HomeMy WebLinkAboutApprove in Concept a Display of the National Motto “In God W M(
Council/Agency Meeting Held: D0dp-
Deferred/Continued to:
*Appro e ❑ Conditionally A proved ❑ Denied City CI rk's ignatur
a
Council Meeting Date: 8/4/2008 Department ID Number: AD 08-12
CITY OF HUNTINGTON BEACH
REQUEST FOR CITY COUNCIL ACTION
SUBMITTED TO: Honorable Mayor & City Council Mem�ers +
SUBMITTED BY: Council Members Cathy Greer' , VS)'Carchio,
and I ! p
PREPARED BY: Patricia Dapkus, Administrative Analyst, Sr.qp�--
i
SUBJECT: In God We Trust Display
1[Ette:,:e:nt:o:f Issue,Funding Source,Recommended Action,Alternative Action(s),Analysis,Environmental Status,Attachment(s)
Statement of Issue: Approval of the design and location of the national motto ""In God We
Trust Display."
b
Funding Source: The cost for the sign will be covered out of the City Administrator's
Office, general supplies budget, account #10030101.63100.
Recommended Action: Motion to:
Approve the design and location of the national motto, "In God We Trust," on the wall of the
City Council Chambers behind the City Council dais and next to the flags as shown in the
attached photos.
Alternative Action(s):
Do not approve either the design or the location of the display and provide direction on other
alternatives.
Page 1 of 2
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Thursday, April 10, 2008 4:21 PM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: In Opposition to Adopting "In God We Trust" as a Motto
Attachments: 3710295582-in god we trust..pdf
Pat bapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
ASave A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: Perry Anderson [mailto:panderry@yahoo.com]
Sent: Thursday, April 10, 2008 3:51 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: In Opposition to Adopting "In God We Trust" as a Motto
Dear City Council,
I learned today, to my dismay, that the Huntington Beach City Council is considering the adoption of
"In God We Trust" as some kind of city motto. I fail to see what positive purpose this serves other than
to allow certain council members the opportunity to show themselves as better patriots than others.
Clearly, it does have potentially negative repercussions on the community, arousing division rather than
unity and rancor rather than harmony.
While it may be true that this motto has been adopted on our currency off and on since 1864, and as a
"national motto" since the Red-Baiting days of the 1950s, its use has always been the occasion of anger
and misunderstanding. Though the Supreme Court has not ruled directly on its constitutionality in
regards to the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, it has also not ruled against it, instead
allowing the lower courts to judge its usage based on dicta appearing in other rulings. The overall drift
of such commentary has been to the effect that the term, though it invokes the deity, has been
secularized and thus does not rise to an establishment of religion per se.
However, the entire history of the term, most exhaustively researched by Louis Fisher and Nada
Mourtada-Sabbah (see attached), reveals it to be a source of suspicion, discomfort, and intense
disagreement. People have variously supported it, like early proponents for its use on our currency
(1863) because, "We claim to be a Christian nation," and attacked it because they felt we are not such a
nation. The motto 's use on our money was ridiculed by Teddy Roosevelt because it represented
"irreverence which comes dangerously close to sacrilege" inasmuch as it puts the sacred on the most
profane symbol of the secular. According to Fisher and Mourtada-Sabah, "Cartoons and articles used
phrases like 'In God we trust for the thirty-seven cents we do not pay."'
Concurrently, Seventh Day Adventists and other religious groups felt that to use currency inscribed
4/14/2008
/g1JJL—rt,, Uy�
Page 2 of 2
with God's name was to offend God directly, while others of differing faiths or agnostics or atheists, felt
that their use of the currency was forcing them to acknowledge a deity in which they did not
believe. The phrase's adoption as the national motto during the Cold War to expose "the spiritual
bankruptcy of the Communists" leads many to feel that only Christians are accepted as patriots, or that
rejection of traditional religious practice is tantamount to treason in the eyes of other citizens.
Thus, unless the City of Huntington Beach feels itself under some severe type of threat(one thinks of
the plague which descended on Corinth in "Oedipus Rex") which requires God's intervention, or unless
there is a danger of anti-American mobs assailing the Council Chambers, I see no need for adopting this
motto. My own motto in such cases is, "If it ain't broke, why fix it?" If adopting the motto serves no
positive purpose, and if it might bring negative reactions, let's do without it.
Sincerely,
Perry Anderson
15402 Shasta Lane
Huntington Beach, CA 92647
email:panderry@yahoo.com
phone: 714-379-6794
4/14/2008
Adopting "In God We Trust" As the
U.S. National Motto
LOUIS FISHER AND NADA MOURTADA-SABBAII
The United States was the first nation to adopt the doctrine of
church-state separation, placing constitutional constraints on how
much government may assist or endorse religion. Although the First
Amendment provides that Congress "shall make no lave respecting an
establishment of religion," lawmakers have passed legislation to set
aside a national day of prayer, insert the words "under God" in the
pledge of allegiance, adopt "In God W'e Trust" as the national motto,
and place those words on coins and paper money.
This essay explains the origin of this legislation, the litigation that
resulted, and the judicial doctrines that regard the motto as more secu-
lar and ceremonial than religious. Americans continue to rely- on two
national mottos that exist in some tension: "In God We Trust" and E
Pluribus Unum. Both appear on the penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half-
dollar, and dollar coin. The first is exclusionary in the sense that it fails
to take account of individuals who do not rely on a deity for protection
or guidance. The second is more inclusive because it exalts the diver-
sih• of the American population.
HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL MOTTO
American coins bearing religious inscriptions date back to the colo-
nial period. The Carolina one-cent piece of 1694 bore the inscription
"God preserve Carolina and the Lords proprietors." The New, England
token issued the same year was inscribed, "God preserve New Eng-
land." The Louisiana cent, minted in 1721-22 and 1767, carried the
words Sit nomen Domini benedictum: Blessed be the name of the
Lord. Another Latin phrase on the Virginia halfpenny of 1774 trans-
lates as "George the Third by the grace of God." Later, after America
• LOUIS FISHER(B.S.,College of William and Liar-: M.A..Ph.D.,New School for Social
Research) is Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, Congressional Research Serice, at
The Libran of Congress,Washington, D.C. He is author of American Constitutional Law,
Congressional Abdication on War and Spending,and ReliPiats Liberty in America:Political
Safeguards. among others. NADA MOURTADA-SABBAH (B.A.. American University of
Beirut: I.A.. Ph.D.. University of Paris II)is assistant professor of political studies,Ameri-
can University of Sharjah,United Arab Emirates. She is author of Le Priailege de L'Executif
Aux Etas-Unis and an article in Revue du Droit Public et de la Science Politique. She dedi-
cates this essay to Chancellor Roderick S. French.
672 [OURNAL OF CHURCH :AND tiTATE
had declared its independence from England, Utah coined gold pieces
in 1849 in the denominations of S 2.50, S5, $10, and $20 bearing the
inscription "Holiness of the Lord.",
E Pluribus Unum was placed on U.S. coins in 1795. but was not
shown on silver dollars from 1840 to 1873, or on half-dollars from 1836
to 1892.2 The inscription '-In God AVe Trust" first appeared on the
coins of 1864. Later- it .yas added to paper money and became the
official national motto for the united States. The motto appeared on
the 1928 two-cent Valley Forge stamp issued to celebrate the 150th
anniversary of Washington's military camp. This stamp contains the
famous scene of Washington kneeling;in prayer in the critical days dur-
ing the winter of 177 7-78.
CIVIL «BAR INITIATIVES
Writing on 13 November 1861. the Reverend M. R. Watkinson of
Ridleyville, Pennsylvania, offered suggestions to Secretary of the Trea-
sury Samuel P. Chase, who was about to submit his annual report to
Congress. NVatkinson noted, "One fact touching our currency has hith-
erto been seriously overlooked. I mean the recognition of the Almighh
God in some form in our coins." NVith the country-ripped by civil war,
V4atkinson appealed to Chase to de-Ose a coin stating the nation's belief
in God. V4atkinson asked what would happen if "our Republic were
now shattered beyond reconstruction? Would not the antiquaries of
succeeding centuries rightly reason from our past that we were a hea-
then nation? What I propose is . . the words `God, liberty, lass."
Inscribing this language on coins `would place us openly under the
divine protection we have personally claimed." Watkinson regarded
.,our national shame in disowning God as not the least of our present
national disasters."4
A week later, Chase wrote to Jaynes Pollock, director of the U.S.
Mint, instructing him to adopt it new inscription for the nation's coins:
"No nation can be strong except in the strength of God, or safe except
in His defense. The trust of our people in God should be declared on
our national coins." Chase directed Pollock to prepare such a coin
"without unnecessan- delay with a motto expressing in the fewest and
1. See H. Kept. No. 662. 84th Cong., lst Sess. (1955), 2.
2, Joseph Cotton,Our American Money:A Collector's Story(New York:Coward-`ieC:ann.
1940), 66.
3. See Anson Phelps Stokes, Church and State in the United States. 3 vols. (dew York:
Harper& Brothers Publishers. 195W. IH: 604.
4. H.Kept.No.662,84th ConQ..2;also quoted in H. Rept. No. 1106,60th Cona., 1st Sess.
(190Y. 2.
ADOPTING "IN GOD W"E TRUST"' 673
tersest words possible this national recognition."5 Patterns for the half
dollar and half eagle in 1862 relied on "God our Trust,"while a pattern
for a two-cent piece in 1863 used the legend "God and our Country."6
An 1862 sermon by the Reverend Henry Augustus Boardman of
Philadelphia proposed that the name of the deity be placed on U.S.
coins. The coinage, he said, "is without a God."' That same year, Pol-
lock recommended that the new inscription draw upon the motto "In
God is our trust" in the "Star-Spangled Banner." The motto was famil-
iar to the public, but Pollock thought "it contains too many letters to
insert in the place of the crest, without crowding too much for good
taste." For greater brevity, he suggested the words "God our Trust."s
In 1863, he reiterated this recommendation in even more pressing
terms:
NVe claim to be a Christian nation—why should Nve not vindicate our character by
honouring the God of Nations in the exercise of our political Sovereignty, as a
Nation? Our national coinage should do this. Its legends and devices should de-
clare our trust in God—in Him who is the "King of Kings and Lord of Lords."
The motto suggested, "God our Trust," is taken from our National Hymn, the
"Star-Spangled Banner." The sentiment is familiar to every citizen of our coun-
try—it has thrilled the hearts and fallen in song from the lips of millions of Ameri-
can Freemen. . . . Jiis an hour of National peril and danger—an hour when man's
strength is weakness—when our strength and our nation's strength and salvation,
must be in the God of Battles and of Nations.9
In December 1863, Pollock submitted to Chase designs for new
one-, two-, and three-cent pieces, on which one of the following mot-
toes should appear: "Our country; our God" or "God our trust."10 In a
letter to Pollock on 9 December 1863, Chase responded positively to
the recommendations, adding the following guidance: "I approve your
mottoes, only suggesting that on that with the Washington obverse the
motto should begin with the word `Our,' so as to read, `Our God and
our country.' And on that with the shield it should be changed so as to
read: `In God we trust.""'
Because an 1837 statute governed the mottos and devices that ap-
pear on U.S. coins'12 nothing could be done without amending that
legislation. On 22 April 1864, Congress passed legislation to provide
5. H. Rept. No. 662, &4th Cong., 3,
6. Cotton, Our American Money, 66-67,
7. Stokes, Church and State. 601.
S. Annual Report of the Director of the Mint(1862),quoted in Stokes,Church and State,
601-02.
9. Annual Report of the Director of the Mint!1863),quoted in Stokes,Church and State,
602.
10. H. Rept. No. 662, 84th Cong., 3.
11. lbid.
12. 5 Stat. 138, § 13 (1837).
674 j()UR.NAL OF CHURCH .AND STATE
for changing the composition of the one-cent piece and authorizing the
coinage of the t-,yo-cent bronze.piece. The shape_ mottoes, and devices
placed on the coins were to be determined by the Director of the `tint.
«nth the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury..' It was upon the
new bronze t\yo-cent coin that the risotto -'In God VVe Trust' first
appeared.
In an act of 3 March 1865, Congress approved the mint of three-
cent pieces. The statute included the following language: "In addition
to the devices and legends upon the gold, silver, another coins of the
United States, it shall be lawful for the director of the mint, with the
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. to cause the motto 'In God
we trust' to be placed upon such coins hereafter to be issued as shall
admit of such legend thereon.-l-' The hill .vent through the ttyo Lham-
bers without debate or aniendrnent.I' Pursuant to this statute the
motto was placed on the double eagle, eagle, and half eagle and also
upon the dollar_ half dollar, and quarter dollar in the latter part of'
1865.'"
Subsequently, a statute enacted on 12 February 1813 provided gui-
dance for devices and legends on coins. One side would be inscribed
with "Liberty" and the year of the coinage. Upon the reverse would be
the figure or representation of an eagle. x.ith the inscriptions "United
States of America and E Plurbivi Unum, and with the designation of
the value of the coin. The figure of the eagle would be omitted on the
gold dollar, the three-dollar piece, and the dime, five-, three-. and one-
cent pieces. The director of the tint_ xxith the approval of the Sec•re-
tari of' the Treasury, "may cause the motto 'In God we trust' to be
inscribed upon such coinsr as shall admit of such motto."'
THEODORE ROOSEVELT RE_NI0 FS THE INSCRIPTION
After the election of 1904, Theodore Roosevelt commissioned Au-
gustus Saint-Gaudens to design the inauguration medal struck for the
new president. Immensely pleased with the product, Roosevelt com-
pared it to the commemorative objects of fifth-centur* Greece, and
especially appreciated its "simplicity of inscription" and "dignih, of ar-
rangement.°' In December 1904_ Roosevelt spoke Arith Secretan-of the
13. 13 Stat. 54-55 c1S641 .
1 1_ 1:3 Stat. 318. §5 ;LS(i:-)!.
15. The legislative histors' of H.H. 807 appears in Congressional Globe_ :38th Conk.. 2d
Sess. :1.56.5)_ 1372, 1390. 1391. 1393. 1403. 1422. 1-123.
16. FL Rept. No. 661 S4tlt Con',_ 3
1• IT, Stat. 127. � LS (Lti 7 3:.
REQUEST FOR CITY COUNCIL ACTION
MEETING DATE: 8/4/2008 DEPARTMENT ID NUMBER: AD 08-12
Analysis: At the City Council meeting of April 1, 2008 the City Council approved in concept
a display of the national motto, "In God We Trust." An Ad Hoc City Council Committee made
up of City Council Members Green, Carchio, and Coerper took on the task of developing a
recommendation for the design and location of the motto.
They are recommending that the sign be located on the wall of the City Council Chambers
behind the City Council dais and next to the flags. Photos of the display and the
recommended location are attached.
Environmental Status: Not applicable.
Attachment(s):
City Clerk's
Page Number No. s -
1. Photo of the design of the "In God We Trust" display.
2. Photo of the "In God We Trust" display at the recommended location in
the City Council Chambers.
-2- 7/22/200812:27 PM
ATTACHMENT # 1
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RCA ROUTING SHEET
INITIATING DEPARTMENT: Administration
SUBJECT: Display of the National Motto, "in God We Trust"
COUNCIL MEETING DATE: August 4, 2008
FZCA:AI'1AC _
TATU HMENT
Ordinance (w/exhibits & legislative draft if applicable) Attached ❑
Not Applicable
Resolution (w/exhibits & legislative draft if applicable) Attached ❑
Not Applicable
Tract Map, Location Map and/or other Exhibits Attached
Not Ap licable
Contract/Agreement (w/exhibits if applicable) Attached ❑
(Signed in full by the City Attorney) Not Applicable
Subleases, Third Party Agreements, etc. Attached ❑
(Approved as to form by City Attorney) Not Applicable
Certificates of Insurance (Approved by the City Attorney) Attached ❑
Not Ap licable
Fiscal Impact Statement (Unbudgeted, over $5,000) Attached ❑
Not Applicable
Bonds (If applicable) Attached ❑
Not Ap licable
Staff Report (If applicable) Attached ❑
Not Applicable
Commission, Board or Committee Report (If applicable) Attached ❑
Not Applicable
Findings/Conditions for Approval and/or Denial Attached ❑
Not Applicable
EXI LA�ATICDN FOR MISSING"ATTAC. V.. WT15S Eta
W
REVIE IVED RETURNS® FOO A{�DED
Administrative Staff
Deputy City Administrator Initial
City Administrator Initial
City Clerk
EX'PLANATID'[VFFORYRETURN 0F,,,ITEM: :'
Only)
RCA Author:
Citizen Communications Regarding
8/4/08 Agenda Item E®12,
A Sign Displaying the National Motto
"In God We Trust" on the Wall of the
City Council Chambers
April 16, 2008
To: City Council of Huntington Beach California
Attn: Honorable Mayor Debbie Cook & Council Members
re: "In GOD We Trust"
First, allow me to commend you all for your partisipation in city government. I'm sure you
have discovered that it is impossible to please everyone. Bite the bullet, do what's right!
Your recent quandary over whether or not to display "In God We Trust" in council chamber
should not take more than a minute to make an affirmative decision.
In your duties, it is of the utmost importance that your participation in the freedoms for
which our founding fathers fought, are carried on with integrity and courage. The brave men
who instituted our laws were not ashamed of their daily prayer to God. In Congress, in their
homes, churches and in the fields of battle brave men petitioned God for assistance, freedom
and wisdom to make this the best nation in the world. Their prayers were heard and God
blessed the United States of America above all nations. These values should be continued and
held paramount in your own current services.
"IN GOD WE TRUST" - MUST BYALL MEANS, BE PRESENT IN OUR COUNCILS, COURTS,
STATE, GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS AND SCHOOLS, ALONG WITH THE FLAG OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA!
The current events attempting to ban God and his Grace from this nation, has eroded our
values, led to the burning of our flag and absolute disrespect for our laws. It is to our everlasting
shame and eventual downfall if we do not stand firm for God, our Flag and our country. Have
we forgotten why this is the greatest nation in the world? It began with daily prayer to God,
reverence, and courage. Many men and women gave their lives to keep "IN GOD WE TRUST",
in our government buildings, Courts of Law,schools and daily lives. It's not just a motto to hang
on a wall.
Our nation needs HIS divine grace. It is to our detriment we have allowed the agenda
of anti-American, anti-Christian sentiments be taken into consideration for any reason! It's true,
citizens have a voice, an opinion and a choice. However, not all citizens are loyal Americans.
Continuance of our nation as it was intended from the beginning, will hopefully be enforced
today with courage and determination by brave men and women who love this country.
Freedom does not come without a price, but the rewards are manifold.
It is imperative to know our nations history and to understand why we have been so
blessed. "In God We Trust" should never be an issue of debate. HE is why this is the greatest
nation in the world, where people from all other nations want to live. God will not plead to be
honored. He doesn't need us - WE NEED HIM! If we desert Him, he will leave us to our
enemies, and there are already a great many of them in our nation. Please, keep the courage.
Honor our God, our flag, our constitution and our country.
IN GOD WE TRUST !
Sincer y,
-
G��f�i� '' Claremort;CA 91711-4611
Roberts
Honor and Glory to God! Proud to be an American.
Consider reading "The Christian Life and Character of the Civil Institutions of the United States"
cc: President Bush, Gov. Schwarzenegger
ADOPTING "IN GOD WE TRUST" 6-115
Treasury Leslie M. Shaw about doing something to remedy the "artisti-
cally atrocious hideousness" of U.S. coins."-
In the winter of 1905, Roosevelt discussed the issue with Saint-
Gaudens over dinner. Roosevelt wanted coins "like the Greeks," and
promised that if Saint-Gaudens prepared improved designs he would
force the Mint to stamp them "in spite of itself." Saint-Gaudens agreed
to create new designs for the one-cent, the ten-dollar gold piece (ea-
gle), and the hventy-dollar gold piece (double eagle). To duplicate the
dignity and simplicity of the ancient Greek coins, both Saint-Gaudens
and Roosevelt agreed that inscriptions would have be kept to a mini-
mum. XVhen Saint-Gaudens suggested that the motto "In God «'e
Trust" represented an "inartistic intrusion," Roosevelt authorized its
deletion after a review of statutory policy indicated that the motto was
discretionary, not mandatorv.19
Roosevelt soon ran into multiple problems: opposition from offi-
cials at the Mint, the declining health of Saint-Gaudens, and a likely
revolt from Congress. In a letter to the sculptor on 6 January 1906, the
president referred to the obstructive attitude among agency employees:
"I think it will seriously increase the mortality-among the employees of
the mint at seeing such a desecration, but they will perish in a good
cause!"'0 By instructing the director of the Mint to reproduce the dies
as quickly as possible, Roosevelt playfully suggested that he "shall be
impeached for it in Congress, but I shall regard that as a very cheap
payment!"'-t After Saint-Gaudens died on 3 August 1907, his assistant
Henry Hering carried on the project. Work on the one-cent piece was
abandoned, but the '_Mint issued the new$10 and$20 pieces in Novem-
ber 1907, less than a month before Congress reconvened.
Roosevelt persevered because he believed that putting the motto
on coins not only did no good but did harm, for it represented"irrever-
ence which comes dangerously close to sacrilege." The expression "In
God We Trust," he said, "should be reserved for occasions that imply, a
certain exaltation of spirit." Any use that encouraged a spirit of levity
"is from even- standpoint profoundly to be regretted." He had never
heard anyone speak reverently of the motto on coins "or show any sign
of its having appealed to any high emotion in him." What he heard,
instead, was "sneering ridicule." Throughout the national debate over
free coinage of silver. with the ratio set at sixteen to one, the motto
18. Willard B. Gatewood.-'Theodore Roosevelt and the Coinage Controversy,"A"Wrican
(hwrterl y 18 (1966): 36.
19. Ibid., 37.
20. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt and My Time,2 vols. (view York: Charles
Scribner's, 192M, 1: 361.
21. Ibid.
It)URNAI, OF CHURCH AND STATE
became "a constant source of-jest and ridicule.'- Cartoons and articles
used phrases like "In God we trust fir the other eight cents." "bi God
we trust for the short .veight," and`In God we trust for the thirty-seven
cents we do not pay." Roosevelt had no objection to the motto appear-
ing on national monuments. courtrooms, legislative halls. or in rnihtan
academies at West Point and Annapolis. However, the use of' the
motto on coins would cheapen it. ;just as it would be to cheapen it by
use on postage stamps, or in advertisements.""
To a cler&A man who objected to the deletion, Roosevelt claimed
that there was "no warrant" in lacy for putting the motto on the coins.'
He may have been referring to the Revised Statutes of 18 i 3-r 4.-} For
some reason. this publication included the inscriptions -Liberty- and E
Plurzbtts I'nuni, but not "In God We Tnrst. Yet. the motto had been
cleark authorized by Congress_ even if not made mandator\-.
Roosevelt conceded that -the matter of the lacy is absolutely in the
hands of Congress, and any direction of Congress in the matter will be
immediately obe '-yed." "
Designs for coins were modified but they still omitted the motto:
protests and outcries came from man\- directions.", The Atlantic Cott-
stitutiori put the issue this way: Americans would have to choose be-
txveen "God or Roosevelt.- Other newspapers agreed xNrth Roosevelt
that connecting the name of the deity xxith -filthy lucre" came closer to
sacrilege than pietv.2" The sentiment among religious organizations
was mixed, but some argued twith a contemporan- flavor? that the
movement"to get God off the coins" reflected the same irreligious atti-
tude that wanted "to get the Bible out of*the schools. -y One citizen
published this piece of poetry in the \exy York Sun:
lit God We Ti-u,,t
U ron Our Coins'
Oi. sacrilegious people!
God is not needed in this nation:
We have the great Administration:.
And he's enough for all creation
Our Teddv.3)
22. Stokes, Church and State. 603: Bishop. Theodore Roosevelt and His Time. II: 72-73.
2:3. Stokes, Church and State. 603.
24, Gatesaood, "Theodore Roose\elt and the Coinage Controsersc, I0.
25, Revised Statutes of the United States. 1,5 3-7d iIKS}.697.
26. Joseph B. Bishop, Theodore Roo.�er(•It and His Time. 11, 72.
27. Stokes. Church and.State_ 603.
28. Gatewood,"Theodore Rooseielt and the Coinage Controversy,'41-I2.
29. Ibid.. 43.
:30. Ibid.. 46.
ADOPTING "IN GOD WE TRUST" 677
Public reaction led to the introduction of legislation to restore the
religious motto on U.S. coinage. Rep. Morris Sheppard (D-Tex.) led
the attack with a lengthy floor address on 7 January 1908. After re-
viewing the influence of religion on America, he turned his ire to the
new coin design "which shows on one side a woman in savage head-
dress, on the other a Roman eagle in predatory flight--the one side a
degradation of woman, the other a eulogy of-war?"31 Rep. Henry S.
Boutell (R-111.) came to Roosevelt's defense, praising him for "good
judgment, discriminating taste, and a proper reverence." Boutell re-
minded his colleagues of what Jesus said when shown the tribute
money with Caesar's image and superscription: "Render therefore unto
Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are
God's.
The Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures, which re-
ceived the bill (H.R. 17296) to restore the motto, discussed the well-
spring of dissent following Roosevelt's action. Individual citizens as
well as religious, secular, and patriotic organizations demanded that his
order be reversed. Petitions urging that the motto be returned to coins
were directed to lawmakers and their committees. Responding to
these pressures, the committee unanimously- recommended passage of
this bill "in confidence that the measure simply reflects the reverent
and religious conviction which underlies American citizenship."' Its
subcommittee was equally unanimous in believing that "as a Christian
nation"the motto should be restored to"inspire American citizenship,"
and as "ex-ridence to all the nations of the world that the best and only
reliance for the perpetuation of the republican institution is upon a
Christian patriotism, which, recognizing the universal fatherhood of
God, appeals to the universal brotherhood of man as the source of the
authority and power of all just government.'"34
Roosevelt was furious with the public outcry and the introduction
of legislation to reverse his decision. He regarded legislation as not
only unnecessary but "rot, pure rot." Still, he knew the cards were
stacked against him. He made clear to lawmakers that "if Congress
wants to pass a bill re-establishing the motto, I shall not veto it."35 «'ith
that assurance, the two chambers moved the bill through Congress
with few obstacles.
31, Congressional Record 111908j,42: 513.
:32. Ibid., 516.
33. H, Rept., No. 1106, 60th Cong., 1st Sess. (1908), 1.
34. Ibid., 2.
35. J. Hampton Moore, Roosevelt and the Old Guard (Philadelphia: Macrae-Smith Co.,
1925), 2202.
(5 :, j(>t_RXAL OF CHURCH AND ST.-M'
Debates on the floor of the House of Representatives reflect the
temper of the times. Rep. Charles C. Carlin reminded his colleagues
that the motto was placed on coins during the 001 NVar. "when the
hand of brother was turned against brother, "-hen the minds of men
were enraged. and the settleme►►t of' problems was submitted m the
arbitrament of arms, the result of whieb no n-tan could at that time
foretell. The battle of'Manassas had been fought: the pride of the na-
tion in its various sections had been aroused: The North and the South
were arrayed against each other in bloody warfare: . . . The blood of'
America w7as boiling. cruel war had possession of the land.''`'
Language fi-om lawmakers demonstrates the depth of feeling. Car-
lin said that from beginning to end "there was never any difference of
opinion" within the committee. The committee's action "furnishes a
lesson to the countn and the world to the effect that this is a Christian
nation, and that this body is composed of patriotic Americans who, re-
gardless (if party- affiliations. fearlessly discharge a public dub when
they are once convinced there is it duty to be discharged.°`;- To Carlin.
Roosevelt acted not only umvisel but "in \iolation of the spirit of the
law its it was %vritte n." Yet Carlin acknowledged that Roosevelt (lid not
attempt to interfere Mtb the committees deliberation. leaving the
committee members "free to t:xercise their own judgment in the dis-
charge of their duty as the\ saw it
Similarly, Rep. 011ie M. James stated that the "country is to be con-
gratulated that our trust is again to be restored in God." In ac'etlsing
Roosevelt of'"a great mistake." Janes referred to the United States as
not only a Christian nation. but % e are engaged in sending to foreign
countries and to distant people our missionaries to preach the religions
of Jesus Christ, and xve want our money so that when this gold that you
sav is so good goes across the ocean and is held in the hands of those
who do not know of the existence of the Saviour of the world, we can
say: `Here are the dollars of the greatest nation on earth, one that does
not put its trust in floating navies or in marching armies, but places its
trust in God."' For James, the rntitto An God We Trust" reflected the
language of the framers. Belief in a Supreme Being 'is breathed in the
Declaration of Independence. lives in the Constitution. hallows the
oath we take at the Isar of this House. It inspired our soldiers to fight
at Bunker Hill, to suffer at N'allek Fongc. to triumph at Yorktown.
Rep. Joseph H. Moore from Pennsylvania defended Roosevelt by
calling him ',a religious. God-fearing inan,' with no intent"to shock the
36. Cunrre,"iorca! Rccnnl. -tF: 3:384 NO', .
.
37. Ihid�
3ti. Ibici.
n�i. 1hid__ :3:3h5.
ADOPTING "IN GOD NNT TRUST" 679
moral sentiment of the community in the order which removed the
motto from the coin." It was time, he said, "to rise and declare, even
by law, that this is a God-fearing nation, and that Congress can do no
harm in making that declaration emphatic."40 Other statements reflect
the sentiments aroused by Roosevelt's decision. Charles G. Edwards of
Georgia applauded the restoration of the motto. He did not charge, as
some did, that Roosevelt"is an infidel,"but rather that he "erred, as all
men are likely to do," and that, "like a fearless and courageous man, he
has virtually admitted his mistake, and says if this bill is passed, he will
not veto it"`ll Edwards denied that the question was sectarian: "The
Methodist, the Baptist, the Presbyterian, the Catholic; the Hebrews,
the Episcopal, in fact all churches, all creeds, who have a belief in God,
are as one in the opinion that it was a great mistake to ever have re-
moved this motto from our coins, and they are one in the sentiment
that this motto shall be restored." He further insisted that all public
positions should be filled with God-fearing men: `:A man who is not
sound in his belief in God has no right in high office. which is the gift
of a.God-fearing people.";'
One of the few to object to the bill was Gustav Kiistermann (R-
Wisc.) who objected to the motto"In God We Trust" on coins"because
I do not believe in any religion that in order to thrive needs advertis-
ing, nor do I believe in any person that always hangs out his shingle `I
am a Christian."' Confiding in God, he said, was a personal and not a
public matter. His mother warned against those "wo always have re-
ligion on their tongue, very, frequently expecting to gain some advan-
tage thereby. Thus I have no love for the man who has alp;rays one eve
turned skyward while the other one is seeking his neighbor's
pocketboA."4'
Legislation mandating the use of this motto on certain coins be-
came law on 18 May 1908. By a roll-call vote of 259 ayes and five nays,
with four answering "present,"41 the House passed the bill providing
that the motto that had been a feature of certain coins issued by the
American government since the year 1864 be restored. The Senate
passed the bill without debate.4' As enacted, the statute provided that
the motto "In God We Trust,"previously inscribed"on certain denomi-
nations of the gold and silver coins of the United States of America,
shall hereafter be inscribed upon all such gold and silver coins of said
40. Ibid., 3386.
41. Ibid.,3:38,.
4?. Ibid.
4:3. Ibid.. 3386.
44. Ibid.- 3391.
43. Ibid.. 6189.
6Y) l(A RNAL (W CHURCH AND STATE
denominations as heretofore. Thus. inscription of the motto on
American coins became mandaton.
Lt,t;tst.xno N 1" rti1=. 1950s
After World War II, Congress engaged in ideological fencing with
SoNiet Russia by encouraging spiritualism over materialism and theism
over atheism. From 1952 to 1956. in the earl- years of the Cold Tar,
Congress passed a number of bills to designate a national day of prayer,
insert the words `under God" in the pledge of allegiance, and require
the inscription "In God tiVe Trust" on the nation's paper money as well
as its coins.
In 1952, Congress directed the president to "set aside and proclaim
a suitable day each year. other than a Sunday. as a National Day of
Praver. on ,vhich the people of the [united States may tuna to God in
prayer and meditation at churches, in groups, and as individuals."{-
Other than recognizing the power of prayer in the nation's histon-, the
legislative history proNides few details on the political motivations be-
hind this statute.'
There was no such vagueness in the development of legislation in
1954 to amend the pledge of allegiance. Instead of the phrase "one
Nation indivisible." the language was changed to "one Nation under
God. indi-osible." Elected leaders were influenced by a sermon given
by the Rey. George M. Dochert\ of Washington. D.C._ who pointed
out that the existing pledge of allegiance could be largely repeated in
Russia, which was also a republic and claimed to be indivisible. «What
was missing in the pledge. he said, `was the characteristic and defini-
tive factor in the American ova\ of life it belief in God. Docherty's
sermon prompted Senator Horsier Ferguson (R-Mich.i to sponsor leg-
islation to insert "under God" in the pledge. Ferguson argued that the
"spiritual bankruptcy of the Communists is one of our strongest weap-
ons in the struggle for menns minds and this resolution gives us a nevv
means of using that weapon."
A similar position appears in a report issued by the House ]udician
Committee, which warned that American principles 'are under attack
by a system whose philosophy is at direct odds with our own." Ameri-
can government. the committee said. was founded "on the concept of
the indMduality and the dignity of the human being. The individual is
important "because he was c•reatud hY God and endowed by Him «ith
46. 35 Stat. 164 .190•.S
47. 66 Stat. 64 :19.521; 36 C.S.C. j 1691,
4'). S. Re fit. \o. 1359. S°d Cum.. ?d si••. 1952', (rni;re'cs(uttttl Kccnrrl :1932-,yh: L546.
:3?)0,.
49. S. Rept. \r. L3S7,_ SSd Conk_ 2-1d tir.: 1451 2.
ADOPTING "IN GOD WE TRUST" 681
certain inalienable rights which no civil authority may usurp." The in-
clusion of "under God" in the pledge would acknowledge the depen-
dence of America on the moral directions of the Creator and "serve to
deny the atheistic and materialistic concepts of communism with its
attendant subservience of the individual."50
In signing the bill, President Dwight D. Eisenhower underscored
the need for spiritual weapons to combat materialistic communism.
He said that the legislation would require school children, while pledg-
ing the flag,to proclaim "the dedication of our nation and our people to
the Almighty." He drew attention to other parts of the globe, where
"mankind has been cruelly torn by violence and brutality- and, by the
millions, deadened in mind and soul by a materialistic philosophy of
life." Under the threat of atomic war, the amendment to the pledge
would "have profound meaning." The statute reaffirmed the transcen-
dence of religious faith in America's "heritage and future; in this way
%ve shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever
will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war."51
In 1955, Congress passed legislation to place the motto"In God NVe
Trust" on paper money. The Treasury- Department supported the pro-
posal, but requested, in�fiew of the cost, the inclusion of the motto on
the nation's paper currency be delayed until new dies could be created.
Because the Bureau of Engraving and Printing planned technological
improvements that would require the preparation of new dies, rolls,
and plates, the motto could "be incorporated in the design with very
little additional cost at the time that these changes are being made." In
accordance with the wishes of President Eisenhower, the department
planned to add the inscription when it converted to the new process.
Congress consequently adopted statutory language making use of
"In God NVe Trust" mandatory on all currency and coins of the United
States. The statute scheduled the change to coincide with the adoption
of new dies, which "shall bear, at such place or places thereon as the
Secretary of the Treasury may determine to be appropriate, the inscrip-
tion `In God NVe Trust,' and thereafter this inscription shall appear on
all United States currency and coins."52 This statute thus broke new
ground by requiring that the motto be placed on U.S. paper money.
Moreover, for the first time, Congress required the use of the motto on
all United States coins.
50. H.Rept.No. 1693,83d Cong..2d Sess.(1954),1-2. For the floor debate,see Congres-
sional Record (1954), 100: 6231-32, 6348, 7757-66, 7833 35.
51. Public Papers of the Presidents,1954,563.The joint resolution amending the pledge of
allegiance appears at 68 Stat. 249.
52. 69 Stat. 290 (1955).
682 10URNAL OF CHURCH AND 'STATE
Both the House and Senate committees on banking and currenc-
approved the bill unanimously.' The report from the House commit-
tee emphasized the need to express the spiritual basis of the American
way of life. The committee commended to Congress "the desirability
of a mandaton- proxision of law requiring inscription on all coins and
currency of the United States of the motto 'In God We Trust' «,-hich
expresses so tersely and with such dignity the spiritual basis of our way
of life. 4
During floor debate on the bill, lawmakers expressed the belief that
inscriptions on coins would proxide it spiritual answer to the threat of
materialistic communism. Charles Bennett D-Fla.i argued, "nothing
can be more certain than that our country was founded in a spiritual
atmosphere and with a firm trust in God." He quoted these .yords
from Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, w-ho was later thief
Justice of the Supreme Court: "\o nation can be strong except to the
strength of God, or safe except in His defense.'- In urging congres-
sional action on the placement of "In God We Trust" on t-.S. coins_
Bennett warned that in "these days \yhen imperialistic and materialistic
communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continu-
ous-- look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom. At
the base of our freedom is our faith in God and the desire of Americans
to live bN His\krill and by His guidance. Ns long as this country trusts in
God, it will prevail.''' The reports accornpan,ing the bill and the floor
debate in the House demonstrate the unanimous sentiment behind the
legislation, There were no statements in opposition in either
chamber.;t
Legislation in 1956 declared the inscription An God We Trust' to
be the national motto.' «'bile no floor debate occurred on the inea-
sure in either the House or the Senate,'` the reports of both the House
and Senate Judiciary Committees looked for guidance to the inscrip-
tion on the nation's coins and currency and to the Star-Spangled Ban-
ner ("In God is our trust". Both reports asserted that "it Mill be of
great spiritual and psychological value to our counts- to have a clearl
designated national motto of inspirational duality in plain,popularly ac•-
53. H. Rept., No. 63;. S4th Cony., l st
54. H. Rept_ V.. 662. S4th Cong._ I,t Ses,-. 1.
5.5. Cunare.ssional Record 1955}_ 101: s)(..
56. 11. Rept. No.662,S4th Cons., 1st Sess i 155.5i;S. Rept. No.637,84th Cong.. 1;t Sess.
i 1955: Cungwys-ional Record �1953', 101: ,93-6. 9448-49.
57. 70 Stat 32;1956 ; 36 C.S.C. I% _H)I):. The legislation passed the House and the
Senate without dehat,
55. See Conore.,-cinnal Re'c•urd i 1956,. In' 6:359_ 1:391:'
ADOPTING "IN GOD WE TRUST" 683
cepted English," and that they found the phrase to be "superior and
more acceptable" as the nation's motto than E pluribus unum.59
In reporting the bill favorably, the Committee on the Judiciary
pointed out that the United States lacked a national motto and that it
will be of great spiritual and psychological value to our country to have
a clearly designated national motto of inspirational quality in plain,
popular accepted English." There had already been official recognition
of the motto"In God'vVe Trust"through the adoption of the Star-Span-
gled Banner as the national anthem. The committee cited this stanza
from the national anthem:
"O, thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
Between their lov'd home and the Nvar's desolation!
Blest with vict'ry and peace may the heav'n rescued land
Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto—In God is our trust.'
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave."fi0
The committee recognized that the phrase E plurzbus unum had
also received wide usage in the United States, but considered "In God
We Trust" as "a superior and more acceptable motto for the United
States.""
SPIRITUALISM IN TINIE OF CRISIS
Commenting upon the inscription "In God We Trust," Stokes con-
cluded that the motto on coins "was the direct result of the crisis
through which the country was passing during the Civil War, and was
an evidence of the feeling that the nation needed to cultivate the spirit
of religion."62 Was the adoption of the motto intended to help the
North against the South? In his Second Inaugural Address, Abraham
Lincoln deftly indicated how both sides of the conflict appealed to
God: "Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each
invokes His aid against the other. . . . The prayers of both could not be
answered. That of neither has been answered fully."63
During the 1950s, when Congress passed legislation to establish a
national day of prayer, changed the pledge of allegiance, placed "In
59. See H. Rept. No. 1959, 84th Cong., 2d Sess. J9561, and S. Rept. No. 2703, 84th
Cong., 2d Sess. (19561.
60. S. Rept, No. 2703. 84th Cong., 2d Sess. i 19561, 2.
61. Ibid. Other parts of this brief legislative Nston appear in H. Rept, No. 1959, 84th
Cong., 2d Sess. (1956) and congressional Record (1956), 101: 6359, 1391.
62. Stokes,church and State,603.
6:3. James D. Richardson,ed.,A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents.
20 s ols. i New York: Bureau of National Literature, 189 1?. 'III: 3478 8.
6h4 JO RNAL OF CHURCH AND STATE
God We Trust" on paper nionev_ and adopted that phrase as the na-
tional motto, President Eisenhower encouraged spirituality- and faith-
firiness. In 1955, he advised the American Legion. "WVithout God,
there could be no American form of Government, nor an American
way of life. Recognition of the Supreme Being is the first—the most
basic—expression of Americanism.
His comments, stated as part of the `Back-to-God" program of the
American Legion on 20 Februan 1955, offer insights into his emphasis
on spiritualism and the recognition of the divine. He began by noting
the framers' belief in the dignitl of the individual. after "recognizing
God as the author of individual rights, the framers "declared that the
purpose of' Government is to secure those rights." Eisenho«er re-
ferred to other countries where "the State claims to be the author of
human rights." If a state can give rights. "it can—and inevitably\vill—
take aww,,7 those rights." Then comes this presidential endorsement of
religion: "Without God, there could be no American form of Govern-
ment, nor an American way of life. Recognition of the Supreme Being
is the first—the most basic—expression of Americanism. Thus the
Founding Fathers saw it, and thus, xvith God's help. it will continue to
be.'rs
Both Houses of Congress placed the motto "In God We Trust" on
the ,valls of their chambers. During the 1950-51 period, the Senate
made a number of changes to the Senate roof, its skylights, and did
some remodeling of the Senate chamber. The vestibules of the east.
west, and south entrances to the chamber were reconstructed. Over
the three doorways were placed mottos caned in marble. Over the
east entrance doorway appeared Atrnuit C.oeptis (God has favored our
undertakings), over the west entrance docmvay N'oviis Ordo Seclonnn
(A new order of the ages is born::. and over the south entrance doorway
"In God XVe Trust.""''
In 1.962, the House also changed its chambers to feature the na-
tional motto. 'Members had noticed the fifteen stars above the
Speaker's chair, and concluded that there was no significance to the
number. There were eleven stars on the center panel and two on each
sides"- The House passed a resolution to remove as manv stars as nee-
essan-to place "In God We Trust" above the Speaker's chair. The tim-
ing of the resolution was significant because it came a few months after
CA. Public Papers of the Presidents. 1955, 274. See Louis Fisher,American Constitutional
Lain, 4th ed. (Durhani, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press. 2001'. 621 ff.
6a Public Papers of the Presidents, 1955, ?i:3-i 4.
66. History of Gnited States Senate Roof and Chamber Improvements and Related Historl-
cal Data. S. Doc. No. 20, 92d Cong., l st Sess. .1951.,27,
67. Conuressional Record 108 1962;: 21 L IM 21101
ADOPTING "IN GOD NNT TRUST"' 685
the Supreme Court had struck down New York's "Regents' prayer" in
Engel v. Vitale (1962). This decision struck down the New York re-
gents' directive requiring public schools to have students say aloud at
the beginning of each school day these words: "Almighty God, we ac-
knowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings
upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country." Rep. `'William J.
Randall (D-Mo.) remarked that one of the by-products of the House
resolution"is that we have given perhaps not directly but yet in a not so
subtle way our answer to the recent decision of the U.S. Supreme
Court order banning the regents prayer from the New York State
schools.",,"
LITIGATING THE MOTTO
The statutes requiring the motto "In God We Trust" on coins and
currency have been repeatedly tested in the courts. Thus far, federal
courts have found the language to be constitutional. Judges are no
more likely to invalidate such statutes than elected officials are likely to
vote against them. It was necessary for courts to find some secular
explanation for the motto, such as writing it off as ceremonial. Al-
though no Supreme Court ruling has directly decided the question, in
dicta it has often expressed support for the inscription. Lower courts
often look to dicta for guidance. In 1996, the Tenth Circuit said that it
"considers itself bound by Supreme Court dicta almost as firmly as the
Court's outright holdings."e9
The 1962 ruling was clearly limited to coercive actions on the part
of government toward children. In an effort to ward off predictable
criticism, the Court placed this language in a footnote:
There is of course nothing in the decision reached here that is inconsistent with
the fact that school children and others are officially encouraged to express love
cuments
for our country by reciting historical do such as the Declaration of Inde-
pendence which contain references to the Deity or by singing officially-espoused
anthems which include the composer's professions of faith in a Supreme Being,or
with the fact that there are manv manifestations in our public life of belief in God.
Such patriotic or ceremonial occasions bear no true resemblance to the unques-
tioned religious exercise that the State of New York has sponsored in this
instance.1°
Nevertheless, the concurring opinion by Justice William O. Douglas
unnecessarily opened the door to boundless speculation about where
the Court was headed. He said that what New York did on the opening
of public schools is what the Court does when the Crier announces the
68. Ibid., 21102.
69. Gaylor t. United States, 74 F.3d 214, 217 (loth Cir. 19%
70. Engel L. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 435 n.21 (1962).
61IS6 JO H\AL OF CHURCH X D STATE
convening of*the Court: "God save the L nited States and this Honora-
ble Court.".I Douglas noted that each House of'Congress at the open-
ing of each dav's business invited chaplains to give a prayer, and in a
footnote lie pointed to the motto "lit God We Thist" on coins. paper
money. and in the national motto.-
These remarks I)v Douglas, in addition to the Courts decision.
helped fuel public confusion and outrage and became the fiscal point of
hostile congressional hearings._.; The prayer case was also grossly mis-
represented by the president of the .American Bar Association, who
weighed in ,with the warning that the decision xvould require ehmina-
tion of the motto "ln God We Trrist"' from all coins.-' The public reac-
tion never recovered fron) thest, irresponsible readings.
National furor increased the nt;xt x ear when the Court decided in
School District of Abington Totcnship z. Schentpp (1963) that states
may not require that passages from the Bible be read or that the Lord's
Prayer be recited in public schools at the beginning of each school day.
Again the Court sought to distinguish this practice from other customs
that were xvell established and juchc•ialh acceptable. including the pres-
idential oath that ends v th "So help ine God," the opening prayer in
Congress, and the short ceremom by the Court's Crier.,5 The Court
did not say so expressly, but cleark it ryas distinguishing ceremonial
activities invol%ring adults from perceived state attempts to inculcate
religion in coercive settings invoking children. A concurrence by Jus-
tice Brennan points to constitutional problems xvith religious exercises
for children%vho are immature, xyithow fixed religious convictions. and
-%vho fear peer-group pressures if the\ step out of line."-`'
Thus. the ven same religious cerentonies that have been found
constitutional in the contest of the general public have often been
found unconstitutional when children are the priman- participants.
Congress and the state legislatures ilia emplox or invite chaplains to
say prayers;- public schools nias not. haven inviting ministers and
rabbis to give pravers at graduation exercises are constitutionally imac-
71. Ibid., 439.
72. ]bid.- 439-40, 440-41 n. 5.
13, Louis Fisher_ 'Nonjudic•ial Safeguards for Religious Libertm. University of Cincinnati
Law Review 70 i 2001-: 67.
74. Chester A. Newland. --Press Coverage of the United State Supreme Court.' 1Sestern
Political Quarterly 17 1964i: 28.
7.5 School District c!j':4bin,,tort Tinrnship t. Sclnrurpp. 374 L.S. 201 213 i1963 .
76. Ibid.. 276. 290.
7;. Marsh r. Chamber.. 463 U.S. 7•S3 :198:31: Murray t Buchanan. 720 F.2d 689 iD.C.
Or. 19:53
ADOPTING "IN GOD WE TRUST" 687
ceptable because they lead to excessive entanglement between church
and state.-8
In Wooley L. Maynard (1977), the Court held that a state, consis-
tent with the First Amendment, may not require the display of a state
motto on vehicle license plates.9 It was therefore unconstitutional for
New Hampshire to compel persons to use the state license plate carry-
ing the motto, "Live Free or Die." Jehovah's«'itnesses considered the
motto repugnant to their moral, religious, and political beliefs. The
Court issued this caution about the national motto: "It has been sug-
gested that today's holding will be read as sanctioning the obliteration
of the national motto, `In God We Trust' from the United States coins
and currency. That question is not before us today but we note that
currency, which is passed from hand to hand, differs in significant re-
spects from an automobile,which is readily associated with its operator.
Currency is generally carried in a purse or pocket and need not be
displayed to the public. The bearer of currency is thus not required to
publicly advertise the national motto."w
In a dissent, Justice Rehnquist said that the Court's opinion "leads
to startling, and I believe totally unacceptable, results." In noting that
the mottoes "In God We Trust" and E Pluribus Utium appear on U.S.
coins and currency, he reasoned that the statutes proscribing deface-
ment of U.S. currency did not impinge upon the First Amendment
rights of an atheist. Thus: "The fact that an atheist carries and uses
United States currency does not, in any meaningful sense, convey any
affirmation of belief on his part in the motto `In God We Trust."'sl
In cases involving the display of creches and menorahs on public
property, the Supreme Court follows a line of reasoning similar to
lower courts that have upheld the motto"In God'vVe Trust." In Lynch
r. Donnelly (1984), the Court upheld the constitutionality of these dis-
plays by finding that they had a "secular purpose." Such displays, said
the Court, are sponsored by public officials "to celebrate the Holiday,"
to depict "the origins of that Holiday," and are "legitimate secular pur-
poses."'' The Court referred approvingly to the religious heritage
found in the national motto, "In God XN,'e Trust," the inclusion of that
language in national currency, and use of the language "one nation
under God" as part of the pledge of allegiances; In another creche/
menorah case, the Court observed, "our previous opinions have consid-
78. Lee c. W?isman,505 U.S, 577 (1992.).
79. WOoley t:. laynard,430 L.S. 703 (.1977i.
80. Ibid., 717, n. 15.
81. Ibid., 722.
82. Lynch t:. Donnelly,46.5 L.S. 668 (1984)at 681.
83. Ibid- 676.
68S jl)UHNAL OF CHURCH AND STATE
ered in dicta the motto and the pledge jot allegiancei, characterizing
them as consistent\Kith the proposition that government may not conn-
municate an endorsement of religious belief."54
In separate opinions, several justices have found governmental ref-
erences to "In God VVe Trust" as constitutionally acceptable. In a con-
curring opinion in Lynch, justice ('Connor referred to legislative
prayers, the printing of"In God We Trust" on currency, the appeal to
God that accompanies the opening of Court sessions, and the declara-
tion of Thanksgiving as a national holiday as examples. Those prac-
tices. she said, contribute "in the only ways reasonably possible in our
culture, [to] the legitimate secular purposes of solemnizing public occa-
sions, expressing confidence in the future. and encouraging the recog-
nition of what is worthy of appreciation in society.""' She reiterated
that view in a concurring opinion in Allegheny Ctm'rlty v. Greater-Pitts-
burgh ACLU. The printing of"In God We Trust" on coins serves "sec-
ular purposes_" and"such government acknowledgments of religion are
not understood as conveying an endorsement of particular religious
beliefs.'""
Justice Brennan, in Schempp, remarked that the use of the motto
"In God NVe Trust" on currency, government documents, and public
buildings did not offend the Establishment Clause. He did not argue
that the use of those four words "can be dismissed as `de minimis, for
be suspected that intense opposition would emerge in any effort to
abandon the motto. However, the "truth is that we have simply inter-
woven the motto so deeply into the fabric of our civil polity that its
present use may well not present that type of involvement which the
First Amendment prohibits."
Dissenting in Lynch c. Donnelly, Brennan suggested that such
practices as designating "In God NVe Trust" as the national motto and
references to God in the Pledge of Allegiance, "can best be under-
stood, in Dean Rostoav's apt phrase. as a form of `ceremonial deism_'
protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they
have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content."`s
To Brennan. these references serve "such wholly secular purposes as
solemnizing public occasions. or inspiring commitment to meet some
national challenge in a manner that simply could not be fully served in
S1. Allegheny County c. Greater Pimburn ACL . 492 l.S. 573(1989) at 602-0.3.
85. Lynch, 463 U.S..S. at 693 i0'Connor. rrh coucurring;.
86. Allegheny. 192 U S. at 625 J)'Connor. J., ,oncurring:.
ST. Abinion School Dist. t- S'che npp. :374 l .S. 203 f 1963 at 303 (Brennan, J.
concurring?.
5S. Lynch r. Uonncdly. 465 U.S. at 71 T Brennan- J._ dissenting!.
ADOPTING "IN GOD WE TRUST" 689
our culture if government were limited to purely nonreligious
phrases."19
In addition to dicta from Court rulings, lower courts have squarely
addressed the motto. In each instance, the inscription and motto have
been held to be constitutional. In Aronow v. United States (1970), the
Ninth Circuit ruled that the inscription and its use as the national
motto represented "patriotic or ceremonial character and . . . no true
resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of religion." The suit chal-
lenged the use of expressions of trust in God by the U.S. government
on its coins, paper money, official documents and publications.90 To
the court, the motto lacked any theological or ritualistic impact. The
court cited language from a committee report that spoke about "spiri-
tual and psychological value" and "inspirational quality."sl
The court also took guidance from Engel L. Vitale, which accepted
references to God in the Declaration of Independence and officially
espoused anthems. The Ninth Circuit found no religious significance
in paving a bill with coin or currency"on which has been imprinted`In
God We Trust."' It noted that President Theodore Roosevelt viewed
the secular use of the motto as "sacrilegious and irreverent." In ac-
knowledging that "ceremonial" and "patriotic" may not be "particularly
apt words" for describing the national motto, the Court found no First
Amendment problem because the motto "has no theological or ritualis-
tic impact.'12
The court in Aronow looked to the case of McGowan a. Maryland
(1961), which found no constitutional objection to states requiring
businesses to close on Sundays. To nullify such laws, plaintiffs would
have to demonstrate that such legislation, either in its legislative history
or practice, amounted to a state's coercive power to assist religion.
Neither those laws nor the national motto have such a purpose, "either
in Congressional intent or practical impact on society."93
Finally, the Ninth Circuit pointed to the Supreme Court ruling in
Walz v. Tax Commission (1970), which upheld the constitutionality of
tax exemptions for religious organizations. There the Court held that it
would not tolerate "either governmentally established religion or gov-
ernmental interference with religion." It is necessary, the Court deter-
mined, to allow"room for play in the joints productive of a benevolent
89. Ibid., 717.
90. Aronenc c. United States, 432 F.2d 242,243 i9th Cie 1970).
91. Ibid. For background on Aronow's Lawsuit, see Frank J. Sorauf.The Wall of Separa-
tion: The Constitutional Politics of Church and State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1976;, 139-40.
92. Engel at 243.
93. Aronaw at 244.
690 j()t_R\AI. OF CHURCH A\D STATE
neutralih-which «ill permit religious exercise to exist "without sponsor-
ship and Mthout interference."
In O'Hair r. Blumenthal !19-S!,"' a district court re-iewed a plain-
tiffs allegation that the national motto "In God«e Trust" and the use
of that motto on national coins and currency violated the Free Exercise
and Establishment Clauses. The court cited Arotiow for the holding
that the national motto and its use on coinage and currency had noth-
ing to do -Mth the establishment of religion. The primary- purpose of
the slogan was secular and served a secular ceremonial purpose in the
14obAiously secular function of providing a medium of exchange." Use
of the motto on "the currency- or otherwise does not have a primar7l
effect of advancing religion. Moreover. it "yould be ludicrous to argue
that the use of the national motto fosters any excessive government
entanglement Nvitb religion."""
Most recently. the issue reached the Tenth Circuit in Gaylor V.
United States (1996), which challenged the use of"In God We Trust'
on U.S. currency-. The court found that the statutes establishing the
national motto and directing its reproduction on currency have a secu-
lar purpose. The motto "symbolizes the historical role of religion' in
society, "formalizes our medium of exchange." and "expresses confi-
dence in the future.- It agreed with earlier court holdings that the
motto's primary purpose is not to advance religion but rather to re-
present "a form of-ceremonial deism that through historical usage and
ubiquity cannot be reasonably understood to convey government ap-
proval of religious belief." The nu>tto did not create "an intimate rela-
tionship of the hype that su,;gests auconstitutionid entanglement of
church and state.,."
Although federal courts have upheld the use of"In God X e Trust,"
they have struck do,,vn govermnent reliance on more sectarian and de-
nominational expressions. For example.. the Seventh Circuit in 1991
found unconstitutional the use by hyo Illinois cities of the Latin cross
on their seal, emblem. and logo. Presence of the cross violated the
Establishment Clause because it endorsed Christianity, and the effect
of the cross -wws not neutralized be being mixed\yith nonreligious sym-
bols. ', After the Seventh Circuit denied a petition for a rehearing ern
bark, the Supreme Court denied certiorari."'-'
94. Xtah r. Tax Conom"ion. 397, i__S 664 i 1970 at 669- O: cited in_lronou at 244.
9.3. O'Hair c. Blumenthal_462 F-Supp. 19 `V.D T,-•< 197•Sl.A-finned.588 F 2d 1144 _5th
Cir. 1979'_ emit. denied..142 U.S. 9:30 :19?3
96. O'Hair r. Blumenthal, 20.
97. _4 F.3d 214, 216 i lOth Cir. 1996 . k,(rrt. denied.517 U.S. 12'1! :.1996
9h. Harms r. City of Zion, 927 F.2d 1411 i -th Cir. 1991`.
99. Harri, ,. Citrl of Lion. 9:34 F.°d 141 7th (ir. 1991'_ cert. denied_ 505 C.S. 121-S
t1993 .
ADOPTING "IN GOD «T TRUST" 691
CONCLUSION
The need to emphasize spiritualism and unity, in times of acute cri-
sis or challenges in the nation's history has prompted reliance on a re-
ligious inscription. At hours of national peril and danger, an expression
of national trust in God was felt to be important by the general public
and elected officials. They decided to borrow from a stanza in the Star-
Spangled Banner and embrace "In God N e Trust" as the national
motto, while at the same time retaining the secular option, "E pluribus
unum.
Obviously the "we" in the national motto does not reflect the posi-
tion of the entire population. Many U.S. citizens are agnostic, atheistic,
or belong to religions such as Buddhism that do not require a belief in
God. These people find comfort in Justice Black's language in Eversoti
t;. Board of Education (1947). where he said that neither the federal
government nor a state can force or influence a person "to go to or to
remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a
belief or disbelief in any religion." Similarly, no person "can be pun-
ished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs, for
church attendance or non-attendance."I-" Government may not com-
pel public officers to declare a belief in the existence of God.'"' Indi-
viduals may conscientiously object to combat duh-without declaring a
belief in a deity.'"a
"Out of many, one" remains a cherished motto for a country that
has successfully forged a nation from a diverse population. Diversity
includes believers and nonbelievers, those who trust in God and those
who rely on other sources. Adoption of"In God We Trust" as the na-
tional motto and its placement on coins and currency has not produced
uniformity of thought and belief in a population that has, from its be-
ginnings, been heterogeneous and becomes ever more so with each
passing decade.
Probably a majority of citizens in the U.S. is comfortable with gov-
ernmental reliance on religious mottos. They might ask how they
would feel if the U.S. population changed sufficiently to warrant "In
Allah We Trust" as the national motto, and required public officials to
place one hand on the Koran and utter"so help me Allah."10' America
has held together as a nation in large part because of its history of
religious tolerance. Mutual respect and the acceptance of diversity al-
100. Ecerson c. Board of Education. 330 U.S. 1 i1947! at 15-16.
101. Toremo c. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488 J9611.
102. United States c. Seeger.:380 U.S. 163(19653 .See also Fisher,"Nonjudicial Safeguards
for Relict ous Liberty," Cincinnati Lau Review 70 i2001 is 56-59.
103. Steven $. Epstein,"Rethink incr the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism,"Colum-
bia Lau Review 96 (19961: 2084-85.
692 JOURNAL OF CHURCH AND STATE
loss- individuals to enlarge their understanding of' the culture. the his-
tory, and the values of those who are different. It is important that
citizens (especially newcomers) feel welcome and accepted, regardless
of their religious belief or disbelief. They should not feel like outcasts
in a land-where the majorih- seeks to press its moral code as the domi-
nant and official religion.
Pagel of 3
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Thursday, April 17, 2008 3:49 PM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: In God We Trust.
Pat bapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
`A Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
Frorn: Bawareh@aol.com [mailto:Bawareh@aol.com]
Sent: Thursday, April 17, 2008 3:47 PM
To: hbindependent@latimes.com
Cc: CITY COUNCIL.
Subject: In God We Trust.
I agree with your editorial that the city council irresponsibly wasted time and
misrepresented us in posting God in our government building. Thank you for the article
as it expressed my opinion well.
I agree with Hardy and Cook in that "Proud to be American" is patriotic (as is "In the
U.S. Constitution we Trust"). The word "God" is nothing but a religious symbol! It's
definition is a religious belief:
American Heritage Dictionary- Cite This.Source - Share This
god Audio Help (god) Pronunciation Key
n. God
1.
a. A being conceived as the perfect, omnipotent, omniscient originator and
ruler of the universe, the principal object of_faith_and worship in
monotheistic religions.
b. The force, effect, or a manifestation or aspect of this being.
Carchio and Green's asserting the God statement is patriotic is utter nonsense and a
farce! The definition of "patriot" is:
, JJ
4/18/2008
Page 2 of 3
Dictionary.com Unabridged(v 1.1 - Cite This Source - Sham This
pa•tri-of Audio H"I
-noun
1. a person who loves, supports, and defends his or her country and its interests with
devotion.
2. a person who regards himself or herself as a defender,_esp._of_individual_r_ights,
against presumed interference by the federal government.
Thus, it is unpatriotic to not defend our individual rights to any Godless religion(be it:
atheist, agnostic, Buddhism, or other Godless religion) by posting God as a
representation of all of our individual beliefs!
The separation of church and state principle derived from the first amendment
demands that you don't impede any religion, even a Godless one!
It is also a misrepresentation of their constituents!!!
And it is divisive! Not only against Americans, but our enemy as well. At a time of war
when the Islamic enemy is offended, and energized with endless volunteers, by the
thought of fighting against Bush's Christianity and democracy "crusade," of which, that
idea is reinforced by his 30-40% Christian voting block that got him in office, and all
the "In God we Trust" government symbols as well, we don't need any more offensive
symbols against them, or our own people! Hasn't religion fueled enough fighting and
wars since the Christian Crusades? Why add more fuel to the fight? Why allow
religion at all in government? Keep it out of government completely!
You are right...what a waste of government time and money!!! I will remind everybody of
those who are responsible and voted for this imposition of religion in our government
upon us the next time they are up for election! We don't need any proselytizers of
religion; we don't need more imposing of religious symbols, idealism and beliefs; we
need leaders to deal in our real issues at hand!
B.W.
Huntington Beach
4/18/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Monday, April 14, 2008 9:30 AM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: "In God We Trust"
Pat bapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: DOUGLAS CABLE [mailto:dccable2@verizon.net]
Sent: Monday, April 14, 2008 12:54 AM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: "In God We Trust"
I am a 25 year resident home owner in Huntington Beach. I am strongly opposed to displaying the
motto "In God We Trust" on City property. It is the endorsement of theocracy. The pilgrims came to
North America to escape theocracy. The United States is based on the Constitution, which does not
mention God, except in the date. This motto excludes citizens and residents who neither believe in nor
trust in God. Are City services and protections not available to tax paying athiests, agnostics, free-
thinkers and skeptics? What about Zen Buddhists, Wiccans and Unitarians? Will the police and fire
departments inquire before responding? Will there be a religious test to run for City Council? Which
God exactly does the City trust in: Jehovah, the Trinity, Allah, Buddha, Krishna, Gaia? I'm assuming
you all meant Jesus. Well, not everyone feel he is a god.
The proposal sounds both provincial and fundamentalist, like it belongs in Bakersfield, Kansas or
Dover, PA. Does this mean the schools will no longer teach natural selection or evolution? How about
sex education? I recall in the past the City had a diversity program. I assume that will have to go. What
a shame.
Sincerely,
Douglas C Cable, M.D.
9332 La Jolla Circle
Huntington Beach, CA 92646
L_
4/14/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Thursday, April 17, 2008 11:31 AM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: "In God We Trust" Motto -Will do what for HB
Pat Dapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
Aw Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: Chub Domotor [mailto:Chub_Domotor@gscaudio.com]
Sent: Thursday, April 17, 2008 10:56 AM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Cc: hbindependent@latimes.com
Subject: "In God We Trust" Motto - Will do what for HB
I do not have time to attend the nightly meetings so opted to e-mail you with my opinion with regards to the recent
"In God We Trust" posting.
I just read the editorial section of our local paper(the HB Independent), on this subject that could not have
concluded any better what I believe is the thoughts of many HB residents. Bottom line the council spending any
time on this is a waste of time, especially when the action was initiated by Bakersfield Councilwoman, Jacquie
Sullivan NOT a HB resident or council person. Not sure what business of Jacquie Sullivan it is pushing her desire
onto other cities. This should have been placed on a ballot for the resident to vote on, not a decision by the
council.
Already several decisions have been made that cost us the residents of HB unnecessary spending and future
spending. For instance the HB city entrance signs(approx$31 OK spent), the proposal for the Rose float(approx
$200K before the fundraiser)and approx$900K for arches on PCH and Main. Combined that is approx. $1410K
(that be $1.4M). If we have or possible will have, this kind of dollars in our funds, we should improve and help our
Public Works dept. So what is this going to cost us now?
My reason for saying our Public Works dept needs help is... It took FOUR months to get one tree trimmed on the
parkway in front of my house.... FOUR months. I patiently called the dept. each month to confirm my request only
to learn how under staff that Landscape/Tree crew has become due to cut backs... from approx 20 down to 8.
In conclusion, I'm beginning to wonder what our city council or at least some of the council members, are
thinking... like how spending time on this subject will actually benefit our city. I'm sorry... but posting the words"In
God We Trust"will not make the infrastructure of our city any better nor improve the looks.
I vote NO.
Chub Domotor
HB Resident(homeowner)
%Zld/W0 14
4/18/2008
Esparza, Paltry
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Friday,April 11, 2008 3:22 PM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: Fw: Displaying In God We Trust
----- Original Message -----
From: dgoughary@aol.com <dgoughary@aol.com>
To: CITY COUNCIL
Sent: Fri Apr 11 15:00:39 2008
Subject: Displaying In God We Trust
Dear Council Members,
I would like to commend Council members Cook and Hardy for having the sense to not only
vote against this issue, but to rightfully state that this is not a "patriotism" issue as
suggested by Council member Carchio. In the first place, this is clearly a violation of
the separation of Church and State. In the second place, just whose `god' are we talking
about? In a multi ethnic, multi cultural and multi religious country such as ours, you
will clearly alienate people with this display. It has no place in City Hall or any other
government building.
Councilmember Bohr abstained because he didn't think that this was an issue the Council
should be voting on. On that point, I agree, but taking the hands off approach as he did
served no purpose, regardless of how he would have voted. To say that I 'm dissappointed in
this cop out is an understatement.
And as for Council members Carchio and Green, please bring substantive, worthwhile issues
to the Council, not things like free hybrid parking, no fee remodels, peace poles, and
feel good s_gnage, etc.
I find it hard to believe that with all of the important issues facing this city
(infrastructure decay, budget shortfalls, etc. ) that the Council would actually waste time
on the issue of displaying "In God We Trust". How about getting to work on things that
have a real impact on our City and its citizens?
Dennis Goughary
16982 Baruna Lane
Huntington Beach, CA 92649
714 465 9917
Get the MapQuest Toolbar <http: //www.mapquest.com/toolbar?NCID=mpgmap00030000000003> ,
Maps, Traffic, Directions & More!
1
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Thursday, April 10, 2008 1:33 PM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: In God We Trust
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Red
Pat bapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: carol [mailto:carolsettimo@yahoo.com]
Sent: Thursday, April 10, 2008 10:43 AM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: In God We Trust
Congratulations to our Council members who voted for displaying "In God We Trust" motto in the council
chambers. Our long, world history and daily lives remind us of our blessings from God, our Creator. Be proud to
display our Trust in God.
Thank you,
City resident,
Carol Settimo
4/14/2008
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Thursday, April 10, 2008 5:09 PM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: In God We Trust
Pat Dapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
P Save A Tree - please don't print this unless you really need to.
-----Original Message-----
From: E.Stephenson [mailto:ed@dentons.org]
Sent: Thursday, April 10, 2008 5:03 PM
To: Dapkus, Pat; Dapkus, Pat
Subject: In God We Trust
if this initiative moves forward, I guarantee that I will move to sue the City on the
grounds that it infringes upon the separation of Church and State not to mention that the
city imposing religious will on the public is unlawful. Please don't waste our tax dollars
on this "fluff" when there are much more worthwhile areas to spend the money on.
Email accounts for the Denton community are available at http: //www.dentons.org
1
r
Page 1.of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Monday, April 14, 2008 10:26 AM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: Huntington Beach to display 'ln God We Trust'
Pat Dapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: gmwall [mailto:gmwall@cox.net]
Sent: Monday, April 14, 2008 10:24 AM
To: Dapkus, Pat
Subject: Huntington Beach to display 'In God We Trust'
This is just what our country does NOT need—another divisive/wedge issue to further divide us!!
Think it's not divisive?Check out the 29 pages of comments on the Orange County Register website:
http://www ocregister com/articles/city-trust-motto-2013758-display-council
Please reconsider your votes. Do your part to unite people not alienate them!
a..
4/14/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Monday, August 04, 2008 12:41 PM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: In God we Trust
Importance: High
Pat Dapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: Kay Bennett [mailto:mrsklbennett@hotmail.com]
Sent: Monday, August 04, 2008 12:29 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: In God we Trust
Importance: High
Debbie Cook and Jill Hardy,
I am appalled at your inability to come to a decision regarding displaying the sign, "In God We Trust". As a
citizen of the USA and a public office holder you must be aware of the history of that phrase. There shouldn't be
any question regarding whether or not to display it in the council chambers. Is it offensive to you? If so, why??
If it is, that is very disturbing. Please explain how you can even consider not displaying it in a public place.
Surely, you must be aware it is not there to insult other citizens who worship other religions or Gods. It is part of
the heritage and history of our country's government. It is not even debatable. However, your rejection of
displaying this, shows those of us who would vote for you again, how little you respect the moral, decent and
historical background of the use of"In God We Trust". I certainly hope you are not caught up in the "politically
correct" agenda that seems to be so prevalent these days.
I would hope that both of you will rethink your vote and remember how many of our ancestors gave (and those
soldiers who are still giving) there lives in battle so we may display, In God We Trust.
Thank you,
Mrs. Kay Bennett
(Resident of Huntington Beach for 43 years)
Reveal your inner athlete and share it with friends on Windo s Live. Share now!
8/4/2008
1 011
CITY OF HUNTINGTON BEACH
09 City Council Interoffice Communication
To: Honorable Mayor and City Council Members
From: Council Members Cathy Green and Joe Carchi
Date: March 21, 2008
Subject: H-Item, April 7th City Council Meeting— In Go Trust Display
in the City Council Chambers
STATEMENT OF ISSUE:
Since 2002 the Bakerfield City Council has displayed the national motto that appears on
all United States currency, "In God We Trust," in their City Council Chambers.
Recently we received a request from Bakersfield City Council Member Jacquie Sullivan
encouraging Huntington Beach along with other cities to join the 30 California cities that
now proudly display this national motto in their chambers. To that end, we would like to
recommend the following:
RECOMMENDED ACTION:
Motion:
1. Approve in concept a display of the motto, "In God We Trust," in the City Council
Chambers.
2. Appoint an Ad Hoc Council Committee to return with recommendations on the
appearance and location of the display.
Attached is information from Bakersfiield Councilwoman Sullivan. It includes a list of the
cities and photos of some of the displays as well as some legal background on such
displays.
ATTACHMENT: Email request from Bakersfield Councilwoman Jacquie Sullivan
7�WJ66116-::� 411 - 'A _ i
#may Coo/ - Uo �► - �-
Page 1 of 3
Fikes, Cathy
From: Jacquie Sullivan Dacquiesullivan@sbcglobal.net]
Sent: Tuesday, March 11, 2008 9:24 AM
To: Fikes, Cathy
Subject: In God We Trust-America, Inc.
Attachments: Mayor& Councilmembers.doc; IGWT_Will_You_Join_Us (3).pdf; Yes_Cities.doc;
IGWT_City_Displays.pdf
.
March 11, 2008
Dear City Clerk,
In 2002, the Bakersfield City Council voted in favor of proudly and prominently
displaying the national motto of the United States, "In God We Trust", in our Council
Chambers at City Mall.
Since that time, I helped to initiate an organization called In God We Trust—America, Inc.
Our mission is to encourage every City in California and across the United States of
America to follow Bakersfield's lead. I am pleased to inform you that nearly 30 California
cities have voted
in favor of joining this important patriotic effort.
We would appreciate if you would please forward the attached In God We Trust—Atnerie ,
Inc.
e-mail packet to each of the following officials in your city: Mayor, City Councilmembers,
City Manager, and City Attorney. We are looking for elected officials in your city to take
the lead and work toward putting this item on your agenda for a positive outcome. We
would love for your city to join this important patriotic effort, and become another "Yes"
city in America — by voting "Yes" to display our national motto, "In God We Trust", in
your City Ball.
Thank you.
Sincerely,
Jacquie Sullivan
Bakersfield City Councilmember
In God TVe Trust—America, Inc.
President/Founder
P.S. I welcome anyone interested in more information to contact me at
(661) 834-4943 or via e-mail: jacquiesullivan c*i,ingodwetrust-america.org
3/21/2008
Our Mission
To Promote Patriotism
By Encouraging Elected City Officials
To Display Our National Motto"In God We Trust"
In Every City Hall In America
Board of Directors
President November 06,2007
Jacquie Sullivan
Bakersfield
Councilmember Dear Honorable Mayor and Councilmembers,
Secretary
Mark Abernathy The United States of America has much to celebrate. The freedoms we prize were won through
Western Pacific Rescarch,bmc. enormous pain and sacrifice and are perpetuated through tremendous courage and vision. Now,to
Treahelp preserve and protect the best of all that America stands fora volunteer organization,In God We
Larry,-er Moxley g Trust-America,Inc.,has been organized and headquartered in Bakersfield,California.Our mission is
Larry
Moxley International to encourage each city in our nation tojoin in prominently and permanently displaying our national
motto,"In God We Trust,"in every City Hall throughout our great state and across America.
Advisory Board
"In God We Trust"became our national motto when approved by Congress on July 30,1956, and
Don Clark later by the Supreme Court,after the United States led the world through the trauma of World War II.
FormeCBS
Baws kersfield
or The words have been used on U.S.current since 1864. The same inspiring slogan is engraved
CBS Bakersfield Y p g g g
Holly
above the entrance to the Senate Chamber and above the Speaker's dais in the House of Repre-
Culh P*A*SAssociates sentatives. In both war and peace,these words have been a profound source of strength and
Associates
guidance to many generations of Americans.
Tina Miller
Business Owner In February of 2002,the Bakersfield City Council officially voted"Yes"to display our national motto,
Paul Neufeld "In God We Trust,"in their City Hall.These historic words are now prominently displayed in their city
wasco Councilmember council chambers and arched above their city seal.To date,more than 20 cities in California have
Building Contractor voted to take similar official action and to follow Bakersfield's lead. We now encourage every city
Pedro Rios across our wonderful land to do the same.
Delano Councilmember
Educator
Will You Join Us?
Cheryl Rhodes
Educator In God We Trust—America,Inc. has received a significant letter from the President of the Pacific
Dan Schaffer Justice Institute, a non-profit group based in Sacramento, who defends cases threatening our
KAXL Radio religious liberties and our nation's religious heritage. They are commending our organization for
Dave Voss promoting the national motto and assure us that"under applicable case law, such recognitions
Jesus Shack are clearly constitutional." Should any government entity receive legal threats,the Pacific Justice
Institute would be honored to defend them at no charge in state or federal court.
Tom Watkins
Bakersfield Family Our volunteer organization,In God We Trust-America,Inc., is incorporated with non-profit 501c3
Medical Center status. We are available to assist you, as a civic leader, with whatever is needed to aid in your
participation to approve displaying our nation's motto in your own city hall. A representative from
our organization will contact you to see how we can assist you in this noble endeavor.You may also
contact me directly for assistance at(661)834-4943 or e-mail at jacquiesullivan@ingodwetrust-america.org.
May God bless America,and may America's trust always be in God.
Sincerely,
Jacquie Sullivan
Bakersfield City Councilmember
Founder/President
In God We Trust—America,Inc.
IN GOD WE TRUST-AMERICA,INC.
P.O.Box 11715•Bakersfield,CA 93389-1715•(661)834-4943
Email:jacquiesullivan@ingodwetrust-america.org•Website:ingodwetrust-america.org
A non-profit 501 c3 educational corporation ID#2624857
Brad W.Dacus
SACRAMENTO OFFICE: President
P.O.Box 276600 j I el
Sacramento,CA 95827-6600 PA I JUS Edwin Meese,III
916.857.6900•FAX 916-857-6902 Former US.Attorney General
www.pacificjustice.orgINS� � " � Advisory board Chairman
June 2, 2006
Councilmember Jacquie Sullivan
Founder/President
In God We Trust- America, Inc.
Bakersfield, California
Re: "In God We Trust" Displays
Dear Councilmember Sullivan,
It has come to our attention that your organization is promoting displays
throughout the nation commemorating the national motto, "In God We Trust." We are
writing to offer our perspective on this important issue, and also to offer our
representation at no charge should any government entities which approve the displays
encounter any legal opposition.
By way of introduction, the Pacific Justice Institute is a nonprofit organization
which specializes in defending religious liberty, including our nation's religious heritage.
We are currently acting as defendants-intervenors alongside the U.S. Department of
Justice in Newdow v. Congress, which is challenging the inclusion of"In God We Trust"
on our nation's coinage. We recently filed a motion to dismiss that lawsuit, and we are
well acquainted with the case law on this issue.
As you are no doubt aware, the United States Supreme Court has never indicated
that governmental expression must be sanitized of all religious symbolism or references.
To the contrary, the Court has acknowledged that phrases such as "In God We Trust"
serve the legitimate secular purposes of "solemnizing public occasions, expressing
confidence in the future, and encouraging the recognition of what is worthy of
appreciation in society." Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 693 (1984). The Court has
also declared that the history and ubiquity of such phrases ensure that they are "not
understood as conveying government approval of particular religious beliefs." Id. Even
those justices who dissented from the majority holding in Lynch felt that "such practices
as the designation of `In God We Trust' as our national motto, or the references to God
contained in the Pledge of Allegiance...can best be understood...as a form a `ceremonial
deism."' Id. at 716 (Brennan, J., dissenting). Consequently, the dissenting justices
reasoned that these designations and references are immune from Establishment Clause
scrutiny as they have shed any sectarian religious implications through rote repetition.
Id.
It is important to note that, despite the Court's disagreement over the
constitutionality of other forms of religious imagery and language used by the
government, no Supreme Court Justice in Lynch disputed the constitutionality of the
phrase "In God We Trust." This sentiment was echoed in County of Allegheny v. ACLU,
492 U.S. 573 (1989), where the majority struck down a nativity scene on City property
but made it crystal-clear that they would not similarly treat the national motto:
Our previous opinions have considered in dicta the motto and the pledge,
characterizing them as consistent with the proposition that government
may not communicate an endorsement of religious belief....We need not
return to the subject of"ceremonial deism" ... because there is an obvious
distinction between creche displays and references to God in the motto
and the pledge.
Id. at 602-603 (citations omitted). In several other cases, both majority opinions
and individual Justices have further signaled their support for "In God We Trust." See,
e.g. Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.S. 705, 717, n.15 (1977) (see also Rehnquist, J.
dissenting at 722); Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39, 45 (1980) (Rehnquist, J., concurring);
School Dist. of Abington Twp. v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 303 (1963) (Brennan, J.
concurring); Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783, 818 (1983) (Brennan, J. dissenting);
Santa Fe Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290, 322-323 (2000) (Rehnquist, C.J.
dissenting); Van Orden v. Perry, 125 S.Ct. 2854, 2879 (2005) (Stevens, J. dissenting);
McCreary County v. ACLU, 125 S.Ct. 2722, 2750 (2005) (Scalia, J. dissenting).
In conclusion, the Pacific Justice Institute would like to commend your
organization for promoting the national motto, and to assure you that under applicable
case law, such recognitions are clearly constitutional. Should any government entity
receive legal threats from those who oppose even innocuous acknowledgements of
religion in public life, the Pacific Justice Institute would be honored to defend them at no
charge in state or federal court.
Please do not hesitate to contact us if we can be of further assistance to you.
Sincerely,
President, Pacific Justice Institute
The Constitutionality ®f the National Motto "In God We Trust"
• In September of 1814, during the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key
composed the poem Star Spangled Banner, of which the last line of the second and final stanza is,
"and this be our Motto, in God be our Trust."
• In 1861, Chief Justice Chase of the Supreme Court wrote the following in a letter to the director
of the U.S. Mint: "No nation can be strong except in the strength of God, or safe except in His
defense. The trust of our people in God should be declared on our national coins."
• In 1866, Congress enacted legislation authorizing the inscription of the phrase "In God We Trust"
to be placed on certain coins.
• In 1931, Congress passed the act officially designating the composition of the words and music
of the Star Spangled Banner as our National Anthem.
• In 1954, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration, Congress approved the words "Under
God"to be added to our Pledge of Allegiance. In our pledge,the United States is described as
"One Nation under God."
• In 1955, Congress mandated the inscription of"In God We Trust" on all coins and paper
currency.
• In 1956, during the Eisenhower Administration, Congress and the Supreme Court voted in favor
of declaring"In God We Trust" as the national motto of the United States.
• The United States Code itself contains religious references. For example,Congress has directed
the President to "...set aside and proclaim a suitable day each year as a National Day of Prayer,
on which the people of the United States may turn to God in prayer and meditation at churches,
in groups, and as individuals."
• Our National Motto, "In God We Trust," is prominently engraved on the wall above the
Speaker's dais in the Chamber of the House of Representatives and is reproduced on every coin
minted and every dollar printed by the Federal Government.
• Our Judicial Branch acknowledges the central role of religion in our society. All federal courts
open sessions requesting that"God save the United States and this honorable Court."
• The Ten Commandments are posted in the U.S. Supreme Court Chambers directly above the
bench where the nine Supreme Court Justices sit.
IN GOD WE TRUST-AMERICA, INC.
CITIES THAT APPROVED DISPLAY
OF OUR NATIONAL MOTTO,
"IN GOD WE TRUST"
(In Chronological Order of Approval)
DATE
CITY COUNTY STATE APPROVED
1 Bakersfield Kern CA 02/20/02
2 Tehachapi Kern CA 04/01/02
3 Wasco Kern CA 04/16/02
4 Delano Kern CA 07/15/02
5 Porterville Tulare CA 09/3/02
6 Oceanside San Diego CA 10/26/02
7 Taft Kern CA 03/04/03
8 Tulare Tulare CA 10/05/04
9 Ridgecrest Kern CA 04/2005
10 McFarland Kern CA 06/09/05
11 Arvin Kern CA 07/12/05
12 California City Kern CA 07/19/05
13 Shafter Kern CA 07/19/05
14 Maricopa Kern CA 07/27/05
15 Plymouth Amador CA 02/09/06
16 Artesia Los Angeles CA 02/13/06
17 Hawthorne Los Angeles CA 02/28/06
18 Carson Los Angeles CA 04/04/06
19 Lodi San Joaquin CA 04/05/06
20 Paso Robles San Luis Obispo CA 07/05/06
21 Victorville San Bernardino CA 07/18/06
22 Hughson Stanislaus CA 12/11/06
23 Kerman Fresno CA 02/21/07
24 Oakley Contra Costa CA 07/09/07
25 Compton Los Angeles (South) CA 07/10/07
26 Westminster Orange CA 07/11/07
27 Sonora Tuolumne CA 08/06/07
28 Cypress Orange CA 02/11/08
Additionally, the City of Albany in Alameda County has displayed
our National Motto since at least 1975.
TOTAL: 29
Updated 02/19/2008
1
National Motto Displays ® In the City Mall of some of our "Yes" Cities.
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Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: JIM MORENO Dimmoreno@verizon.net]
Sent: Monday, April 07, 2008 2:11 PM
To: Cook, Debbie; Bohr, Keith; Carchio, Joe; Green, Cathy; Hardy, Jill; Coerper, Gil; CITY COUNCIL
Subject: Separation of Church and State
dcook@surfcity-hb.org
kbohr@surfcity-hb.org
jcarchio@surfcity-hb.org
cQreenCa@surfcity-hb.org
jhardy@surfcity-hb.org
GCoerper@surfcity-hb.org
city.council@surfcity-hb.org
April, 7 2008
Honorable Mayor Cook and Honorable City Council Members:
I understand that your council will be considering a motion to place the phrase "In
God We Trust" in the city chambers.
Although this is a phrase we all grew up learning to respect I am against its use in
city chambers for political reasons. There is a nation wide movement to have this
phrase placed in city chambers and I would prefer that you vote against this
AN populist" movement.
Right now our city and country need our representatives to deal with the business
of the people and let the people of faith separately deal with their issues without
bringing in a potentially divisive issue to our city council.
Please give this matter you careful attention.
Respectfully,
Jim Moreno
Resident of Huntington BeachCoorD
4/7/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Mike Schindler[mi„ kejschindler mail.com]
Sent: Tuesday, April 0�2OC8�911 AM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Cc: City Administrator
Subject: Huntington Beach to display 'In God We Trust'
http://www.ocregister.com/articles/city-trust-motto-2013758-display-council
I've been a resident of HB for 20 years. I'm not offended by the phrase in "God We Trust." I am
offended by the pandering you're engaging in by trying to have it affixed to a city building. You're
running a city, not a church. You're councilmen, not clergymen.
HB isn't some little Harper Valley PTA—it's a respectable city, and should have a professional,
businesslike government. Grow up, and act like professionals.
Michael J. Schindler
4/8/2008
Esparza, Pafty
From: Stuart Bechman [sbechman@sbcglobal.net]
Sent: Cf sday, April 08, 2008 9:25 AM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: Concerns about HB "In God We Trust" - Part 2
Honorable Council Members:
In case you could not imagine the kind of discrimination in government that the In God We Trust motto promotes, I am
forwarding you a recent case of such that occurred only a few days ago in the Illinois State Legislature,where a local citizen
was attempting to bring concerns about allegations of state taxpayer funds being misdirected to benefit a local religious
group.
Is this what atheists can look to expect from the Huntington Beach City Council?
Thank you for your reconsideration to this matter.
Stuart Bechman
President
Atheists United
http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists ezom/2008/04/rep-monique-dav html
Get out of here,atheists!
Originally posted: April 3,2008
IL Rep. Monique Davis to atheist Rob Sherman: 'It's dangerous for our children to even know that your philosophy exists!'
The following exchange between atheist activist Rob Sherman of Buffalo Grove and 111.Rep.Monique Davis(D-Chicago)
took place Wednesday afternoon in the General Assembly as Sherman testified before the House State Government
Administration Committee.
I know from experience that many of you will side with Davis(update--apparently I was wrong! ),but I ask you to consider
what the outcry would have been if a lawmaker had launched a similar attack on the beliefs of a religious person.
Davis: I don't know what you have against God,but some of us don't have much against him. We look forward to him and
his blessings.And it's really a tragedy-- it's tragic-- when a person who is engaged in anything related to God,they want to
fight. They want to fight prayer in school.
I don't see you(Sherman)fighting guns in school.You know?
I'm trying to understand the philosophy that you want to spread in the state of Illinois. This is the Land of Lincoln. This is the
Land of Lincoln where people believe in God,where people believe in protecting their children.... What you have to spew
and spread is extremely dangerous, it's dangerous--
Sherman: What's dangerous,ma'am?
Davis: It's dangerous to the progression of this state.And it's dangerous for our children to even know that your philosophy
exists! Now you will go to court to fight kids to have the opportunity to be quiet for a minute.But damn if you'll go to
[court]to fight for them to keep guns out of their hands. I am fed up! Get out of that seat!
Sherman: Thank you for sharing your perspective with me,and I'm sure that if this matter does go to court---
Davis: You have no right to be here! We believe in something.You believe in destroying! You believe in destroying what
this state was built upon.
Sherman didn't budge,continued his testimony related to Gov.Rod Blagojevich's oddly misdirected$1 million grant
intended for Pilgrim Baptist Church,(story)and later told me he "felt like Rosa Parks."
4/8/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: brian_inhb@yahoo.com
Sent: ��Monday, April 07, 2008 10 24 PIVI�
To: Dapkus, Pat
Subject: In God We Trust.
Please extend my thanks to the four members of the city council who still trust in God.
Please let the other two knwo the points on the devil's pitch fork willl be sharp when he is poking them
in the &#@ with it.
Brian
You rock. That's why Blockbuster's offering you one month of Blockbuster Total Access,No Cost.
4/8/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Jimnollie@aol.com
Sent: Monday, April 07 2008 8 47 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: Re.- Motto
Hello......Regarding tonight's televised meeting and the speakers opposing the motto "In God We Trust,"I guess
some of us had an awakening as to whom those unable to stand up for the constitution rather than pander sit
on this council. I applaud Mayor Debbie Cook for her efforts, and in these times actual courage- in confronting
this with thoughtfulness and understanding of the undertones. Although this issue may seem like a small thing,
it is not. Mr. Bohr, thank you for your response to my e-mail, however I do wish you had voted your
conscientious thinking on the matter. Our founders had the original motto right as well as the"Pledge of
Allegiance"which should not have been tampered with. As the saying goes, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it." Now
we have divisions where otherwise I really don't think we would at least in ONE area of life in the U.S.A. Too
bad.....Pat Fisher Qimnollie@aol.com)
Planning your summer road trip? Check out AOL Travel Guides.
4/8/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Donna Brickm-an.[dbrickman c�socal.rr.com]
Sent: Monday, April 07, 2008 8:04 PM
To: Dapkus, Pat
Subject: "In God We Trust' sign
I am a long time resident of Huntington Beach sand a retired Air Force Officer. I do not believe the proposed sign
truly represents all the people of Huntington Beach and has no place in the city counsel chambers.
Thank You
Jerry Brickman
4/8/2008
Esparza, Patty
From: S �[ walls_h@eatta.Gra :r
Sent: Tuesday, April 08, 2008 3:09 PM
To: —CITY-COUNCIL
w
Subject: city seal discussion
Dear Council Members,
I was unable to attend the April 7, 2008 City Council meeting where the adoption of the
language to be inscribed on the seal of the city. From what I understand a woman from
Bakersfield is on a crusade to have "In God We Trust" on city seals in California. It is
no secret that certain elements of our population are attempting to further insert
religious items and sayings into our public forums so - suppose I shouldn't be surprised
that it would come to my city.
I would only hope that the council would have the courage and foresight not to jump on the
bandwagon but rather to start it' s own parade, a parade whose banner does not use a motto
that by it' s very language discriminates and eliminates many people but rather chooses one
that by it' s very wording is inclusive of all.
Of course it is your decision as representatives of all the people of Huntington Beach to
make that choice. As one of those people, if asked, I would choose the latter — E
Pluribus Unum — Out of Many, One, which as it happens, is also the motto on the Great Seal
of the United States.
Thank you for your time,
Sue Walls
9342 La Jolla Circle
Huntington Beach, CA 92646
714-968-7088
All --
1
Esparza, Patty
From: marsci@verizon.net
Sent: u s ay� 2008 12:48 PM
To: NCIL
Cc: zzm -O.C. Register-Cindy Carcamo; letters@ocregister.com
Subject: Huntington Beach Council Approval of"In God We Trust" Display
Attachments: God We Trust.pdf; In God We Trust.doc
God We Trust.pdf In God We
(69 KB) Trust.doc(54 KB)
Mayor Cook and Council Members,
As a 40 year resident of Huntington Beach I was appalled to hear that the City would
consider the request of a City of Bakersfield council member to display the motto "In God
We Trust." Since when does Huntington Beach need the religious advice or recommendations
from Bakersfield? The City' s own April 7, 2008 Council Meeting Agenda reads as follows:
"the City does not intend to proselytize or advance any faith or belief." But yet City
Council approval of advancing the decision to display the "In God We Trust" motto in
council chambers does just that. Did someone forget about the First Amendment to the
United States Constitution regarding the separation of church and state? The amendment
was specific that government and religion should be separate, and not interfere in each
other's affairs.
If the City truly wants to embrace all the beliefs or non-beliefs of the citizens of
Huntington Beach, I would suggest the following motto instead of "In God We Trust."
In God, Gods, or No Gods We Trust, including, but not limited to, Allah, Jehovah, Jesus,
Mother Earth, Zeus, Buddha, Jupiter, Venus, Artemis, Ra, Thunderbird (Native American) ,
Pangu, Poseidon, Neptune, Triton, Jan (Rastafari) , Hachiman (Japanese) , and Lord Krishna.
A disclaimer to protect the City from any potential legal ramifications to the reliance on
this motto by its citizens should also be included under the motto such as "Trust in your
God, Gods, or no god, is at your sole discretion and risk. No salvation guaranteed. The
City of Huntington Beach accepts no liability for loss or gain of trust, or loss of
heightened consciousness."
The City of Huntington Beach needs to stick to the business of running a City and leave
the religious faiths where they belong, in the church, as required by federal law.
Otherwise, I'd suggest City staff start praying to their Money Tree, I see a lawsuit
coming.
Sincerely,
Ann M. Johnston
CC:Orange County Register - Cindy Carcamo (ccarcamo@ocregister.com)
Editor/Orange County Register (letters@ocregister.com)
Esparza, Patty
From: Mark Bixby[mark@bixby.org]
Sent: Sunday, April 06, 2008 8:57 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: In God We Trust
Hi city council,
"In...God...We...Trust..." — what exactly does the council hope to accomplish by displaying this
phrase in the council chambers? I'd like councilmembers who vote in favor of this to
please explain how putting up this sign will demonstrably improve the lives of two hundred
thousand Huntington Beach residents.
Or maybe the intent is purely symbolic. If that' s the case, I suggest you have much higher
priority things that you should be spending your time and our tax dollars on.
Hopefully the intent isn't literal. Is the council going to trust in God to fill potholes,
to determine whether or not to turn Main Street into a pedestrian mall, or to perform a
budget miracle to cope with declining sales and property taxes as a result of the tanking
economy? I hope not.
If I end up on the council someday, I personally would rather trust in verifiable facts
and rigorous analysis.
"In God We Trust" wound up on coins as a result of Christians lobbying the Secretary of
the Treasury during the Civil War era. Thus the "God"
being referred to is the Christian god alone.
By posting this phrase in the council chambers, you would be elevating the Christian god
above all others and sending a message to people who do not believe in this god that they
are second class citizens. Sorry, Buddhists! Sorry, Hindus! Sorry, atheists! Your views
will be treated with less respect than those of Christians.
"In God We Trust" became the national motto in 1956. This was not a proud era in American
history. It was a time of the Red Scare, the Hollywood blacklist, Senator Joseph McCarthy,
and the House Un-American Activities Committee. In this context, adoption of "In God We
Trust" as the national motto was primarily a statement of "we' re good god-fearing
Christians and you're evil godless Communists". People who did not fit into that first
category paid a high price. The message was clear — conform, or be cast out. Diversity was
definitely NOT tolerated.
"In God We Trust" was political then, and it is political now. The outsider organization
pushing this agenda item conducts its fundraising in adherence to Federal Election
Commission regulations. Thus they are using religion to advance a political agenda.
Huntington Beach deserves better than this. We are a diverse city with people of a wide
variety of ethnicities, incomes, and yes, even belief systems. I could ask the non-
Christians attending the council meeting to stand and be counted, but I won't, because
frankly the religious beliefs of its citizens should be none of the government' s business.
By and large, Huntington Beach works as a city. Please don't create divisions where none
currently exist. Vote NO on this H item.
Thank you.
mark@bixby.org
Remainder of .sig suppressed to conserve expensive California electrons. . .
11 - 1 14-
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: T456mac@aol.com
Sent: Sunday, April 06, 2008 2:23 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: Support"In God We Trust'
Dear City Council,
I hope you will SUPPORT a resolution to hang "In God We Trust' in the council chambers. It is an important
statement of what this country was founded on and it will remind us all of where we come from and how good
we should strive to be. Please support putting up the motto.
Thank you,
Mark Cohen
Huntington Beach resident
Planning your summer road trip? Check out AOL Travel Guides.
D
4/7/2008
Page 1 of 2
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Monday, April 07, 2008 10:47 AM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: "In God We Trust" (Item H-1a)
Pat bapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
b Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: Broc Coward [mailto:broccoward@verizon.net]
Sent: Monday, April 07, 2008 10:43 AM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: "In God We Trust" (Item H-la)
Honorable Mayor and Councilmembers,
I wish to express my objection to joining 30 other California cities in displaying "In God We Trust" in the
Huntington Beach Council Chambers. Please do not become involved in what would appear to be a personal and
political campaign by Councilmember Sullivan and others to introduce a religious reference into yet another public
institution. According to her bio on the Bakersfield Council website, she considers this"campaign" to be her most
important achievement thus far in six terms in office. I should hope that each of you will leave office one day with
more accomplishments in your bio than a motto, which in the grand scheme of your responsibilities would never
have created a park, redeveloped downtown, fixed a pothole, trimmed a parkway tree, reduced crime or made a
difference in the lives of Huntington Beach youth.
In addition, the national campaign website in support of"In God We Trust"America Inc. cites the Pacific Justice
Institute as having endorsed its efforts and prepared to represent the non-profit should their constitutional rights
be challenged. The Pacific Justice Institute has a well-earned reputation for engaging in legal matters involving
religious and ultra conservative issues. Please visit the website and google the names and organizations
involved with this non-profit.
In God We Trust America links:
http://www.*esusshack.com/home.php?home=1 —Christian Youth Ministry
http://www.libertystar.com/-state and federal conservative campaign consultants
http://www.kaxl.com/- religious radio station
I strongly encourage you to remain focused on issues that impact our community's safety, financial stability and
quality of life— not on some campaign with ulterior motives at the state and national levels. Do not be a
contributor to such nonsense. This effort doesn't even measure up to other non-profit campaigns such as Heart
Disease Month, Domestic Violence Month, Donate Life Month, Blood Donation, Earth Day, etc... all of whom at
least provide education and resources for improving our lives.
Our elected officials do not need a motto to express what we stand for—leadership, compassion and wise
decision making should be our hallmarks. Besides, if you're looking for a motto, go straight to the source of our
government—the Declaration of Independence, our Constitution and our Bill of Rights. Not some tag line added
to our dollar and Pledge of Allegiance years after their creation, ironically, at the behest of religious groups to our
�6/7
4/7/2008
Page 2 of 2
government.
Regards,
Broc Coward
6441 Harmony Circle
Huntington Beach, CA 92647
4/7/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Thursday, April 03, 2008 10:53 AM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: Agenda Item: H-1 a.
Pat Dapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
ASave A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: Paul Cross [mailto:2wildflo2@msn.com]
Sent: Thursday, April 03, 2008 10:53 AM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: Agenda Item: H-1a.
Dear Council Members:
The proposal seems harmless enough, but why not save some money? Instead of a wall hanging,just everone
bring in a crisp dollar bill and attach it to his or her name plate.
Respectfully, Paul Cross 109 Huntington Street, H.B.
4/3/2008
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Thursday, April 03, 2008 9:57 AM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: In God We Trust?
Pat Dapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
P Save A Tree - please don't print this unless you really need to.
-----Original Message-----
From: Edward DeMeulle [mailto:ed@demeulle.org]
Sent: Wednesday, April 02, 2008 11:23 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: In God We Trust?
To label the walls of the council chambers with the words "In God We Trust" makes no
sense. To what end? To make the chambers look as common as a $1 bill? To affirm that our
city is in alignment with the nations motto? From my perspective, I couldn't care less
whether or not the motto is on the wall and I imagine many others feel the same. One has
to question though who it is that is going to get excited over this and why.
I see from the ingodwetrust-america.org website that the intent is to promote patriotism.
Uh, Okay. "In God We Trust" equals Patriotism. The argument is artificial, insincere and
deceitful. We have a whole bunch of better choices for slogans if you are looking to
promote patriotism.
How about "Remember the Alamo" or "We have nothing to fear but fear itself" (I wasn't much
for history when I was young so that's the best I can come up with at the moment) . Of
course, the word "God" isn't in them so they probably wouldn't qualify. You're really not
going to achieve anything more than allow a bunch of overzealous God-in-Government-types
to giggle with the notion that they got the word "God" into another public building.
The investment in time you all make by participating in city government shouldn't be taken
for granted. You have better things to do with your time than this. I hope you are
successful in killing this motion quickly and getting home that much sooner. Fact is, this
probably wasn't even worth the time I spent writing. It's just that I hate deception.
Edward DeMeulle <ed@demeulle.org>
- o �"
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Monday, April 07, 2008 9:15 AM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: Display Motto
Pat bapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
`A Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: Jimnollie@aol.com [mailto:Jimnollie@aol.com]
Sent: Sunday, April 06, 2008 10:45 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: Display Motto
Greetings HB Council members.....First, I am not an activist for any group, but do have at least a few
reasonable opinions-so, I decided to go ahead and express an opinion as to the slogan "In God We Trust"
being added to the existing "E Pluribus Unum." I do agree that what has been happening regarding types of
belief has been rooting itself in political pandering more than it should, and contradicts not only the original
motto perfected by the serious early congress, but also questions the sincerity of ardent"believers" as well. I
really like the original motto as it speaks to all who live in this country regardless of beliefs or views when it
comes to whatever higher power that may, or may not exist. However, as it stands, the ardent and
unquestioning can be very touchy towards another's view. No one can say for certain that a "god"exists in any
form, and I would like to think that governing is executed by reasonable, intelligent minds. Do we really want all
people to march to the same drummer or else?We have, and are seeing, ugly results with this type of dogma.
The article in Saturday's OC Register sounded as if there are some worthy thinkers within your group of
members, and I really don't think our city needs to follow the ardent fervor of a council member in Bakersfield,
or constituents and factions with an agenda. I believe it is always"good" to keep an open mind and also be
unconcerned in not following this or that flock. I am a somewhat spiritual woman who does fear a theocracy
setting in. Our country's early leaders got the motto right, and it would be a shame to lessen it's meaning, as it
is all inclusive. Separation of church and state is important as our wise and cautious founders recognized.. I
respectfully ask that the council takes more time in thinking about this. It is not necessary to follow other cities
"just because."
Thank you and
best regards, Pat Fisher, 21285 Freeport Lane, H. B., CA 92646 PH: 714-960-6241
Planning your summer road trip? Check out AOL Travel Guides.
lor L,1-�l Co-f
4/7/2008
Esparza, Patty
From: Flynn, Joan
Sent: Thursday, April 03, 2008 7:09 AM
To: 'ghostlady@socal.rr.com'; 'city.clerksu rfcity-h b.org @su rfcity-h b.org'; Esparza, Patty
Subject: Re: The City Council Agenda 4/7
Thanks you for your comments -- they will be made part of the official record and
forwarded to Council.
Joan L. Flynn, CMC
Huntington Beach City Clerk
----- Original Message -----
From: Marla James <ghostlady@socal.rr.com>
To: city.clerk@surfcity-hb.org
Sent: Thu Apr 03 06:27 :52 2008
Subject: The City Council Agenda 4/7
To all council members:
It was pointed out that you will be WASTING our precious time and HB money to discuss
putting a sign in the city council chambers saying "In God we trust"
This is S000 stupid not to mention it will waste precious time which other issues in the
city need to be addressed such as POT HOLES. Or will you be trusting GOD to repair those?
We elected you to take care of problems our city is having, or is nobody listening to
people who elected you.
Remember your time IS our money. Please get your priority straight.
Marla James
Huntington Beach resident
0 -20
Iq
i // 1
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Dapkus, Pat
Sent: Monday, April 07, 2008 8:33 AM
To: City Clerk Agenda
Subject: FW: In God We Trust
Importance: High
Pat Dapkus
(714) 536-5579
(714) 536-5233 (FAX)
Save A Tree-please don't print this unless you really need to.
From: Drew &Sue [mailto:islandkids@verizon.net]
Sent: Monday, April 07, 2008 6:42 AM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: In God We Trust
Importance: High
Honorable Mayor and Council Members
As a Lutheran and believer of God I feel that the proposal to make a sign for the chamber with the words"In God We Trust"
is needless when there are more pressing matters that the council should address and spend money on. Any God believing
person does not need a sign to remind them of their conviction, and for those who do not believe then it becomes a tad bit of
a rub. I can just see the fireworks that will erupt by atheists if you move forward with this and all the time and money that
will be spent debating it. In a final note this draws a fine line on the constitutional separation of church and
state...........remember the debate over a class being offered in an HB High School on religion?
Drew Kovacs
1-7-
4/7/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Linda Moon [Ismoon4@msn.com]
Sent: Sunday, April 06, 2008 12:11 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: In "god"we trust?
Dear Mayor Cook and City Council Members:
In my 34 years as a homeowner in Huntington Beach, I have not been as disappointed in a City
Council's willingness to spend time and money on petty, useless, offensive and divisive issues as I
have this year.
I am a good citizen, I abide laws and pay taxes and neuter my cats voluntarily. But I exercise my
right to not believe in your "GOD." You have reached a new low in now attempting to force your
religious bigotry down my throat. For you to even consider spending time and money to plaster
our city with "In God we Trust" is truly offensive to me. I have every right, as does every
citizen, to believe or not believe in a god.
Your concept of one god is not accepted universally and that belief has no greater stature or
validity than
any other religious belief. I truly support the right of every citizen to worship or not worship as
they see fit.
That right is exclusive of government intervention or intrusion.
Leave us our freedom of religion (defined as a personal belief system and not necessarily
associated with a "god.")
It is apparent that the council has afforded itself far too much time to meddle in the affairs of our
lives beyond the scope of its prescribed duties. Perhaps if you had fewer meetings, you would
limit your attention to what is necessary and important.
Most disappointed,
Linda Sapiro Moon
(714) 846-2674
5861 Liege Dr.
Huntington Beach, CA 92649
4/7/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Murphyeile@aol.com
Sent: Sunday, April 06, 2008 2:22 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: Please vote "NO" on item H on agenda 4/7
Why are you bothering with an item like this?
I suggest you spend your time fixing our streets and side walks and not mix politics with religion.
How can you justify spending money we don't have erecting a sign or whatever you are suggesting
for this frivolous and unnecessary item. Beats me!
Eileen Murphy
201 21st Street
HB CA 92648
Planning your summer road trip? Check out AOL Travel Guides.
4/7/2008
Page 1 of 1
Esparza, Patty
From: Mary Adams Urashima [urashima@earthlink.net]
Sent: Sunday, April 06, 2008 9:53 PM
To: CITY COUNCIL
Subject: Consideration of"In God We Trust" motto
Dear Mayor Cook and members of the City Council —
I respectfully request you reject the proposal for the "In God We Trust" motto, as an issue for the City of
Huntington Beach. I would like to make clear that this is not a pro or anti-religion issue. This is an issue that
affects the separation of church and state. It is also an issue of inclusion versus division in our community.
Separation of Church and State
The Establishment Clause in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, prohibits the government's
establishment of religion, but also protects the free exercise of religion. It is not that the founding fathers did not
have their own spiritual beliefs; very definitely there were a variety of religious beliefs among them. They were
careful with the language of the Constitution. The reason they did not reference God is that there was a
purposeful effort to not legislate beliefs.
The motto you are considering is 52-years-old, while the original motto was the work of the founders. The original
motto of"E Pluribus Unum" (Out Of Many, One)— in the scroll held in the eagle's beak of the Great Seal of the
United States—indicates the founders recognized there was a diversity of opinion, which should be set aside for
the greater good. It took six years, three committees and fourteen men to create the final version of the Great
Seal. Again, there was great care in the symbolism and language. They wanted to unify people at one of our
country's most critical times. We can use a little of that now.
Inclusion
Please also consider the City of Huntington Beach's Declaration of Human Dignity, http://www.ci.huntington-
beach.ca.us/government/boards commissions/human relation task force.cfm, which was re-signed by the City
Council in 2006 and is now in its twelfth year. The 2000 Census reports show we have residents of a variety of
nationalities and beliefs. For example, the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam)would recognize
the reference to God, while those in our community who are Buddhist(no personal deity) or Hindu (many deities)
may feel left out. Sadly, the hate incidents and hate crimes we deal with most often are a result of someone who
wants to impose their beliefs on others.
I whole-heartedly respect and support your individual beliefs. As community leaders, I would ask you to consider
that city hall and the council chambers need to be a place that invites all our residents to participate.
Regards,
Mary Adams Urashima
/0 r
L � In/n U.,jl C--f�� �tJ
4/7/2008
rang o
Americans United for Separation of Church and State
Orange County Chapter
3337 S. Bristol, #251
Santa Ana, CA 92704
Thursday April 3, 2008
Honorable Debbie Cook
Huntington Beach Mayor
2000 Main Street
Huntington Beach, CA 92648
Dear Mayor Cook,
An agenda item (H1a) for the April 7t" City Council Meeting addresses the endorsement of
the phrase "In God We Trust" and its prominent display within the City Council Chambers.
question whether this contributes to either public policy or the effectiveness of governance in
the city.
This is part of an orchestrated program by the conservative evangelical Christian community.
While a numerically small constituency, it is very vocal, and demands ultimate religious
conformity. Evangelical Christians have fought, and lost, to place the Ten Commandments in
prominent government places. Their goal is to intimidate those who do not share their narrow
beliefs.
The First Amendment to our Constitution begins "Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..." Clearly in the early
1950s, the Congress broke this national foundation of personal liberty by injecting "God" into
our Pledge of Allegiance, our National Motto, and our currency, while introducing a National
Day of Prayer. This was believed to be an answer to "Godless Communism." Each of these
things seems innocuous, unless you consider that Congress has no right to question the
patriotism of Americans based upon their religious beliefs. Access to our government should
not be conditional upon sharing a Judeo-Christian faith.
Please consider carefully what secular purpose the introduction of "In God We Trust" serves
the community. What message of openness and access to city government does it send?
Does it contribute to community unity or does it divide us? Is it necessary?
Please reject this plan to mix civil government with religion. Remember, our original National
Motto is "E Pluibus Unum,"From Many, One!
Sincerely yours,
Stephanib Campbell, Pre dent
Americans United for Separation of Church and State
Orange County Chapter
VISIT US ON-LINE AT VVM.AU-OC.ORG OR EMAIL US AT:ORANGECOUNTYAU YAHOO.COM
,�- Atheists United
A Community of Reason
4773 Hollywood Blvd., Los Angeles,CA 90027
www.atheist su n ited.oro
(323)666-4258
April 7, 2008 �.
City Council
City of Huntington Beach
2000 Main Street
Huntington Beach, CA 92648
Fax: 714-536-5233
Dear Sirs:
We are contacting you because we have recently learned that the Huntington Beach City Council is
considering the adoption of a resolution to prominently display the phrase "In God We Trust"in the
city council chambers, per the suggestion of a campaign being promoted by the In God We Trust
Foundation of Bakersfield, California.
Our organization represents atheists and non-theists from across the southern California area,
including Orange County. We have several members who live in Huntington Beach. We are
concerned that promotion of this phrase sends a message that Americans who choose no religious
belief would not be given equal status and consideration by the Huntington Beach city government,
that secular Americans are second-class citizens.
No doubt you are aware of the charge that this phrase promotes religion. While we agree with that, I'd
also like the board to consider how exclusionary and divisive the phrase is.
The In God We Trust Foundation and others argue that the phrase is not religious, but patriotic. While
that claim provides a convenient bypass around any constitutional church-state issues, the phrase is
clearly religious and was fully intended to be so when Congress adopted it in 1956 as a tool in the
Cold War against the Soviet Union. The very word "God" in the phrase would seem on its face to
belie any claim that the phrase is not religious. We think you would be hard-pressed to find any
seven-year-old that would see it otherwise, and it frankly seems a bit disingenous for anyone to argue
that people would not see religion conflated with patriotism in this phrase.
It is significant that IGWT was adopted while the United States was at the height of war with the
Soviet Union. There is a long and ignominious history in this country of villifying segments of our
population when the country is at war: Consider Mexican-Americans in the 1840s, German-
Americans in the 1910s and Japanese-Americans in the 1940s. It appears that this tradition was
perpetuated in the 1950s against atheist-Americans. But unlike the ideological propaganda of those
other campaigns, the phrase IGWT has continued to be promoted long after the war for which it was
adopted came to an end almost 20 years ago. By continuing this practice, you promote the idea that
its OK to marginalize or exclude atheists and other non-theists in our community and in our
government.
�� C��'I/�l�✓L/l Cam/2�
City of Huntington Beach
April 7, 2008
Page Two
Yet as many as 15% of American families, or one in seven people, do not hold any religious faith.
Despite their lack of religious belief, these people hold and promote ethical values, raise families, hold
jobs and pay taxes, and by every other measure participate fully in our communities. Promotion of the
IGWT phrase promotes a system of religious apartheid that marginalizes and excludes this 15% of
our communities. The message is: Unless you trust in a god, you aren't a real American. Let me
suggest that this is not all that different from the 'Whites Only"signs that at one time dominated much
of American culture. While that, too, was sanctioned by our federal and local governments and
considered constitutional, few people today would argue that that was appropriate.
Nor is"in God We Trust' a phrase that isn't already heavily promoted by our government (much to
our dismay). It appears on every piece of US currency printed today. There is no additional value that
posting the phrase in a government building would add to that.
Let me suggest that there are other national phrases and declarations that more uniquely and
strongly define the national character and ethic that are not as well-known or well-promoted as IGWT:
® The "Four Freedoms"promoted by President Franklin Roosevelt;
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the US in 1948;
The symbol of the Statue of Liberty and the poem inscribed by Emma Lazarus on its base,
proclaiming the US as a "refuge for the world's tired and poor huddled masses yearning to
breathe free."
Any of these would be more fitting in defining our national character and be less controversial than
IGWT.
In God We Trust is controversial, divisive, and of dubious historical and educational value. We urge
you to consider the deeper controversial issues around this phrase and instead take the opportunity
to adopt a position and project that can promote the common values and well-being of all of our
citizens.
Thank you for your consideration.
Stuart Bechman
President