building and shall be placed flatwise relative to the face of
the building. Ladder rungs shall be 3/4 inch in diameter and shall be located 12
inches on center. Openings for roof access ladders through cornices and similar
projections shall have minimum dimensions of 30 inches by 33 inches.
The lowest balcony shall be not more than 18 feet from the ground. Fire escapes
shall extend to the ground or be provided with counterbalanced stairs reaching to
the ground.
Fire escapes shall not take the place of stairways required by the codes under
which the building was constructed.
Fire escapes shall be kept clear and unobstructed at all times and maintained in
good working order.
(e) Exit and Fire Escape Signs. Exit signs shall be provided as required by the
Building Code.
EXCEPTION: The use of existing exit signs may be continued when approved
by the chief.
All doors or windows providing access to a fire escape shall be provided with
fire escape signs.
3. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL SHAFTS
Interior vertical shafts, including but not limited to stairways, elevator hoist -
ways, service and utility shafts, shall be enclosed by a minimum of one -hour fire -
resistive construction. All openings into such shafts shall be protected with one -
hour fire assemblies which shall be maintained self -closing or be automatic
closing by smoke detection. All other openings shall be fire protected in an
approved manner. Existing fusible -link -type automatic door -closing devices may
be permitted if the fusible link rating does not exceed 135°F.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. In other than Group I Occupancies, an enclosure will not be
required for openings serving only one adjacent floor.
307
APPENDIX I -A
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
2. Stairways need not be enclosed in a continuous vertical shaft if each story is
separated from other stories by one -hour fire -resistive construction or approved
wired glass set in steel frames. In addition, all exit corridors shall be sprinklered and
the openings between the corridor and occupant space have at least one sprinkler
head above the openings on the tenant side. The sprinkler system may be supplied
from the domestic water supply if of adequate volume and pressure.
3. Vertical openings need not be protected if the building is protected by an
approved automatic sprinkler system.
4. BASEMENT ACCESS OR SPRINKLER PROTECTION
An approved automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in basements or
stories exceeding 1500 square feet in area and not having a minimum of 20 square
feet of opening entirely above the adjoining ground level in each 50 lineal feet or
fraction thereof of exterior wall on at least one side of the building. Openings shall
have a minimum clear dimension of 30 inches.
If any portion of a basement is located more than 75 feet from required
openings, the basement shall be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler
system throughout.
5. STANDPIPES
Any buildings over four stories in height shall be provided with an approved
Class I or Class III standpipe system.
6. SMOKE DETECTORS
Every dwelling unit and every guest room in a hotel or lodging house used for
sleeping purposes shall be provided with smoke detectors installed in accordance
with the Building Code.
7. SEPARATION OF OCCUPANCIES
Occupancy separations shall be provided as specified in Section 503 of the
Building Code. When approved by the chief, existing wood lath and plaster in
good condition or 1/2-inch gypsum wallboard may be acceptable where one -hour
occupancy separations are required.
308
1982 EDITION APPENDIX I-B
APPENDIX I-B
STAIRWAY IDENTIFICATION
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this appendix is to provide information to the occupants and fire
department personnel to ensure that they do not become confused during emer-
gencies, by requiring that standardized signs be installed in stairways to inform
the user which stair landing he is on and the upper and lower termination of the
stairway.
2. SCOPE
The provisions of this section shall apply to new and existing buildings four or
more stories in height.
3. SIGN
(a) The sign shall be a minimum 12 inches by 12 inches.
(b) The stairway location shall be placed at the top of the sign in 1-inch-high
block lettering with 1/4-inch stroke ("stair No. 1" or "west stair").
(c) The stairway's upper terminus shall be placed under the stairway identifica-
tion in 1-inch-high block lettering with 1/4-inch stroke ("roof access" or "no roof
access").
(d) The floor level number shall be placed in the middle of the sign in 5-inch-
high lettering with 3/4-inch stroke. The mezzanine levels shall have the letter "M"
preceding the floor number. Basement levels shall have the letter "B" preceding
the floor number.
(e) The lower and upper terminus of the stairway shall be placed at the bottom of
the sign in 1-inch-high block lettering with 1/4-inch stroke.
(f) These signs shall be maintained in an approved manner.
Example:
WEST STAIR
1-inch x'/a-inch
NO ROOF ACCESS
5-inch x 3/4-inch M
■
1-inch x'/a-inch B2 THROUGH 24
309
APPENDIX 1-B
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
I. a 12 inches --�;
STAIR 3
ROOF ACCESS
6
1 THROUGH 12
12 inches
310
1982 EDITION APPENDIX II -A
Division II
COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
CONTROLS
APPENDIX II -A
SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS
FIRE AREAS
1. INTENT
The unrestricted use of grass, grain, brush or forest -covered land in hazardous
fire areas is a potential menace to life and property from fire and resulting erosion.
It is therefore the intent of this appendix to provide necessary safeguards to
prevent the occurrence of fires and to provide adequate fire -protection facilities to
control the spread of fire which might be caused by recreational, residential,
commercial, industrial or other activities conducted in any hazardous fire area.
2. DEFINITIONS
(a) Unless otherwise expressly stated within the Uniform Fire Code, the
following terms shall, for the purposes of this article, have the meanings indicated
by this section.
(b) TRACER shall mean any bullet or projectile incorporating a feature which
marks or traces the flight of said bullet or projectile by flame, smoke or any other
means which results in fire or heat.
(c) TRACER CHARGE shall mean any bullet or projectile incorporating a
feature designed to create a visible or audible effect by means which result in fire
or heat and shall include any incendiary bullet or projectile.
3. AUTHORITY TO STIPULATE PERMIT CONDITIONS
The chief shall have the authority required by this appendix to stipulate
conditions as he deems necessary in all permits. If in his judgment public safety
would be better served, he may refuse to issue any such permit.
4. RESTRICTED ENTRY
The chief shall officially determine and publicly announce when any hazardous
fire area shall be closed to entry and when such area shall again be opened to entry.
No person other than those hereinafter expressly exempted shall go on or be upon
any hazardous fire area, except public roadways, inhabited areas or established
trails and camp sites which have not been closed during such time when the
hazardous fire area is closed to entry. It is not the intention of this section to
prohibit residents or owners of private property within any hazardous fire area or
their invitees or guests from going or being upon their lands, and such persons are
to such extent excepted from the provisions of this section. This section does not
apply to any entry, in the course of duty, by any peace or police officer, or any
other duly authorized public officer, member of any fire department or member of
the United States Forest Service.
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APPENDIX II -A UNIFORM FIRE CODE
5. TRESPASSING ON POSTED PROPERTY PROHIBITED
(a) Whenever the chief determines that any specific area within a hazardous fire
area presents an exceptional and continuing fire danger because of the density of
natural growth, difficulty of terrain, proximity to structures or accessibility to the
public, he shall declare such area closed until changed conditions warrant termi-
nation of closure. The chief shall order any such area posted as hereinafter
provided.
(b) Approved signs prohibiting entry by unauthorized persons and referring to
this appendix shall be placed on every area ordered posted by the chief pursuant to
Section 5 (a) above.
(c) No person shall enter or remain within any area closed and posted by the
chief pursuant to Section 5 (a) and (b) above, provided that the following persons
shall be exempted from the provisions of this section: owners or occupiers of
private or public property within closed and posted areas, their guests or invitees;
local, state or federal public officers or their authorized agents acting in the course
of duty.
6. SMOKING PROHIBITED
No person shall light, ignite or otherwise set fire to or smoke any tobacco,
cigarette, pipe or cigar in any hazardous fire area, provided, however, that nothing
in this section shall apply to any place of habitation or within the boundaries of
any established smoking area or campsite as designated by the chief.
7. SPARK ARRESTERS REQUIRED
Each chimney used in conjunction with any fireplace, barbecue, incinerator or
any heating appliance in which solid or liquid fuel is used, upon any building,
structure or premises located within 200 feet of any hazardous fire area, shall be
maintained with a spark arrester constructed with heavy wire mesh or other
noncombustible material with openings not to exceed 1/2 inch.
8. TRACER BULLETS, TRACER CHARGES, ROCKETS AND MODEL
AIRCRAFT PROHIBITED
(a) No person shall fire or cause to be fired any tracer bullet or tracer charge into
or across any hazardous fire area, nor shall he have in his possession any tracer
bullet or tracer charge on such area.
(b) No person shall use, fire or project into or across any hazardous fire area any
rocket, model plane, glider or balloon powered with an engine, propellant or
other feature liable to start or cause fire in said area.
9. EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING
No person shall possess, keep, store, sell, offer for sale, give away, use,
discharge, transport or dispose of in any manner any explosives within any
hazardous fire area except by the authority of a written permit from the chief.
10. FIREWORKS PROHIBITED
(a) No person shall use or possess fireworks in a hazardous fire area.
(b) The chief shall seize, take, remove or cause to be removed all fireworks in
violation of this section.
312
1982 EDITION APPENDIX II -A
11. APIARIES
No person shall use any lighted or smoldering material in connection with
smoking bees in or upon any hazardous fire area except by the authority of a
written permit from the chief.
12. OPEN -FLAME DEVICES
(a) No person shall operate or use any device, machine, or process such as a
welding torch, tar pot, decorative torch or any other device liable to start or cause
fire in or upon any hazardous fire area, except by the authority of a written permit
from the chief, provided, however, that no permit will be required if such use is
within habited premises or designated campsites and such uses are a minimum of
30 feet from any grass, grain, brush- or forest -covered areas.
(b) No person shall operate or use any flame -employing device such as a lantern
or kerosene road flare as a signal or marker in or upon any hazardous fire area.
This section shall not apply to or restrict the proper use of fusees at the scenes of
emergencies or as required by standard railroad operating procedures.
13. OUTDOOR FIRES
(a) No person shall build, ignite or maintain any outdoor fire of any kind or
character, or for any purpose whatsoever, in or upon any hazardous fire area,
except by the authority of a written permit from the chief. No permit will be
required for outdoor fires within habited premises or designated campsites where
such fires are built in a permanent barbecue, portable barbecue, outdoor fire-
place, incinerator or grill and are a minimum of 30 feet from any grass, grain,
brush- or forest -covered area. Such a permit shall incorporate such terms and
conditions which will reasonably safeguard public safety and property. Regard-
less of permit, however, no person shall build, ignite or maintain any outdoor fire
in or upon any hazardous fire area under the following conditions:
1. When any high wind is blowing; or
2. When there is no person aged 17 or over present at all times to watch and
capable of tending such fire; or
3. Such times as public announcement is made that there shall be no open
burning.
(b) No person shall use any permanent barbecue, portable barbecue, outdoor
fireplace or grill for the disposal of rubbish, trash or combustible waste material.
14. INCINERATORS AND FIREPLACES
(a) No person shall build, install or maintain any incinerator, outdoor fireplace,
permanent barbecue or grill in any hazardous fire area without first securing
written approval of the chief.
(b) Every incinerator, outdoor fireplace, permanent barbecue or grill shall be
maintained in good repair and in a safe condition at all times. All openings in any
such appliance shall be provided with an approved spark arrester, screen or door.
If required for their proper functioning, barbecues and grills may be approved
with certain openings left unprotected.
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APPENDIX II -A UNIFORM FIRE CODE
15. CLEARANCE OF BRUSH OR VEGETATIVE GROWTH FROM
ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES
(a) Support Clearance. Any person owning, controlling, operating or main-
taining any electrical transmission line upon any hazardous fire area shall, at all
times, maintain around and adjacent to any pole supporting a switch, fuse,
transformer, lightning arrester, line junction, dead end, corner pole, towers or
other poles or towers at which power company employees are likely to work most
frequently, an effective firebreak consisting of a clearing of not less than 10 feet in
each direction from the outer circumference of such pole or tower, provided,
however, that this provision shall not be deemed to apply to lines used exclusively
as telephone, telegraph, telephone or telegraph messenger call, fire or alarm lines
or other lines classed as communication circuits by a public utility,
(b) High Tension Line Clearance. Any person owning, controlling, operating
or maintaining any electrical transmission line upon any hazardous fire area shall
maintain a clearance of the respective distances as specified in this section in all
directions between all vegetation and all conductors carrying electrical current:
1. For lines operating at 2,400 volts and less than 68,000 volts, 4 feet;
2. For lines operating at 68,000 volts and less than 110,000 volts, 6 feet;
3. For lines operating at 110,000 volts and over, 10 feet.
In any case, such distance shall be sufficiently great to furnish the required
clearance from the particular wire or conductor to any position of such wire or
conductor at any temperature of 120°F. or less. Forked trees, dead trees, old
decadent or rotten trees, those weakened by catfaces, decay or disease and trees
leaning toward the line, which may contact the line from the side or may fall on the
line, shall. be felled, cut or trimmed so as to remove the hazard.
(c) Self-supporting Aerial Cable. No clearing to obtain line clearance is
required when self-supporting aerial cable is used except that forked trees,
leaning trees and other growth which may fall across the cable and break it shall be
removed.
(d) Exceptions. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to require
any person to maintain any clearing on land where such person does not have the
legal right to maintain such clearing, nor shall any provision of this appendix be
construed to require any person to enter upon or to damage property of another
without consent of the owner thereof.
16. CLEARANCE OF BRUSH OR VEGETATIVE GROWTH FROM
STRUCTURES
(a) Any person owning, leasing, controlling, operating or maintaining any
building or structure in, upon or adjoining any hazardous fire area, and any person
owning, leasing or controlling any land adjacent to such buildings or structures,
shall at all times:
1. Maintain around and adjacent to such building or structure an effective
firebreak made by removing and clearing away, for a distance therefrom of
not less than 30 feet on each side thereof, all flammable vegetation or other
combustible growth. This section shall not apply to single specimens of
314
1982 EDITION APPENDIX II -A
trees, ornamental shrubbery or similar plants used as ground covers,
provided that they do not form a means of rapidly transmitting fire from the
native growth to any structure.
2. Maintain around and adjacent to any such building or structure additional
fire protection or firebreak made by removing all brush, flammable vegeta-
tion or combustible growth located from 30 feet to 100 feet from such
building or structure as may be required by the chief when he finds that
because of extrahazardous conditions a firebreak of only 30 feet around
such structure is not sufficient to provide reasonable firesafety. Grass and
other vegetation located more than 30 feet from such building or structure
and less than 18 inches in height above the ground may be maintained
where necessary to stabilize the soil and prevent erosion.
3. Remove that portion of any tree which extends within 10 feet of the outlet
of any chimney.
4. Maintain any tree adjacent to or overhanging any building free of
deadwood.
5. Maintain the roof of any structure free of leaves, needles or other dead
vegetative growth.
(b) In the event that any of the conditions prohibited by Subsection (a) of this
section exist, the executive body may instruct the chief to give notice to the owner
of the property upon which such condition exists to correct such prohibited
condition, and if the owner fails to correct such condition the executive body may
cause the same to be done and make the expense of such correction a lien upon the
property upon which such condition exists.
17. CLEARANCE OF BRUSH OR VEGETATIVE GROWTH FROM
ROADWAYS
(a) The chief may remove and clear within 10 feet on each side of every
roadway all flammable vegetation or other combustible growth and may enter
upon private property to do so. This section shall not apply to single specimens of
trees, ornamental shrubbery or cultivated ground cover such as green grass, ivy,
succulents or similar plants used as ground covers, provided that they do not form
a means of readily transmitting fire. As used in this section, "roadway" means
that portion of a highway or private street improved, designed or ordinarily used
for vehicular travel.
(b) If the chief determines in any specific case that difficult terrain, danger of
erosion or other unusual circumstances make strict compliance with the clearance
of vegetation provisions of Sections 15, 16 or 17 of this appendix undesirable or
impractical, he may suspend enforcement thereof and require reasonable alterna-
tive measures designed to advance the purposes of this article.
18. ILLEGAL DUMPING
No person shall place, deposit or dump any garbage, cans, bottles, papers,
ashes, refuse, trash, rubbish or combustible waste material in or upon any
hazardous fire area. No person shall dump such material in, upon or along any
trail, roadway or highway in any hazardous fire area. Public and private dumping
315
APPENDIX II -A UNIFORM FIRE CODE
areas having been approved by the chief shall be deemed to be in compliance with
this section.
19. DISPOSAL OF ASHES
No person shall place, deposit or dump any ashes or coals in or upon any
hazardous fire area except: in the hearth of an established fire pit, camp stove or
fireplace; or in a noncombustible container with a tight -fitting lid, which is kept or
maintained in a safe location not less than 10 feet from any combustible vegeta-
tion or structure; or where such ashes or coals are buried and covered with 1 foot
of mineral earth not less than 25 feet from any combustible vegetation or
structure.
20. ILLEGAL USE OF FIRE ROADS AND FIREBREAKS
(a) No person, except public officers acting within the scope of their duties,
shall travel upon or drive or park any motorcycle, motor scooter or motor vehicle
upon any fire road or firebreak beyond the point where travel is restricted by a
cable, gate or sign without the permission of the property owner or owners
involved. No person shall park any vehicle so as to obstruct the entrance to any
fire road or firebreak.
(b) No person shall install or maintain a radio or television aerial, or guy wires
thereto, or any other obstruction on any fire road or firebreak, which is less than
16 feet above such fire road or firebreak.
21. USE OF MOTORCYCLES, MOTOR SCOOTERS AND MOTOR
VEHICLES
No person shall operate any motorcycle, motor scooter or motor vehicle,
except upon clearly established public or private roads within any hazardous fire
area without first having secured a permit to do so from the chief. No such permit
shall be issued unless written permission from the property owner is first
presented.
22. TAMPERING WITH FIRE DEPARTMENT LOCKS, BARRICADES,
SIGNS
(a) No person shall tamper with, mutilate, destroy or remove any lock,
barricade, seal, cable, sign or marker installed within any hazardous fire area by
or under the control of the chief or other duly constituted authority.
(b) No unauthorized person shall unlock any gate, door, barrier or lock installed
by or under the control of the chief or other duly constituted authority.
23. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE
The expenses of fighting any fires which are the result of a violation of this
appendix are a charge against the person whose violation of this appendix caused
the fire. Damages caused by such fires shall constitute a debt of such person and
are collectable by the chief in the same manner as in the case of an obligation
under a contract, expressed or implied.
316
1982 EDITION APPENDIX II-13
APPENDIX II-B
PROTECTION OF FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE
LIQUIDS IN TANKS IN LOCATIONS
THAT MAY BE FLOODED
1. GENERAL
Pipe connections below allowable liquid level in tanks shall be provided with
valves or cocks located as closely as practicable to tank shell. Such valves and
their connections and fittings to the tank shall not be of cast iron.
2. ABOVEGROUND TANKS
(a) Vertical Tanks:
1. No aboveground vertical storage tank containing flammable or combusti-
ble liquid shall be so located that the maximum allowable liquid level
within the tank is below the established maximum flood stage, unless the
tank is provided with a guiding structure such as described in Section 5 of
this article.
2. Except at locations where there is an ample and dependable public water
supply available at and below the established maximum flood stage,
facilities independent of public water supply shall be provided for loading
partially empty tanks with water.
3. In addition to the preceding requirements, each tank so located that more
than 70 percent, but less than 100 percent, of its allowable liquid storage
capacity will be submerged at the established maximum flood stage shall
be safeguarded by one of the following methods:
(i) Tank shall be raised or its height shall be increased until its top extends
above the maximum flood stage a distance equivalent to 30 percent or
more of its allowable liquid storage capacity, provided, however, that
the submerged part of the tank shall not exceed two and one-half times
the diameter; or,
(ii) As an alternative to the foregoing, adequate noncombustible struc-
tural guides, designed to permit the tank to float vertically without
loss of product, shall be provided.
(b) Horizontal Tanks:
1. Independent water supply facilities shall be provided at locations where
there is no ample and dependable public water supply available for loading
partially empty tanks with water.
2. Each horizontal tank so located that more than 70 percent of its storage
capacity will be submerged at the established maximum flood stage shall
be secured to a concrete or steel and concrete foundation of sufficient
weight to produce adequate loading of tank when filled with flammable or
combustible liquids.
3. Special provision shall be provided to equalize the internal and external
pressures on the tank so as to prevent deformation of the tank and resultant
expulsion of flammable or combustible liquid.
317
APPENDIX II-8 UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(c) Other Types of Tanks. Spherical and spheroidal tanks shall be protected by
applicable methods as specified for either vertical or horizontal tanks.
3. UNDERGROUND TANKS
(a) Underground tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids at loca-
tions where there is an ample and dependable water supply available at and below
the maximum flood stage and so installed that more than 70 percent of storage
capacity will be submerged at the maximum flood stage shall be loaded with
concrete or other approved loading material sufficient to prevent movement of the
tank when filled with flammable or combustible liquids and submerged by flood
waters.
(b) At locations where there is no ample or dependable water supply, the tank
shall be loaded with concrete as above required and, in addition, there shall be
provided an emergency liquid supply which shall be sufficient to fill the tank
during flood stages.
(c) Where loading of underground tanks with liquids is impracticable because
of the character of their contents or their use, each tank shall be safeguarded
against movement when empty and when submerged by flood waters by loading
with concrete or other approved solid loading material. Each such tank shall be so
constructed and installed that it will safely resist external pressures due to flood
waters.
(d) In addition to the foregoing requirement, the capacity of each new tank
installed shall be restricted to not more than 3000 gallons. When installed, but
before backfilling, tank and fittings shall be tested for tightness at not less than 5
pounds per square inch. Greater test pressures may be required by the chief when
tanks are subject to submergence in excess of 30 feet.
(e) Where tanks are not designed to resist external pressure, special provision
shall be �orovided to equalize the internal and external pressures on the tank so as
to prevent deformation and resultant expulsion of flammable or combustible
liquids.
4. INDEPENDENT WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES
(a) At locations where an independent water supply is required, it shall be
entirely independent of public power and water supply. Independent source of
water shall be available when flood waters reach a level not less than 10 feet below
",the bottom of the lowest tank on a property.
(b) The self-contained power and pumping unit shall be so located or so
designed that pumping into tanks may be carried on continuously throughout the
rise in flood waters from a level 10 feet below the lowest tank to the level of the
potential flood stage.
(c) Capacity of the pumping unit shall be such that the rate of rise of water in all
tanks shall be equivalent to the established potential average rate of rise of flood
waters at any stage.
(d) Each independent pumping unit shall be tested periodically to ensure that it
is in satisfactory operating condition.
318
1982 EDITION APPENDIX II-B
5. STRUCTURAL GUIDES
(a) Structural guides for holding floating tanks above their foundations shall be
so designed that there will be no resistance to the free rise of a tank and shall be
constructed of noncombustible material.
(b) The strength of the structure shall be adequate to resist lateral movement of
a tank subject to a horizontal force in any direction equivalent to not less than 25
pounds per square foot acting on the projected vertical cross -sectional area of the
tank.
(c) Where tanks are situated on exposed points or bends in a shore line where
swift currents in flood waters will be present, the structures shall be designed to
withstand a unit force of not less than 50 pounds per square foot.
6. SAFE PRACTICES
(a) Water Loading:
1. The filling of a tank to be protected by water loading shall be started as soon
as flood waters reach a dangerous flood stage. The rate of filling shall be at
least equal to the rate of rise of the flood waters (or the established average
potential rate of rise).
2. Sufficient fuel to operate the water pumps shall be available at all times to
ensure adequate power to fill all tanks with water.
3. All valves on connecting pipelines shall be closed and locked in closed
position when water loading is completed.
(b) Floating Tanks:
1. Where structural guides are provided for the protection of floating tanks,
all rigid connections between tanks and pipelines shall be disconnected
before the flood waters reach the bottom of the tank, unless control valves
and their connections to the tank are of an approved type of extra -heavy
construction designed to prevent breakage between valve and tank.
2. All valves attached to tanks other than those used in connection with water -
loading operations shall be closed and locked.
3. If a tank is equipped with a swing line, the swing pipe shall be raised to and
secured at its highest position.
7. INSPECTIONS
The chief shall make periodic inspections of all plants where the storage of
flammable or combustible liquids is such as to require compliance with the
foregoing requirements in order to assure the following:
(a) That all flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks are in compliance
with these requirements and so maintained.
(b) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in flood emergencies are
,)roperly posted.
(c) That station operators and other employees depended upon to carry out such
instructions are thoroughly informed as to the location and operation of such
valves and other equipment necessary to effect the intent of these requirements.
319
APPENDIX II-C UNIFORM FIRE CODE
APPENDIX II-C
MARINAS
Marina facilities shall conform to the requirements set forth in the Fire Code
and NFPA Standard No. 303 except as herein provided.
1. GENERAL
Plans for marina fire -protection facilities shall be approved by the chief prior to
installation. The completed work shall be subject to final inspection and approval
after installation.
2. DEFINITIONS
(a) FLOAT is a floating structure normally used as a point of transfer for
passengers and goods, or both, for mooring purposes.
(b) MARINA is any portion of the ocean or inland water either naturally or
artificially protected for the mooring, servicing or safety of vessels and shall
include artificially protected works; the public or private lands ashore; structures
or facilities provided within the enclosed body of water and ashore for the
mooring or servicing of vessels or the servicing of their crews or passengers.
(c) PIER is a structure built over the water and supported by pillars or piles,
used as a landing place, pleasure pavilion, etc.
(d) VESSEL is every description of watercraft, other than seaplane on the
water, used or capable of being used as means of transportation. Included in this
definition shall be nontransportation vessels such as houseboats and boathouses.
(e) WHARF is a structure or bulkhead constructed of wood, stone, concrete,
etc., built at the shore of a harbor, lake or river for vessels to lie alongside of, and
piers or floats to be anchored to.
3. FIRE PREVENTION
(a) Persons having charge or control over any structure, including pier or wharf,
shall not allow the deposit or permit the accumulation of combustible debris or
rubbish on land beneath such structure, pier or wharf.
(b) No person shall use any open -flame device for maintenance or repair on any
vessel, float, pier or wharf without a permit.
(c) No person shall use any portable barbecue, brazier or cooking device on any
vessel, float, pier or wharf without a permit.
(d) Any open -flame device used for lighting or decoration on the exterior of any
vessel, float, pier or wharf must be approved by the chief.
(e) Any spills of flammable or combustible liquids at or upon the water shall be
reported immediately to the fire department or jurisdictional authorities.
(f) Containers with tight -fitting or self -closing lids shall be provided for the
temporary storage of combustible trash or rubbish.
(g) All electrical equipment installed and used must be in accordance with the
Electrical Code as it applies to wet, damp and hazardous locations.
320
1982 EDITION APPENDIX II-C
4. FIRE -PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
All piers, wharves, floats with facilities for mooring or servicing five or more
vessels, and marine service stations shall be equipped with fire -protection equip-
ment as follows:
(a) All portions of floats exceeding 250 feet in distance from fire apparatus
access and marine service stations shall be provided with an approved wet
standpipe system installed in conformity with applicable standards set forth in
U.B.0 Standard No. 38-2 and Article 10 of this code.
1. Hose stations shall be so spaced as to provide protection to any portion of
floats or floating vessel. Hoses shall be mounted on a reel or rack and
enclosed within an approved cabinet. Hose stations shall be labeled FIRE
HOSE —EMERGENCY USE ONLY. All equipment shall meet the
approval of the chief.
2. At the shore end, the waterline shall be equipped with a single 2'/z-inch fire
department connection.
3. Waterlines shall normally be dry where area is subject to freezing
temperatures.
(b) Piers and wharves shall be provided with fire apparatus access roads and
water -supply systems with on -site fire hydrants as may be required by the chief.
Such roads and water systems shall conform to Article 10.
5. PORTABLE FIRE -PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
(a) One fire extinguisher, 2A, 20-B:C rating minimum, shall be provided in
each hose station required.
(b) The chief shall designate the type and number of all other fire appliances to
be installed and maintained in each marina.
6. TRANSMISSION OF ALARMS
Means shall be available for the immediate notification of the fire department.
7. MAINTENANCE OF ACCESS
Access shall be provided and maintained in accordance with Article 10.
8. MARINE SERVICE STATIONS
Marine service stations shall conform to Article 79.
321
APPENDIX II-D UNIFORM FIRE CODE
APPENDIX II-D
RIFLE RANGES
1. PERMIT
A rifle range shall not be established, maintained or operated without a permit
from the chief so to do. Applications for such permit shall be referred to the chief
law enforcement officer for approval.
2. SUPERVISION BY RANGE OFFICER
No person shall operate or maintain a rifle range except under the supervision
of a qualified range officer.
3. QUALIFICATIONS OF RANGE OFFICER
No person shall act as a range officer until such time as he shall have demon-
strated to the chief and chief law enforcement officer his knowledge of firearms
and ammunition, including the general rules of safety and the provisions of this
code relative thereto, and has received a certificate of fitness therefor.
4. INSPECTION OF AMMUNITION: DISPOSAL OF DEFECTIVE
AMMUNITION
All ammunition shall be inspected and approved by the range officer before
permission to fire or discharge the same shall be granted. All ammunition that will
not fire or discharge or which is otherwise defective shall be turned in to the range
officer for the safe disposal thereof.
5. FIRST -AID FIRE APPLIANCES
All rifle ranges shall be equipped with first -aid fire appliances and other
equipment as required by the chief and shall comply with such other fire preven-
tion measures as may be deemed necessary by the chief.
6. REMOVAL OF VEGETATION
All rifle ranges shall be completely clear of vegetation within a safe distance
from the firing line and striking grounds and shall be so maintained.
7. WARNINGS
All rifle ranges which are not fenced shall be posted with approved warning
posters or signs to notify and protect the public from existing danger.
322
1982 EDITION APPENDIX III -A
Division III
TESTING FIRE -EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS,
INSTALLATION OF BASEMENT PIPE INLETS AND
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
APPENDIX III -A
TEST PROCEDURES FOR FIRE -EXTINGUISHING
SYSTEMS
1. TESTING
(a) Tests of systems or devices herein regulated shall be conducted at least every
five years. Tests at shorter intervals may be required when an inspection by the
chief indicates that there is reason to believe that the system or device would fail to
operate properly in an emergency.
(b) The tests established by this regulation, when required, shall be conducted
by a person qualified to perform the full testing procedure for the particular
system or device being tested.
(c) The chief shall be notified at least one working day in advance of the
performance of any required test. The purpose of this notification is to allow a
representative of the fire department to witness the conduct of the test.
(d) At the conclusion of each test, the chief shall be notified of any fire -
protection equipment that was determined to be inoperable.
(e) When it is determined that the fire -protection equipment is operable, the
owner or his agent shall certify its condition to the chief in writing.
(f) The following listed fire hose connections must be equipped with American
National Standard hose -coupling screw threads as specified in NFPA Standard
No. 1963, "Standard for Screw Threads and Gaskets for Fire Hose Connections
1979. " These connections shall be tested with Go and No-go gages as specified in
Standard No. 1963 or with fittings approved by the chief.
(i) All fire department inlet connections on automatic sprinkler systems. Dry
standpipe systems, combination standpipe systems and refrigerant dis-
charge systems.
(ii) All fire department outlet connections on dry standpipe systems and
combination standpipe systems.
EXCEPTION: Where standard fire hose threads will fit the existing outlet
threads.
(iii) The roof outlets of wet standpipe systems.
(g) All fire department inlets and outlets must be equipped with approved plugs
or caps.
2. TEST PROCEDURES FOR AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
(a) Backflow. Check backflow inlet connections from the check valve to the
inlet connections as follows:
323
APPENDIX III -A UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(i) By disassembling the check valve or by blocking the check valve open so
that the water will backflow out of the fire department connections.
(ii) Check valves with fittings in the check valve on the dry side of the system.
Connect to these fittings and backflow the system from the check valve to
the fire department connections.
(b) Flow Test. Open the test pipe valve at the topmost or most distant location
from the main control valve of the system.
Open the main drain valve. Note pressure gage readings with valve open. This
will indicate closed valves or obstructions in water -supply lines.
Note operation of the water flow alarm when the test pipe valve or the main
drain valve is opened. The test pipe valve must be opened to activate the alarm in
an electrically actuated system.
Test electric alarm devices by means of the test switch or contact.
(c) Gage Tests. A test gage shall be connected at the test gage opening in order
to test the reliability of existing gages.
(d) Notification. The concerned agencies must be notified when a supervised
system is tested.
(e) Dry Systems. Automatic sprinkler systems other than wet systems shall be
tested as required by the chief.
3. TEST PROCEDURE FOR STANDPIPE SYSTEMS
(a) Wet Standpipe.
(i) Flow test. Determine that the system and its water supply will meet one of
the following standards according to the date of its installation: Test gages
shall be used to measure residual pressures and a recognized method shall
be used to measure water flow quantities. The required water flow must be
maintained for at least 30 seconds from systems supplied by street mains or
gravity tanks and at least two minutes from systems supplied by booster
pumps or pressure tanks. Systems installed prior to 1948 shall have
residual pressures of not less than 8 psi at the topmost outlet on each riser
when 20 gpm is flowing from the outlet.
Systems installed from 1948 to 1959, inclusive, shall have residual pressures of
not less than 12 psi at the topmost outlet on each riser when 35 gpm is flowing
from the outlet.
Systems installed from 1960 to effective date of this regulation shall have
residual pressures of not less than 15 psi at the topmost outlet on each riser when
35 gpm is flowing from that outlet.
Systems installed from effective date of this regulation to present shall have
residual pressures of not less than 25 psi at the topmost outlet on each riser when
35 gpm is flowing from each of two outlets on that riser simultaneously.
(ii) Gravity tank supply. If the system is supplied by gravity tank, determine
that the automatic filling system operates.
(iii) Pressure tank supply. Determine that automatic filling systems operate
when flow test is conducted. Check air pressure and water -supply appara-
tus where installed.
324
1982 EDITION
APPENDIX III -A
(iv) Outlets. Check each outlet for signs of corrosion and leakage. Check for
the installation of an approved pressure -reducing device at outlets where
the residual pressure will exceed 70 psi.
(v) Hose. Remove hose from outlet and rack or reel. Examine full length of
hose section for mildew, cuts, abrasions and other deterioration. Check
hose couplings, gaskets and nozzle for damage and obstructions.
(b) Combination Systems.
(i) Flow test. Flow 500 gpm through each riser from the uppermost outlets.
The system shall maintain a residual pressure of 60 psi at the level of that
outlet. Test gages shall be used to measure residual pressures and a
recognized method used to measure water flow quantities.
(ii) Pump test. Fire pumps shall be operated at 100 percent of their rated
capacity and at pressures not less than 65 percent of their rated pressure for
a minimum of 10 minutes. The pump must start automatically when roof
level flow tests are made.
(iii) Outlets. Flow water from each outlet in the system in a manner that will
indicate the valves are fully operable and that there is water pressure at that
outlet.
(iv) Hose. Remove hose from outlet and rack or reel. Examine full length of
hose section for mildew, cuts, abrasions and other deterioration. Check
hose couplings, gaskets and nozzle for damage and obstructions.
(c) Dry Standpipe System.
(i) Air test. Air test the system at 25 psi to determine if the system leaks. This
is to avoid water damage to the building in event that piping has been
broken off or disconnected.
(ii) Hydrostatic test. Fill the system completely with water and note the static
pressure (head) on the test gage installed on the lowest inlet connection.
Hydrostatically test the system at a pressure 50 psi greater than the head
pressure, but in no case less than 125 psi.
(iii) Flow test. Flow 100 gpm of water through the standpipe system to the roof
outlet. A separate flow test shall be conducted through each inlet. Install a
test gage at the inlet being used to measure the inlet pressure. The maxi-
mum allowable pressure lost within the system due to friction shall be 15
psi. Friction loss shall be determined by subtracting the static pressure
(head) and outlet pressure from the inlet pressure while 100 gpm is
flowing.
(iv) Operate each outlet valve in the system to determine that it will function
properly.
325
APPENDIX III-B UNIFORM FIRE CODE
APPENDIX III-B
BASEMENT PIPE INLETS
Basement Pipe Inlets
Sec. 10.316. (a) General. All basement pipe inlets shall be installed in
accordance with the requirements of this section.
(b) Where Required. Basement pipe inlets shall be installed in the first floor of
every store, warehouse or factory having basements.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Where the basement is equipped with an automatic fire -
extinguishing system.
2. Where the basement is used for the storage of permanent archives or valuables
such as safe deposit vaults or similar uses adversely affected by water.
(c) Location. The location of basement pipe inlets shall be as required by the
fire department.
(d) Detailed Requirements. All basement pipe inlets shall be of cast iron,
steel, brass or bronze with lids of cast brass or bronze.
The basement pipe inlet shall consist of a sleeve of not less than 8-inch inside
diameter extending through the floor and terminating flush with or through the
basement ceiling and shall have a top flange recessed with an inside shoulder to
receive the lid. The top flange shall be installed flush with finish floor surface.
The lid shall be a solid casting and have a lift recessed in the top. This lid shall be
provided with a cast -in sign reading FIRE DEPARTMENT ONLY —DO NOT
COVER. The lid shall be installed in such a manner as to permit its easy removal
from the flange shoulder.
326
1982 EDITION APPENDIX III-C
APPENDIX III-C
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
1. SCOPE
This appendix governs the requirements for the installation, use and mainte-
nance of fire alarm systems in all occupancies as specified herein.
2. PURPOSE
The purpose of this appendix is to provide a reasonable degree of safety
through early warning of a fire emergency and is predicated on the potential
hazards to life and property evident in each type of occupancy.
3. ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
In the event of any conflict between the provisions of this appendix and any
rules, regulations, code or standards referenced herein, the provisions of this
appendix shall govern. Where a specific provision of this appendix varies from a
general provision, the specific provision shall govern.
4. DEFINITIONS
(a) ALARM -ACTUATING DEVICE is any manually or automatically oper-
ated equipment which, when activated, initiates an alarm through an alarm -
indicating device.
(b) ALARM -INDICATING DEVICE is any equipment that produces an
approved alarm signal.
(c) ALARM SIGNAL is an audible or visual signal, or both, indicating the
existence of an emergency fire condition. Audible devices may be bells, horns,
chimes, speakers or similar devices. Voice alarms and their messages shall be
approved by the chief. Visual devices may be continuous or pulsating lights, flags
or other visual indicators, as approved by the chief.
(d) ALARM SYSTEM is a combination of approved compatible devices with
the necessary electrical interconnection and energy to produce an alarm signal in
the event of fire or system activation.
(e) ALARM SYSTEM CLASSES AND TYPES. Alarm systems are divided
into the following classes and types:
Classes:
Class I. Actuation of any automatic or manual device initiates a continuous or
pulsating alarm on all alarm -indicating devices in the building until manually
reset.
Class II. Actuation of any automatic or manual device initiates a continuous or
pulsating alarm on all alarm -indicating devices in the building until manually
reset and identifies on an annunciator the zone from which the alarm signal
originated.
Class III. Actuation of any automatic or manual device initiates a zone -coded
alarm signal throughout the building and identifies on an annunciator the zone
from which the alarm signal originated.
327
APPENDIX III-C UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Class IV. Actuation of any automatic or manual device initiates a zone -coded
alarm signal to selected areas of the building and identifies on an annunciator the
zone from which the alarm signal originated.
Types:
Type A. An electrically supervised fire alarm system installed in accordance
with the provisions of Uniform Fire Code Standard No. 10-2.
Type B. An electrically supervised fire alarm system installed in accordance
with the provisions of NFPA Standard No. 7213-1975, Auxiliary Protective
Signaling Systems.
Type C. An electrically supervised fire alarm system installed in accordance
with the provisions of NFPA Standard No. 72C-1975, Remote Station Protective
Signaling Systems.
Type D. An electrically supervised fire alarm system installed in accordance
with the provisions of NFPA Standard No. 72D-1975, Proprietary Protective
Signaling Systems.
Type E. An electrically supervised fire alarm system installed in accordance
with the provisions of NFPA Standard No. 71-1977, Central Station Signaling
System.
(f) ANNUNCIATOR is any equipment which indicates the zone or area of a
building from which an alarm has been initiated, the location of an alarm -
actuating device or the operational condition of alarm circuits or the system.
(g) APPROVED means approval by the fire chief as a result of investigation or
tests conducted by him or by reason of accepted principles or tests by national
authorities, technical or scientific organizations.
(h) CODED SIGNAL is an alarm signal or voice alarm which consists of not
less than three complete repetitions of the transmission.
(i) CONTROL UNIT is a unit comprising the controls, relays, switches and
associated circuits necessary to (1) distribuie power to a fire alarm system, (2)
receive signals from alarm -actuating devices and transmit them to alarm -indicat-
ing devices and accessory equipment, and (3) electrically supervise the system
circuitry. The control unit may be contained in one or more cabinets in adjacent or
remote locations as approved by the chief.
0) ELECTRICALLY SUPERVISED FIRE ALARM SYSTEM is a system
designed to transmit a trouble signal to an approved location for any condition that
prevents the required operation of the fire alarm system or failure of its main
power source.
(k) OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION. See Section 9.117.
(1) TROUBLE SIGNAL is a distinct audible and visual signal which indicates
an abnormal condition of the system being monitored.
(m) ZONE is a building or a defined area of a building as approved by the fire
chief for purposes of identifying locations.
5. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
(a) General. When required by the fire chief, all information required by this
328
1982 EDITION APPENDIX III-C
section will be prepared by qualified engineers, specialists, laboratory or fire -
safety specialty organizations acceptable to the chief and to the owner.
(b) Equipment. Fire alarm equipment, devices and systems shall be approved
for their intended purpose.
(c) Acceptance Tests. Upon completion of a system, a satisfactory test of the
entire installation shall be made in the presence of the chief.
(d) Installation Certification. Upon completion of the installation, the con-
tractor shall provide written certification to the chief that the system has been
installed in accordance with the approved plans and specifications. Deviations
from such plans and specifications shall not be permitted except with the approval
of the chief. When required by the chief, drawings and specifications of any
permitted deviations, including wiring locations, shall be submitted to the chief.
(e) Operating Instructions. Written operating instructions are to be provided
at an approved location.
6. POWER SUPPLY
All required fire alarm systems shall have an approved secondary power supply
which shall be capable of operating the entire system for not less than 24 hours
under nonalarm conditions.
Upon interruption of the normal power, the system shall be automatically
transferred to the secondary source of power, and full power shall be obtained
within 60 seconds of transfer.
Except as otherwise specified, the secondary source of power may be one of the
following:
(i) Generators
(ii) Storage batteries
(iii) Separate electrical service from the normal service
(iv) Separate substations of the same electrical service
When generators are provided they shall be served by a fuel supply sufficient to
operate the system as required by this section.
7. MANUAL ALARM -ACTUATING DEVICES
(a) Manual alarm -actuating devices shall be installed in the following
locations:
1. On each floor of the premises in a visible, accessible position and shall be
located in exit ways adjacent exit doors and doors leading to exit stairs.
2. In locations normally attended by responsible personnel such as manager's
office, guardhouse, nurses' stations, etc.
(b) A maximum travel distance between two devices shall not exceed 200 feet.
(c) Devices shall be securely mounted with the bottom of the device not less
than 4'/2 feet nor more than 6 feet above the floor level.
8. ALARM SIGNAL SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONS
(a) When automatic alarm systems are not directly connected to the fire
department or other approved agency, an approved external alarm device shall be
329
APPENDIX III-C UNIFORM FIRE CODE
provided when required by the chief. When external alarms are required, an
approved sign which reads WHEN ALARM SOUNDS —CALL FIRE DEPART-
MENT shall be installed adjacent to the external alarm devices.
(b) When alarm systems are not directly connected to the fire department or
other approved agency, an approved permanent sign which reads LOCAL
ALARM ONLY —CALL FIRE DEPARTMENT shall be installed by each man-
ually operated actuating device.
(c) When a fire alarm system is approved for use in combination with a public
address or other means of communication, the fire alarm signal shall take
precedence over such other communication system upon activation of the fire
alarm system.
9. REQUIRED INSTALLATIONS
(a) Group A Occupancies having an occupant load of 300 or more shall be
provided with an approved manually operated Class IV, Type A fire alarm system.
(b) Group E Occupancies having more than 50 occupants shall be provided
with an approved manually operated Class I, Type A fire alarm system.
(c) Group I, Divisions I and 2 Occupancies and mental hospitals shall be
provided with an approved automatic smoke -detection and manually activated
Class III alarm system of Type A, B, C or D.
Group I, Division 3 Occupancies other than mental hospitals shall be provided
with an approved smoke -detection and manually activated Class IV alarm system
of Type A, B, C or D.
Except for Group R, Division 1 Occupancies that comply with Section 1807 of
the Building Code, fire alarms shall be provided in the following Group R,
Division I Occupancies:
1. Apartment houses three or more stories in height or containing more than
15 apartments —Class II alarm systems of Type A, B, C or D.
EXCEPTION: An alarm need not be installed in buildings not over two stories in
height when all individual dwelling units are separated by at least one -hour fire -
resistive occupancy separations, including attics and crawl spaces, and each individ-
ual dwelling unit has direct exit to a yard or public way.
2. Hotels either three stories or more in height or containing 20 or more guest
rooms —Class II alarm systems of Type A, B, C or D.
The alarm system shall include provisions for smoke detection and manual
operation in interior corridors and automatic detection in storage rooms, laundry
rooms, furnace rooms and similar common areas.
10. SPECIAL PROVISIONS
(a) The requirements for fire alarm systems under Section 9 may be waived in
other than Group I and Group E Occupancies if the building is protected by an
approved sprinkler system conforming to U.B.C. Standard No. 38-1 with shutoff
valves and water flow devices supervised as prescribed in Types B, C, D and E fire
alarm systems.
(b) All fire alarm systems shall be installed in such a manner that the failure of
330
1982 EDITION
APPENDIX III-C
any single alarm -actuating or alarm -indicating device will not interfere with the
normal operation of any other such devices.
(c) The fire chief may waive the requirements as set forth in Section 7 (a) 1, (a)
2, and (b) for alarm systems in A, E and I Occupancies.
(d) The annunciator and control panel shall be installed in a location approved
by the chief.
11. EXISTING BUILDINGS
The provisions of this appendix shall apply to existing conditions as well as to
conditions arising after the adoption thereof, except that conditions legally in
existence at the adoption of this appendix and not in strict compliance therewith
shall be permitted to continue only if, in the opinion of the chief, they do not
constitute a distinct hazard to life or property.
12. MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMS
All fire alarm systems shall be maintained in accordance with Section 10.302.
331
APPENDIX IV -A
Division IV
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
FLAMMABLE FLOOR COVERINGS
APPENDIX IV -A
INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH
1. GENERAL
This appendix regulates exposed floor surfaces of buildings, including cover-
ings which are applied over a previously finished floor.
EXCEPTION: Interior floor finish materials of a traditional type, such as wood,
vinyl, linoleum, terrazzo and other resilient floor -covering materials.
Floor coverings judged by the chief to represent an unusual hazard shall meet
the classification prescribed for the various occupancy groups listed in Table IV -A
when tested in accordance with the requirements of Section 2.
2. TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
(a) Testing. Critical radiant flux values of interior floor finishes shall be
established by tests conducted in accordance with procedures specified within
Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems
Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, National Fire Protection Association
Standard 253-1978 conducted by an approved testing agency.
(b) Classification. Interior floor finish materials which are judged by the chief
to represent an unusual hazard which are to be installed in an exit enclosure,
passageway or corridor shall be tested and classified on the basis of tests con-
ducted in accordance with Subsection 2 as follows:
1. Class 1 Interior Floor Finish. Materials having a minimum critical radiant
flux of 0.45 watt per square centimeter.
2. Class 2 Interior Floor Finish. Materials having a minimum critical radiant
flux of 0.22 watt per square centimeter.
3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CRITICAL RADIANT FLUX
(a) General. Interior floor finish materials judged by the chief to represent an
unusual hazard shall meet the classification prescribed for the various occupancy
groups listed in Table IV -A when tested in accordance with the requirements of
Section 2.
EXCEPTION: When an approved automatic sprinkler system is installed, Class
2 materials may be used in any area where Class 1 materials are required and the
materials need not be classified in areas where Class 2 materials are permitted.
(b) Test Report Availability. All interior floor finish materials required by this
section to meet critical radiant flux limits in accordance with Section 2 shall be
tested by an approved laboratory. A copy of the test report identifying and
representing the style to be installed shall be provided to the chief upon request.
The test report shall identify the interior floor finish by manufacturer (or supplier)
and style name and shall be representative of the current construction of the
material to be installed.
332
1982 EDITION
APPENDIX IV -A
(c) Identification. The interior floor finish material shall be identified by a
hang tag or other suitable method as to manufacturer (or supplier) and style and
shall indicate the classification of the material based upon the limits specified
within Section 2.
TABLE IV -A —INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH REQUIREMENTS
USE GROUPS
REQUIRED
EXITS AND
PASSAGEWAYS1
CORRIDORS
PROVIDING
EXIT ACCESS
Group A
2
2
Group B-2
2
2
Group E
2
2
Group I2
1
1
Group R-1
1 2
2
'Combustible floor finish not permitted for stairs in Types I and II construction nor other
types of construction exceeding three stories in height.
2Combustible floor finish not permitted in rooms occupied by inmates or patients whose
personal liberties are restrained.
333
APPENDIX V-A UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Division V
STANDARDS
APPENDIX V-A
NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED
STANDARDS OF GOOD PRACTICE
The most recent edition or supplement of the following standards and publica-
tions shall be used:
ALLIANCE OF AMERICAN INSURERS
20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60606
AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION
85 John Street, New York, NY 10038
Branch Offices:
120 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago„ IL 60603
465 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94104
1701 K Street, N.W. , Washington, DC 20006
AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION RESEARCH REPORTS
No. I Fire Hazards of the Plastics Industry, M65.
No. 2 Potential Hazards in Molten Salt Baths for Heat Treatment of
Metals, M65.
No. 5 Processes, Hazards and Protection Involved in the Manufacture of
Spiritous Liquors, 016.
No. 7 Precautionary Fire and Explosion Safeguards in the Use of Chlorine
Dioxide for Industrial Bleaching, M75.
No. 9 Fire and Explosion Hazards of Thermal Insecticidal Fogging, M40.
No. 10 Mechanism of Extinguishment of Fire by Finely Divided Water
No. I 1 Fire and Explosion Hazards of Organic Peroxides.
No. 12 Nitroparaffins and Their Hazards.
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. , Washington, DC 20009
MCA Safety Data Sheets.
COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10036
CGA PAMPHLETS
G-1 Acetylene.
G-2 Anhydrous Ammonia.
G-3 Sulphur Dioxide.
334
1982 EDITION
G-4 Oxygen.
G-5 Hydrogen.
P-1 Safe Handling of Compressed Gases.
P-2 Characteristics and Safe Handling of Medical Gases.
V-5 Diameter -Index Safety System.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
400 Seventh Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20590
Title 49, Chapter 1, 1970.
FACTORY MUTUAL ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
1151 Boston -Providence Turnpike, Norwood, MA 02062
FERTILIZER INSTITUTE
1015-18th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20006
APPENDIX V-A
Definition and Test Procedures for Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer.
INDUSTRIAL RISK INSURERS
85 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT 06102
INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES
1575 I Street, N.W., Suite 550
Washington, DC 20005
IME PAMPHLETS
No. 1 Standard Storage Magazines.
No. 20 Radio Frequency Radiation Hazard in Use of Electric Blasting
Caps.
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269
NFPA NATIONAL FIRE CODES
Volumes 1 through 16.
SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations. Part 30, Licensing of By-products
Material —Radioisotope Distribution, Part 70, Special
Nuclear Materials.
Title 49, Chapter X, Code of Federal Regulations. Part 78 of Interstate
Commerce Regulations
I.C.C. Specifications MC 300, MC 302, MC 303, MC 304, MC 305,
MC 330, and MC 331.
335
APPENDIX V-A
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC.
333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062
1285 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, Long Island, NY 11747
1655 Scott Lane, Santa Clara, CA 95050
U.L. INC. PRODUCT DIRECTORIES
Automotive, Burglary Protection and Mechanical Equipment.
Building Materials.
Electrical Appliance and Utilization Equipment.
Electrical Construction Materials.
Fire Protection Equipment.
Fire Resistance.
Gas and Oil Equipment.
General Information from Electrical Construction Materials
and Hazardous Location Equipment Directories.
Hazardous Location Equipment.
Marine Products.
Recognized Component.
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF MINES
4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
U.S. Department of Interior Information Circular 8179 Safety
Recommendations for Sensitized Ammonium Nitrate Blasting Agents.
336
1982 EDITION APPENDIX VI -A
Division VI
INFORMATIONAL
APPENDIX VI -A
EMERGENCY RELIEF VENTING FOR FIRE EXPOSURE
FOR ABOVEGROUND TANKS
The requirements for emergency venting given in Table No. 79.510-A and the
modification factors in Section 79.510 (b) 4 are derived from a consideration of:
1. Probable maximum rate of heat transfer per unit area;
2. Size of tank and the percentage of total area likely to be exposed;
3. Time required to bring tank contents to boil;
4. Time required to heat unwet portions of the tank shell or roof to a
temperature where the metal will lose strength;
5. Effect of drainage, insulation and the application of water in reducing fire
exposure and heat transfer.
Table No. 79.510-A is based on a composite curve which is considered to be
composed of three straight lines when plotted on log -log paper. The curve may be
defined in the following manner:
The first straight line is drawn on log -log paper between the point 400,000
Btu/h, at 20 square feet exposed surface area and the point 4,000,000 Btu/h at 200
square feet exposed surface area. The equation for this portion of the curve is Q
= 20,000A.
The second straight line is drawn on log -log graph paper between the points
4,000,000 Btu/h at 200 square feet exposed surface area and 9,950,000 Btu/h at
1,000 square feet exposed surface area. The equation for this portion of the curve
is Q = 199,300A 566.
The third straight line is plotted on log -log graph paper between the points
9,950,000 Btu/h at 1,000 square feet exposed surface area and 14,090,000 Btu/h,
at 2,800 square feet exposed surface area. The equation for this portion of the
curve is Q = 963,400A 338.
0 = 20,000A
0 = 199,300A.568
0 = 963,400A.33e
A
0
A
0
A
0
20
400,000
200
4,000,000
1,000
10,000,000
30
600,000
250
4,539,000
1,200
.10,593,000
40
800,000
300
5,032,000
1,400
11,122,000
50
1,000,000
350
5,491,000
1,600
11,601,000
60
1,200,000
400
5,922,000
1,800
12,040,000
70
1,400,000
500
6,719,000
2,000
12,449,000
80
1,600,000
600
7,450,000
2,400
13,188,000
90
1,800,000
700
8,129,000
2,800
14,000,000
100
2,000,000
800
8,768,000
and over
120
2,400,000
900
9,372,000
140
2,800,000
1,000
10,000,000
160
3,200,000
180
3,600,000
200
4,000,000
337
APPENDIX VI -A UNIFORM FIRE CODE
For areas exceeding 2,800 square feet it has been concluded that complete fire
involvement is unlikely, and loss of metal strength from overheating will cause
failure in the vapor space before development of maximum possible vapor
evolution rate. Therefore, additional venting capacity beyond the vapor equiv-
alent of 14,090,000 Btu/h will not be effective or required.
For tanks and storage vessels designed for pressures over 1 psig, additional
venting for exposed surfaces beyond 2,800 square feet is believed to be desirable
because, under these storage conditions, liquids are stored close to their boiling
points. Therefore, the time to bring the container contents to boiling conditions
may not be significant. For these situations a heat input value should be deter-
mined on the basis of
Q = 21,000A0 82
The flow capacities are based on the assumption that the stored liquid will have
the characteristics of hexane, and the vapor liberated has been transposed to
equivalent free at at 60T and 14.7 psia by using appropriate factors in:
CFH = 70.5QLV
where 70.5 is the factor for converting pounds of gas to cubic feet of air; Q = the
total heat input per hour expressed in Btu; L = latent heat of vaporization; and M
= molecular weight.
x
3
m
z
z
O
IL
cr
O
N
m
Q
WW
2
J
20 200 1,000 2,800
A = EXPOSED WETTED SURFACE AREA IN SQUARE FEET
CURVE FOR DETERMINING REQUIREMENTS FOR EMERGENCY VENTING
DURING FIRE EXPOSURE
338
1982 EDITION
APPENDIX VI -A
No consideration has been given to possible expansion from the heating of the
vapor above the boiling point of the liquid, its specific heat, or the difference in
density between the discharge temperature and 60°F. , since some of these changes
are compensating.
Since tank vent valves are ordinarily rated in CFH standard air, the figures
derived from Table No. 79.510-A may be used with the appropriate tank pressure
as a basis for valve selection.
The table below gives for a variety of chemicals the constants which can be
used to compute the vapor generated and equivalent free air for liquids other than
hexane, where greater exactness is desired. Inspections of the table will show that
the use of hexane in deriving Table No. 79.508-A provides results which are
within an acceptable degree of accuracy for the listed liquids.
HEAT OF
VAPORIZATION
MOLECULAR
BTU PER LB. AT
CHEMICAL
Lam'
WEIGHT
BOILING POINT
Acetaldehyde
1673
44.05
252
Acetic acid
1350
60.05
174
Acetic anhydride
1792
102.09
177
Acetone
1708
58.08
224
Acetonitrile
2000
41.05
312
Acrylonitrile
1930
53.05
265
n-Amyl alcohol
2025
88.15
216
Aniline
1795
93.12
186
Benzene
1493
78.11
169
n-Butyl acetate
1432
116.16
133
n-Butyl alcohol
2185
74.12
254
Carbon disulfide
1310
76.13
150
Chlorobenzene
1422
112.56
134
Cyclohexane
1414
84.16
154
Cyclohexanol
1953
100.16
195
Cyclohexanone
1625
98.14
164
o-Dichlorobenzene
1455
147.01
120
cis-Dichloroethylene
1350
96.95
137
Diethyl amine
1403
73.14
164
Dimethyl acetamide
1997
87.12
214
Dimethyl amine
1676
45.08
250
Dimethylformamide
2120
73.09
248
Dioxane (diethylene ether)
1665
88.10
177
Ethyl acetate
1477
88.10
157
Ethyl alcohol
2500
46.07
368
Ethyl chloride
1340
64.52
167
Ethylene dichloride
1363
98.97
137
Ethyl ether
1310
74.12
152
Furan
1362
68.07
165
Furfural
1962
96.08
200
(Continued)
339
APPENDIX VI -A
(Continued)
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
HEAT OF
VAPORIZATION
MOLECULAR
BTU PER LB. AT
CHEMICAL
L�
WEIGHT
BOILING POINT
Gasoline
1370-1470
96.0
140-150
n-Heptane
1383
100.20
138
n-Hexane
1337
86.17
144
Hydrogen cyanide
2290
27.03
430
Isoamyl alcohol
1990
88.15
212
Isobutyl alcohol
2135
74.12
248
Isopropyl alcohol
2225
60.09
287
Methyl alcohol
2680
1 32.04
474
Methyl ethyl ketone
1623
72.10
191
Methyl methacrylate
1432
100.14
143
n-Octane
1412
114.22
132
n-Pentane
1300
72.15
153
n-Propyl acetate
1468
102.13
145
n-Propyl alcohol
2295
60.09
296
Tetrahydro furan
1428
72.10
168
Toluene
1500
92.13
156
Vinyl acetate
1532
86.09
165
o-Xylene
1538
106.16
149
Note: For data on other chemicals, see chemistry handbook.
APPROXIMATE WETTED AREAS FOR HORIZONTAL TANKS
(Wetted Area Equals 75 Percent Total Area)
Tank
Diameter,
Feet
3
1 4
5
6
1 7
1 B
1 9
1 10
11
12
Tank
Length,
APPROXIMATE WETTED AREA OF TANKS WITH FLAT HEADS
Feet
3
32
4
39
55
5
46
65
88
6
53
74
100
128
7
60
84
112
142
173
8
67
93
124
156
190
226
9
74
102
136
170
206
245
286
10
81
112
147
184
223
264
308
353
11
88
121
159
198
239
283
329
377
428
12
95
131
171
213
256
301
350
400
454
509
13
102
140
183
227
272
320
371
424
480
537
14
109
150
194
241
289
339
393
447
506
565
15
116
159
206
255
305
358
414
471
532
594
16
123
169
218
269
322
377
435
495
558
622
17
130
178
230
283
338
395
456
518
584
650
18
137
188
242
298
355
414
477
542
610
678
19
197
253
312
371
433
499
565
636
707
20
206
265
326
388
452
520
589
662
735
21
216
277
340
404
471
541
612
688
763
22
225
289
354
421
490
562
636
714
792
23
235
300
1 368
437
508
584
1 659
740
1 820
(Continued)
340
1982 EDITION
(Continued)
APPENDIX VI -A
Tank
Diameter,
Feet
3
4
1 5
1 5
1 7
8
1 9
10
11
1 12
Tank
Length,
APPROXIMATE WETTED AREA OF TANKS WITH FLAT HEADS
Feet
24
244
312
383
454
527
605
683
765
848
25
324
397
470
546
626
706
791
876
26
336
411
487
565
647
730
817
905
27
347
425
503
584
668
754
843
933
28
359
440
520
603
690
777
869
961
29
371
454
536
621
711
801
895
989
30
383
468
553
640
732
824
921
1018
31
395
482
569
659
753
848
947
1046
32
496
586
678
775
871
973
1074
33
510
602
697
796
895
999
1103
34
524
619
715
817
918
1025
1131
35
539
635
734
838
942
1051
1159
36
553
652
753
860
966
1077
1187
37
567
668
772
881
989
1103
1216
38
685
791
902
1013
1129
1244
39
701
810
923
1036
1155
1272
40
718
828
944
1060
1181
1301
41
734
847
966
1083
1207
1329
42
751
866
987
1107
1233
1357
43
767
885
1008
1130
1259
1385
44
904
1029
1154
1284
1414
45
923
1051
1178
1310
1442
46
941
1072
1201
1336
1470
47
960
1093
1225
1362
1498
48
979
1114
1248
1388
1527
49
998
1135
1272
1414
1555
50
1157
1295
1440
1583
51
1178
1319
1466
1612
52
1199
1342
1492
1640
53
1220
1366
1518
1668
54
1246
1389
1544
1696
55
1263
1413
1570
1725
56
1437
1593
1753
57
1460
1622
1781
58
1484
1648
1809
59
1507
1674
1839
60
1531
1700
1866
61
1726
1894
62
1752
1923
63
1778
1951
64
1803
1979
65
1829
2007
66
1855
2036
67
2064
68
2092
69
2120
70
2149
71
2177
72
2205
341
APPENDIX VI-B UNIFORM FIRE CODE
APPENDIX VI-B
MODEL CITATION PROGRAM
Part I
SCOPE
Many agencies charged with the responsibility of enforcing the Uniform Fire
Code have determined that the issuance of citations is necessary for gaining
compliance in some circumstances. Therefore, the following outline and exam-
ples have been drawn up to assist jurisdictions in the formulation of a citation
program.
(a) Initiating Correspondence. (See Part II, Example No. 1.) The first step in
establishing a citation program is to write a letter to the appropriate legal officer of
the jurisdiction stating the need, legal basis and intent to establish a program of
this type. This letter should prompt a reply from the legal officer advising the
enforcing agency of the action necessary to implement the program.
(b) Citation Ordinance. (See Part II, Example No. 2 when required.) In a few
jurisdictions the legal officer has advised the enforcing agency that a municipal
ordinance must be passed to allow for the issuance of citations. In such cases, a
model ordinance is provided as an example.
(c) Citation Program. In the majority of cases, the legal officer has required
the enforcing agency to submit the complete program to his or her office for
review and approval.
(d) Components. The necessary components of a complete citation program
include the following:
(i) Operating procedure and policy. (See Part III.)
(ii) Sample forms. (See Part IV; Pre -citation Letter, Sample No. 1; the
Citation, Sample No. 2.)
(iii) Bail schedule. (See Sample No. 3.)
Part II
EXAMPLES
Example No.1
Model Citation Initiation Correspondence
Address correspondence to the appropriate legal officer in the municipality or
district (i.e., city attorney or district attorney).
Dear Sir:
The Fire Department is proposing to initiate a citation program. This
department has determined that there is a need for this type of action and, in some
applications, would appropriately serve the legal process. To date, where we have
been unable to gain compliance through routine inspection, notifications,
reinspections, granting of time, explanations and extensions, we have had to file
342
1982 EDITION APPENDIX VI-B
formal complaints. This process has consistently resulted in extended delays,
continuing violations and added work for legal departments. Also, in special
situations where immediate action must be taken, citations could be issued to
individuals violating the law.
This department is currently required by law to enforce law pertaining to fire
and life safety. Section 2.105 of the Uniform Fire Code reads as follows:
Sec. 2.105. Authority of Fire Personnel to Exercise Powers of Police
Officers. The chief and members of the fire prevention bureau shall have
the powers of a police officer in performing their duties under this code.
This provision of the Uniform Fire Code makes it clear that firemen have the
powers of police officers as it pertains to this code.
.It would be our intent to continue to follow the normal notice procedure
presently being used and to issue citations only in those situations where it is
deemed applicable. Citations would not be issued at the time of first contact
except in unusual circumstances.
The proposed program would eliminate the clerical and legal work of many
cases which currently must go through the complaint process.
Please review the program as submitted and contact for your
response to the proposed program.
Example No. 2
Model Citation Ordinance
ORDINANCE NO.
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF ADDING SECTION
TO THE MUNICIPAL CODE, PROVIDING FOR
CITY COUNCIL DESIGNATION OF EMPLOYEES AND
OFFICERS AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE ARREST CITATIONS.
THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF DOES ORDAIN AS
FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1. Chapter of the Municipal Code is hereby
amended by the addition thereto of a new section, to be numbered and
reading as follows:
Issuance of Citations by Designated Officers and Employees.
Officers and employees of the city who have the discretionary duty to
enforce a statute or ordinance may, pursuant to Section of state
law and subject to the provisions hereof, arrest a person without a warrant
whenever any such officer or employee has reasonable cause to believe that
the person to be arrested has committed a misdemeanor in the officer's or
employee's presence which he or she has the discretionary duty to enforce,
and to issue a notice to appear and to release such person on his or her
343
APPENDIX VI-B UNIFORM FIRE CODE
written promise to appear in court, pursuant to Section of the kjtate
law). No officer or employee shall be allowed by his or her superior to
exercise the arrest and citation authority herein conferred, unless such
officer or employee is within a classification of city officers and employees
designated by resolution of the city council to exercise such arrest and
citation authority as to specified misdemeanor violations. The city man-
ager shall establish and cause to be administered a special enforcement
training program designed to instruct each officer or employee who will
exercise such arrest and citation authority, regarding the provisions of the
statutes and ordinances to be enforced, the evidentiary prerequisites to
proper prosecution for violations thereof, the appropriate procedures for
making arrests or otherwise prudently exercising such arrest and citation
authority, and the legal and practical ramifications and limitations atten-
dant thereto. Any such officers or employees shall be appropriately
instructed to deposit executed citations or notices within the (appropriate
agency) for filing with the court after review for legal sufficiency.
SECTION 2. Effective Date. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect
thirty (30) days after passage.
SECTION 3. Publication. The city clerk is hereby ordered and directed to
certify to the passage of this ordinance and to cause same to be published once in
, a daily newspaper of general circulation, printed, published and circu-
lated in the City of
ADOPTED this day of 19
Part III
OPERATING PROCEDURE
CITATION PROGRAM
Department Policy
The fire prevention bureau shall be responsible for the enforcement of laws and
regulations for the safeguarding, to a reasonable degree, of life and property from
the hazards of fire and explosion and from conditions hazardous to life and
property in the use or occupancy of buildings or premises and their contents.
It is the intent of the department to achieve compliance by traditional means of
inspection, notification, granting of reasonable time to comply and reinspection.
The citation shall be used only after all reasonable means to gain compliance have
failed or, with proper justification, at the discretion of the fire chief.
By department policy, only those members of the fire department specifically
designated by the fire chief may issue citations.
The adoption of the Uniform Fire Code is contained in the Ordinance,
Division , Article , Section , and establishes the proce-
dures for handling violations of said code and applicable city ordinances.
344
1982 EDITION APPENDIX VI-B
Purpose
1. To gain compliance with the state and local codes, ordinances and regula-
tions, when all reasonable efforts have been unsuccessful.
2. A course of action to be taken when a condition exists that causes an
immediate and/or extreme threat to life or property from fire and
explosion.
Authority
1. Ordinance, Section , grants authority to use citations for
violations of "any ordinance of the
2. Uniform Fire Code Sections 2.204 (a) and 2.205 state that the "chief or his
duly authorized representative shall issue such orders or notices as may be
necessary for the enforcement of the fire prevention laws and ordinances."
3. Pursuant to state law (section), citations for misdemeanors, any local or
state code applicable to fire and life safety may be cited.
Penalty
Ordinances: Not more than $500.00 fine; imprisonment not more than
6 months; or both. A misdemeanor. Each day is a separate offense.
Materials Helpful in Writing a Citation
1. Uniform Fire Code.
2. List of court holidays.
3. List of common codes and sections violated.
Officer's Demeanor
The manner in which the officer conducts his relationship with the violator is of
paramount importance. It has an effect on the violator's attitude throughout the
duration of the citing period and a strong bearing on public opinion concerning
this department. A courteous and businesslike demeanor must be displayed, and
at NO TIME should the officer enter into an argument. Remember, most violators
blame the officer, not themselves. An alert, confident manner and a reasonable
attitude may affect the violator, creating a more favorable atmosphere for the
issuance of the citation.
Salutation or Introduction
It is very important for the officer to adequately introduce himself, establish his
identity and the purpose of his presence to the person in charge of the premises.
Reason to Issue Citation
Citations will not normally be issued on the first visit. When routine violations
of the applicable fire code are encountered, citations will generally be issued
following the third visit or second reinspection.
If code compliance has not been obtained on the second visit or the first
reinspection, the inspector should mention the possibility of a citation and the
need to issue one. In all cases, adequate time shall be provided between inspec-
tions. This will vary with the seriousness of the violation and the complexity of
the work to be done.
345
APPENDIX VI-B UNIFORM FIRE CODE
In those instances where the time limit for compliance has expired but the
violator is doing his best to comply and no immediate fire or life hazard exists, the
decision not to issue a citation can be made by the inspector.
Issuance of Citation
The citation (Notice to Appear) must be signed by the person responsible for
the premises. This may be the owner, lessee or manager, but the citation must be
issued to the responsible person.
Making the Arrest (Issue Citation)
A citation for a misdeanor offense is an arrest. The violator's signature is a
promise to appear as instructed and the violator is released upon his signing.
Refusal to sign would require physical arrest. (See Refusal to Sign Citation,
below.)
After the officer has made his decision to arrest, he should make the arrest by
notifying the violator that he is arrested, the cause for the arrest and the authority
to make the arrest (enabling state or local law).
Refusal to Sign Citation
The citation is a release stating that the defendant will appear in court or post
bail in lieu of physical arrest. In extreme cases, one may encounter an individual
who will refuse to sign the citation. After all reasonable efforts have been pursued
and a signature is not obtainable, the fire prevention officer will summon a police
officer or sheriff, explain the situation to him, and request a physical arrest (per
state law section).
Accountability
Each citation is numbered and accounted for. A list of all citations will be
maintained in the headquarters fire prevention office according to the area office
of issuance.
If a mistake is made while a citation is being written, it shall be voided and the
office copy given to the fire department citation clerk for filing.
Procedures
1. Routine Violations:
A written notice shall be issued whenever a code violation is encountered. The
notice shall be issued to the persons responsible for the premises or his authorized
representative.
The time established for reinspection may vary depending on circumstances,
but generally within 15-30 days one of the following should occur:
a. Compliance with all requirements.
b. Partial compliance with a designated reinspection date.
c. A satisfactory proposal for compliance with an agreed -upon time for
completion.
d. A final notice issued with a warning of pending legal action.
The amount of time permitted for compliance shall be dependent upon the
hazard and danger created by the violation. Excessive time for compliance may
346
1982 EDITION
APPENDIX VI-B
weaken the fire department's position in the event legal action is required.
When deemed necessary by the enforcing agency, a courtesy pre -citation letter
may be issued to warn of a pending citation (see Sample No. 1). Such letters may
be sent by certified mail if the violator is not available.
Imminent Hazards:
a. Order hazard abated.
A. If the hazard is abated as requested, follow with a pre -citation letter
advising of a citation procedure for future or similar violations.
Citation may be issued if it is a repeat violation.
B. If the hazard is not abated, inspector takes action necessary to abate
hazard and citation is issued immediately.
3. Transient Violators (violations not occuring at a permanent place of
business):
a. Violations involving persons who are transient are handled by a citation
or by arrest if the violation is committed in the inspector's presence.
b. When a physical arrest is necessary, a local law enforcement officer
(sheriff or police) shall be requested to take the violator into custody
and to ensure proper procedures are followed.
4. Citation Procedures:
a. Adults being cited (19 years or older) must be able to be reached in the
event a bench warrant is issued.
b. Adults cited shall be cited in the local judicial court.
c. Juveniles shall be cited into juvenile court.
d. Citation books shall be issued by citation number to the assigned
inspector. The inspector is accountable for each citation by number.
e. Citation shall be filled out completely and correctly and all pertinent
information entered.
f. When the citation is written and completed, copies will be distributed as
follows:
A. Cited person's copy —give to violator.
B. Court copy (original) —attach copies of inspection notices and a
summary sheet and deliver to the district attorney or the city
attorney.
C. File copy (fire department's copy) —forward to the fire chief's
office; a duplicate will be returned to the field office for the occu-
pancy file.
g. The fire department shall keep a citation log entering each citation and
final disposition.
Restrictions
1. Citations shall be issued only after all responsible means to gain voluntary
compliance have been exhausted as supported by documentation.
EXCEPTION: Citations issued for violations which present imminent life haz-
347
APPENDIX VI-S
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
ards such as trespassing in a closed area, smoking in closed or restricted areas,
failure to obey lawful orders of a fireman, faulty equipment or procedures, and
violations of a similar nature will not require prior justification.
2. Citations shall be issued only by qualified officers as designated by the fire
chief.
Use of Citation
1. Citations shall be used only where a violation of a specific section of the
appropriate code or ordinance has occurred.
2. Documentation establishing prior efforts to gain compliance shall be in
evidence.
EXCEPTION: Citations issued for violations which present imminent life haz-
ards such as trespassing in a closed area, smoking in closed or restricted areas,
failure to obey lawful orders of a fireman, faulty equipment or procedures,.' and
violations of similar nature will not require prior justification.
3. Issuing person shall be qualified as required by state law.
4. The offense for which the citation is issued shall be a misdemeanor and
NOT a felony.
5. The date to appear as shown on the citation shall be as set forth by the local
municipal court from the date of issuance.
6. Whenever the issuing person questions the uncertainty of releasing the
violator upon signing the citation on his promise to appear, the assistance of
a sheriff or police officer should be requested.
7. All violations shall be indicated on the citation with reference to the
appropriate code or regulations, including the specific section number.
8. All violations as shown on the citation shall be explained to the violator
prior to his signing.
348
1982 EDITION APPENDIX VI-B
Part IV
SAMPLES
Sample No.1
Pre -citation Letter
Date
Certified Mail —Return receipt requested
Delivered in person
Dear Mr.
The Fire Department conducted a fire safety inspection at the
following:
on (date)
At that time a notice was issued indicating the corrections required to provide
compliance with the applicable codes, regulations and ordinances. Compliance is
required by the Uniform Fire Code, Section 3.102.
Reinspections were made on (date of reinspection) in an attempt to gain
compliance with the above -mentioned Fire Code regulations. We were unsuc-
cessful in obtaining compliance.
This letter is to inform you that a fire inspector for the Fire Depart-
ment will make a reinspection at the above -mentioned establishment on
to determine if the necessary corrections have been made. If the
necessary corrections have not been completed by , a citation will be
issued which will require an appearance by you in court.
This letter is written as a courtesy to you in order to avoid future litigation.
Name
Title
349
APPENDIX VI-B UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Sample No. 2
FORMS APPROVED BY JUDICIAL COUNCIL
[Form for Uniform Misdemeanor Citation]
FACE SIDE OF THE FORM
NOTME TO APPEAR No. 0001
DATE
19
TIME
M
DAY OF WEEK
IL
NAME (FIRST, MIDDLE, LAST)
RESIDENCE ADDRESS CITY
BUSINESS ADDRESS CITY
DRIVER'S LICENSE NO. STATE CLASS
BIRTHDATE
SEX HAIR EYES
M F
HEIGHT WEIGHT OTHER DES.
EC9PLOYEDSY OCCUPATION
81RTHPlACE
SOCIAL SECURITY NO.
VEHICLE LICENSE NO.
STATE
BEFORE A JUDGE OR A CLERK OF THE MUNICIPAL OR JUSTICE COURT
(ADDRESS)
DATE T12AE
19 M
WITHBdI
S DAYS
Grey areas indicate spaces subject to local or agency requirements.
350
1982 EDITION
RULES OF COURT
[Form for Uniform Misdemeanor Citation]
REVERSE SIDE OF VIOLATOR'S COPY
APPENDIX VI-B
IMPORTANT —READ CAREFULLY
WARNING:
WILLFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AS PROMISED IS A SEPARATE VIOLATION FOR WHICH YOU MAY BE
ARRESTED AND PUNISHED BY 6 MONTHS IN JAIL AND/OR $500.00 FINE, REGARDLESS OF
THE DISPOSITION OF THE ORIGINAL CHARGE.
OFFICE OF COURT CLERK —HOURS
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351
APPENDIX VI-B UNIFORM FIRE CODE
FORMS APPROVED BY JUDICIAL COUNCIL
]Form for Uniform Misdemeanor Citation]
REVERSE SIDE OF COURT COPY
BAIL:
THE DEFENDANT IS TO BE ADMITTED TO BAIL IN THE SUM OF
DOLLARS
JUDGE
BOOKING: (TO BE ORDERED ONLY ON THE REQUEST OF ARRESTING OFFICER) THE DEFENDANT
IS ORDERED TO REPORT TO THE [NAME OF THE ARRESTING AGENCY] AT [ADDRESS.[
AND TO BE BOOKED AS PROVIDED SY"LAW. -
JUDGE ..
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352
1982 EDITION APPENDIX VI-B
Sample No. 3
Bail Schedule
INSERT LOCAL ORDINANCES WHERE APPLICABLE
SECTION OFFENSE
BAIL
Article 2
2.201
(b) Unsafe Buildings
$100.00
Article 3
3.102
Compliance
500.00
3.104
Destruction of Signs
100.00
Article 10
10.102
Interference with Fire Department
100.00
10.201
Tampering with Fire Equipment
100.00
10.202
Tampering with Fire Hydrant or Fire Equipment
100.00
10.203
Hydrant Use Approval
50.00
10.204
Tampering with Barriers, etc.
100.00
10.205
Closure of Fire Roads; Parking Thereon
50.00
10.206
Obstructing Fire -protection Equipment
50.00
10.208
Premises Identification
50.00
10.209
Key Box
50.00
10.301
Installation
75.00
10.302
Maintenance
75.00
10.304
Sale of Defective Fire Extinguishers
100.00
10.305
Fire Extinguishers in Parking Areas
50.00
10.306
Fire Protection in Recreational Vehicle and
Mobile Home Parks
50.00
10.307
Fire Alarm Systems
100.00
10.313
Buildings Under Construction
100.00
Article 11
11.101
Bonfires
50.00
11.102
Kindling of Fire on Land of Others Restricted
50.00
11.103
Discarding Burning Objects Prohibited
50.00
11.104
Hot Ashes and Other Dangerous Materials
50.00
11.111
Chimney Spark Arresters
50.00
11.113
Burning on Public Property
50.00
11.116
Fire Hazard Prohibited
50.00
11.201
Accumulation of Waste Material
75.00
11.202
Handling Readily Combustible Materials
50.00
11.203
Storage of Readily Combustible Materials
50.00
11.204
Flammable Decorative Materials
50.00
11.205
Use of Open Flame or Light Restricted
50.00
11.206
Combustible Materials Beneath Structures
50.00
11.207
Combustible Storage in Attics
50.00
11.208
Parade Floats
50.00
11.209
Atrium Furnishings
75.00
11.301
Reporting of Fires
50.00
11.302
False Alarms
100.00
(Continued)
353
APPENDIX VI-B
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(Continued)
SECTION
OFFENSE
BAIL
11.401
Toy Balloons
50.00
11.404
Heating Appliances
50.00
11.405
Maintenance of Chimneys and Heating
Appliances
50.00
11.406
Trapdoors to be Closed
50.00
11.410
Open -flame Devices in Marinas
50.00
11.411
Vacating Premises
50.00
11.412
Vacant Buildings
50.00
11.413
Protection of Gas Meters
50.00
11.414
Posting of Signs on Exterior Doors Blocked by
Storage
50.00
11.415
Storage of Hazardous Equipment in Buildings
50.00
Article 12
12.103
Exit Obstruction
100.00
12.104
Doors
100.00
12.113
Exit Illumination
100.00
Article 13
13.104
Removal of Signs Prohibited
50.00
13.105
Compliance with NO SMOKING Signs
50.00
Article 25
25.103
Decorative Material
50.00
25.105
Motion Picture Screens
50.00
25.106
Exit Doors
100.00
25.107
Aisles
75.00
25.109
Use of Exit Ways
100.00
25.111
Fire Appliances
50.00
25.113
Marking and Lighting of Exits
75.00
25.114
(c) Overcrowding
100.00
25.115
Open Flame
50.00
25.117
Use of Candles and Open Flames, Permit
50.00
25.118
Detailed Requirements for Use of Candles
50.00
Article 28
28.103
Loose Storage
50.00
28.106
Dust -collecting System
50.00
Article 29
29.103
Cleaning With Class I or I1 Liquids
75.00
29.104
Handling of Gasoline and Oils
75.00
Article 30
30.102
Open Yard Storage
50.00
30.103
Operational Fire Hazards in Lumber Yards
50.00
30.105
Woodworking Plants
50.00
(Continued)
354
1982 EDITION
APPENDIX VI-B
(Continued)
SECTION
OFFENSE
BAIL
Article 32
32.104
Location of Tents and Air -supported Structures
50.00
32.105
Structural Stability
50.00
32.106
Flame-retardant Treatment
100.00
32.108
Smoking and Open Flame
50.00
32.109
Fire Extinguishers and Other Fire -protection
Equipment
50.00
32.112
Exits
50.00
32.113
Maintenance of Exit Ways
50.00
32.115
Exit Illumination
50.00
32.116
Occupant Load
50.00
32.118
Heating and Cooking Equipment
50.00
32.119
Storage of Flammable or Combustible Liquids
75.00
32.120
Housekeeping
50.00
Article 45
45.103
Smoking Prohibited
50.00
45.104
Welding Warning Signs
50.00
45.105
Electric Wiring and Equipment
50.00
45.202
Location of Spray -finishing Operations
100.00
45.203
Spray Booths
50.00
45.204
Dry -type Overspray Collectors (Exhaust Air
Filters)
50.00
45.205
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition
75.00
45.206
Ventilation of Spray Booths and Spray -finishing
Areas
50.00
45.207
Limited Spraying Areas
50.00
45.208
Storage and Handling of Flammable or
Combustible Liquids
75.00
45.209
Fire -protection Equipment
50.00
45.210
Operations and Maintenance
50.00
45.211
Drying Apparatus
50.00
45.301
Location of Dip Tank Operations
75.00
45.302
Ventilation of Vapor Areas
50.00
45.305
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition
75.00
45.308
Dip Tank Covers
50.00
45.310
Coating Operations
50.00
45.403
Guards and Signs
50.00
45.405
Ventilation
50.00
45.602
Location and Construction of Powder Coating
Rooms and Booths
75.00
45.603
Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition
75.00
45.604
Ventilation
50.00
45.608
Electrostatic Fluidized Beds
50.00
45.701
General
50.00
45.702
Use of Organic Peroxide Coatings
50.00
45.703
Storage
75.00
45.705
Mixing
100.00
45.706
Smoking
50.00
(Continued)
355
APPENDIX VI-B
(Continued)
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
SECTION
OFFENSE
BAIL
Article 47
47.104
Notification of Fumigation
50.00
47.108
Warning Signs
50.00
Article 48
48.108
Fire -extinguishing Materials
50.00
48.110
Handling of Magnesium Fines (Fine
Magnesium Scrap)
50.00
Article 49
49.104
Storage of Cylinders
50.00
49.107
General Safety Rules for Welding and Cutting
50.00
Article 50
50.104
Process Buildings
50.00
50.105
Storage of Raw Materials and Finished Products
50.00
50.107
Process Mills, Mixers and Kettles
50.00
50.109
Transfer of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
in Process Areas
75.00
50.111
Electrical Equipment
50.00
50.112
Protection Against Static Electricity and
Lightning
50.00
50.113
Fire Protection
50.00
50.114
Maintenance
50.00
Article 62
62.103
Location and Construction
50.00
62.104
Ventilation
50.00
62.105
Safety Controls
50.00
Article 63
63.104
Installation and Maintenance
50.00
63.106
Instructions
50.00
63.107
Emergency Signs and Labels
50.00
63.108
Diffusion Systems
50.00
Article 74
74.105
Cylinder Systems for Flammable Anesthetics
and Nonflammable Medical Gases
50.00
74.107
Storage and Use of Cylinders
75.00
74.109
Pipe Distribution
50.00
Article 76
76.103 General Requirements 100.00
Article 77
77.104 Permits 100.00
77.201 Storage of Explosives 100.00
77.202 Gunpowder 100.00
(Continued)
356
1982 EDITION APPENDIX VI-B
(Continued)
SECTION
OFFENSE
BAIL
77.301
Use and Handling of Explosives
100.00
77.302
Transportation of Explosives
100.00
77.304
Blasting Agents, General
100.00
77.305
Mixing Blasting Agents
100.00
Article 78
78.102
Permits for Manufacture, Sale and Discharge
100.00
Article 79
79.104
Portable Tanks, Containers and Equipment
50.00
79.106
Warning Labels
50.00
79.107
Warning Signs
50.00
79.108
Operating Heating, Lighting and Cooking
Appliances
75.00
79.109
Unlawful Sales of Flammable Liquids
100.00
79.110
Cleaning with Flammable Liquid
100.00
79.111
Waste Petroleum Products and Flammable or
Combustible Liquids
50.00
79.112
Sources of Ignition
75.00
79.113
Abandonment and Status of Tanks
100.00
79.201
General
75.00
79.202
Inside Liquid Storage Room
75.00
79.203
Liquid Storage Rooms
75.00
79.204
Liquid Storage Warehouses
75.00
79.301
General
50.00
79.403
Location on Property
100.00
79.404
Container and Tank Storage Near Buildings on
the Same Property
100.00
79.405
Drainage
50.00
79.406
Fencing and Maintenance
50.00
79.407
Ignition Sources
75.00
79.408
Outside Dispensing
50.00
79.409
Empty Containers and Tanks Storage
50.00
79.601
General
50.00
79.603
Corrosion Protection
75.00
79.604
Tank Connections
75.00
79.605
Testing
50.00
79.802
Inside Operations
75.00
79.803
Container -filling Facilities
75.00
79.902
Storage
50.00
79.903
Dispensing Services
50.00
79.905
Electrical Equipment
50.00
79.906
Heating Equipment
50.00
79.907
Drainage and Waste Disposal
50.00
79.908
Fire Protection
50.00
79.1303
Incidental Storage and Use of Liquids
100.00
79.1311
Housekeeping
50.00
79.1312
Fire Protection
50.00
(Continued)
357
APPENDIX VI-B UNIFORM FIRE CODE
(Continued)
SECTION
OFFENSE
BAIL
79.1806
Occupancy Requirements
75.00
79.1807
Ventilation
50.00
79.1808
Heating Equipment
50.00
79.1809
Electrical Equipment and Lighting
50.00
79.1810
Solvent Containers, Tanks and Transferring
Equipment
75.00
79.1811
Dry-cleaning Units
50.00
79.1814
Bonding and Grounding
50.00
79.1815
Scouring, Brushing and Spotting
50.00
79.1816
Fire Protection
50.00
79.1817
Smoking
50.00
Article 80
80.104
Oxidizing Materials
50.00
80.105
Radioactive Materials
50.00
80.106
Reactive and Unstable Liquids
50.00
80.107
Highly Toxic Materials
50.00
80.108
Poisonous Gases
50.00
80.109
Storage Cabinets for Hazardous Materials
50.00
80.110
Designation of Cargo
50.00
Article 81
81.105
Automatic Fire -extinguishing Systems
50.00
81.108
Aisles
50.00
Article 82
82.104
Installation of Equipment
50.00
82.110
Smoking and Open -flame Devices
50.00
82.111
Clearances of Combustibles
50.00
82.112
Abandonment of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Equipment
50.00
Article 84
84.104
Projection Equipment
50.00
APPENDIX VI-C
REFERENCE TABLES FROM THE
UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
(pages 359-368)
358
TABLE NO.5-A—WALL AND OPENING PROTECTION OF OCCUPANCIES BASED ON LOCATION ON PROPERTY
TYPES II ONE -HOUR, 11-N AND V CONSTRUCTION: For exterior wall and opening protection of Types 11 One -hour, II-N and V
buildings, see table below. Exceptions to limitation for Types 11 One -hour, II-N and Type V construction, as provided in Sections
709, 1903 and 2203 apply. For Types I, II-F.R., III and IV construction, see Sections 1803,1903, 2003 and 2103.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF
OPENINGS IN
GROUP
DESCRIPTION OF OCCUPANCY
EXTERIOR WALLS
EXTERIOR WALLS
I —Any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of 1000 or more
in the building
Not applicable (See Sections 602 and 603)
2—Any building or portion of a building having an assembly room with an
occupant load of less than 1000 and a stage
Not permitted less
2. I —Any building or portion of a building having an assembly room with an
2 hours less than 10
than 5 feet
occupant load of 300 or more without a stage, including such buildings
feet, I hour elsewhere
Protected less than
used for educational purposes and not classed as a Group E
10 feet
A
or Group B, Division 2 Occupancy
See also
Section
3—Any building or portion of a building having an assembly room with an
2 hours less than 5 feet,
Not permitted less than
602
occupant load of less than 300 without a stage, including such buildings used
I hour less than 40 feet
5 feet
for educational purposes and not classed as a Group E or Group B, Division
Protected less than 10 feet
2 Occupancy
4—Stadiums, reviewing stands and amusement park structures not included
I hour less than 10 feet
Protected less than 10 feet
within other Group A Occupancies
1—Gasoline service stations, garages where no repair work is done except
exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding, or use
B
of flammable liquids
See also
2—Drinking and dining establishments having an occupant load of less than 50,
Not permitted less than 5
wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, printing plants, municipal
I hour less than 20 feet
feet
Section
702
police and fire stations, factories and workshops using material not highly
Protected less than 10 feet
flammable or combustible, storage and sales rooms for combustible goods,
paint stores without bulk handling
Buildings or portions of buildings having rooms used for educational
purposes, beyond the 12th grade, with less than 50 occupants in any room
(Continued)
a
M
m
z
2
x
n
TABLE NO.5-A—Continued
TYPES 11 ONE-HOUR,11-N AND V ONLY
FIRE RESISTANCE OF
OPENINGS IN
GROUP
DESCRIPTION OF OCCUPANCY
EXTERIOR WALLS
EXTERIOR WALLS
B
3—Aircraft hangars where no repair work is done except exchange of parts and
1 hour less than 20 feet
Not permitted less than
(Cont.)
maintenance requiring no open flame, welding, or the use of highly
5 feet
flammable liquids
Protected less than 20 feet
Open parking garages (For requirements, See Section 709.)
Heliports
4—Ice plants, power plants, pumping plants, cold storage and creameries
I hour less than 5 feet
Not permitted less than
Factories and workshops using noncombustible and nonexplosive materials
5 feet
Storage and sales rooms of noncombustible and nonexplosive materials
E
I —Any building used for educational purposes through the 12th grade by 50 or
2 hours less than 5 feet,
Not permitted less than
See also
more persons for more than 12 hours per week or four hours in any one day
1 hour less than 10 feet'
5 feet
Section
2—Any building used for educational purposes through the 12th grade by Tess
Protected less than 10
802
than 50 persons for more than 12 hours per week or four hours in any one day
feet
3—Any building used for day-care purposes for more than six children
H
1—Storage, handling, use or sale of hazardous and highly flammable or
See also
explosive materials other than flammable liquids f See also Section 901 (a),
See Chapter 9 and the Fire Code
Sections
Division I.]
902 and
2—Storage, handling, use or sale of Classes I, 11 and III -A liquids; dry cleaning
4 hours less than 5 feet,
Not permitted less than
903
plants using Class I, II or III -A liquids; paint stores with bulk handling; paint
2 hours less than 10
5 feet
shops and spray -painting rooms and shops [See also Section 901 (a),
feet, I hour less than 20
Protected less than 20 feet
Division 2.1
feet
3—Woodworking establishments, planing mills, box factories, buffing rooms
for tire -rebuilding plants and picking rooms; shops, factories or warehouses
where loose combustible fibers or dust are manufactured, processed,
generated or stored; and pin -refinishing rooms
4—Repair garages not classified as a Group B, Division I Occupancy
'Group E, Divisions 2 and 3 Occupancies having an occupant load of not more than 20 may have exterior wall and opening protection as required for
Group R, Division 3 Occupancies.
H
5—Aircraft repair hangars
1 hour less than 60 feet
Protected less than 60 feet
(Cont.)
I
1—Nurseries for the full-time care of children under the age of six (each
2 hours less than 5 feet,
See also
accommodating more than five persons)
1 hour elsewhere
Section
Hospitals, sanitariums, nursing homes with nonambulatory patients and
Not permitted less than 5
1002
similar buildings (each accommodating more than five persons)
feet
Protected less than 10 feet
2—Nursing homes for ambulatory patients, homes for children six years of age
1 hour
or over (each accommodating more than five persons)
3—Mental hospitals, mental sanitariums, jails, prisons, reformatories and
2 hours less than 5 feet,
Not permitted less than 5
buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained
I hour elsewhere
feet, protected less than
10 feet
Mz
1—Private garages, carports, sheds and agricultural buildings
1 hour less than 3 feet
Not permitted less than 3
(See also Section 1101, Division 1.)
(or may be protected on
feet
the exterior with
materials approved for
1-hour fire -resistive
construction)
2—Fences over 6 feet high, tanks and towers
Not regulated for fire resistance
R
1—Hotels and apartment houses
I hour less than 5 feet
Not permitted less than
See also
Convents and monasteries (each accommodating more than 10 persons)
5 feet
Section
1202
3—Dwellings and lolging houses
1 hour less than 3 feet
Not permitted less than
3 feet
2For agricultural buildings, see Appendix Chapter 11.
NOTES: (1) See Section 504 for types of walls affected and requirements covering percentage of openings permitted in exterior walls.
(2) For additional restrictions, see chapters under Occupancy and Types of Construction.
(3) For walls facing streets, yards and public ways, see Part IV.
(4) Openings shall be protected by a fire assembly having a three -fourths -hour fire -protection rating.
W TABLE NO.5-B—REQUIRED SEPARATION IN BUILDINGS OF MIXED OCCUPANCY
w (In Hours)
o000
�■vvova
o0
�v�
vooa�uooavoova
o
�oa�
000000�0000a�o
�oAa�
0a
oavo
voa
o0
ma�a��
a�uoovogvva000
�ooaaa
�0000a000vo�o
�aoov000000avooaooa
��oovv000
�oao��ovo�
�vavo�vooi■
Gov
000�
Novo
��ov0000goo�ovo
�
¢�000�oo
0
000
�
�oov�ovo��,
oov
��000
000
000000�
o
�000000v�vovaaaoo��
Note: For detailed requirements and exceptions, see Section 503.
'The three-hour separation may be reduced to two hours where the Group B, Division 1 Occupancy is limited to the storage of passenger motor
vehicles having a capacity of not more than nine persons. This shall not apply where provisions of Section 702 (a) apply.
2For agricultural buildings, see also Appendix Chapter 11.
z
0
M
m
0
O
m
TABLE NO.5-C-BASIC ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREA FOR BUILDINGS ONE STORY IN HEIGHTS
(In Square Feet)
OCCUPANCY
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
1
II 11 III 11
IV
V
F.R.
F.R.
ONE -HOUR N ONE•HOUR I N
H.T.
ONE•HOUR N
A-1
Unlimited
29,900
Not Permitted
A) 2-2.1
Unlimited
29,900
13,500
Not
Permitted
13,500
Not
Permitted
13,500
10,500
Not
Permitted
A) 3-4
Unlimited
29,900
13,500
9,100
13,500
9,100
13,500
10,500
6,000
B)1-2-31
Unlimited
39,900
18,000
12,000
18,000
12,000
18,000
14,000
8,000
B-4
Unlimited
59,900
27,000
18,000
27,000
18,000
27,000
21,000
12,000
E
Unlimited
45,200
20,200
13,500
20,200
13,500
20,200
15,700
9,100
1-22
15,000
12 400
5,600
3,700
5,600
3,700
5,600
4,400
2,500
H)3-4-5
Unlimited
24,800
11,200
7,500
11,200
7,500
11,200
8,800
5,100
1) 1-2
Unlimited
15,100
6,800
Not
Permitted
6,800
Not
Permitted
6,800
5,200
Not
Permitted
1-3
Unlimited
15,100
Not Permitted3
W
See Chapter 11
R-1
Unlimited
29,900
13,500
9,1005
p 13,500
19,1005 11
13,500
H 10,500
1 6,0005
R-3
Unlimited
For open parking garages, see Section 709.
2See Section 903.
3See Section 1002 (b)
4For agricultural buildings, see also Appendix Chapter 11.
5For limitations and exceptions, see Section 1202 (b).
617or multistory buildings, see Section 505 (b).
N-No requirements for fire resistance
F.R.-Fire resistive
H.T.-Heavy Timber
ro
ao
N
m
v
d
0
Z
TABLE NO. 5-D—MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS
TYPES OF
CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPANCY
1
11
III 11
IV
V
F.R.
F.R. ONE -HOUR I N IJONE•HOUR
N
H.T. if
ONE -HOUR I N
MAXIMUM HEIGHT IN FEET
Unlimited
160
65
55 11
65 1 55
65
50
40
MAXIMUM HEIGHT IN STORIES
A-1
Unlimited
4
Not Permitted
A) 2-2.1
Unlimited
4
2
Not
Permitted
2
Not
Permitted
2
2
Not
Permitted
A) 3-4
Unlimited
12
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
B) 1-2-31
Unlimited
12
4
2
4
2
4
3
2
B-4
Unlimited
12
4
2
4
2
4
3
2
E2
Unlimited
4
22
1
22
1
22
22
1
H-1
Unlimited
2
1
l
1
1
1
1
1
H) 2-3-4-5
Unlimited
5
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
I-1
Unlimited
3
l
Not
Permitted
1
Not
Permitted
I
1
Not
Permitted
1-2
Unlimited
3
2
Not
Permitted
2
Not
Permitted
2
2
Not
Permitted
1-3
Unlimited
2
Not Permitted 3
a
See Chanter I I
R-1
Unlimited
12
4
25
4
25
4
3
25
R-3
Unlimited
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1 For open parking garages, see Section 709.
2See Section 802 (c).
3See Section 1002 (b)
4For agricultural buildings, see also Appendix Chapter 11.
5For limit- ' -is and exceptions, - Section 1202 (b).
N—No requirements for fire resistance
F.R.—Fire resistive
H.T.—Heavy Timber
TABLE NO. 17-A—TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION —FIRE -RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS
(In Hours)
For Details see Chapters under Occupancy and Types of Construction and for Exceptions see Section 1705.
TYPE I TYPE II
TYPE III TYPE IV TYPE V
NONCOMBUSTIBLE
COMBUSTIBLE
BUILDING ELEMENT
Resistive
Resistive
1-Hr.
N
1-Hr.
N
H.T.
1-Hr.
N
Exterior Bearing Walls
4
Sec.
190.3 (a)
1
N
2003 (a)
2003 (a)
2103 (a)
1
N
1803 (a)
Interior Bearing Walls
3
2
1
N
1
N
1
1
N
Exterior Nonbearing
Sec.
4
1
4
4
4
1
N
Walls
1803 (a)
1903 (a)
2003 (a)
2003 (a)
2103 (a)
Structural Frame'
3
2
1
N
1
N
1 or H.T.
H.T.
N
Partitions — Permanent
1-'
12
1=
N
1
N
1 or
II T
1
N
Shaft Enclosures
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1706I
17106
Floors
2
2
1
N
1
N
H.T.
1
N
Roofs
Sec.2 806
1906
1906
N
1
N
H.T.
1
N
Exterior Doors and
Windows
Sec.
1803 (b)
1903 (b)
1903 (b)
1903(b)
2003 (b)
2003 (b)
2103 (b)
2203
2203
N—No general requirements for fire resistance. H.T.—Heavy Timber.
'Structural frame elements in the exterior wall shall be protected against external fire exposure as required for exterior beating
walls or the structural frame, whichever is greater.
2Fire-retardant treated wood (see Section 407 may be used in the assembly, provided fire -resistance requirements are maintained.
See Sections 1801 and 1901, respectively.
s
V
M
z
10
X
Y
APPENDIX VI-C
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TABLE NO.33-A—MINIMUM EGRESS AND ACCESS REQUIREMENTS
USEI
MINIMUM OF
TWO EXITS
OTHER THAN
ELEVATORS ARE
REQUIRED
WHERE
NUMBER OF
OCCUPANTS IS
AT LEAST
OCCU-
PANT
LOAD
FACTORS
ACCESS BY
MEANS OF A
RAMP OR AN
ELEVATOR MUST
BE PROVIDED
FOR THE
PHYSICALLY
HANDICAPPED
AS INDICATED3
1. Aircraft Hangars
(no repair)
10
500
Yes
2. Auction Rooms
30
7
Yes
3. Assembly Areas, Concen-
trated Use (without fixed seats)
50
7
Yes3 4
Auditoriums
Bowling Alleys (Assembly areas)
Churches and Chapels
Dance Floors
Lodge Rooms
Reviewing Stands
Stadiums
4. Assembly Areas, Less -con-
centrated Use
50
15
Yes3 io
Conference Rooms
Dining Rooms
Drinking Establishments
Exhibit Rooms
Gymnasiums
Lounges
Stages
5. Children's Homes and
Homes for the Aged
6
80
Yes5
6. Classrooms
50
20
Yesli
7. Dormitories
10
50
Yes5
8. Dwellings
10
300
No
9. Garage, Parking
30
200
Yes6
10. Hospitals and Sanitariums —
Nursing Homes
6
80
Yes
I t . Hotels and Apartments
10
200
Yes8
12. Kitchen --Commercial
30
200
No
13. Library Reading Room
50
50
Yes3
14. Locker Rooms
30
50
Yes
15. Mechanical Equipment Room
30
300
No
16. Nurseries for Children
(Day-care)
7
35
Yes
366
1982 EDITION
APPENDIX VI-C
TABLE NO.33-A—MINIMUM EGRESS AND ACCESS REOUIREMENTS—
(Continued)
USE1
MINIMUM OF
TWO EXITS
OTHER THAN
ELEVATORS ARE
REQUIRED
WHERE
NUMBER OF
OCCUPANTS IS
AT LEAST
OCCU-
PANT
LOAD
FACTORS
ACCESS BY
MEANS OF A
RAMP OR AN
ELEVATOR MUST
BE PROVIDED
FOR THE
PHYSICALLY
HANDICAPPED
AS INDICATED3
17. Offices
30
100
Yes5
18. School Shops and Vocational
Rooms
50
50
Yes
19. Skating Rinks
50
50 on
Yes3
the
skating
area;
15 on the
deck
20. Stores —Retails Sales Rooms
Basement
7
20
Yes
Ground Floor
50
30
Yes
Upper Floors
10
50
Yes
21. Swimming Pools
50
50 for
Yes3
the pool
area;
15 on the
deck
22. Warehouses
30
300
No
23. Lobby Accessory to Assembly
Occupancy
50
7
Yes
24. Malls (see Appendix Chapter 7)
25. All others
50
100
'Refer to Sections 3320 and 3321 for other specific requirements.
2Elevators shall not be construed as providing a required exit.
3Access to secondary areas on balconies or mezzanines may be by stairs only, except when
such secondary areas contain the only available toilet facilities.
4Reviewing stands, grandstands and bleachers need not comply.
5Access to floors other than that closest to grade may be by stairs only, except when the only
available toilet facilities are on other levels.
6Access to floors other than that closest to grade and to garages used in connection with
apartment houses may be by stairs only.
7See Section 3303 for basement exit requirements.
8See Section 1213 for access to buildings and facilities in hotels and apartments.
9This table shall not be used to determine working space requirements per person.
[°Access requirements for conference rooms, dining rooms, lounges and exhibit rooms that
are part of an office use shall be the same as required for the office use.
t t When the floor closest to the grade offers the same programs and activities available on
other floors, access to the other floors may be by stairs only, except when the only
available toilet facilities are on other levels.
367
APPENDIX VI-C
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TABLE NO.42-A—FLAME-SPREAD CLASSIFICATION
MATERIAL QUALIFIED BY:
Class
Tunnel Test
I
0- 25
II
26- 75
III
76-200
TABLE NO.42-B—MAXIMUM FLAME -SPREAD CLASSIFICATIONS4
OCCUPANCY
GROUP
ENCLOSED
VERTICAL
EXITWAYS
OTHER
EXITWAYS5
ROOMS OR
AREAS
A
I
II
III
E
I
II
III
I
I
II
II t
H
I
II
III2
B
I
II
III
R-1
I
II
III
R-3
III
III
III3
NO RESTRICTIONS
M
'In rooms in which personal liberties of inmates are forcibly restrained, Class I material
only shall be used.
20ver two stories shall be of Class II.
3Flame-spread provisions are not applicable to kitchens and bathrooms of Group R,
Division 3 Occupancies.
4Foam plastics shall comply with the requirements specified in Section 1712.
5Finish classification is not applicable to interior walls and ceilings of exterior exit
balconies.
368
1982 EDITION APPENDIX VI-D
APPENDIX VI-D
UNIT CONVERSION TABLES
SI SYMBOLS AND PREFIXES
BASE UNITS
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Length
Meter
m
Mass
Kilogram
kg
Time
Second
s
Electric current
Ampere
A
Thermodynamic temperature
Kelvin
K
Amount of substance
Mole
mol
Luminous intensity
Candela
cd
SI SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
Quantity Unit Symbol
Plane angle Radian rad
Solid angle Steradian sr
SI PREFIXES
Multiplication Factor
Prefix
Symbol
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 =1018
exa
E
1 000 000 000 000 000 =1015
peta
P
1 000 000 000 000 =1012
tera
T
1 000 000 000 =109
giga
G
1 000 000 =106
mega
M
1 000 =103
kilo
k
100 =102
hecto
h
10 =101
deka
da
0.1 = 10-1
deci
d
0.01 =10-2
centi
c
0.001 =10-3
milli
m
0.000 001 = 10-6
micro
µ
0.000 000 001 =10-9
nano
n
0.000 000 000 001 =10-12
pico
p
0.000 000 000 000 001 =10-15
femto
f
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 =10-18
atto
a
(Continued)
369
APPENDIX VI-D UNIFORM FIRE CODE
SI SYMBOLS AND PREFIXES —(Continued)
SI DERIVED UNIT WITH SPECIAL NAMES
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Formula
Frequency (of a periodic phenomenon)
hertz
Hz
l/s
Force
newton
N
kg•m/s2
Pressure, stress
pascal
Pa
N/m2
Energy, work, quantity of heat
joule
J
N•m
Power, radiant flux
watt
W
J/s
Quantity of electricity, electric charge
coulomb
C
A•s
Electric potential, potential difference,
electromotive force
volt
V
W/A
Capacitance
farad
F
C/V
Electric resistance
ohm
fl
V/A
Conductance
siemens
S
A/V
Magnetic flux
weber
Wb
V•s
Magnetic flux density
tesla
T
Wb/m2
Inductance
henry
H
Wb/A
Luminous flux
lumen
Im
cd•sr
Illuminance
lux
Ix
lm/m2
Activity (of radionuclides)
becquerel
Bq
1/s
Absorbed dose
gray
Gy
J/kg
CONVERSION FACTORS
To convert to multiply by
LENGTH
1 mile (U.S. statute)
km
1.609 347
1 yd
m
0.9144
1 ft
m
0.3048
mm
304.8
1 in
mm
25.4
AREA
1 mile2 (U.S. statute)
km2
2.589 99
1 acre (U.S. survey)
ha
0.404 687
m2
4046.87
1 yd2
m2
0.836 127
1 ft2
m2
0.092 903
1 in2
mm2
645.16
VOLUME, MODULUS OF SECTION
1 acre ft
1113
1233.49
1 yd3
m3
0.764 555
100 board ft
m3
0.235 974
1 ft3
m3
0.028 316 8
L (dm3)
28.3168
1 in3
mm3
16 387.1
mL (cm3)
16.3871
1 barrel (42 U.S. gallons)
m3
.158987
(Continued)
370
1982 EDITION
CONVERSION FACTORS —(Continued)
APPENDIX VI-D
To convert to multiply by
(FLUID) CAPACITY
1 gal (U.S. liquid)**
L*
3.78541
1 qt (U.S. liquid)
mL
946.353
1 pt (U.S. liquid)
mL
473.177
1 fl oz (U.S.)
mL
29.5735
1 gal (U.S. liquid)
m3
0.003 785
**1 gallon (UK) approx. 1.2 gal (U.S.)
*1 liter approx. 0.001 cubic meters
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA
1 in4
mm4
416 231
m4
0.416 231 x 10-6
PLANE ANGLE
V (degree)
rad
0.017 453 3
mrad
17.4533
V (minute)
urad
290.888
1" (second)
urad
4.848 14
VELOCITY, SPEED
1 fvs
m/s
0.3048
1 mile/h
km/h
1.609 344
m/s
0.44704
VOLUME RATE OF FLAW
1 ft3/s
m3/s
0.028 3168
1 ft3/min
L/s
0.471 947
l gal/min
L/s
0.063 090 2
l gal/min
m3/min
0.0038
1 gal/h
mL/s
1.051 50
1 million gaud
L/s
43.8126
l acre ft/s
m3/s
1233.49
TEMPERATURE INTERVAL
l°F
°C or K
0.555 556
5/9°C = 5/9 K
EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE (t.° = Tk — 273.15)
t-F 1 1 9/5 t-, + 32
MASS
l ton (short***)
metric ton
0.907 185
kg
907.185
l lb
kg
0.453 592
l oz
g
28.3495
***Ilong ton (2240lb)
kg
1016.05
MASS PER UNIT AREA
I lb/ft2
kg/m2
4.88243
1 oz/yd2
g/m2
33.9057
1 oz/ft2
g/m2
305.152
(Continued)
371
APPENDIX VI-D UNIFORM FIRE CODE
CONVERSION FACTORS —(Continued)
To convert to multiply by
DENSITY (MASS PER UNIT VOLUME)
1 lb/f13
kg/m3
16.0185
1 Ib/yd3
kg/m3
0.593 276
1 ton/yd3
t/m3
1.186 55
FORCE
1 tonf(ton-force)
kN
8.89644
1 kip (1000lbf)
kN
4.448 22
1 lbf(pound-force)
N
4.448 22
MOMENT OF FORCE, TOROUE
1 Ibf•ft
N•m
1.355 82
1 Ibf•in
N•m
0.112 985
1 tonfft
kN•m
2.711 64
1 kip•ft
kN•m
1.355 82
FORCE PER UNIT LENGTH
Ilbf/ft
N/m
14.5939
1lbf/in
N/m
175.127
1 tonf/ft
kN/m
29.187 8
PRESSURE, STRESS, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (FORCE PER UNIT AREA) (1 Pe = 1 N/m2)
1 tonf/in2
MPa
13.7895
1 tonf/ft2
kPa
95.7605
1 kip/in2
MPa
6.89476
1 lbf/in2
kPa
6.89476
1lbf/ft2
Pa
47.8803
Atmosphere
kPa
101.3250
1 inch mercury
kPa
3.376 85
1 foot (water column @32°F)
kPa
2.988 98
WORK, ENERGY, HEAT (1J = 1N•m = 1 Ws)
1 kWh (550 ftlbf/s)
Mj
3.6
1 Btu (Int. Table)
kJ
1.05506
J
1055.06
1 fhlbf
J
1.355 82
COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER
1 Btu/(ft2•h•°F) I W/(m2•K) 5.678 26
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
1 Btu/(fhh•°F) I W/(m•K) 1.73073
ILLUMINANCE
1 Im/ft2 (footcandle) I Ix (lux) 10.7639
LUMINANCE
1 cd/ft2
cd/m2
10.7639
1 foot lambert
cd/m2
3.42626
1 lambert
kcd/m2
3.18301
372
1982 EDITION INDEX
TRI1l�1
Section
A
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS...................................................... Article 9
ACCESS
Roadways for fire apparatus........................................................ 10.207,30.102
Toarea.................................................................................34.107
To buildings.............................................................................81.109
ACCESSORY EOUIPMENT................................................................. 24.119
ADMINISTRATIVE..........................................................................
Part
Alternate materials and methods............................................................2.301
Application for permit......................................................................4.103
Authority and duty of police personnel to assist in enforcing this code .............................
2.106
Authority of fire personnel to exercise powers of police officers ...................................
2.105
Boardof Appeals.........................................................................2.302
Definitions.............................................................................Article
9
Destruction of signs.......................................................................3.104
Fire Prevention Bureau.....................................................................2.103
Fire prevention engineer or fire marshal......................................................2.104
General provisions........................................................................9.101
Inspections........................................................................2.201,4.104
Intent...................................................................................1.102
Investigations............................................................................2.202
Liability for damages......................................................................2.108
Orders, notices and tags...................................................................2.204
Permits............................................................................4.101,4.106
Recognized standards..................................................................2.303(b)
Records and reports.......................................................................2.203
Responsibility for enforcement..............................................................2.101
Retention of permits.......................................................................4.105
Revocation of permits......................................................................4.107
Rightof entry .............................................................................2.107
Rules and regulations.....................................................................2.102
Scope...................................................................................1.103
Service of orders and notices...............................................................2.205
Title.....................................................................................1.101
Unsafe buildings..........................................................................2.201
ADOPTION OF UNIFORM FIRE CODE (See page xxlx)
AIR -SUPPORTED STRUCTURES........................................................
Article 32
Definition................................................................................9.103
AIRPORTS, HELIPORTS AND HELISTOPS................................................
Article 24
Accessory equipment..................................................................24.119
..
Aircraft service station, definition............................................................
9.103
Application of flammable finishes...........................................................
24.105
Bonding and grounding...................................................................24.120
Cleaningparts...........................................................................24.106
Clearance..............................................................................24.302
Combustible storage.....................................................................24.112
Construction of aircraft refuelers...........................................................
24.201
Dispensing flammable or combustible liquids ................................................
24.103
Dispensing hose and nozzles..............................................................24.116
Drippans...............................................................................24.107
Exitways...............................................................................24.304
Federalaviation approval..................................................................24.305
Flammable liquid spillage.................................................................24.303
Fueling and defueling.................................................................:...24.203
Helistops(general).......................................................................24.301
Loading and unloading...................................................................24.207
Maintenance............................................................................24.206
Openflame.............................................................................24.108
Operation, maintenance and use of aircraft refueler units ......................................
24.202
Passengers.............................................................................24.208
Permits...........................................................................4.101,24.102
Portable fire extinguishers.................................................................24.113
Protection of electrical equipment..........................................................
24.117
Protection of hose........................................................................24.205
Pumps.................................................................................24.115
Qualified operator........................................................................24.204
373
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Regulations not covered..................................................................24.121
Repairing aircraft........................................................................24.111
Runningengines........................................................................24.110
Scope (airports and heliports).............................................................24.101
Smoking................................................................................24.109
Smoking, open -flame and service equipment ................................................
24.209
Transferring fuel .........................................................................24.104
Venting of equipment compartments........................................................24.118
AISLES ......................................... 12.103 (c), 25.107, 25.111, 25.205,
25.304, 79.203 (d)
ALTER AND ALTERATION, definition........................................................
9.103
ALTERNATE MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................
2.301
AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES, explosives .....................................
Table No. 77.201
AMMUNITION..........................................................................Article
77
APARTMENT HOUSE, definition.............................................................
9.103
APPLIANCES
Chimney and heating appliances...........................................................11.407
Fireappliances..........................................................................25.110
Heating appliances .............. .................................................
.11.406
Operating heating, lighting and cooking appliances .....................................
9.109, 79.108
APPLICATION OF FLAMMABLE FINISHES .........................................
24.105, Article 45
Airport, heliports .........................................................................24.105
APPROVED, definition.....................................................................9.103
AREA, definition ...........................................................................9.103
ASHTRAYS...............................................................................25.110
ASPHALT KETTLES.................................................................
9.103, 11.403
ASSEMBLY, definition ......................................................................9.103
ASSEMBLY, PLACES OF (See also PLACES OF ASSEMBLY) ...............................
Article 25
ATRIUM FURNISHINGS....................................................................11.209
ATTIC, STORAGE IN.......................................................................11.207
AUTHORITY
At fires and other emergencies.............................................................
10.101
To exercise police powers............................................................2.105,2.106
AUTOMATIC FIRE -EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS..............................................10.309
Alarms.................................................................................10.310
AUTOMOBILE UNDERCOATING............................................................
45.501
AUTOMOBILE WRECKING YARDS, JUNK OR WASTE MATERIAL HANDLING PLANTS........
Article 34
Accessto area..........................................................................34.107
Burning operations.......................................................................34.104
Permits...........................................................................4.101,
34.102
Pickingrooms...........................................................................34.105
Storage................................................................................34.103
Welding and cutting......................................................................34.106
Wrecking yards, junk or waste handling plants (general) .......................................
34.101
B
BALCONIES
Corridor and exterior exit..................................................................12.105
Definition................................................................................9.104
BALLOONS, TOY.........................................................................11.401
BARREL, definition........................................................................9.104
BASEMENT PIPE INLETS....................................................10.312,
Appendix III-B
BLASTING AGENTS....................................................................
Article 77
BOARD OF APPEALS......................................................................
2.302
BOILING POINT, definition ..................................................................9.104
374
1982 EDITION INDEX
BOND
For fireworks display......................................................................78.103
Required...............................................................................77.105
BONDING AND GROUNDING
Aircraft refueler units .....................................................................24.120
During use, dispensing and mixing of Class I, ll or III -A liquids ...............................
79.802 (d)
Electrical...............................................................................75.106
Eliminating static accumulation........................................................
79.806 (c) 3
For Class II and Class III systems.........................................................
79.1315
Loading and unloading facilities.......................................................79.807(a)3
Tank car loading rack, static protection ..................................................
79.807 (b) 3
Tank car loading rack, stray current protection ...........................................
79.807 (b) 4
Tank vehicles.................................................................79.1204(d),(1),(m)
Dry-cleaning equipment.................................................................79.1814
BOWLING ALLEYS.....................................................................
Article 26
Alley resurfacing and refinishing............................................................26.103
Bowling alleys (general) ...................................
.......................26.101
Permits...........................................................................4.101,26.102
Pin refinishing...........................................................................26.104
BRIDGE, used as access..................................................................10.207
BUILDING CODE, definition .................................................................9.104
BUILDING OFFICIAL, definition .............................................................9.104
BUILDINGS
Access to high -piled stock.................................................................81.109
Definition................................................................................9.104
High -piled stock, definition.................................................................9.110
Sealingof...............................................................................47.107
Under construction.......................................................................10.311
Unsafe..................................................................................2.201
Vacant.................................................................................11.414
BULK PLANT, definition....................................................................
9.104
BULK PLANTS (flammable and combustible liquids) ...........................
Article 79, Division XIV
Buildings..............................................................................79.1402
Drainage and waste disposal.............................................................79.1409
Electrical equipment....................................................................79.1407
Fireprotection..........................................................................
79.1410
Ignition sources........................................................................79.1408
Loading and unloading facilities. ..........................................................
79.1405
Storage...............................................................................79.1404
Ventilation.............................................................................79.1403
Wharves..............................................................................79.1406
BULLET RESISTANT, definition.............................................................
9.104
BURNING OPERATIONS...................................................................34.104
C
CANDLES
Detailed requirements for use..............................................................25.118
Permits...........................................................................4.101,25.116
CARGO TANK, definition...................................................................9.105
CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE FILM ............................................
Article 33
Buildings...............................................................................33.103
Permits...........................................................................4.101,33.102
Scope..................................................................................33.101
Storage and handling.....................................................................33.104
CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (pyroxylin) .............................................
Article 27
Definition................................................................................9.105
Display of plastics........................................................................27.103
Fire -protection equipment.................................................................27.105
Permits...........................................................................
4.101, 27.102
Sourcesof ignition.......................................................................27.106
Storage and handling.....................................................................27.104
CHEMICAL AND PROCESSING PLANTS ....................................... Article 79, Division XV
CHEMICAL PLANT, definition............................................................... 9.105
375
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
CHIEF, definition ...........................................................................9.105
CHIMNEYS AND HEATING APPLIANCES, MAINTENANCE OF ................................. 11.405
CLASS I OR CLASS li LIQUID SPILLAGE .................................................... 24.303
CLEANING
After fumigation.........................................................................47.109
Parts in aircraft hangars...................................................................24.106
With flammable liquids in garages..........................................................
29.103
CLEARANCE
Helistop touchdown area..................................................................24.302
Of combustibles.........................................................................82.111
COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS (storage and handling) ...........................................
Article 28
Baledstorage...........................................................................28.104
Definition................................................................................9.105
Dust -collecting system...................................................................28.106
Loose storage...........................................................................28.103
Permits.............. ........................... ..................................
4.101,28.102
Storage of agricultural products............................................................28.105
COMBUSTIBLE AND FLAMMABLE MATERIALS .................................
Article 11, Division 11
Accumulation of waste material............................................................
11.201
Combustible material beneath structure.....................................................
11.206
Combustible storage in attic spaces........................................................
11.207
Flammable decorative materials...........................................................11.204
Handling readily combustible materials......................................................
11.202
Storage of readily combustible materials ....................................................
11.203
Use of open flame or light restricted.........................................................
11.205
COMPRESSEDGAS....................................................................
Article 74
Bulk oxygen systems at consumer sites .....................................................
74.106
Cross -connection testing..................................................................74.113
Cylinder systems for flammable anesthetics .................................................
74.105
Definition................................................................................9.105
General precautions......................................................................74.115
Nonflammable medical gas system ..................................................
74.105, 74.108
Permits...........................................................................4.101,
74.103
Pipes distribution........................................................................
74.109
Purging.................................................................................74.114
Scope..................................................................................74.101
Shutoffvalves...........................................................................74.110
Stationoutlet............................................................................74.111
Storage and use of cylinders..............................................................74.107
Storage containers.............................................................
49.104(c),74.104
Testing of piping.........................................................................74.112
CONDEMNATION TAG, COMPLIANCE WITH ..................................................
3.103
CONSTRUCTION OF
Aircraft refuelers.........................................................................24.201
Buildings under construction..............................................................10.313
Diptanks...............................................................................45.303
Incinerators.............................................................................11.105
Inside liquid room........................................................................79.202
Inside use, dispensing and mixing room.....................................................79.804
Liquid storage rooms..............................................................
79.102,79.203
Liquid storage warehouse..........................................................
79.102,79.204
Ovens, industrial baking and drying.........................................................62.103
Piping, materials and construction..........................................................75.401
Tank vehicle...........................................................................79.1202
Tire -rebuilding plants.....................................................................31.103
CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE INSIDE BUILDINGS ...............
Article 79, Division II
Design and construction of an inside liquid room ..............................................
79.202
Dispensing inside use, dispensing and mixing room ...........................................
79.802
Empty containers.....................................................................79.201
(c)
Fire protection...........................................................................79.205
Manner of storage and limitations.......................................................79.201(a)
Outside dispensing......................................................................79.806
Outside storage.............................................................
Article 79, Division IV
Portable tank storage..............................................79.201
(a), 79.203 (d), 79.204 (c)
Scope..................................................................................79.201
Storage cabinets......................................................................79.201
(g)
Storage in inside storage and handling rooms ................................................
79.405
376
1982 EDITION
INDEX
CONTAINERS
Aboveground............................................................................75.301
Approvalof..............................................................................75.104
Belowground, definition ....................................................................9.104
Calcium carbide.........................................................................49.108
Closed, definition.........................................................................9.105
Compressed gases......................................................................74.104
Cryogenicfluids.........................................................................75.104
Definition.........................................................................9.105,75.101
Design, construction and testing...........................................................75.201
Empty...........................................................................79.410,79.603
LPGlocation...........................................................................82.105
Nameplate......................................................................
.75.205
Portable tanks, containers and equipment ............................................
79.104, 79.201
Pressure -relief devices...................................................................75.203
Tanks and vessels —cryogenic transportation................................................75.601
CONTAINERS (cryogenic fluids) ................................................
Article 75, Division II
Container design, construction and testing ..................................................
75.201
Container pressure -relief devices...........................................................75.202
Insulation...............................................................................75.204
Nameplate..............................................................................75.205
Pressure -relief vent piping.................................................................75.203
CONVERSION OIL BURNER, definition......................................................
9.105
CORROSION PROTECTION
For tank and piping.......................................................................79.603
Piping..................................................................................79.702
CORROSIVE LIQUIDS, definition............................................................9.105
COVERED MALL BUILDINGS............................................................
Article 85
CRUDE PETROLEUM, definition.............................................................
9.105
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS....................................................................Article
75
Approval of containers, equipment and devices ...............................................
75.104
Container design, construction and testing ..................................................
75.201
Container pressure -relief devices...........................................................75.202
Containers—Tanks—Vessels..............................................................75.601
Cryogenic in -ground container, definition.....................................................9.105
Cryogenic vessel, definition.....................................................
..... 9.105
Definitions......................................................................
Article 9, 75.102
Dispensingareas........................................................................75.108
Drainage or aboveground containers.......................................................75.302
Electrical equipment.....................................................................75.105
Electrical grounding or bonding............................................................75.106
Fire protection...........................................................................75.109
Flammable cryogenic fluids, definition.......................................................
9.108
Installation of aboveground containers......................................................75.301
Installation ofbelowground concrete containers..............................................75.304
Installation of cryogenic in -ground containers................................................75.305
Insulation...............................................................................75.204
Loading and unloading area............................................................75.501
Location of aboveground containers with respect to exposure ...................................
75.303
Location of belowground and in -ground containers with respect to exposure ......................
75.306
Location of containers with respect to dikes..................................................75.307
Nameplate........................................................................
75.205
Permits.......................................................................
... 4.101, 75.103
Piping, materials and construction..........................................................75.401
Pressure -relief vent piping.................................................................75.203
Safety factor, definition.....................................................................9.121
Scope..................................................................................75.101
Systems, definition ........................................................................9.121
Valves and accessory equipment...........................................................75.402
Vehicles................................................................................75.602
Warninglabels..........................................................................75.107
CYLINDERS
Manifoiding......................................................................
.. 49.103
Storage and use..................................................................49.104,74.107
Systems for flammable anesthetics and nonflammable medical gases ...........................
74.105
D
DECORATIVE MATERIALS, FLAMMABLE...................................................11.204
377
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................ Part II, Article 9
DIP TANKS...................................................................
Article 45, Division III
Coating operations.......................................................................45.310
Construction of..........................................................................45.303
Diptank covers..........................................................................45.308
Electrical or other sources of ignition........................................................
45.305
Fire -extinguishing equipment..............................................................45.307
Hardening and tempering tanks............................................................45.309
Location of operations....................................................................45.301
Operations and maintenance..............................................................45.306
Storage and handling of flammable liquids ...................................................
45.304
Ventilation..............................................................................45.302
DISPENSING
Areas..................................................................................75.108
Hose and nozzle —aircraft service station ...................................................
24.116
In inside use, dispensing and mixing room ...................................................
79.802
In service station.........................................................................79.903
Of flammable liquids .........................................
24.103, 79.109, 79.202, 79.408, 79.806
Outside................................................................................79.806
Use, dispensing and mixing (flammable and combustible liquids) .................
Article 79, Division VIII
DISTILLERIES..............................................................
Article 79, Division XVI
DOORS (See Exit Ways, Maintenance of)
DRAINAGE AND WASTE DISPOSAL, service station .........................................
79.907
DRY-CLEANING PLANTS ..........................................
Article 36, Article 79, Division XVIII
Bonding and grounding..................................................................79.1814
Definitions...............................................................................9.106
Electrical equipment....................................................................79.1808
Fire protection..........................................................................79.1816
Heating equipment......................................................................79.1808
Machines..............................................................................79.1811
Permits ............... ...........................................................
4.101,79.1803
Scouring, brushing and spotting..........................................................79.1815
Smoking prohibited.....................................................................79.1817
Stills..................................................................................79.1812
Systems classification...................................................................79.1802
Tumblers, dryers and cabinets............................................................
79.1813
DRY STANDPIPES........................................................................10.312
DUST, definition...........................................................................
9.106
DUST EXPLOSIONS, (prevention of) ......................................................
Article 76
Definitions...............................................................................9.106
General requirements....................................................................76.103
Permits...........................................................................4.101,76.102
DWELLING, definition ......................................................................9.106
E
ELECTRICAL...........................................................................
Article 85
Abatement of electrical hazard.............................................................85.104
Access.................................................................................85.108
Definitions..............................................................................85.102
Electrical motors.........................................................................85.105
Extension cords.........................................................................85.106
Multiplug adapters.......................................................................85.107
Nonapproved appliances..................................................................85.109
Scope..................................................................................85.101
Use of temporary wiring...................................................................85.103
ELECTRICAL CODE, definition..............................................................
9.107
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Bulk plants.............................................................................79.1407
Connection with oil-burnin equipment, ...... ......................................
61.104
Flammable and cryogenic igwds..................................................
75.105, 79.1808
Fruit -ripening processes..................................................................46.104
Industrial plants........................................................................79.1309
Servicestations.........................................................................79.905
Spraying operations......................................................................45.105
Within 25 feet of loading rack ..............................................................79.807
378
1982 EDITION INDEX
ELECTROSTATIC APPARATUS ................................................
Article 45, Division IV
Controls................................................................................45.402
Equipment type and location..............................................................45,401
Guardsand signs........................................................................45,403
Maintenance............................................................................45.404
Ventilation..............................................................................45,405
EMERGENCY RELIEF VENTING FOR FIRE EXPOSURE FOR
ABOVEGROUND TANKS ..................................................
79.510 (b), Appendix VI -A
ENCLOSURE, EXIT.......................................................................12.109
ENTRY, RIGHT OF..........................................................................2,107
EQUIPMENT, APPLIANCES AND DEVICES, USE OF: VACANT BUILDINGS
........ Article 11, Division IV
Asphalt kettles..........................................................................11.403
Hazardous warning lights.................................................................11.409
Heating appliances.......................................................................11,404
Gas meters and piping, protection of........................................................11,413
Maintenance of chimneys and heating appliances ............................................
11.405
Open-tlame devices in marinas............................................................11.410
Rooms, storage in.....................................................................11.203(c)
Shaflwaysto be marked..................................................................11.407
Toyballoons............................................................................11,401
Tracerbullets............................................................................11.402
Trapdoors to be closed ................................. ..................................11,406
Use of torches or flame -producing devices for seating pipe joints ................................
11,408
Vacant buildings.........................................................................11.412
Vacating premises.......................................................................11.411
EXECUTIVE BODY, definition...............................................................
9,107
EXIT WAYS (maintenance of)............................................................
Article 12
Corridor and exterior exit balconies.........................................................12.105
Definitions.............................................................................Article
9
Dispersal areas...............................................................9.106,25.205(b)2
Doors...........................................................................12.104,25.106
Exit courts........................................................................9.107,12,111
Exit, definition............................................................................9.107
Exitenclosures..........................................................................12.109
Exit obstruction..........................................................................12.103
Exit passageways..................................................................
9.107,12.112
Exit ways and aisles, plan of...............................................................25.112
Horizontalexit.....................................................................9.112,12.108
Ramps.................................................................................12.107
Scope..................................................................................12.101
Signs and illumination ...............................................
12.113,12.114,25.113,32.115
Smokeproof enclosures ...................................................................12.110
Stairways...............................................................................12.106
Useof..................................................................................25.109
EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING AGENTS ..................................................
Article 77
Blasting agents (general) .................................................................77.304
Bondrequired...........................................................................77.105
Class magazines.......................................................................77.203
Class11 magazines.......................................................................77.204
Definitions.............................................................................Article
9
Disposal of waste explosives and fireworks ..................................................
77.410
Emergency procedure ....................................................................77.404
Exceptions..............................................................................77.102
Explosive operations.....................................................................77,408
Explosives and blasting agents at terminals..................................................77.303
General requirements....................................................................77.106
Gunpowder.............................................................................77.202
Intraline distance........................................................................77.405
Intraline separation of operating buildings ...................................................
77.406
Location of explosive detonations for testing .................................................
77.409
Manufacturing, assembling and testing......................................................77,401
Mixing blasting agents....................................................................77,305
Operation —buildings and equipment.......................................................
77,407
Permits required...................................................................4.101,77.104
Plansof plant............................................................................77.402
Scope..................................................................................77,101
Seizure of explosives and blasting agents ...................................................
77,307
Storage of explosives.....................................................................77.201
Training................................................................................77.403
Transportation of blasting agents...........................................................77.306
Transportation of explosives...............................................................
77.302
Use and handling of explosives............................................................77.301
379
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
EXTENSION CORDS......................................................................85.106
F
FALSEALARMS..........................................................................11.302
FEDERAL AVIATION APPROVAL...........................................................24.305
FENCE—Refineries......................................................................79.1607
FILM, CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE
Buildings...............................................................................33.103
Handling...............................................................................33.104
Storageof film...........................................................................33.104
FIRE
Appliance, definition .......................................................................9.108
Assembly, definition .......................................................................9.108
Barrier, definition ..........................................................................9.108
Chief, definition ...........................................................................9.105
Door, definition...........................................................................9.108
Nuisance, definition .......................................................................9.108
Separation, definition ......................................................................9.108
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS.............................................................
Appendix III-C
Automatic, definition .......................................................................9.103
In apartments and hotels..................................................................10.307
FIRE APPLIANCE (or fire hydrant)
Definition................................................................................9.108
General................................................................................25.111
Tamperingwith..........................................................................10.202
Where required..........................................................................10.301
FIRE ASSEMBLY FOR PROTECTION OF OPENINGS, MAINTENANCE OF ......................
10.402
FIRE BARRIER
Definition................................................................................9.108
Tamperingwith..........................................................................
10.204
FIRE DEPARTMENT, INTERFERENCE WITH.................................................10.102
FIRE DOORS, IDENTIFICATION ..........................................................10.402
(c)
FIRE EQUIPMENT, TAMPERING WITH......................................................10.201
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Buildings under construction............................................................10.313(b)
Defective —sale of defective extinguishers...................................................10.304
Dip tank vicinity..........................................................................45.307
Firstaid.............................................................................30.104(b)
In parking areas.........................................................................10.305
Intents or air -supported structures.........................................................32.109
Portable —airports and heliports...........................................................
24.113
Standardsfor............................................................................10.301
Vaporizingliquid.........................................................................10.303
Where required..........................................................................10.301
FIRE -EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
Approval.............................................................................10.308
(b)
General................................................................................10.308
Maintenance............................................................................10.302
Restaurant hoods........................................................................10.315
Standards for installation..................................................................10.308
Test procedures for................................................................
Appendix111-A
Where required...................................................................10.301,10.309
FIRE HAZARDS
Building or vehicle, use stopped.............................................................2.204
Definition................................................................................9.108
In lumber yards..........................................................................30.103
Prohibited..............................................................................11.116
Unlawful continuance of....................................................................3.101
FIRE HYDRANT OR FIRE APPLIANCE, TAMPERING WITH ....................................
10.202
FIRE PREVENTION BUREAU................................................................
2.103
380
1982 EDITION INDEX
FIREPROTECTION.....................................................................
Article 10
Access roadways for fire apparatus.........................................................10.207
Authority at fires and other emergencies.....................................................10.101
Authority to barricade...............................................................
.....10.103
Basement pipe inlets........................................................
10.314, Appendix III-B
Buildings under construction .................. :...........................................
10.313
Bulkplants.............................................................................79.1410
Chemical and processing plants..........................................................79.1517
Closure of roads or trails..................................................................10.205
Container and portable tank storage outside buildings .........................................
79.410
Fire extinguishers in parking areas.........................................................10.305
Fire -extinguishing systems, installation requirements ...................................
.10.308
Fire -protection equipment —spray booths or spray rooms ...............................
27.105, 45.208
Flammable and combustible liquids in buildings .......................................
79.205, 79.303
For restaurant hood and duct ventilation systems.............................................10.315
General provisions...........................................................
Article 10, Division II
Hydrant use approval.....................................................................10.203
Industrial plants........................................................................79.1312
Installation of fire -protection system........................................................10.301
Interference with fire department...........................................................10.102
Maintenance, fire -protection systems and appliances .........................................
10.302
Marine service stations...................................................................79.911
Obstruction of fire -protection equipment ..........................................
10.206
Operations at fires or other emerggencies.........................................
Article 10, Division I
Organic coatings, manufacture of..........................................................50.113
Premises identification....................................................................10.208
Recreational vehicle and mobile home parks .................................................
10.306
Sale of defective fire extinguishers..........................................................
10.304
Servicestations.........................................................................79.908
Stationary tank storage, aboveground outside of buildings .....................................
Storage, transportation and dispensing flammable liquids .....................................
79.511
79.114
Tampering with barricades, etc .............................................................10.204
Tampering with fire equipment.............................................................
10.201
Tampering with fire hydrant or fire appliance ................................................
10.202
Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible liquids .........................................
79.1207
Use, dispensing and mixing flammable and combustible liquids ................................
79.805
Vaporizing liquid extinguishers.............................................................10.303
Well -drilling operations..................................................................79.1112
Wet standpipes.......................................................................10.312(d)
FIRE -PROTECTION EQUIPMENT, OBSTRUCTION OF ........................................
10.206
FIRE REPORTING AND FALSE ALARMS ........................................
Article 11, Division III
Falsealarms............................................................................11.302
Reporting of fires........................................................................11.301
FIRE RESISTIVE
Construction, definition....................................................................9.108
Rating,definition.........................................................................
9.108
Standards..............................................................................32.107
FIRE ROADS, CLOSURE OF...............................................................
10.205
FIRE -PROTECTION SYSTEM, INSTALLATION OF............................................10.301
FIREMEN (standby)................................................................25.116,32.110
FIREWORKS..........................................................................
Article 78
Bond for fireworks display required.........................................................
78.103
Definition................................................................................9.108
Disposal of unfired fireworks...............................................................78.104
Exceptions.............. ... ........................................................78.105
Permits for manufacture, sale and discharge .................................................
78.102
Seizure of fireworks......................................................................78.106
FLAME -PRODUCING DEVICES OR TORCHES, USE OF .......................................
11.410
FLAME RETARDANT, definition.............................................................
9.108
FLAMMABLE ANESTHETIC, definition.......................................................
9.108
FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS ..............................................
Article 79
Abandonment and status of tanks..........................................................79.113
Abandonment of tanks (general) ...........................................................79.113
Boilover, definition .........................................................................9.104
Boiling point, definition .....................................................................9.104
Bonding and grounding for Class II and Class III systems .....................................
79.1815
Buildings..............................................................................79.1402
Bulkplants.............................................................................79.1401
381
INDEX
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Chemical and processing plants..........................................................
79.1501
Chemical plant, definition..................................................................9.105
Class I systems .........................................................................79.1803
Class 11 systems ........................................................................79.1804
Class III systems.......................................................................79.1805
Class IV systems.......................................................................79.1806
Classification...........................................................................79.1801
Cleaning with flammable liquids............................................................79.110
Combination dry-cleaning units...........................................................
79.1814
Combustible liquid, definition...............................................................
9.105
Container and portable tank storage inside buildings ..........................................
79.201
Container and portable tank storage outside buildings .........................................
79.401
Container —filling facilities.................................................................79.803
Corrosion protection......................................................................79.603
Definitions.............................................................................
Article 9
Design and construction of inside storage and handling rooms .................................
79.804
Design and construction of tanks ...................................
79.105, 79.301 (c), 79.502, 79.602
Dispensing .................................................
24.103,79.109,79.503,79.801,79.903
Dispensing equipment.................................................................79.802(b)
Dispensing hose and nozzle...............................................................24.116
Dispensing in inside use, dispensing and mixing rooms ........................................
79.802
Dispensing outside of buildings............................................................79.806
Dispensing services......................................................................79.903
Drainage and to disposal......................................................
79.907,79.1409
Drainage dikes and waIsfor aboveground tanks ..............................................79.508
Dry-cleaning plants.....................................................................79.1801
Drying tumblers and cabinets .....................................................
.. ..79.1802
Electrical equipment .............................................
79.905,79.1309,79.1407,79.1808
Empty containers.....................................................................79.201(c)
Extractors.............................................................................79.1813
Fence..........................................................................79.406,79.1607
Fire protection .............. 79.205, 79.410, 79.511, 79.805, 79.908,
79.911, 79.1112, 79.1207, 79.1410,
79.1517, 79.1610, 79.1807
Flammable liquid, definition ................................................................
9.108
Floating roof tank defined..............................................................79.503(b)
Foundations and supports.........................................................
79.506,79.704
Full trailers and semitrailers..............................................................79.1203
Heating equipment...............................................................
79.906,79.1807
Housekeeping.........................................................................79.1311
Industrial plants........................................................................79.1301
Inside liquid storage room.................................................................
79.202
Inside of buildings........................................................................79.301
Liquidroom.............................................................................79.102
Liquid room, inside .......................................................................79.102
Liquid storage rooms..............................................................
79.102,79.203
Liquid warehouses.......................................................................79.204
Loading and unloading facilities ...........................................
79.807,79.1405,79.1511
Manner of storage .............................................
79.201 (f), 79.202 (c), 79.203, 79.204
Marine service stations.............................................................
9.115,79.910
Marking of tanks and containers..........................................................79.1004
Materials and design piping, valves and fittings ...............................................
79.701
Mixing..................................................................................79.102
Operating, heating, lighting and cooking appliances ...........................................
79.108
Operation of tank vehicles................................................................79.1204
Outside dispensing......................................................................79.806
Outside storage.........................................................................79.401
Parking and garaging............................................................
.79.1206
Permits required .................................................
4.101,79.1002,79.1102,79.1201
Pipe joints..............................................................................79.706
Piping, valves and fittings.................................................................79.701
Portable tank storage
:....................................................................79.401
Portable tanks, containers and equipment...................................................79.104
Pressure delivery service stations..........................................................79.904
Pressure vessels.......................................................................79.1605
Protection against corrosion...............................................................79.603
Quantities aq ad within specified buildings ..............................................
79.201 (a)
Reactive materials....................................................................79.201
(b)
Refineries and distilleries................................................................79.1601
Scouring,brushing and spotting..........................................................79.1815
Service stations.........................................................................79.901
Service stations located inside buildings.....................................................
79.909
Signs.................................................................................79.1110
Smoking.......................................................
79.908,79.1008,79.1105,79.1818
Soundproofing material..................................................................79.1108
Sources of ignition..............................................................
79.1305,79.1408
Spacing between adjacent tanks...........................................................79.505
Stairs, platforms and walkways.............................................................79.507
382
1982 EDITION
INDEX
Static protection.........................................................79.807(a)
3,79.807(b)3
Stationary tank storage, aboveground outside of buildings .....................................
Stationary tank storage, inside buildings....................................................79.301
79.501
Stills and condensers...................................................................79.1811
Storage and use, service stations and dry cleaning ...................................
79.902, 79.1809
Storage cabinets......................................................................79.201(g)
Storage in inside liquid rooms .................................
79.202
Storage (manner oq ............. 79.201, 79.203 (d), 79.204 (c), 79.403, 79.404, 79.601, 79.902, 79.1001,
79.1303, 79.1404, 79.1507, 79.1603
Storage of flammable and combustible liquids on farms and construction projects ................ 79.1001
Storage tanks...................................................................79.903,79.1006
Sumps................................................................................79.1004
Support of tanks in buildings...............................................................79.218
Supports, foundations and anchorage...............................................79.506,79.704
Swingjoints ...... .......................................................................
79.705
Tank connections for aboveground tanks....................................................79.510
Tank connections for tanks in buildings......................................................79.302
Tank connections for underground, outside or under buildings..................................79.604
Tankmarking............................................................................79.504
Tank storage underground, outside or under buildings.........................................79.601
Tankvalves.............................................................................79.509
Tank vehicle loading racks .............................................................
79.807
Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible liquids .........................................
79.1201
Testing................................................................79.301
(e).79.605,79.708
Transfer in process areas, organic coatings ..................................................
50.109
Transportation pipelines.................................................................79.1701
Underground: outside or under buildings....................................................79.211
Unlawful sale of flammable liquids..........................................................79.109
Unloading operations.....................................................................79.808
Use, dispensing and mixing...............................................................79.801
Use of flammable or combustible liquids .....................................................
79.502
Valves..................................................................................79.304
Vapor recovery...................................................................
...79.912
Ventilation.......................................................................79.504,79.604
Vents..................................................................................79.208
Warning labels for containers of flammable liquids ............................................
79,106
Warningsigns...........................................................................79.107
Washingmachines......................................................................79.1810
Waste combustibles......................................................................79.909
Wastecontrol..........................................................................79.1003
Waste petroleum products and flammable or combustible liquids ................................
79.111
Well -drilling operations.......................................................
Article 79, Division XI
Wharves..............................................................................79.1406
FLAMMABLE FINISHES, application of ...................................................
Article 45
Airport, heliports .........................................................................24.105
Coating operations.......................................................................45.310
Construction of dip tanks..................................................................45.303
Controls................................................................................45.402
Definitions.............................................................................Article
9
Dip tanks, location of.....................................................................45.301
Dip tank covers..........................................................................45.308
Dry powder application, powder coating.....................................................45.601
Dry -type overspray collectors ..............................................................45.204
Drying apparatus........................................................................45.210
Drying, curing or fusion equipment.........................................................45.605
Electric wiring and equipment ...................................................
.45.105
BE and other sources of ignition ........................................
45.205, 45.305, 45.603
Electrostatic apparatus...................................................................45.401
Electrostatic fluidized beds................................................................45.608
Equipment (type and location).............................................................45.401
Fire -extinguishing equipment..............................................................45.307
Fire -protection equipment.................................................................45.208
Fixed electrostatic spraying equipment......................................................45.607
Guards and signs ..... :..................................................................
45.403
Handling (organic peroxides)..............................................................45.704
Hardening and tempering tanks............................................................45.309
Location and construction of powder coating rooms and booths .................................
45.602
Location of dip tank operations.............................................................45.301
Location of spray -finishing operations.......................................................45.202
Maintenance............................................................................45.404
Mixing (organic peroxides)................................................................45.705
Operations included, automotive undercoating...............................................45.501
Operations and maintenance ................................................
45.209,45.306,45.606
Organic peroxides and dual component coatings (general) .....................................
45.701
Permits..................................................... ......................
4.101,45.102
Personnel qualifications (organic peroxides).................................................45.707
383
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Scope..................................................................................45.101
Smoking prohibited...............................................................
45.103,45.706
Spotpainting............................................................................45.202
Spray area........................................................................9.121,45.201
Spray booths......................................................................9.121,45.203
Spray areas, limited......................................................................45.207
Sprayingrooms...........................................................................9.121
Storage (organic peroxides) ............ ... ...................................
.45.703
Storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids ..............................
45.207, 45.304
Touch-up painting.....................................................................45.202(b)
Use of organic peroxide coatings...........................................................45.702
Ventilation.......................................................................45.405,45.604
Ventilation of spray booths and spray -finishing areas ..........................................
45.206
Ventilation of vapor areas.................................................................45.302
Welding warning signs....................................................................45.104
FLAMMABLE SOLID, definition.............................................................
9.108
FLASH POINT, definition ....................................................................9.108
FLOATS, PARADE.........................................................................11.208
FLOOR AREA, definition...................................................................9.108
FRUIT -RIPENING PROCESSES..........................................................
Article 46
Electrical equipment.....................................................................46.104
Heating.................................................................................46.105
Housekeeping...........................................................................46.107
Openflames............................................................................46.106
Permits ................... .................................. ......................4.101,46.102
Scope..................................................................................46.101
Use of ethylene..........................................................................46.103
FUEL BREAK, definition ....................................................................9.108
FUEL OIL
Definition................................................................................9.108
Grade..................................................................................61.105
FUELING AND DEFUELING, airports and heliports ...........................................
24.203
FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING ....................................
Article 47
Breathing apparatus required..............................................................47.105
Flammable fumigants restricted............................................................
47.112
Fumigant, definition.......................................................................9.108
Notification of fumigation..................................................................47.104
Permits...........................................................................4.101,47.102
Scope..................................................................................47.101
Sealing of building.......................................................................47.107
Source of ignition........................................................................47.103
Thermal insecticidal fogging liquids ...................................................
9.122, 47.110
Venting and cleanup.....................................................................47.109
Warehouse fumigations...................................................................47.111
Warningsigns...........................................................................47.108
Watchman required during fumigation.......................................................
47.106
G
GARAGES.............................................................................
Article 29
Cleaning with flammable liquids............................................................29.103
Definition................................................................................9.109
Garages (general) .......................................................................29.101
Handling of gasoline and oils.............................................................'29.104
Permits...........................................................................4.101,29.102
Vapor ignition devices....................................................................29.105
GASES, CRYOGENIC.....................................................................75.101
GAS METERS AND PIPING, PROTECTION OF ...............................................
11.413
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE ................................................
Article 11
GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR FIRE SAFETY .................................................
Part III
GRANDSTANDS AND BLEACHERS .............................................
Article 25, Division II
GUEST, definition ..........................................................................9.109
384
1982 EDITION INDEX
T
HANDLING, LOADING AND UNLOADING (cryogenic fluids) .......................
Article 75, Division V
Loading and unloading area...............................................................75.501
Sources of ignition.......................................................................75.502
HAZARDOUS FIRE AREAS
Definition................................................................................9.110
Suppression and control............................................................
Appendixll-A
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...............................................................
Article 80
Aboveground storage tanks and pressure vessels ............................................
8C.111
Designation of cargo.....................................................................80.110
General requirements....................................................................80.103
Hazard identification.....................................................................80.112
Highly toxic materials.....................................................................80.107
Oxidizing materials.......................................................................80.104
Permits...........................................................................4.101,80.102
Poisonous gases........................................................................80.108
Potentially explosive chemicals............................................................80.106
Radioactive materials.....................................................................80.105
Reactive and unstable....................................................................80.106
Scope..................................................................................80.101
Storage cabinets for hazardous materials...................................................80.109
HEATING EQUIPMENT
And cooking............................................................................32.118
Appliance...............................................................................11.404
Electrical...............................................................................79.906
Heating and cooking appliance, definition....................................................
9.110
In Class llorIII systems .................................................................79.1807
HELIPORTS............................................................................
Article 24
HELISTOPS..................................................................
Article 24, Division III
Clearance..............................................................................24.302
Exitways...............................................................................24.304
Federal Aviation approval.................................................................24.305
Flammable liquid spillage.................................................................24.303
General................................................................................24.301
HIGH -PILED COMBUSTIBLE STOCK .....................................................
Article 81
Access to buildings......................................................................81.109
Aisles..................................................................................81.108
Classification of contents..................................................................81.104
Definitions.............................................................................
Article 9
Draft curtains............................................................................81.107
High -piled storage, definition...............................................................9.110
Permits...........................................................................4.101,81.103
Roof vents, venting ratios and draft curtains ..................................................
81.107
Scope..................................................................................81.101
Sprinkler systems........................................................................81.105
HOOD AND DUCT VENTILATION SYSTEMS, FIRE -EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT
FOR PROTECTION OF.....................................................................10.313
HOTEL, definition ..........................................................................9.110
HYDRANT USE APPROVAL................................................................ 10.203
HYDRANTS, FIRE OR FIRE APPLIANCE, TAMPERING WITH..................................10.202
I
IGNITION, SOURCES OF ..................................... 27.106, 29.105, 45.205, 45.305, 45.603,
47.103, 79.112, 79.1305, 79.1401, 79.1513
ILLUMINATION...........................................................................12.113
INCINERATORS
Definition................................................................................9.111
Intrailer camps..........................................................................11.107
Location................................................................................11.106
Restricted use of.........................................................................11.110
Types and construction of.................................................................11.105
385
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
INCINERATORS AND OPEN BURNING ...........................................
Article 11, Division I
Adjacentarea...........................................................................11.109
Attendant for fires........................................................................11.115
Bonfires and outdoor rubbish fires..........................................................11.101
Burning on public property................................................................11.113
Chimney spark arresters..................................................................
11.111
Discarding burning objects prohibited.......................................................
11.103
Fire hazard prohibited ........................................... .........................
11.116
Hot ashes and other dangerous materials ...................................................
11.104
Hours of burning.........................................................................
11.112
Incinerators in trailer camps...............................................................11.107
Kindling of fire on land of others restricted ...................................................
11.102
Location................................................................................11.106
Maintenance............................................................................11.108
Offensive smoke and odors...............................................................11.114
Types and construction of incinerators......................................................11.105
Use of incinerators restricted..............................................................11.110
INDUSTRIAL PLANTS (flammable and combustible liquids) ....................
Article 79, Division XIII
Drainage..............................................................................79.1307
Electrical..............................................................................79.1309
Fire protection..........................................................................79.1312
Housekeeping.........................................................................79.1311
Incidental storage and use...............................................................79.1303
Manner of storage...................................................................79.1303(b)
Repairs to equipment....................................................................79.1310
Sources of ignition......................................................................79.1305
Use of flammable or combustible liquids ....... ..........................................
79.1303 (c)
Ventilation.............................................................................79.1304
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE -PROTECTION,
KEYBOX.................................................................................10.209
INSTALLATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
Inspection of liquefied petroleum gas installations............................................82.103
Of aboveground containers................................................................75.301
Ofbelowground containers................................................................75.304
Of conversion oil burners and oil -fired units ..................................................
61.109
Of cryogenic in -ground containers..........................................................75.305
Ofequipment (LPG) ......................................................................82.104
Of fill, return, supply and vent piping........................................................
61.107
Of fire -protection systems and appliances...................................................10.301
Of fixed fire -protection systems............................................................10.308
Of heating and cooking appliances.........................................................61.110
Of mechanical refrigeration................................................................63.104
Of motion picture projection machine.......................................................
84.104
Reports and permits of LPG installations....................................................
82.102
Requirements for fire -extinguishing systems .................................................
10.309
INSULATION ..... ................................................................. :...... 75.204
INTERFERENCE WITH FIRE DEPARTMENT ................................................. 10.102
INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH........................................................... Appendix IV -A
J
JURISDICTION, definition..................................................................9.112
K
KEYBOX.................................................................................10.209
KITCHEN GREASE HOODS................................................................ 10.315
L
LIFE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS .............................
Appendix I -A
LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES ....................................
Article 10, Division III
LIGHTNING, PROTECTION AGAINST.......................................................
50.112
LIMITED SPRAYING AREAS...............................................................
45.207
386
1982 EDITION INDEX
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES ........................................................
Article 82
Abandonment of liquefied petroleum gas equipment ..........................................
82.112
Clearance of combustibles................................................................82.111
Definition................................................................................9.114
Dispensing and overfilling.................................................................82.108
Inspection of installations.................................................................82.103
Installation of equipment..................................................................82.104
Location of containers....................................................................82.105
Parking and garaging.:...................................................................82.106
Permits and reports of installations.........................................................82.102
Prohibited use of liquefied petroleum gas ....................................................
82.107
Safety devices...........................................................................82.109
Scope..................................................................................82.101
Smoking and open -flame devices..........................................................
82.110
LIQUID OXYGEN, welding and cutting ......................................................
49.105
LOADING AND UNLOADING
Aircraft refueler units .....................................................................24.207
Cryogenic fluids.........................................................................75.501
LOCATION
Aboveground containers..................................................................75.303
Below and in -ground containers............................................................75.306
Bulk process units, refineries and distilleries ................................................
79.1606
Containers, liquefied petroleum gases......................................................82.105
Oilwells...............................................................................79.1103
Ovens, industrial baking and drying.........................................................62.103
Processunits..........................................................................79.1606
Restricted..............................................................................79.501
Tents and air -supported structures.........................................................32.104
LODGING HOUSE, definition ................................................................9.114
LPG -CONTAINER PROTECTION............................................................ 82.113
LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING PLANTS ..........................................
Article 30
Fire -extinguishing appliances in open yards and buildings .....................................
30.104
Open yard storage.......................................................................30.102
Operational fire hazards in lumber yards ....................................................
30.103
Permits...........................................................................
4.101, 30.101
Woodworking plants......................................................................30.105
M
MAGAZINES
Class.................................................................................77.203
Class11.................................................................................77.204
Definition................................................................................9.115
MAGNESIUM...........................................................................
Article 48
Definition................................................................................9.115
Fire -extinguishing materials................................................................W.108
Handling of magnesium (fine magnesium scrap) .............................................
48.110
Heat -treating ovens......................................................................48.106
Magnesium processing operations.........................................................48.107
Meltingpots.............................................................................48.104
Permits...........................................................................4.101,48.102
Scope..................................................................................48.101
Storage of magnesium............................................................48.105,48.108
Storage of pigs, ingots and billets.....:.....................................................48.103
MANUFACTURING, ASSEMBLING AND TESTING
(explosives and blasting agents) ..............................................
Article 77, Division IV
Disposal of waste explosives and fireworks ..................................................
77.410
Emergency procedure ....................................................................77.404
Explosive operations.....................................................................77.408
Intraline distance ........................................................................77.405
Intraline separation of operating buildings ...................................................
77.406
Location of explosive detonations for testing.................................................77.409
Operation, buildings and equipment........................................................
77.407
Plans for place of manufacturing...........................................................77.401
Plansof plant............................................................................77.402
Table...................................................................................77.406
Training................................................................................77.403
MARINAS..........................................................................
Appendix11-C
Open -flame devices......................................................................11.410
387
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
MATCHES..............................................................................Article
83
Match bins required......................................................................83.104
Permits...........................................................................4.101,83.101
Storage by retailers......................................................................83.105
Storage not to be near vertical openings.....................................................83.103
Wholesale storage.......................................................................83.102
MATERIALS
Accumulation of waste....................................................................11.201
Classification of contents..................................................................81.104
Dangerous..............................................................................11.104
Decorative........................................................................9.106,25.103
Fire-eMinguishing........................................................................48.108
Flammable,definition......................................................................9.108
Flammable, decorative...................................................................11.204
Highly toxic, definition.....................................................................9.110
Hotashes and other......................................................................11.104
Oxidizing, definition .......................................................................9.117
Piping, valves and fittings.................................................................79.701
Pyroxylin -coated fabric...................................................................25.103
Radioactive, definition.....................................................................9.120
Raw materials in process areas............................................................50.110
Readily combustible......................................................................11.202
Soundproofing.........................................................................79.1108
MECHANICAL CODE, definition.............................................................
9.115
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION.........................................................
Article 63
METRIC CONVERSION TABLE ......................................................
Appendix VI-D
MODEL CITATION PROGRAM.......................................................
Appendix VI-B
MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION.........................................................
Article 84
Equipment..............................................................................84.104
Film use and storage.....................................................................84.105
Projectionroom..........................................................................84.102
Scope..................................................................................84.101
Smoking................................................................................84.103
T
NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED STANDARDS OF GOOD PRACTICE ........................ Appendix V-A
NONFLAMMABLE MEDICAL GAS, definition ................................................. 9.116
NONCOMBUSTIBLE, definition.............................................................. 9.116
O
OCCUPANCY, definition.................................................................... 9.117
OCCUPANCY AND AREA SEPARATIONS, MAINTENANCE OF ................................ 10.401
OCCUPANTLOAD
Definition................................................................................9.117
Maximum...............................................................................25.114
OIIrBURNING EQUIPMENT..............................................................
Article 61
Definition................................................................................9.117
Design,construction and installation........................................................61.103
Electrcal wiring and equipment............................................................61.104
Fueloil.................................................................................61.105
Scope..................................................................................61.101
Use of approved equipment...............................................................61.102
OMISSION OF SPRINKLERS...............................................................
10.310
OPEN BURNING...............................................................
Article 11, Division I
OPEN FLAME
Devices in marinas.......................................................................11.410
Inhangars..............................................................................24.108
In ripening rooms........................................................................46.106
Near LP -gas containers...................................................................82.110
Use restriction ...........................................................................11.205
Where fuel is being transferred.............................................................24.209
With permit......................................................................25.115,25.117
3W
1982 EDITION INDEX
ORDERS AND NOTICES, COMPLIANCE WITH .............................................. Article 3
ORGANIC COATINGS (manufacture of) ...................................................
Article 50
Definition................................................................................9.117
Drainage facilities........................................................................50.106
Electrical equipment.....................................................................50.111
Fire protection...........................................................................50.113
Maintenance............................................................................50.114
Permits...........................................................................4.101,50.103
Process buildings........................................................................50.104
Process mills, mixers and kettles...........................................................50.107
Process piping..........................................................................50.108
Protection against static electricity and lightning ..............................................
50.112
Raw materials in process areas............................................................50.110
Scope..................................................................................50.101
Storage of raw materials and finished products...............................................50.105
Transfer of flammable and combustible liquids in process areas .................................
50.109
ORDERS AND NOTICES, COMPLIANCE WITH ................................................
3.102
ORGANIC PEROXIDES AND DUAL COMPONENT COATINGS ....................
Article 45, Division VI
General................................................................................45.701
Handling...............................................................................45.704
Mixing..................................................................................45.705
Personnel qualifications...................................................................45.707
Smoking................................................................................45.706
Store..........................
..............45.703
se organic peroxide coatings...........................................................45.702
Uog
OVENS (heat treating—magnesium)........................................................
48.106
OVENS, INDUSTRIAL BAKING AND DRYING ..............................................
Article 62
Location and construction.................................................................62.103
Permits and plans required..........................................................
4.101,62.102
Safety controls..........................................................................62.105
Scope..................................................................................62.101
Ventilation..............................................................................62.104
OXYGEN SYSTEMS, BULK
Definition................................................................................9.104
Installed at industrial and institutional consumer sites .........................................
74.106
P
PAINT REMOVAL..........................................................................11.408
PANIC HARDWARE, definition..............................................................9.118
PARADE FLOATS..........................................................................11.208
PARKING AND GARAGING, tank vehicles ..........................................
I....... 79.1206
PERMITS AND CERTIFICATES
Aircraft repair hangar......................................................................4.101
Aircraft refueling vehicles..................................................................4.101
Applicationfor............................................................................4.103
Automobile wrecking yard..................................................................4.101
Bonfires or rubbish fires....................................................................4.101
Bowling pin or alley refinishing..............................................................4.101
Burning in public place.....................................................................4.101
Candles and open flames in assembly areas ..................................................
4.101
Cellulose nitrate storage (pyroxylin)..........................................................
4.101
Combustible fiber storage..................................................................4.101
Compressed gases, flammable.............................................................4.101
Cryogens................................................................................4.101
Defined..................................................................................4.102
Dry-cleaning plants.......................................................................4:101
Dust -producing operations.................................................................4.101
Explosive or blasting agents................................................................4.101
Fireworks................................................................................4.101
Flammable or combustible liquid pipeline operation and excavation ...............................
4.101
Flammable or combustible liquids and tanks ..................................................
4.101
Fruitripening.............................................................................4.101
Fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging....................................................4.101
Garages.................................................................................4.101
Hazardous materials......................................................................4.101
Highly toxic pesticides.....................................................................4.101
High -piled combustible stock...............................................................4.101
389
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Junkyards ........... ....................................................................
4.101
Liquefied petroleum gases.................................................................4.101
Lumberyards............................................................................4.101
Magnesium workings......................................................................4.101
Matches.................................................................................4.101
Nitratefilm...............................................................................4.101
Oil and natural gas wells...................................................................4.101
Openburning............................................................................4.101
Open -flame devices in marinas.............................................................
4.101
Organiccoatings.........................................................................4.101
Ovens, industrial baking or drying...........................................................4.101
Paradefloats.............................................................................4.101
Places of assembly........................................................................4.101
Radioactive materials......................................................................4.101
Sprayingor dipping........................................................................4.101
Tankvehicles.............................................................................4.101
Tent and air -supported structures............................................................4.101
Tirerecapping..:.........................................................................4.101
Welding and cutting operations.............................................................4.101
PERSON, definition........................................................................9.118
PESTICIDES...........................................................................
Article 86
Display.................................................................................86.106
Emergency management.................................................................86.105
Fire protection...........................................................................86.104
General requirements....................................................................86.102
Pesticides stored as compressed gases .....................................................
86.108
Scope..................................................................................86.101
Signs..................................................................................86.103
Storageareas...........................................................................86.107
PICKINGROOMS.........................................................................34.105
PIPE JOINT COMPOUND..................................................................79.306
PIPING, PROCESS AND ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT ...................................
50.108, 75.401
PIPING, PROCESS AND ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT AT MANUFACTURING
FACILITIES AND CONSUMER SITES (cryogenic fluids) ..........................
Article 75, Division IV
Piping, materials and construction..........................................................75.401
Valves and accessory equipment...........................................................75.402
PIPING, VALVES AND FITTINGS ...............................................
Article 79, Division VII
Bends..................................................................................79.707
Materials and design.....................................................................79.701
Low melt point materials...............................................................79.701(b)
Pipejoints..............................................................................79.706
Protection against corrosion and galvanic action ..............................................
79.702
Supports...............................................................................79.704
Swingjoints.............................................................................79.705
Testing.................................................................................79.708
Valves..................................................................................79.703
PIPED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ...................................................... 9.118, 74.109
PLASTICS
Displayof...............................................................................27.103
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY.................................................................
Article 25
Aisles..............................................................
25.107,25.205(a),25.304 (a)
Ashtrays................................................................................25.110
Attendant...............................................................................25.102
Decorative material......................................................................25.103
Detailed requirements for use of candles ....................................................
25.118
Dispersal area exits............................................................9.106,25.205(b)2
Exitdoors...............................................................................25.106
Exit ways (use ofi........................................................................25.109
Fireappliances..........................................................................25.111
Footboards.........................................................................25.205(a)
9
Marking and lighting of exits...............................................................
25.113
Motion picture screens....................................................................25.105
Openflame.............................................................................25.115
Overcrowding....................................................................25.114,32.116
Permits...........................................................................4.101,25.101
Plan of exit ways and aisles................................................................25.112
Pyroxylin -coated fabrics..................................................................25.104
Review stands, grandstands and bleachers ...............................
Article 25, Division II; 25.204
Seatspacing............................................................................25.108
390
1982 EDITION INDEX
Securing of chairs ..............................................................
25.108(c),25.401
Spacing requirements ............. .............................................
25.108,25.205(a)
Standbyfiremen.........................................................................25.116
Use of candles and open flames...........................................................25.117
PLUMBING CODE, definition................................................................
9.118
POISONOUS GAS, definitlon................................................................
9.118
PORTABLE TANK, definition................................................................
9.118
POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS, definition ...........................................
9.118
POWDER COATING...........................................................
Article 45, Division VI
Dry powder application...................................................................45.601
Drying, curing or fusion equipment.........................................................45.605
Electrical and other sources of ignition......................................................
45.603
Electrostatic fluidized beds................................................................45.608
Fixed electrostatic spraying equipment......................................................
45.607
Location and construction of powder coating rooms and booths .................................
45.602
Operation and maintenance...............................................................45.606
Ventilation..............................................................................45.604
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE (general) ........................................
Article 11, Division I
Accumulation of waste materials...........................................................
11.201
Adjacent area to incinerators..............................................................11.109
Asphalt kettles..........................................................................11.403
Bonfires and outdoor rubbish fires..........................................................11.101
Burning on public property................................................................11.113
Chimneys and heating appliances to be maintained in safe condition ............................
11.405
Chimney spark arresters..................................................................11.111
Combustible material beneath structures....................................................
11.206
Discarding burning objects prohibited.......................................................11.103
Falsealarms............................................................................11.302
Fire hazard prohibited....................................................................11.116
Flammable decorative materials...........................................................11.204
Handling readily combustible materials......................................................11.202
Hazardous warning lights.................................................................11.409
Heating appliances.......................................................................11.404
Hot ashes and other dangerous materials ...................................................
11.104
Hours of burning.........................................................................
11.112
Incinerators in trailer camps...............................................................11.107
Kindling of fire on land of others restricted ...................................................
11.102
Location of incinerators...................................................................11.106
Maintenance of incinerators, etc ............................................................11.108
Offensive smoke and odors...............................................................
11.114
Open -flame devices in marinas............................................................11.410
Protection of gas meters and piping.........................................................11.413
Reporting of ires........................................................................11.301
Shaftwaysto be marked..................................................................11.407
Storage of readily combustible materials ....................................................
11.203
Toyballoons............................................................................11.401
Tracerbullets............................................................................11.402
Trapdoors to be closed...................................................................11.406
Types and construction of incinerators......................................................11.105
Use of incinerators restricted..............................................................11.110
Use of open flame or light restricted.........................................................
11.205
Use of torches or flame -producing devices for removing paint ..................................
11.408
Vacant buildings.........................................................................11.412
Vacating premises.......................................................................11.411
PREMISES IDENTIFICATION...............................................................
10.208
PRESSURE DELIVERY SYSTEM, definition ...................................................
9.118
PRESSURE VESSELS....................................................................
79.1605
PRIVATE STAIRWAY, definition..............................................................
9.118
PROCESSING PLANT, definition............................................................
9.118
PROCESSING PLANTS (flammable and combustible liquids) ...................
Article 79, Division XV
Construction...........................................................................79.1502
Dispensing............................................................................79.1512
Drainage..............................................................................79.1504
Explosion relief.........................................................................79.1506
Fireprotection..........................................................................79.1517
Housekeeping.........................................................................79.1514
Loading and unloading facilities...........................................................79.1511
391
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Manner of storage......................................................................
79.1507
Piping, valves and fittings................................................................79.1508
Sources of ignition......................................................................79.1513
Ventilation.............................................................................79.1505
PROJECTILE FIRING......................................................................11.402
PUBLIC CONVEYANCE, definition...........................................................
9.118
PUBLIC NUISANCE, definition..............................................................9.118
PUBLIC WAY, definition .....................................................................9.118
Q
NO REFERENCE
R
RECOMMENDED SAFEGUARDS AND SAFETY PRACTICES FOR PROTECTION OF TANKS
CONTAINING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN LOCATIONS THAT
MAYBE FLOODED..................................................................
Appendix II-B
REFERENCE TABLES FROM THE UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ..........................
Appendix VI-C
REFINERIES AND DISTILLERIES .............................................
Article 79, Division XVI
Fence.................................................................................79.1607
Fire protection..........................................................................79.1608
Location of process units.................................................................79.1606
Locations..............................................................................
79.1602
Manner of storage......................................................................79.1603
Pressure vessels.......................................................................79.1605
Scope.................................................................................79.1601
Smoking...............................................................................79.1608
Storagetanks..........................................................................79.1604
Wastecombustibles.....................................................................79.1609
REFINERY, definition .......................................................................9.120
REFRIGERATION, MECHANICAL........................................................
Article 63
Ammonia diffusion.......................................................................63.108
Classifications...........................................................................63.102
Diffusion systems, other..................................................................63.109
Emergency ammonia diffusion systems .....................................................
63.108
Emergencysigns........................................................................63.107
Installation requirements..................................................................63.104
Instructions.............................................................................63.106
Maintenance............................................................................63.105
Permits...........................................................................4.101,63.103
REFUELER UNIT, aircraft ..................................................................24.202
REFUELER UNITS............................................................
Article 24, Division 11
Construction of aircraft refuelers...........................................................24.201
Fueling and defueling.....................................................................24.203
Loading and unloading...................................................................24.207
Maintenance............................................................................24.206
Operation, maintenance and use of aircraft refueler units ......................................
24.202
Passengers.............................................................................24.208
Protectionof hose........................................................................24.205
Qualified operator........................................................................24.204
Smoking, open -flame and service equipment ................................................
24.209
REMOTE PUMPING SYSTEM, definition......................................................
9.120
REPAIR, definition.........................................................................9.120
REVIEWING STANDS, GRANDSTANDS AND BLEACHERS ........................
Article 25, Division II
General requirements....................................................................25.205
Height of grandstands and bleachers.......................................................25.203
Scope..................................................................................25.201
Securing of chairs..............................................................
25.108(c),25.401
RIFLE RANGES.....................................................................
Appendix11-D
RIGHT OF ENTRY..........................................................................2.107
ROADWAYS, ACCESS FOR FIRE APPARATUS...............................................10.208
ROCKETS, FIRING OF.....................................................................11.402
392
1982 EDITION INDEX
17,
SAFETY CAN, definition ....................................................................9.121
SAFETY DEVICES, liquefied petroleum gases ...............................................
82.109
SEAT SPACING...........................................................................25.108
SECURING OF CHAIRS..........................................................
25.168 (c), 25.401
SERVICE STATIONS
Aircraft, automotive, marine................................................................
9.121
SERVICE STATIONS, definitions.............................................................
9.121
SERVICE STATIONS (flammable and combustible liquids) .......................
Article 79, Division IX
Aircraft.................................................................................24.114
Dispensing services............................................................
79.903,79.910(c)
Drainage and waste disposal..............................................................79.907
Electrical equipment......................................................................79.905
Fire prevention regulations.............................................................79.910(a)
Fire protection...........................................................................79.911
Heating equipment.......................................................................79.906
Located inside buildings..................................................................79.909
Marine service stations...................................................................79.910
Pressure delivery service stations..........................................................79.904
Storage................................................................................79.902
Vapor recovery..........................................................................79.912
SHAFTWAYS TO BE MARKED..............................................................11.407
SI AND ENGLISH SYSTEM CONVERSION FACTORS ..................................
Appendix VI-D
SIGNS ................. 11.414,12.114,13.103,24.109,25.111,32.114,45.403,63.105,79.1009,79.1110
SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION, definition......................................................
9.121
SMOKE AND HEAT VENTILATORS, MAINTENANCE OF .......................................
10.302
SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURES.............................................................
12.110
SMOKING
Compliance with "no smoking" signs ........................................................
13.105
Definition................................................................................9.121
Designated areas where smoking shall be prohibited ..........................................
13.101
..No smoking" signs ...............................................................
13.103,24.109
Removal of signs prohibited...............................................................13.104
Smoking.........................................................................13.102,24.109
SMOKING PROHIBITED
Apiary (smoking of bees)...............................................................13.102(b)
Cryogenic fluids.........................................................................75.502
Dry-cleaning plants.....................................................................79.1818
Dust -producing areas.....................................................................76.103
Except in posted areas..................................................................79.1608
Explosives.........................................................
77.201,77.301,77.302,77.305
Flammable or combustible liquids
Dry-cleaning plants................................................................
.79.1818
Marine service stations.............................................................79.910(e)
6
Oilwells.............................................................................79.1109
Refineries and distilleries..............................................................79.1608
Tankvehicles.........................................................................79.1205
Fueltransfer............................................................................24.209
General................................................................................13.101
Marine service stations................................................................79.910(a)
Mountainous, brush orforestland..........................................................13.102
Oil well or tank locations.................................................................79.1109
Projection booth.........................................................................84.103
Ripeningrooms..........................................................................46.106
Spray -finishing areas.....................................................................45.103
Tent or air -supported structures............................................................
32.108
Where organic peroxides are stored........................................................45.706
Where smoking shall be prohibited.........................................................
13.101
While driving or making repairs on tank vehicles .............................................
79.1205
SPARK ARRESTERS, CHIMNEY............................................................ 11.111
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT..................................................................... Part VI
SPECIAL OCCUPANCY USES.............................................................. Part IV
393
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
SPECIAL PROCESSES..................................................................... Part V
SPECIAL SUBJECTS..................................................................... Part VII
SPRAY BOOTHS..........................................................................45.203
SPRAY FINISHING.............................................................
Article 45, Division II
Definitions...............................................................................9.121
Dry -type overspray collectors (exhaust air filters) .............................................45.204
Dryingapparatus........................................................................45.211
Electrical and other sources of ignition......................................................45.205
Fire -protection equipment.................................................................45.209
Limited spraying areas....................................................................45.207
Location of spray -finishing operations.......................................................45.202
Operations and maintenance..............................................................45.210
Spotpainting............................................................................45.202
Spraybooths .......................................................................45.203
Storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids .....................................
45.208
Touch-up painting........................................................................45.202
Ventilation of spray booths and spray -finishing areas ..........................................
45.206
SPRAYING AREA.............................................................
Article 45, Division II
Definition................................................................................9.121
SPRINKLERSYSTEM.....................................................................81.105
Alarms.................................................................................10.310
Omissions..............................................................................10.311
STAIRWAY IDENTIFICATION............................10.308, 10.309, 10.315, 12.106 (f), Appendix I-B
STAIRWAYS.......................................................................12.106,12.109
STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS................................................... Appendix V-A
STANDARDS, UNIFORM FIRE CODE ......................................................... 2.303
STANDBY FIREMEN............................................................... 25.116, 32.110
STANDPIPES
Definitions...............................................................................9.121
Class...............................................................................10.312(c)
Classll..............................................................................10.312(d)
ClassIII.............................................................................10.312(a)
Where required.......................................................................10.312(b)
STILLS.................................................................................79.1812
STORAGE
Agricultural products.....................................................................28.105
Baled..................................................................................28.104
Cabinets.............................................................................79.201(g)
Calcium carbide in buildings..........................................................:
49.109
Cellulose nitrate plastics...........................................................
27.104, 33.104
Classmagazines.......................................................................77.203
Class ll magazines.......................................................................77.204
Cleaning solvents.......................................................................79.1809
Combustible fibers, definition...............................................................
9.105
Combustible materials.............................................................
24.112,34.103
Cylinders...............................................................................49.104
Explosives..............................................................................77.201
Film....................................................................................33.103
Flammable finishes......................................................................45.207
Flammable or combustible liquids ........................... 31.106, 32.119,
45.208, 45.304, Article 79
Flammable or combustible liquids on farms and construction projects ................
Article 79, Division X
Gas cylinders and pressure vessels .................................................
74.104, 74.108
Gunpowder.............................................................................77.202
Handlingrooms..........................................................................79.405
Hazardous equipment in buildings..........................................................11.415
High-piled............................................................................
Article 81
Inside liquid room........................................................................79.202
Liquid storage room......................................................................79.203
Liquid warehouse........................................................................79.204
Loose..................................................................................28.103
Magnesium ................................................. .....................
48.105,48.109
Matches.........................................................................83.102,83.105
Openyard..............................................................................30.102
Organic peroxides................................................................
.. 45.703
Outside....................................................................
Article 79, Division IV
Portabletank............................................................................79.409
394
1982 EDITION INDEX
Pigs ingots and billets ....................................................................
48.103
Rea. .................................................................................
81.110
Raw materials and finished products ........................................................50.105
Readily combustible materials .............................................................
11.203
Rubbercement ..........................................................................
31.106
Stationary tanks, aboveground outside of buildings ...............................
Article 79, Division V
Tanks ..................................................... 79.301, 79.401, 79.501, 79.601, 79.1604
Underground tank ...........................................................
Article 79, Division VI
STORAGE (cryogenic fluids) ..................................................
Article 75, Division III
Containers..............................................................................
75.301
Drainage for aboveground containers .......................................................75.302
Installation of aboveground containers ......................................................75.301
Installation of belowground concrete containers ..............................................
75.304
Installation of cryogenic in -ground containers ................................................75.305
Location of aboveground containers with respect to exposure ...................................
75.303
Location of belowground and in -ground containers with respect to exposure ......................
75.306
STORAGE (explosives and blasting agents) .....................................
American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosives ........................................
Article 77, Division 11
77.201
Class I magazines .......................................................................
77.203
Class 11 magazines .......................................................................
77.204
Gunpowder.............................................................................
77.202
Storage of explosives .....................................................................
77.201
SUMPS.................................................................................
79.1105
SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS FIRE AREAS .........................
Appendix 11-A
SYSTEMS (dry-cleaning plants) .............................................
Article 79, Division XVI I I
ClassI ................................................................................
79.1803
Class11 ................................................................................
79.1804
ClassIII ...............................................................................
79.1805
ClassIV ........... 1 ...................................................................
79.1806
T
TANKS
Abandonment of .........................................................................
79.113
Connections ..............................................................
79.302, 79.510, 79.604
Construction ....................................................
79.105, 79.301 (c), 79.502, 79.602
Corrosion protection ......................................................................
79.603
Definition................................................................................
9.122
Design ...
79.105, 79.301, 79.502, 79.602
Drainage, �j6*s' and''w a'1'Is''fo'r' a'bo'v'e`g'ro'u'n*d ................................
79.508
Foundation, supports and anchorage .......................................................79.506
Hardening and tempering .................................................................
45.309
Inside of buildings ...........................................................
Article 79, Division III
Location ..................................................................
79.403, 79.503, 79.601
Operation of tank vehicles ................................................................
79.1204
Portable tank storage outside of buildings .......................................
Article 79, Division IV
Spacing between ........................................................................
79.505
Stairs, platforms, walkways ................................................................
79.507
Support in buildings ...................................................................
79.301 (d)
Testing .......................................................................
79.301 (e), 79,605
Underground ...............................................................
Article 79, Division VI
Valves...........................................................................
79.501, 79.701
Vehicle, definition .........................................................................
9.122
Vents for .................................................................
79.302, 79.510, 79.604
TANKS IN LOCATIONS THAT MAY BE FLOODED .......................................
Appendix 11-B
TANK STORAGE STATIONARY ABOVEGROUND OUTSIDE OF BUILDING .......... Article 79, Division V
Design and construction of tanks ...........................................................
79.502
Drainage, dikes and walls .................................................................
79.508
Fire protection ...........................................................................
79.511
Floating roof tank, defined ..............................................................
79.502 (b)
Foundations and supports .................................................................
79.506
Location with respect to buildings and property line, public ways and
important buildings on same property .......................................................79.503
Restricted locations and fire protection ......................................................
79.501
Spacing between tanks ...................................................................
79.505
Stairs, platforms and walkways .............................................................
79.507
Tank connections ........................................................................
79.510
Tankvalves .............................................................................
79.509
Vents..................................................................................
79.510
395
INDEX UNIFORM FIRE CODE
TANK STORAGE STATIONARY INSIDE OF BUILDINGS ...........................
Article 79, Division III
Fireprotection...........................................................................79.303
General................................................................................
79.301
Support of tanks in buildings............................................................79.301(d)
Tankconnections........................................................................79.302
TANK STORAGE UNDERGROUND, OUTSIDE OF
OR UNDER BUILDINGS.......................................................
Article 79, Division VI
Abandonment of tanks....................................................................79.113
Corrosion protection......................................................................79.603
Design and construction of tanks...........................................................79.602
Location................................................................................79.601
Tank oonnection.........................................................................79.604
Testing.................................................................................79.605
TANK VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION.........................................................
79.1202
TANK VEHICLES FOR FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS ..............
Article 79, Division XII
Full trailers and semitrailers..............................................................79.1203
Operations of tank vehicles...............................................................79.1204
Parking and garaging.................................................................
.79.1206
Permits..........................................................................4.101,79.1201
Smoking prohibited.....................................................................
79.1205
TEMPORARY WIRING.....................................................................85.103
TENT, definition ............................................................................9.122
TENTS AND AIR -SUPPORTED STRUCTURES .............................................
Article 32
Abatement of fire or panic hazards not specifically covered by this article .........................
32.111
Definitions.........................................................................9.103,9.122
Exit illumination..........................................................................32.115
Exits...................................................................................32.112
Fire extingguishers........................................................................32.109
Fire -resistive standards...................................................................32.107
Flame-retardant treatment................................................................32.106
Heating and cooking equipment............................................................32.118
Housekeeping...........................................................................32.120
Location of tents and air -supported structures ................................................
32.104
Maintenance of exit ways..................................................................32.113
Markingof exits..........................................................................
32.114
Parking of automotive equipment...........................................................
32.103
Permits...........................................................................4.101,
32.101
Placeof assemblage.....................................................................32.102
Seating arrangements....................................................................32.117
Smoking and open flame...........................................................
... .32.108
Standby firemen..................................................................25.115,32.110
Storage of flammable or combustible liquids .................................................
32.119
Structural stability........................................................................32.105
Occupantload...........................................................................32.116
TEST BLASTING CAP NO.8, definition .......................................................
9.122
TEST PROCEDURES FOR FIRE -EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS ...........................
Appendix III -A
TIRE -REBUILDING PLANTS.............................................................
Article 31
Automobile tire -rebuilding plants (general) ...................................................
31.101
Construction and protection requirements...................................................
31.103
Permits...........................................................................4.101,31.102
Tire -buffing rooms.......................................................................31.104
Useand storage.........................................................................31.106
Ventilation..............................................................................31.105
TOY BALLOONS..........................................................................11.401
TRACER BULLETS.......................................................................11.402
TRAILERS AND SEMITRAILERS, tank vehicles ............................................. 79.1203
TRANSPORTATION
Of blasting agents........................................................................77.306
Of cryogenic fluids .......................................................................75.602
Ofexplosives............................................................................77.302
TRANSPORTATION PIPELINES .............................................. Artic a 79, Division XVII
Permits..........................................................................4.101,79.1701
TRAP DOORS TO BE CLOSED.............................................................11.406
396
1982 EDITION INDEX
U
UNIFORM BUILDING CODE, definition.......................................................
9.123
UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLES
Conversion tables ................ .... .......... ... ... ...................
Appendix VI-D
Table No. 5-A: Wall and Opening Protection of Occupancies Based on Location on
Property Types II, One -hour, II-N and V Construction ...................................
Appendix VI-C
Table No. 5-B: Required Separation in Buildings of Mixed Occupancy ..:..................
Table No. 5-C: Basic Allowable Floor Area for Buildings One Story in Height
Appendix VI-C
Appendix VI-C
................
Table No. 5-D: Maximum Height of Buildings ..........................................
Appendix VI-C
Table No.17-A: Types of Construction —Fire -resistive Requirements ......................
Appendix VI-C
Table No. 33-A: Minimum Egress and Access Requirements .............................
Appendix VI-C
Table No. 42-A: Flame -spread Classification ..........................................
Appendix VI-C
Table No. 42-B: Maximum Flame -spread Applications ..................................
Appendix VI-C
UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE, definition ...................................................
9.123
UNSAFEBUILDING........................................................................2.201
USE, HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION (explosives and blasting agents) .......
Article 77, Division III
V
VACANT BUILDINGS......................................................................11.412
VACATING PREMISES.....................................................................11.411
VALVES...........................................................................75.402,79.703
VAPOR AREA......................................................................9.124,45.302
VAPOR PRESSURE, definiton............................................................... 9.124
VEHICLES
Cryogenic fluids'.........................................................................75.602
Flammable liquid...........................................................
Article 79, Division XII
VENTING
After fumigating ...................................
...................... ...47.109
Of equipment compartments..............................................................24.118
Ratios and roof vents.....................................................................81.107
VENTILATION
Ovens..................................................................................62.104
Spray booths and spray -finishing areas ....................................... 45.206, 45.405, 45.604
Tire -rebuilding plants.....................................................................31.105
Where flammable or combustible liquids are stored .......................... 79.1304, 79.1403, 79.1505
W
WARNING LIGHTS........................................................................11.409
WARNINGS......................................................... 45.104,47.108,75.107,79.107
WASTE
Accumulation of.........................................................................11.201
Control................................................................................79.1104
Petroleum products...............................................................
79.110,79.111
WELDING AND CUTTING (calcium carbide and acetylene) .................................
Article 49
Containers for calcium carbide.............................................................49.108
General reqquirements.............................................................
34.106,49.101
Generalsafetyrulesforwelding and cutting..................................................49.107
Generator rooms........................................................................49.111
Hose and hose connections...............................................................49.106
Liquidoxygen...........................................................................49.105
Manifolding of cylinders...................................................................49.103
Piping of oxygen and fuel gases............................................................49.102
Portable generators......................................................................49.112
Protection against freezing......:.........................................................49.113
Storage of calcium carbide in buildings......................................................49.109
Storage of cylinders......................................................................49.104
WELL -DRILLING OPERATIONS
Field loading racks......................................................................79.1111
Fire protection..........................................................................79.1112
397
INDEX
UNIFORM FIRE CODE
Location of oil well ......................................................................
79.1103
Permits..........................................................................
4.101, 79.1102
Prevention of blowouts ...................................................................
79.1106
Signs.................................................................................
79.1110
Smoking...............................................................................
79.1109
Soundproofing material ..................................................................
79.1108
Storagetanks ..........................................................................
79.1107
Sumps................................................................................
79.1105
Waste control ..........................................................................
79.1104
WOODWORKING PLANTS (See Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants) ....................
Article 30
WRECKING YARDS (See Automobile Wrecking Yards, Junk or Waste Material
Handling Plants) ......................................................................
Article 34
X
NO REFERENCE
y
NO REFERENCE
z
NO REFERENCE
398