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I : _ `! 7I! k 'k 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE TM VOLUME 2 International I( F e Fire Code Institute TM ���PENCE OFb �\EFS AS 5OCIATION UNIFORM _` BUILDING o �+- /NTERNATIONAI- CODE o 2 O >,<o.0a\C` NF CHI�Fy I First Printing Publication date: April 1997 ISSN 0896-9736 ISBN 1-884590-85-3 (soft cover edition) ISBN 1-884590-86-1 (loose leaf edition) ISBN 1-884590-95-0(2-vol. set—soft cover) ISBN 1-884590-96-9(2-vol. set—loose leaf) publication by International Fire Code Institute 5360 Workman Mill Road Whittier,California 90601-2298 (562) 699-0124 Copyright© 1994, 1995,1996,1997 copyright held by International Conference of Building Officials 5360 Workman Mill Road Whittier,California 90601-2298 and Western Fire Chiefs Association 300 N.Main Avenue, Suite 25 Fallbrook,California 92028 Licensed to the International Fire Code Institute Cover photos courtesy of Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation and Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. Preface Introduction:The Uniform Fire Code(UFC)is the United States' premier model fire code. Since its initiation in 1971,the code has become internationally recognized for its role in setting the pace of fire prevention, fire protection and public safety. Fire codes represent one of today's most rapidly changing regulatory arenas.New challenges presented by hazardous materials, flammable and combustible liquids,explosives,high-piled combustible storage,aerosol product storage,and building operations are among the many issues shaping the future of fire prevention, fire protection and public safety.Additionally, fire codes have evolved far beyond their traditional roles as maintenance codes and now address many issues related to new construction and special hazards in buildings.As a model code developed through a consensus code development process,the Uniform Fire Code provides jurisdictions with an opportunity to adopt a fire code that is comprehensive,up-to-date and consistent with codes of other jurisdic- tions.Adoption of the Uniform Fire Code also relieves jurisdictions from the burdensome process of independently developing reg- ulations. History:The 1997 edition is the loth edition of the Uniform Fire Code. Now published by the International Fire Code Institute, the code was initially published as a model code document in 1971 through a cooperative effort of the Western Fire Chiefs Associa- tion and the International Conference of Building Officials.The code was updated in 1973 and has since been published on a three- year schedule. Editions include 1971, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994 and 1997. Two-Volume Set: Provisions of the Uniform Fire Code and the Uniform Fire Code Standards have been redesignated as a two- volume set of the Uniform Fire Code.Volume 1 contains the provisions previously contained in the Uniform Fire Code and Volume 2 contains provisions previously in the Uniform Fire Code Standards.This redesignation emphasized that both books are truly part of the Uniform Fire Code when the code is adopted. Overview of Volume Two:An objective of the International Fire Code Institute is to provide cities,counties,states and govern- mental agencies with a set of codes and standards that is correlated and that meets statutory requirements for adoption by reference. Uniform Fire Code Volume 2 is a part of this set of publications and provides for adoption of standards that are specifically referred to within various sections of Uniform Fire Code Volume 1.In developing the standards,consideration was given to the responsibilities of the jurisdiction that adopts and applies them. Standards 10-1, 10-2, 24-1, 52-1, 62-1, 74-1, 79-1, 79-2, 79-3, 79-4, 79-5, 80-2, 80-3, 81-1, 81-2, 81-4, 82-1 and Appendix A-III-C-1 are based on National Fire Protection Association(NFPA)standards.These standards contain amendments designed to meet statutory requirements for adoption and correlate with the Uniform Fire Code. Some of these standards are adopted by tran- scription and others are adopted by reference. Adoption methodologies are in accordance with the IFCI Adoption of Standards Policy. For standards adopted by reference,the user must refer to the NFPA standard,which is not included as a part of this document,in addition to the amendments contained herein.For standards adopted by transcription,Part II of the standard contains the unabridged NFPA standard. Standard 80-4 is based on CGA Standard CGA P-18.This standard contains amendments designed to meet statutory requirements for adoption and correlate with the Uniform Fire Code.This particular standard is adopted by transcription.Again,adoption method- ologies are in accordance with the IFCI Adoption of Standards Policy. Metrication:The Uniform Fire Code was metricated for the 1994 edition.Metric equivalents are provided in parentheses follow- ing English units.Formulas are also provided with metric equivalents.Metric equivalent formulas immediately follow English for- mulas and are denoted by "For SI:" preceding the metric equivalent. Some formulas do not use dimensions and, thus, are not provided with metric equivalents.Tables are provided with multiplying conversion factors in subheadings for each tabulated unit of measurement. Metric equivalents included in the code represent approximate conversions from English units.Where metric units are shown in parentheses adjacent to English units,the English units shall be the exact code requirement,and the metric equivalent shall be con- sidered as an approximation. It is recognized that some of the selected units for metric conversions,such as the use of millimeters for most dimensions of length, may be nonstandard;however,unit selections were based on those used by the Uniform Building Code at the request of the General Services Administration,an agency of the United States Government. How the Code is Revised:The Uniform Fire Code is updated on an annual basis.At the conclusion of each update cycle,an annual supplement to the current edition is published,except for every third year when all approved code changes are consolidated into a new edition of the code.Updating is accomplished through a consensus code development process administered by the International Fire Code Institute that allows anyone to submit proposals to revise the code and comment on the proposals of others through regular public hearings. Participants in the code development process represent a wide cross-section of fire officials, building officials, design professionals,manufacturers,developers,insurance organizations,researchers,industry associations and other interested parties. Marking of Revisions as Compared to the 1994 Edition:Care should be exercised that the provisions of the NFPA standards are applied only in accordance with the amendments set forth herein.To facilitate use,a vertical marking©appears in the margin of NFPA standards that have been transcribed in Part II to identify those sections amended by Part I.The vertical marking in the margin of Part II indicates a revision to the marked section as compared to the previous edition of the NFPA standard.Because 2=iii=--•-� C some of the updated NFPA standards have skipped editions from those previously published as Uniform Fire Code standards, changes other than those marked with bars may have occurred as compared to the 1994 edition of Volume 2. Solid vertical lines in the margins within the body of the code indicate a change from the requirements of the 1994 UFC except where an entire standard was revised,a new standard was added or a change was minor.Where'an entire standard was revised or a new standard was added,a notation appears at the beginning of that standard.The revision may be a new code provision,a revised provision or a provision that has been relocated from elsewhere in the code. Deletion indicators(0)are provided in the margin where a paragraph or item listing has been deleted or relocated to another por- tion of the code. 2—iv About the International Fire Code Institute The International Fire Code Institute(IFCI)is a not-for-profit public service benefit corporation dedicated to public safety.The Institute is a membership association representing fire officials,building officials,design professionals,manufacturers,developers, insurance organizations,researchers, industry associations and other interested parties.Cosponsored by the International Associa- tion of Fire Chiefs (IAFC), the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) and the Western Fire Chiefs Association (WFCA),the institute was formed to act as an advocate for fire officials and as publishers of the Uniform Fire Code'" (UFC) to promote the continued success of the UFC.The Institute began operations in October 1991,and together with IFCI's sister organiza- tions,ICBO and WFCA,IFCI has nearly 70 years experience developing and promulgating model codes,including more than 20 years developing and promulgating the Uniform Fire Code. The Institute occupies a unique niche among fire-safety organizations as the first organization in the United States to focus on model fire codes, and it has quickly become a leading fire-safety organization.The most well-known function of IFCI is the orga- nization's role in administration of the Uniform Fire Code and ancillary programs. The Institute has four major organizational objectives: 1. To promote international uniformity of fire prevention,hazardous material and building construction regulations; 2. To provide a forum in which persons interested in the prevention,control and suppression of fires,explosions and hazardous materials incidents can exchange methods of improved safety and ideas; 3. To continue publishing,developing and promoting the Uniform Fire Code; and 4. To provide education and support services for the Uniform Fire Code. The Institute has already had a dramatic impact on the fire prevention profession.New programs and projects offered by IFCI include publication of the IFCI Fire Code Journal, the nation's first magazine to focus on fire code related issues.The IFCI Fire Code Journal is also unique in that it covers activities of interest in all of the model code organizations,not just those in the Uniform Codes,so that IFCI's members can keep abreast of major fire-and life-safety issues affecting codes throughout the United States. The Institute also offers numerous professional development seminars for fire code enforcers and users,nationally recognized certi- fication programs for fire inspectors and underground storage tank installers and inspectors,and computer-assisted tools for using the UFC. Several additional projects to support fire code users are also under development. Membership is currently available to individuals and organizations with an interest in fire codes,and membership benefits include receiving copies of each new edition of the Uniform Fire Code and annual supplements;the IFCI Fire Code Journal magazine;all proposed revisions to the Uniform Fire Code, code application and enforcement assistance by a staff of engineers,and discounts on publications,educational offerings and video training programs. For further information on the International Fire Code Institute, please contact IFCI's office at (562) 699-0124, fax (562) 699-4522. 2—v 1997 UFCHFCI STANDARDSI Edition UFC Standard Source Standard ('=New for 97 Code) Adoption Method 10-1 NFPA 10 1990 Transcription 10-2 NFPA 72 1993* Transcription 24-1 NFPA 407 1990 Reference 52-1 NFPA 52 1992 Transcription 62-1 NFPA 86 1990 Reference 74-1 NFPA 992 1993 Reference 79-1 NFPA 11 1988 Reference 79-2 NFPA 15 1990 Reference 79-3 NFPA 704 1990 Transcription 79-4 NFPA 385 1990 Reference 79-5 NFPA 386 1990 Reference 79-6 IFCI 1994 Transcription 79-7 IFCI 1994* Transcription 80-1 IFCI 1994* Transcription 80-2 NFPA 50 1990 Reference 80-3 NFPA 50B 1994* Reference 80-4 CGA P-18 1992* Transcription 81-1 NFPA 231 1990 Transcription 81-2 NFPA 231C 1991 Transcription 81-3 IFCI 1994 Transcription 81-4 NFPA 231C 1995* Reference 82-1 NFPA 58 1989 Transcription 88-1 IFCI 1994* Transcription Appendix: A—III—C-1 NFPA 25 1992* Reference 1Due to the new policy on Method 2,"adoption by reference"for standards,many of the amendments that changed secondary standards references to"nationally recognized standards"have been deleted. The new general paragraph in front of each standard advises that secondary standards are only for reference as approved. 2Chapters 2 and 4 only. 2—vi CODES AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS The International Conference of Building Officials(ICBO)publishes a family of codes,each correlated with the Uniform Building Code' to provide jurisdictions with a complete set of building-related regulations for adoption.Some of these codes are published in affiliation with other organizations such as the International Fire Code Institute(IFCI)and the International Code Council(ICC).Refer- ence materials and related codes also are available to improve knowledge of code enforcement and administration of building inspec- tion programs.Publications and products are continually being added,so inquiries should be directed to Conference headquarters for a listing of available products.Many codes and references are also available on CD-ROM or floppy disk.These are denoted by(*).The following publications and products are available from ICBO: CODES Uniform Mechanical Code and related codes. It contains provisions *Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2 and 3. The most widely which relate to site preparation,construction,alteration,moving,repair adopted model building code in the United States, the performance- and use and occupancies of buildings or structures and building service based Uniform Building Code is a proven document,meeting the needs equipment,including plumbing,electrical and mechanical regulations. of government units charged with the enforcement of building regula- The code is compatible with the administrative provisions of all codes tions.Volume 1 contains administrative,fire-and life-safety and field published by the Conference. inspection provisions;Volume 2 contains structural engineering design Uniform Building Security Code-. This code establishes mini- provisions; and Volume 3 contains material, testing and installation mum standards to make dwelling units resistant to unlawful entry. It standards. regulates swinging doors,sliding doors,windows and hardware in con- *Uniform Mechanical Code-.Provides a complete set of require- nection with dwelling units of apartment houses or one-and two-family ments for the design, construction, installation and maintenance of dwellings.The code gives consideration to the concerns of police,fire heating,ventilating,cooling and refrigeration systems;incinerators and and building officials in establishing requirements for resistance to bur- other heat-producing appliances. glary which are compatible with fire and life safety. International Plumbing Code'. Provides consistent and techni- Uniform Code for Building Conservation-.A building conserva- cally advanced requirements that can be used across the country to pro- tion guideline presented in code format which will provide a communi- vide comprehensive regulations of modem plumbing systems.Setting ty with the means to preserve its existing buildings while achieving minimum regulations for plumbing facilities in terms of performance appropriate levels of safety.It is formatted in the same manner as the objectives,the IPC provides for the acceptance of new and innovative Uniform Building Code, is compatible with other Uniform Codes,and products,materials and systems. may be adopted as a code or used as a guideline. International Private Sewage Disposal Code'.Provides flexibil- Dwelling Construction under the Uniform Building Code'. ity in the development of safety and sanitary individual sewage disposal Designed primarily for use in home building and apprentice training, systems and includes detailed provisions for all aspects of design, this book contains requirements applicable to the construction of one- installation and inspection of private sewage disposal systems. and two-story dwellings based on the requirements of the Uniform International Mechanical Code". Establishes minimum regula- Building Code. Available in English or Spanish. tions for mechanical systems using prescriptive and performance- Dwelling Construction under the Uniform Mechanical Code-. related provisions. It is founded on broad-based principles that make This publication is for the convenience of the homeowner or contractor possible the use of new materials and new mechanical designs. interested in installing mechanical equipment in a one-or two-family Uniform Zoning Code-.This code is dedicated to intelligent com- dwelling in conformance with the Uniform Mechanical Code. munity development and to the benefit of the public welfare by provid- Supplements to UBC and related codes. Published in the years be- ing a means of promoting uniformity in zoning laws and enforcement. tween editions,the Supplements contain all approved changes,plus an *Uniform Fire Code-,Volumes 1 and 2.The premier model fire analysis of those changes. code in the United States,the Uniform Fire Code sets forth provisions Uniform Building Code-1927 Edition.A special 60th anniversa- necessary for fire prevention and fire protection. Published by the ry printing of the first published Uniform Building Code. International Fire Code Institute,the Uniform Fire Code is endorsed by One and Two Family Dwelling Code. Promulgated by ICC, this the Western Fire Chiefs Association,the International Association of code eliminates conflicts and duplications among the model codes to Fire Chiefs and ICBO.Volume 1 contains code provisions compatible achieve national uniformity.Covers mechanical and plumbing require- with the Uniform Building Code,and Volume 2 contains standards ref- ments as well as construction and occupancy. erenced from the code provisions. *Urban-Wildland Interface Code-. Promulgated by IFCI, this Application and Commentary on the One and Two Family Dwelling Code. An interpretative commentary on the One and Two code regulates both land use and the built environment in designated ur- Family Dwelling Code intended to enhance uniformity of interpretation ban-wildland interface areas. This newly developed code is the only and application of the code nationwide.Developed by the three model model code that bases construction requirements on the fire-hazard code organizations, this document includes numerous illustrations of severity exposed to the structure. Developed under a grant from the code requirements and the rationale for individual provisions. Federal Emergency Management Agency,this code is the direct result of hazard mitigation meetings held after devastating wildfires. Model Energy Code.This code includes minimum requirements for Uniform Housing Code'.Provides complete requirements affect- effective use of energy in the design of new buildings and structures and ing conservation and rehabilitation of housing.Its regulations are com- additions to existing buildings.It is based on American Society of Heat- patible with the Uniform Building Code. ing,Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers Standard 90A-1980 and was originally developed jointly by ICBO,BOCA,SBCCI and the Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings'.A National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards under a code compatible with the Uniform Building Code and the Uniform contract funded by the United States Department of Energy.The code is Housing Code which provides equitable remedies consistent with other now maintained by ICC and is adopted by reference in the Uniform laws for the repair,vacation or demolition of dangerous buildings. Building Code. Uniform Sign Code".Dedicated to the development of better sign National Electrical Code.The electrical code used throughout the regulation, its requirements pertain to all signs and sign construction United States.Published by the National Fire Protection Association,it attached to buildings. is an indispensable aid to every electrician,contractor,architect,build- Uniform Administrative Code'.This code covers administrative er,inspector and anyone who must specify or certify electrical installa- areas in connection with adoption of the Uniform Building Code, tions. 2—vii TECHNICAL REFERENCES AND EDUCATIONAL and financial aspects of a building department. It is also an ideal MATERIALS resource for those preparing for the management module of the CABO Analysis of Revisions to the Uniform Codes-. An analysis of Building Official Certification Examination. changes between the previous and new editions of the Uniform Codes is Legal Aspects of Code Administration.A manual developed by the provided.Changes between code editions are noted either at the begin- three model code organizations to inform the building official on the le- ning of chapters or in the margins of the code text. gal aspects of the profession.The text is written in a logical sequence *Handbook to the Uniform Building Code. The handbook is a with explanation of legal terminology. It is designed to serve as a completely detailed and illustrated commentary on the Uniform Build- refresher for those preparing to take the legal module of the CABO ing Code, tracing historical background and rationale of the codes Building Official Certification Examination. through the current edition.Also included are numerous drawings and Illustrated Guide to Conventional Construction Provisions of figures clarifying the application and intent of the code provisions.Also the UBC. This comprehensive guide and commentary provides available in electronic format. detailed explanations of the conventional construction provisions in the *Handbook to the Uniform Mechanical Code.An indispensable UBC, including descriptive discussions and illustrated drawings to tool for understanding the provisions of the current UMC,the handbook convey the prescriptive provisions related to wood-frame construction. traces the historical background and rationale behind the UMC provi- Introduction to the Uniform Building Code.A workbook that ero- sions,includes 160 figures which clarify the intent and application of vides an overview of the basics of the UBC. the code,and provides a chapter-by-chapter analysis of the UMC. Uniform Building Code Update Workbook.This manual address- *Uniform Building Code Application Manual. This manual es many of the changes to the administrative,fire-and life-safety,and discusses sections of the Uniform Building Code with a question-and- inspection provisions appearing in the UBC. answer format, providing a comprehensive analysis of the intent of the code sections. Most sections include illustrative examples. The UMC Workbook. Designed for independent study or use with manual is in loose-leaf format so that code applications published instructor-led programs based on the Uniform Mechanical Code, this in Building Standards magazine may be inserted. Also available in comprehensive study guide consists of 16 learning sessions, with the electronic format. first two sessions reviewing the purpose,scope,definitions and admin- *Uniform Mechanical Code Application Manual.As a compan- istrative provisions and the remaining 14 sessions progressively explor- ing the requirements for installing,inspecting and maintaining heating, ion document to the Uniform Mechanical Code,this manual provides ventilating,cooling and refrigeration systems. a comprehensive analysis of the intent of a number of code sections in an easy-to-use question-and-answer format.The manual is available in UBC Field Inspection Workbook.A comprehensive workbook for a loose-leaf format and includes illustrative examples for many code studying the provisions of the UBC. Divided into 12 sessions, this sections. workbook focuses on the UBC combustible construction requirements *Uniform Fire Code Applications Manual.This newly developed for the inspection of wood-framed construction. manual provides questions and answers regarding UFC provisions. Concrete Manual.A publication for individuals seeking an under- A comprehensive analysis of the intent of numerous code sections,the standing of the fundamentals of concrete field technology and inspec- manual is in a loose-leaf format for easy insertion of code applications tion practices.Of particular interest to concrete construction inspectors, published in IFCI's Fire Code Journal. it will also benefit employees of concrete producers,contractors,test- Quick-Reference Guide to the Occupancy Requirements of the ing and inspection laboratories and material suppliers. 1997 UBC. Code requirements are compiled in this publication by Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Hand- occupancy groups for quick access. These tabulations assemble book.A comprehensive information source written especially for ma- requirements for each occupancy classification in the code.Provisions, sonry inspection covering terminology,technology,materials,quality such as fire-resistive ratings for occupancy separations in Table 3-13, control,inspection and standards. Published jointly by ICBO and the exterior wall and opening protection requirements in Table 5-A-1,and Masonry Institute of America. fire-resistive ratings for types of construction in Table 6-A,are tabu- You Can Build It!Sponsored by ICBO in cooperation with CABO, lated for quick reference and comparison. this booklet contains information and advice to aid"do-it-yourselfers" Plan Review Manual.A practical text that will assist and guide both with building projects.Provides guidance in necessary procedures such the field inspector and plan reviewer in applying the code requirements. as permit requirements,codes,plans,cost estimation,etc. This manual covers the nonstructural and basic structural aspects of Guidelines for Manufactured Housing Installations.A guideline plan review. in code form implementing the Uniform Building Code and its compan- Field Inspection Manual. An important fundamental text for ion code documents to regulate the permanent installation of a man- courses of study at the community college and trade or technical school ufactured home on a privately owned,nonrental site.A commentary is level.It is an effective text for those studying building construction or included to explain specific provisions, and codes applying to each architecture and includes sample forms and checklists for use in the component part are defined. field. Accessibility Reference Guide.This guide is a valuable resource for Building Department Administration.An excellent guide for im- architects,interior designers,plan reviewers and others who design and provement of skills in departmental management and in the enforce- enforce accessibility provisions.Features include accessibility require- ment and application of the Building Code and other regulations ments,along with detailed commentary and graphics to clarify the pro- administered by a building inspection department.This textbook will visions;cross-references to other applicable sections of the UBC and also be a valuable aid to instructors,students and those in related profes- the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines;a check- sional fields. list of UBC provisions on access and usability requirements;and many Building Department Guide to Disaster Mitigation. This new, other useful references. expanded guide is designed to assist building departments in develop- Educational and Technical Reference Materials.The Conference ing or updating disaster mitigation plans. Subjects covered include has been a leader in the development of texts and course material to guidelines for damage mitigation, disaster-response management, assist in the educational process.These materials include vital informa- immediate response, mutual aid and inspections, working with the tion necessary for the building official and subordinates in carrying out media,repair and recovery policies,and public information bulletins. their responsibilities and have proven to be excellent references in con- This publication is a must for those involved in preparing for and nection with community college curricula and higher-level courses in responding to disaster. the field of building construction technology and inspection and in the Building Official Management Manual. This manual addresses administration of building departments. Included are plan review the unique nature of code administration and the managerial duties of checklists for structural,nonstructural,mechanical and fire-safety pro- the building official.A supplementary insert addresses the budgetary visions and a full line of videotapes and automated products. 2—viii TABLE OF CONTENTS UFC UFC STD.AND STD.AND REFERENCING REFERENCING SEC.NOS. TITLE AND SOURCE PAGE SEC.NOS. TITLE AND SOURCE PAGE ARTICLE 10 79-6;7902.6.10 10-1; 1002.1, 1006.2.7, 1102.5.2.3,2401.13,3209,3408, Interior Lining of Underground Storage Tanks . . .. . . 2-373 4502.8.2,4503.7.1, 5201.9,7901.5.3,7902.5.1.2.1 79-7;7902.1.8.2.7 and 7903.3.3 and Appendix II-F and 7904.5.1.2 Testing Requirements for Protected Aboveground Selection,Installation,Inspection,Maintenance and Tanks .. .. . ...... . .... . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . 2-387 Testing of Portable Fire Extinguishers . .. . .... . . . . . . 2-1 10-2; 1007.2.12.2.3, 1007.3.1, 1007.3.3.5,6313.3 ARTICLE 80 and 6320.1 80-1; 8003.8.1, 8003.8.2 and 8004.1.16 Installation,Maintenance and Use of Storage,Dispensing and Use of Silane Fire-protection Signaling Systems . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 2-55 and its Mixtures ... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . 2-389 80-2;7401.1,7501.1 and 8004.1.14 ARTICLE 24 Industrial and Institutional Bulk Oxygen Systems ... 2-391 24-1; 2401.15 and 2402.2.1 80-3; 7501.1 Aircraft Fueling .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 2-321 Flammable Cryogenic Fluid Systems at ARTICLE 52 Consumer Sites . ....... .. ..... . .... . .. . .. .. . . 2-393 52-1; 5201.1,5204.2 and 5204.10.2.3.5 80-4; 7501.1 Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)Vehicular Inert Cryogenic Fluid Systems at Consumer Sites . . .2-395 Fuel Systems . . ....... . . .... . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . 2-323 ARTICLE 81 ARTICLE 62 81-1; 8102.9.1,8102.10.1, 8103.2 and 8803.2 62-1;6201 and 6205.1 High-piled General Storage of Combustibles in Buildings . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... ... ... . 2-409 Ovens and Furnaces. ... . . .. .. . ... . . . . . . . ...... 2-349 81-2;7902.5.11.5.1,7902.5.12.5.1, 8102.9,8102.10.1, ARTICLE 74 8104.2, 8104.4 and 8803.2 High-piled Storage of Combustibles on Racks 74-1;7404.2.3 in Buildings ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . .... . .2-437 Medical Gas and Vacuum Systems .. . . ... . . .. .... 2-351 81-3; 8102.7.1 ARTICLE 79 Mechanical Smoke-removal Systems . . . . .. . . . ... . 2-493 79-1;7902.2.4.2 and 7902.2.8.2 81-4; 8101.1,8104.2.3.1,8104.2.3.2 and 8106.1 High-piled Storage of Combustible Records Foam Fire-protection Systems . . ... .. . ....... . ... 2-353 in Buildings .. . . .... . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . .. ... ... . 2-495 79-2;7902.1.14.4 and 7902.2.6.3.4 Fixed Water-spray Automatic Fire-protection ARTICLE 82 Systems .. . . . . .. . . . .... .. . . . .. . .... . .... . . . . 2-355 82-1; 5201.3.2,5203.5.1,8201, 8203,8204,8206,8208, 79-3;209,Table 4703-A,6307.4,6319,7401.5.2, 8211, 8212.11.3 and 8214.3 7902.1.3.2, 8001.4.3.3, 8004.1.15, 8004.2.2.2 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage and Use . . . . . .. . . 2-497 and 8004.4.3 ARTICLE 88 Identification of the Health,Flammability and 88-1; 8801.1 Reactivity of Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 2-357 79-4; 2402.2.1 and 7904.6.1 Classification of Aerosol Products . . . . .... ..... . . 2-589 Vehicles for Transporting Flammable or APPENDIX Combustible Liquids ... . ... ...... . . . . . . . ..... . 2-369 A-III-C-1;Appendix III-C 79-5;7902.1.8.1.1 and 7902.5.11.2.4 Inspection,Testing and Maintenance of Portable Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks ... 2-371 Water-based Fire-protection Systems .. . . .. . ...... 2-593 2—ix 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 SELECTION, INSTALLATION, INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE AND TESTING OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS See Sections 1002.1, 1006.2.7, 1102.5.2.3,2401.13,3209,3208,4502.8.2,4503.7.1,5201.9, 7901.5.3, 7902.5.1.2.1 and 7904.5.1.2, Uniform Fire Code This standard,with certain exceptions,is based on the Nation- lection shall be required by this standard.Where extinguishers are al Fire Protection Association Standard for Portable Fire Ex- required but a specific class,size,number or location is not given, tinguishers,NFPA 10-1990.1 the selection shall be subject to the approval of the chief and the Part I of this standard contains exceptions to NFPA 10-1990.1 following: 1.The gross weight of the extinguisher and the physical ability Part lI of this standard contains NFPA 10-19901 reproduced in of the anticipated user. its entirety with permission of the publisher. 2.Exposure of the extinguisher to corrosive atmospheres. ©vertically in the margin of Part II indicates there is a re- 3.Adverse reaction between the agent in the extinguisher and vision to the provisions within Part I. the material or equipment being protected. Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 10-19901 shall 4.Mobility of wheeled units over terrain of the premises and the only be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. configuration of routes which may limit access. tThe current edition is NFPA 10-1994. 5.The effective range of the extinguishers which could be sub- Part I ject to wind or draft conditions. 6.The ability and number of available personnel to operate the SECTION 10.101 -AMENDMENTS extinguisher. The Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, NFPA 10-1990, 7.The health and safety of the user. applies to the selection,installation,inspection,maintenance and To protect the health and safety of the user,the chief is autho- testing of portable fire extinguishers except as follows: rized to require installation of extended-throw nozzles, special 1.Sec. 1-1 is revised as follows: ventilation and other protective measures, including the training of personnel. 1-1 Scope. 7.Sec.2-3.2 is revised as follows: The provisions of this standard apply to the selection,installa- tion,inspection,maintenance and testing of portable extinguish- 2-3.2 Fire Extinguisher and Size and Placement for Cooking ing systems except when a provision in Uniform Fire Code, Grease Fires. A sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate Volume 1 is applicable,in which case Uniform Fire Code, Volume dry-chemical-type portable fire extinguisher having a minimum I provisions take precedence. rating of 40-B shall be installed within 30 feet(9144 mm)of com- mercial food heat-processing equipment, as measured along an 2.Sec. 1-2 is deleted. unobstructed path of travel. 3.Sec.1-3 is revised by amending the definition of"author- 8,Sec.3-1.5 is revised as follows: ity having jurisdiction'as follows: AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- 3-1.5 The type,size,number and placement of fire extinguish- sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. ers for special storage occupancies is addressed in UFC Standard 81-1,High-piled General Storage of Combustibles in Buildings; The definitions of"approved,""labeled"and"listed"shall UFC Standard 81-2,High-piled Rack Storage of Combustibles in be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. Buildings;and NFPA 231-D,Storage of Rubber Tires. The definition of"should"is deleted. 9.Sec.3-2.2 is revised as follows: 4. Sec. 1-5.2 is revised by substituting the phrase "UFC 3-2.2 One half of the fire extinguishers required by Table 3=2.1 Standard 81-1"for the phrase"NFPA 231,Standard for In- are allowed to be omitted when the building is equipped with a door General Storage." Class H or III standpipe system that complies with Uniform Fire 5.Sec. 1-7(b)is revised as follows: Code, Article 10 and the Building Code.See UBC Standard 9-2. (b)Hazardous materials shall be identified in accordance with 10.Sec.4-1.1 is revised as follows: UFC Standard 79-3.Hazardous materials shall be classified in ac- 4-1.1 Approved existing extinguisher installations maintained cordance with Article 80, Uniform Fire Code. in accordance with the conditions under which they were ap- 6.Sec.2-1 is revised as follows: proved are allowed to continue in use.Such extinguishers shall be 2-1 General Requirements. maintained in a safe and operative condition and shall be in- spected and recharged as required by this standard. Extinguishers shall be suitable for the anticipated growth and EXCEPTIONS:1.Soda acid,foam,loaded stream,antifreeze and character of the fire,the construction and occupancy of the indi- water fire extinguishers of the inverting type shall not be recharged or vidual property or premises,the vehicle or hazard to be protected, placed in service for fire-protection use. and ambient-temperature conditions. Selection of the class, size, 2.Vaporizing liquid extinguishers containing carbon tetrachloride number and location of extinguishers shall be as specified in the or chlorobromomethane shall not be installed or used in any location Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 when applicable;when not,the se- for fire-protection use. 2-1 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 11.Sec.4-5.3.8 is revised by deleting the first sentence and 5-5.3 Testing Procedures for Hose Assemblies.The hydro- substituting as follows: static testing procedures for hose assemblies shall be in accord- The removal of Halon 1211 from extinguishers shall be accom- ance with nationally recognized standards. plished using only a listed halon closed-recovery system. 15. Chapter 6 is deleted. 12.Sec.5-5.1.2 is revised as follows: Part II 5-5.1.2 The equipment for testing compressed gas cylinders Reproduced with permission from the Standard for Portable and cartridges shall be an approved water jacket type. Fire Extinguishers,NFPA 10,copyright 1990,National Fire Pro- 13.Sec.5-5.2 is revised as follows: tection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Box 9101, Quincy, 5-5.2 Testing Procedures for Low Pressure Gas Types.The Massachusetts 02269-9101. Persons desiring to reprint in whole testing procedures for the internal examination and hydraulic test- or part any portion of the Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, ing of noncompressed gas cylinders and shells shall be in accord- NFPA 10-1990,must secure permission from the National Fire ance with approved standards. Protection Association.The following standard is not necessarily the latest revision used by NFPA.If the reader desires to compare 14.Sec.5-5.3 is revised as follows: with that version,the same is available from NFPA. 2-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 5 1-1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 5 1-2 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 5 1-3 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 5 1-4 Classification, Ratings, and Performance of Fire Extinguishers. . . . . . . . 10- 7 1-5 Classification of Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 7 1-6 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 8 1-7 Identification of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 8 1-8 Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 9 Chapter 2 Selection of Extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 9 2-1 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 9 2-2 Selection by Hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- 9 2-3 Application for Specific Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 10- 9 2-4 Application for Specific Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10 Chapter 3 Distribution of Extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10 3-1 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10 3-2 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class A Hazards. . . . . . . . . . 10-10 3-3 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class B Fires Other than for Fires in Flammable Liquids of Appreciable Depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 3-4 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class B Fires in Flammable Liquids of Appreciable Depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 3-5 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class C Hazards. . . . . . . . . . 10-12 3-6 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class D Hazards. . . . . . . . . . 10-12 Chapter 4 Inspection, Maintenance, and Recharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 4-1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 4-2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 4-3 Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 4-4 Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 4-5 Recharging. . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14 Chapter 5 Hydrostatic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 5-1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 5-2 Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 5-3 Test Pressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 5-4 Test Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 5-5 Testing Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 Chapter 6 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18 Appendix B Recommended Markings to Indicate Extinguisher Suitability According to Class of Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-32 Appendix C Extinguisher Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-33 2-3 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Appendix D Operation and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36 Appendix E Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-45 Appendix F Selection of Extinguishers for Home Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-48 Appendix G Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-50 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51 2-4 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 NFPA 10 NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, Standard for equipment, or materials nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the Portable Fire Extinguishers authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on com- pliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evi- dence of proper installation,procedure or use.The author- 1990 Edition ity having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or label- ing practices of an organization concerned with product NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter evaluations which is in a position to determine compliance designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on with appropriate standards for the current production of that paragraph in Appendix A. listed items. Information on referenced publications can be found in Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having Chapter 6 and Appendix G. jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual responsible for"approving"equipment,an installation or a procedure. Chapter 1 Introduction NOTE: The phrase"authority having jurisdiction"is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions I-1* Scope. The provisions of this standard apply to the and "approval" agencies vary as do their responsibilities. selection, installation, inspection, maintenance, and testing Where public safety is primary,the"authority having juris- of portable extinguishing equipment. The requirements diction" may be a federal, state, local or other regional given herein are MINIMUM. Portable extinguishers are department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, intended as a first line of defense to cope with fires of lim- chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, health ited size.They are needed even if the property is equipped department,building official, electrical inspector,or others with automatic sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or other having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an 'fixed protection equipment (see 3-1.1, 3-1.5, 3-2.1, and 3 insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other 2.3). They do not apply to permanently installed systems insurance company representative may be the "authority having jurisdiction." In many circumstances the property for fire extinguishment, even though portions of such sys- owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the tems may be portable(such as hose and nozzles attached to "authority having jurisdiction";at government installations, a fixed supply of extinguishing agent).' the commanding officer or departmental official may be the "authority having jurisdiction." 1-2* Purpose. This standard is prepared for the use and BTC. The Board of Transport Commissioners of Can- guidance of persons charged with selecting, purchasing, ada, which formerly had jurisdiction over high pressure installing, approving, listing, designing, and maintaining cylinders and cartridges. portable fire extinguishing equipment. The fire protection requirements of this standard are general in nature and Class A Fires. Fires in ordinary combustible materials, are not intended to abrogate the specific requirements of such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics. other NFPA standards for specific occupancies. Class B Fires. Fires in flammable liquids, oils, greases, Nothing in this standard shall be construed as a restric- tars, oil-base paints, lacquers, and flammable gases. tion on new technologies or alternative arrangements, pro- Class C Fires. Fires that involve energized electrical vided that the level of protection as herein described is not equipment where the electrical nonconductivity of the lowered and is acceptable to the authority having jurisdic- extinguishing media is of importance. (When electrical lion. equipment is de-energized, extinguishers for Class A or B fires may be used safely.) 1-3 Definitions. Class D Fires. Fires in combustible metals, such as Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having juris- magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, and diction." potassium. CTC. The Canadian Transport Commission,which has Fixed systems are covered by the following NFPA standards: jurisdiction over high pressure cylinders and cartridges. NFPA 11,Standard for Lori Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Sys- tems;NFPA I IA,Standard for Medium-and High-Expansion Foam Sys- DOT. The U.S. Department of Transportation, which tems; NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems; has jurisdiction over high pressure cylinders and car- NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems; tridges. NFPA 12B, Standard on Halon 1211 Fire. Extinguishing Systems; Dry Chemical Closed Recovery System. A system that NFPA 13,Slandard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems; NFPA 14, provides for the transfer of dry chemical agent between Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems; NFPA 15, extinguishers and recovery containers that is closed to pre- Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection; NFPA 16, vent the loss of agent to the atmosphere. Standard on Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Sys- lems; NFPA 17,Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems; and Factory Test Pressure. The pressure at which the shell NFPA 96,Standard for the Installation of Equipment for the Removal of was tested at time of manufacture. This pressure is shown Smoke and Grease-Laden Vapors from Commercial Cooking Equipment. on the nameplate. 2-5 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Film Forming Agents. The film forming agents refer- NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may enced in this standard are AFFF (aqueous film forming vary for each organization concerned with product evalua- foam) and FFFP (film forming fluoroprotein foam) types Lion, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed including both grades: not approved for polar solvents unless it is also labeled.The"authority having jurisdiction" (water soluble flammable liquids), and approved for polar should utilize the system employed by the listing organiza- tion to identify a listed product. solvents. Low Pressure Gas Cylinder. For the purpose of this Halogenated Agents. Halogenated agents referenced standard, low pressure gas cylinders are those containing in this standard are bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon nitrogen, compressed air, and/or halon at a service pres- 1211),bromotrifluoromethane(Halon 1301),and mixtures sure of 500 psig or lower at 70°F (21.1°C). The cylinders of Halon 1211 and Halon 1301 (Halon 1211/1301). may also contain noncorrosive, non-pressure generating dry materials such as dry chemical or dry powder agents or Note: Halon 1211 and Halon 1301 are included in the water based agents in cylinders protected against internal "Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone corrosion. Layer," signed September 16, 1987. The protocol limits production of Halons 1211 and 1301 to 1986 production Maintenance. A thorough examination of the extin- levels and places restrictions on imports and exports. It also guisher. It is intended to give maximum assurance that an contains provisions to facilitate the imposition of further extinguisher will operate effectively and safely. It includes restrictions. a thorough examination and any necessary repair or Halon Closed Recovery System. A system that pro- replacement. It will normally reveal if hydrostatic testing is vides for the transfer of halon between extinguishers, sup- required. ply containers, and recharge and recovery containers so that none of the halon escapes to the atmosphere. Mild Steel Shell. All other steel shells, except for stain- less steel and steel used for high pressure cylinders. The system's supply or recharge and recovery container shall be capable of maintaining the halon in a sealed envi- Nonrechargeable Fire Extinguisher. A nonrecharge- ronment until it is reused or returned to the agent manu- able (nonrefillable) fire extinguisher is not capable (nor facturer. intended) of undergoing complete maintenance, hydro- static testing, and being restored to its full operating capa- High Pressure Cylinder. For the purposes of this stan- bility by the standard practices used by fire equipment dard,high pressure cylinders and cartridges are those con- dealers and distributors. taining nitrogen or compressed air at a service pressure higher than 500 psig at 70°F (21.VC), or carbon dioxide. Nonrechargeable (nonrefillable) fire extinguishers are marked "Discharge and Dispose of After Any Use"or"Dis- ICC. The Interstate Commerce Commission, which charge and Return to the Manufacturer After Any Use" or had jurisdiction over high pressure cylinders and car- with a similar equivalent marking. Some extinguishers that tridges prior to 1967. are physically rechargeable are marked nonrechargeable and are therefore considered by this standard to be nonre- Inspection. A "quick check" that an extinguisher is chargeable (nonrefillable) fire extinguishers. available and will operate. It is intended to give reasonable Portable Fire Extinguisher. A portable device contain- assurance that the extinguisher is fully charged and oper- ing an extinguishing agent that can be expelled under able.This is done by seeing that it is in its designated place, pressure for the purpose of suppressing or extinguishing a that it has not been actuated or tampered with, and that fire. there is no obvious or physical damage or condition to prevent its operation. Rechargeable (Refillable) Fire Extinguisher. A rechargeable (refillable) extinguisher is capable of under- Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been going complete maintenance, including internal inspection attached a label, symbol or other identifying mark of an of the pressure vessel, replacement of all substandard parts organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdic- and seals, and hydrostatic testing. The extinguisher is tion" and concerned with product evaluation, that main- capable of being recharged with agent, pressurized, and tains periodic inspection of production of labeled equip- restored to its full operating capability by the standard ment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer practices used by fire equipment dealers and distributors. indicates compliance with appropriate standards or perfor- Rechargeable (refillable) extinguishers are marked mance in a specified manner. "Recharge Immediately After Any Use" or with a similar equivalent marking. Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list pub- lished by an organization acceptable to the "authority hav- Recharging. The replacement of the extinguishing ing jurisdiction" and concerned with product evaluation, agent(also includes the expellant for certain types of extin- that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed guishers). equipment or materials and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets appropriate standards or Self-Expelling Extinguisher. An extinguisher in which has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified the agents have sufficient vapor pressure at normal operat- manner. ing temperatures to expel themselves. 2-6 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Service Pressure. The normal operating pressure as 1-4.4* The identification of the listing and labeling orga- indicated on the gage and nameplate of an extinguisher. nization, the fire test, and performance standard that the extinguisher meets or exceeds shall be clearly marked on Servicing. Includes one or more of the following: (1) each extinguisher. maintenance, (2) recharging, and (3) hydrostatic testing. Shall. Indicates a mandator requirement. Exception: Extinguishers manufactured prior to ,January I, Y 9 1986. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required. 1-4.5* An organization listing, labeling, and marking extinguishers used to comply with the requirements of this Stored Pressure Extinguisher. An extinguisher in standard shall utilize a third party certification program which both the extinguishing material and expellant gas for portable fire extinguishers that meets or exceeds ANSI/ are kept in a single container and which includes a pres- UL 1803, Standard for Factory Follow-Up on Third Party Cen- sure indicator or gage. tified Portable Fire Extinguishers. Water-Type Fire Extinguisher. A water type extin- Exception No. 1: Extinguishers rnaarnfactured prior to fanuaiy I guisher contains water based agents, such as water, foam, 1, 1989. AFFF, FFFP, antifreeze, and loaded stream. Exception No. 2: Certification organizations accredited by the 1-4 Classification, Ratings, and Performance of Fire Standards Council of Camara. Extinguishers. 1-5 Classification of Hazards. 1-4.1 Portable fire extinguishers are classified for use on certain classes of fires and rated for relative extinguishing 1-5.1 Light (Low) Hazard. Light hazard occupancies are effectiveness at a temperature of 70°F (21.1°C) by testing locations where the total amount of Class A combustible laboratories.This is based on the preceding classification of materials, including furnishings, decorations,and contents, fires and the fire-extinguishment potentials as determined is of minor quantity. This may include some buildings or by fire tests. rooms occupied as offices, classrooms, churches, assembly halls, guest room areas of hotels/motels, etc. This classifica- 1-4.2* The classification and rating system described in tion anticipates that the majority of content items are this standard is that of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. and either noncombustible or so arranged that a fire is not Underwriters Laboratories of Canada, and is based on likely to spread rapidly. Small amounts of Class B flamnia- extinguishing preplanned fires of determined size and tiles used for duplicating machines, art departments, etc., description as follows: are included provided that they are kept in closed contain- ers and safely stored. CLASS A RATING — Wood and excelsior. 1-5.2 Ordinary (Moderate) Hazard. Ordinary hazard CLASS B RATING — Two-in. (5.1-cm) depth n-heptane occupancies are locations where the total amount of Class fires in square pans. A combustibles and Class B flanunables are present in CLASS C RATING — No fire test. Agent must be a non- greater amounts than expected under light (low) hazard conductor of electricity. occupancies. These occupancies could consist of dining areas, mercantile shops and allied storage, light manufac- CLASS D RATING — Special tests on specific combusti_ ttn-ing, research operations, auto showrooms, parking ble metal fires. garages, workshop or support service areas of light (low) hazard occupancies, and warehouses containing Class I or 1-4.3 Portable fire extinguishers used to comply with this Class 11 commodities as defined by NFPA 231, .Standard for standard shall be listed and labeled and meet or exceed all General Storage. the requirements of one of the fire test standards and one of the appropriate performance standards shown below: 1-5.3 Extra (High) Hazard. Extra hazard occupancies (a) Fire Test Standards:ANSI/UL 711,CAN4-S508-M83 are locations where the total amount of Class A combusti- bles and Class B flanurtables present, in storage, produc- (b) Performance Standards: tion use, and/or finished product is over and above those expected and classed as ordinary (moderate) hazards. 1. Carbon Dioxide Types: ANSI/UL 154, CAN These occupancies could consist of woodworking, vehicle 4-5503 M83 repair, aircraft and boat servicing, cooking areas, individ- 2. Dry Chemical Types: ANSI/UL 299, ULC-S504 ual product display showrooms, product convention center displays, and storage and manufacturing processes such as 3. Water Types: ANSI/UL 626, CAN4-S507-M83 painting, dipping, coating, including flammable liquid 4. Halon Types: ANSI/UL 1093, ULC-S512 handling. Also included is warehousing of or in-process 5. Foam Types: ANSI/UL 8 storage of other than Class I and Class 11 commodities. 2-7 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 1-6 General Requirements. Exception: In addition to manufacturers'labels, other labels that specifically relate to operation, classification, or warning informa- 1-6.1 The classification of extinguishers shall consist of a tion shall be permitted on the front. LETTER that indicates the class of fire on which an extin- guisher has been found to be effective, preceded by a rat- 1-6.11 Extinguishers mounted in cabinets or wall recesses ing NUMERAL (Class A and B only) that indicates the rel- or set on shelves shall be placed in a manner such that the ative extinguishing effectiveness. extinguisher operating instructions face outward.The loca- tion of such extinguishers shall be marked conspicuously Exception: Extinguishers classified for use on Class C or D haz- (see 1-6.5). ards shall not be required to have a numeral preceding the classi- fication letter. 1-6.12* Where extinguishers are installed in closed cabi- nets that are exposed to elevated temperatures, cabinets 1-6.2 Portable extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully shall be provided with screened openings and drains. charged and operable condition, and kept in their desig- nated places at all times when they are not being used. 1-6.13* Water-type (water, foam, AFFF, wetting agent, and soda-acid) extinguishers shall not be installed in areas 1-6.3 Extinguishers shall be conspicuously located where where temperatures are outside the range of 40T to 120°F they will be readily accessible and immediately available in (4°C to 49°C). All other types shall not be installed in areas the event of fire. Preferably they shall be located along where temperatures are outside the range of -40°F to normal paths of travel, including exits from areas. 120T (-40°C to 49°C). 1-6.4 Cabinets housing extinguishers shall not be locked. Exception No. 1: When extinguishers are installed in locations subject to temperatures outside these ranges, they shall be of a type Exception: Where extinguishers are subject to malicious use, approved and listed for the temperature to which they are exposed, locked cabinets may be used provided they include means of emer- or they must be placed in an enclosure capable of maintaining the gency access. stipulated range of temperatures. Exception No. 2: Extinguishers containing plain water only can 1-6.5* Extinguishers shall not be obstructed or obscured be protected to temperatures as low as -407(-40°C) by the addi- from view. tion of an antifreeze stipulated on the extinguisher nameplate. Calcium chloride solutions shall not be used in stainless steel extin- Exception: In large rooms, and in certain locations where visual guishers. obstruction cannot be completely avoided, means shall be provided Exception No. 3: Some extinguishers that use nitrogen rather to indicate the location. than carbon dioxide as an expellant gas are approved or listed for 1-6.6* Extinguishers shall be installed on the hangers or temperatures as low as -657(-54°C). in the brackets supplied, mounted in cabinets, or set on 1-6.14* An extinguisher instruction manual shall be pro- shelves unless the extinguishers are of the wheeled type. vided to the owner or his agent giving condensed instruc- tions and cautions necessary to the installation, operation, 1-6.7 Extinguishers installed under conditions where inspection, and maintenance of the extinguisher(s). The they are subject to dislodgement shall be installed in brack- manual shall refer to this standard as a source of detailed ets specifically designed to cope with this problem. instruction. 1-6.8 Extinguishers installed under conditions where 1-7* Identification of Contents. An extinguisher shall they are subject to physical damage shall be protected from have attached to it in the form of a label, tag, stencil, or impact. similar manner the following information: (a) Contents product name as it appears on the manu- 1-6.9 Extinguishers having a gross weight not exceeding facturer's Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). 40 lb (18.14 kg) shall be installed so that the top of the (b) A listing of the hazardous material identification in extinguisher is not more than 5 ft(1.53 m)above the floor. accordance with the National Paint and Coatings Associa- Extinguishers having a gross weight greater than 40 lb tion, Hazardous Materials Identification Systems (HMIS). [In (18.14 kg) (except wheeled types) shall be so installed that Canada, see Workplace Hazardous Materials Identification Sys- the top of the extinguisher is not more than 31/2 ft (1.07 m) tems(WHMIS)]. above the floor. In no case shall the clearance between the (c) A list of any hazardous materials which are in excess bottom of the extinguisher and the floor be less than 4 in. of 1.0 percent of the contents. (10.2 cm). (d) A list of each chemical in excess of 5.0 percent of the 1-6.10 Operating instructions shall be located on the contents. front of the extinguisher. Other labels and markings shall (e) Information as to what is hazardous about the agent not be placed on the front. in accordance with the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). 2-8 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 (f) The manufacturer's name, mailing address, and 2-2.1.2 Extinguishers for protection of Class B hazards phone number as shown on the Material Safety Data Sheet shall be selected from the following: aqueous film forming (MSDS). foam (AFFF), film forming fluoroprotein foam (FFFP), car- bon dioxide, dry chemical types, and halogenated agent Exception: Extinguishers manufactured before July 1, 1991. types. 1-8 Units. Metric units of measurement in this standard 2-2.1.3* Extinguishers for protection of Class C hazards are in accordance with the modernized metric system shall be selected from the following: carbon dioxide' and known as the International System of Units (SI). One unit dry chemical types. (liter), outside of but recognized by SI, is commonly used in international fire protection. The units are listed in Exception: For halogenated agent type extinguishers, see 2-1.1. Table 1-8 with conversion factors. Table 1-8 2-2.1.4* Extinguishers and extinguishing agents for the protection of Class D hazards shall be of types approved for use on the specific combustible-metal hazard. Name of Unit Unit Symbol Conversion Factor, 2-3 Application for Specific Hazards. Liter L 1 gal = 3.785 L cu decimeter dm' 1 gal = 3.785 drn 2-3.1 Class B Fire Extinguishers for Pressurized Flam- mable Liquids and Pressurized Gas Fires. Fires of this For additional conversion and information see ASI'M E 380, nature are considered to be a special hazard. Class B fire Standard for Metric. Practice. extinguishers containing agents other than dry chemical are relatively ineffective on this type of hazard due to 1-8.1 If a value for measurement as given in this standard stream and agent characteristics. Selection of extinguishers is followed by an equivalent value in other units, the first for this type of hazard shall be made on the basis of recom- stated is to be regarded as the requirement.A given equiv- mendations by manufacturers of this specialized equip- alent value may be approximate. ment. The system used to rate the effectiveness of extin- guishers on Class B fires(flammable liquids in depth)is not 1-8.2 The conversion procedure for the SI units has been applicable to these types of hazards. It has been deter- to multiply the quantity by the conversion factor and then mined that special nozzle design and rates of agent appli- round the result to the appropriate number of significant cation are required to cope with such hazards. Caution: It digits. is undesirable to attempt to extinguish this type of fire unless there is reasonable assurance that the source of fuel Chapter 2 Selection of Extinguishers can be promptly shut off. 2-1* General Requirements. The selection of extinguish- 2-3.2 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Cooking ers for a given situation shall be determined by the charac- Grease Fires. Extinguishers provided for the protection ter of the fires anticipated, the construction and occupancy of cooking grease fires shall be only of the sodium bicar- of the individual property, the vehicle or hazard to be pro- bonate or potassium bicarbonate dry chemical type. Instal- tected, ambient-temperature conditions, and other factors. lation shall be in accordance with Table 3-3.1 for Extra (See Table A-2-1, Appendix A.)The number, size, placement, (High) Hazard. (See NFPA 96, Standard for the Installation of and limitations of use of extinguishers required shall meet Equipment for the Removal of Smoke and Grease-Laden Vapors the requirements of Chapter 3. from Commercial Cooking Equipment.) 2-1.1* Use of halogenated agent fire extinguishers shall 2-3.3 Three-Dimensional Class B Fires. A three- be limited to applications where a clean agent is necessary dimensional Class B fire involves Class B materials in to extinguish fire efficiently without damaging the equip- motion such as pouring, running, or dripping flammable ment or area being protected,or where the use of alternate liquids and generally includes vertical as well as one or agents can cause a hazard to personnel in the area. more horizontal surfaces. Fires of this nature are consid- Exception: Halogenated agent types of extinguishers installed ered to be a special hazard. Selection of extinguishers for before fanua7y 1, 1991. this type of hazard shall be made on the basis of recom- mendations by manufacturers of this specialized equip- 2-2 Selection by Hazard. ment. The system used to rate extinguishers on Class B fires (flammable liquids in depth) is not directly applicable 2-2.1 Extinguishers shall be selected for the specific to this type of hazard. class(es) of hazards to be protected in accordance with the following subdivisions. NOTE: The installation of fixed systems should be consid- ered when applicable. 2-2.1.1* Extinguishers for protecting Class A hazards shall be selected from the following: water-type and multi- Carbon dioxide extinguishers equipped with metal horns are purpose dry Chemical. not considered safe for use on fires in energized electrical equip- Exception: For halogenated agent type extinguishers, see 2-1.1. ment and,therefore,are not classified for use on Class C hazards. 2-9 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE I2-3.4 Water-Soluble Flammable Liquid Fires (Polar Sol- 3-1.2.4 Combustible buildings having an occupancy haz- vents). AFFF and FFFP type fire extinguishers shall not and subject to Class B and/or Class C fires shall have a be used for the protection of water-soluble flammable liq- standard complement of Class A fire extinguishers for uids, such as alcohols, acetone, esters, ketones, etc., unless building protection, plus additional Class B and/or Class C specifically referenced on the extinguisher nameplate. extinguishers. Where fire extinguishers have more than one letter classification (such as 2-A:20-B:C), they may be 2-3.5* Electronic Equipment Fires. Extinguishers for considered to satisfy the requirements of each letter class. the protection of delicate electronic equipment shall be selected from the following: carbon dioxide and haloge- 3-1.3 Rooms or areas shall be classified generally as light nated agent types. (low) hazard, ordinary (moderate) hazard, or extra (high) .hazard. Limited areas of greater or lesser hazard shall be 2-3.6* Wheeled Extinguishers. Wheeled extinguishers protected as required. shall be considered for hazard protection when fulfillment 3-1.4 On each floor level, the area protected and the of the following requirements is necessary: travel distances are based on extinguishers installed in (a) High agent flow rates. accordance with Tables 3-2.1 and 3-3.1. (b) Increased agent stream range. 3-1.5 The type, size, number, and placement for special (c) Increased agent capacity. storage occupancies is covered by NFPA 231, Standard for (d) High hazard areas. General Storage; NFPA 231C, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials; and NFPA 231D, Standard for Storage of Rubber 2-4 Application for Specific Locations. Tires. 2-4.1 Aircraft Protection. Extinguishers used onboard 3-2 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class A aircraft for fire protection shall be selected and installed in Hazards. accordance with NFPA 408, Standard for Aircraft Hand Fire 3-2.1 Minimal sizes of fire extinguishers for the listed Extinguishers. grades of hazards shall be provided on the basis of Table 3-2.1 except as modified by 3-2.2. Extinguishers shall be 2-4.2 Pleasure and Commercial Motor Craft. Ex- located so that the maximum travel distances shall not tinguishers used onboard watercraft for fire protection exceed those specified in Table 3-2.1, except as modified shall be selected and installed in accordance with NFPA by 3-2.2. (See Appendix E.) 302, Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and Commercial Table 3-2.1 Motor Craft. Light Ordinary Extra (Low) (Moderate) (High) Chapter 3 Distribution of Extinguishers Hazard Hazard Hazard Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy 3-1 General Requirements. Minimum rated 3-1.1* The minimum number of fire extinguishers single needed to protect a property shall be determined as out- extinguisher 2-A 2-A 4-A* lined in Chapter 3 of this standard. Frequently, additional Maxittuun floor extinguishers may be installed to provide more suitable area per protection. Extinguishers having ratings less than specified unit of A 3,000 sq ft 1,500 sq ft 1,000 sq ft in Tables 3-2.1 and 3-3.1 may be installed provided they Maximum floor are not used in fulfilling the minimum protective require- area for merits of this chapter. extinguisher 11,250 sq ft** 11,250 sq ft** 11,250 sq ft** Maximum travel 3-1.2* Fire extinguishers shall be provided for the pro- distance to tection of both the building structure, if combustible, and extinguisher 75 ft 75 ft 75 ft the occupancy hazards contained therein. *Two 21/2-gal (9.46-L) water-type extinguishers can be used to 3-1.2.1 Required building protection shall be provided by fulfill the requirements of one 4-A rated extinguisher. fire extinguishers suitable for Class A fires. **See Appendix E-3-3. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 in; 1 sq ft = 0.929 m2 3-1.2.2* Occupancy hazard protection shall be provided 3-2.1.1 Certain smaller extinguishers that are charged by fire extinguishers suitable for such Class A, B, C, or D with multipurpose dry chemical, Halon 1211, or Halon fire potentials as may be present. 1211/1301 are rated on Class B and Class C fires, but have insufficient effectiveness to earn the minimum 1-A rating 3-1.2.3 Extinguishers provided for building protection even though they have value in extinguishing smaller Class may be considered also for the protection of occupancies A fires. They shall not be used to meet the requirements of having a Class A fire potential. 3-2.1. 2-10 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 3-2.2 Up to one-half of the complement of extinguishers Table 3-3.1 as specified in Table 3-2.1 may be replaced by uniformly spaced 1 t/2-in. (3.81-cm) hose stations for use by the occu pants of the building. When hose stations are so provided, Basic Minimum Maximum Travel they shall conform to NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation T Extinguisher Distance to Type of Hazard Rating Extinguishers(ft) (m) of Standpipe and Hose Systems. The location of hose stations and the placement of fire extinguishers shall be such that Light(low) 5-13 30 9.15 the hose stations do not replace more than every other 10-B 50 15.25 extinguisher. Ordinary(moderate) 10-B 30 9.15 20-8 50 19.25 3-2.3 Where the area of the floor of a building is less than that specified in Table 3-2.1, at least one extinguisher of Extra (high) 40-B 30 9.15 the minimum size recommended shall be provided. 80-B 50 15.25 3-2.4 The protection requirements may be fulfilled with NOTE 1: The specified ratings do not imply that fires of extinguishers of higher rating provided the travel distance the magnitudes indicated by these ratings will occur, but to such larger extinguishers shall not exceeed 75 ft rather to give the operators more time and agent to handle (22.7 m). difficult spill fires that may occur. NOTE 2: For fires involving water-soluble flammable liq- 3-2.5 For Class A extinguishers rated under the rating uids,see 2-3.4. classification system used prior to 1955, their equivalency shall be in accordance with Table 3-2.5. NOTE 3: For specific hazard applications,see Section 2-3. Table 3-2.5 3-3.4 For Class B extinguishers rated under the rating All Water& Loaded pre-1955 classification system used prior to 1955, their equivalency Stream Types Rating Equivalency shall be in accordance with Table 3-4.5. 11/4 to 1;/4 gal A-2 I-A 3-4 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class B 21/2 gal A-1 2-A Fires in Flammable Liquids of Appreciable Depth.' 4 gal A-1 3-A 5 gal A-1 4-A 3-4.1* Portable fire extinguishers shall not be installed as 17 gal A 10-A the sole protection for flammable liquid hazards of a 33 gal A 20-A P 9 PPre- '� ciable depth [greater than 1/4 in. (0.64 cm)] where the sur- face area exceeds 10 sq ft (0.93 rrl„). For SI Units: I gal = 3.785 L. Exception: Where personnel who are trained in extinguishing 3-3 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class B fires in the protected hazards, or a counterpart, are available on Fires Other than for Fires in Flammable Liquids of the premises, the maximum surface area shall not exceed 20 sq ft Appreciable Depth. (1.86'n) 3-3.1 Minimal sizes of fire extinguishers for the listed 3-4.2 For flammable liquid hazards of appreciable depth, grades of hazard shall be provided on the basis of Table such as in dip or quench tanks, a Class B fire extinguisher 3-3.1. Extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum shall be provided on the basis of at least two numerical travel distances shall not exceed those specified in the table units of Class B extinguishing potential per sq ft (0.0929 used. (See Appendix E.) m") of flammable liquid surface of the largest tank hazard within the area. Exception: Extinguishers of lesser rating, desired for small spe- cific hazards within the general hazard area, may be used, but Exception No. 1: Where approved automatic fire protection shall not be considered as fulfilling any Pena of the requirements of devices or systems have been installed for a flammable liquid hoz- Fable 3-3.1. ard, additional portable Class B fire extinguishers ntaY be. waived. Where so waived, Class B extinguishers shall be provided as cov- 3-3.2 Two or more extinguishers of lower rating shall not ered in 3-3.1 to protect areas in the vicinity of such protected haz- be used to fulfill the protection requirements of Table ards. 3-3.1. 1 Exception No. 2: AFFF or FFFP type extinguishers may be pro- Exception: Up to three AFFF or FFFP extinguishers of at least vided on the basis of 1-13 of protection per sq ft of hazard. 21/2-gal (9.46-L) capacity may be used to fulfill extra. (high) haz- ard requirements. For dip tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids 3-3.3 The protection requirements may be fulfilled with exceeding 150-gal (568-L) liquid capacity or having a liquid Sur- extinguishers of higher ratings provided the travel distance face exceeding 4 sq ft(0.38 1112),see NFPA 34,Standard/or Dipping to such larger extinguishers shall not exceed 50 ft and Coating Processes Using Flarnrnable or Combustible Liquids, for (15.25 m). requirements of automatic extinguishing facilities. 2-11 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3-4.3 Two or more extinguishers of lower ratings shall 3-6 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class D not be used in lieu of the extinguisher required for the Hazards. largest tank. 3-6.1 Extinguishers or extinguishing agents with Class D IException: Up to three AFFF or FFFP extinguishers of 21/2-gal ratings shall be provided for fires involving combustible (9.46-L) capacity may be used to fulfill these requirements. metals. 3-4.4 Travel distances for portable extinguishers shall not 3-6.2 Extinguishing equipment shall be located not exceed 50 ft (15.25 m). (See Appendix E.) more than 75 ft (22.7 m) from the Class D hazard. (See Appendix E.) 3-4.4.1 Scattered or widely separated hazards shall be individually protected.An extinguisher in the proximity of 3-6.3 Size determination shall be on the basis of the spe- a hazard shall be carefully located to be accessible in the cific combustible metal, its physical particle size, area to be presence of a fire without undue danger to the operator. covered, and recommendations by the extinguisher manu- facturer on data from control tests conducted. 3-4.5 For Class B extinguishers rated under the rating classification system used prior to 1955, their equivalency shall be in accordance with Table 3-4.5. Chapter 4 Inspection, Maintenance, and 3-5 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class C Recharging Hazards. Extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be 4-1 General. required where energized electrical equipment may be encountered that would require a nonconducting extin- 4-1.1 This chapter is concerned with the rules governing guishing medium. This will include fire either directly inspection, maintenance, and recharging of extinguishers. involving or surrounding electrical equipment. Since the These factors are of prime importance in ensuring opera- fire itself is a Class A or Class B hazard, the extinguishers tion at the time of a fire. are sized and located on the basis of the anticipated Class A or B hazard. 4-1.2 The procedure for inspection and maintenance of NOTE: Electrical equipment should be de-energized as fire extinguishers varies considerably. Minimal knowledge soon as possible to prevent reignition. is necessary to perform a monthly"quick check" or inspec- tion in order to follow the inspection procedure as outlined Table 3-4.5 in Section 4-3. A trained person who has undergone the instructions necessary to reliably perform maintenance and Type and Capacity Pre-1955 Equivalency has the manufacturer's service manual shall service the fire extinguishers not more than one year apart, as outlined in Foam Section 4-4. 21/2 gal B-1 2-B 5 gal B-1 5-B 17 gal B 10-B 4-1.3 The owner or designated agent or occupant of a 33 gal B 20-B property in which extinguishers are located shall be responsible for such inspection, maintenance,and recharg- Carbon Dioxide Under 7 lb B-2 1-B Ong. 7 lb B-2 2-B 10 to 12 lb B-2 2-B 4-1.4* Maintenance, servicing, and recharging shall be 15 to 20 lb B-1 2-B performed by trained persons having available the appro- 25 to 26 lb B-1 5-13 priate servicing manual(s), the proper types of tools, 501b B-1 10-B recharge materials, lubricants, and manufacturer's recom- 75 1b B 10-8 B-1 10-B 100 I mended replacement parts or parts specifically listed for use in the extinguisher. Dry Chemical 4 to 61/4 lb B-2 2-13 4-1.5 Tags or labels shall not be laced on the front of the 71/2 lb B-2 5-B g p 10 to 15 lb B-I 5-B extinguisher. 20 Ib B-1 10-B 30 Ib B-1 20-B Exception: Labels indicating extinguisher use. 75 lb and up B 40-B 4-2 Definitions. For SI Units: Igal = 3.785 L; I lb = 0.454 kg. � 4-2.1 Inspection. Inspection is a "quick check" that an 3-5.1 For extinguishers classified under the system used extinguisher is available and will operate. It is intended to prior to 1955, the pre-1955 classifications of"C-2," ..C-1,', give reasonable assurance that the extinguisher is fully and "C"shall be equivalent to the current"C" designation. charged and operable. This is done by seeing that it is in its designated place, that it has not been actuated or tam- Exception: Carbon dioxide extinguishers with metal horns shall pered with, and that there is no obvious physical damage not carry any "C"classification. or condition to prevent operation. 2-12 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 4-2.2 Maintenance. Maintenance is a thorough examina- 4-3.4 Recordkeeping. tion of the extinguisher. It is intended to give maximum assurance that an extinguisher will operate effectively and 4-3.4.1 Personnel making inspections shall keep records safely. It includes a thorough examination and any neces- of those extinguishers that were found to require correc- Isary repair or replacement. It will normally reveal if hydro- tive actions. static testing is required. 4-3.4.2 At least monthly, the date the inspection was per- 4-2.3 Recharging. Recharging is the replacement of the formed and the initials of the person performing the extinguishing agent and also includes the expellant for cer- inspection shall be recorded. tain types of extinguishers. 4-3 Inspection. 4-4* Maintenance. 4-3.1* Frequency. Extinguishers shall be inspected when 4-4.1 Frequency. Extinguishers shall be subjected to initially placed in service and thereafter at approximately maintenance not more than one year apart or when specif- 30-day intervals. Extinguishers shall be inspected at more ically indicated by an inspection. Maintenance procedures frequent intervals when circumstances require. shall be performed in accordance with 4-4.2. 4-3.2 Procedures. Periodic inspection of extinguishers 4-4.1.1 Stored pressure types containing a loaded stream shall include a check of at least the following items: agent shall be disassembled on an annual basis and sub- jected to complete maintenance. Prior to disassembly, the (a) Located in designated place. extinguisher shall be fully discharged to check the opera- (b) No obstruction to access or visibility. tion of the discharge valve and pressure gage. (c) Operating instructions on nameplate legible and fac- 4-4.1.2* A conductivity test shall be conducted annually ing outward. on all carbon dioxide hose assemblies. Hose assemblies found to be nonconductive shall be replaced. (d) Seals and tamper indicators not broken or missing. (e) Determine fullness by weighing or "hefting." 4-4.1.3* Every six years, stored pressure extinguishers that require a 12-year hydrostatic test shall be emptied and (f) Examine for obvious physical damage, corrosion, subjected to the applicable maintenance procedures. The leakage, or clogged nozzle. I removal of agent from halogenated agent extinguishers shall only be done using a halon closed recovery system. (g) Pressure gage reading or indicator in the operable When the applicable maintenance procedures are per- range or position. formed during periodic recharging or hydrostatic testing, the six-year requirement shall begin from that date. 4-3.3 Corrective Action. When an inspection of any extinguisher reveals a deficiency in any of the conditions Exception: Nonrechargeable extinguishers shall not be hydrostat- listed in (a) and (b) of 4-3.2, immediate corrective action ically tested but shall be removed from service at a maximum inter- shall be taken. val of 12 years from the date of manufacture. Nonrechargeable halogenated agent extinguishers shall be disposed of in accordance 4-3.3.1 Rechargeable Extinguishers. When an inspec- with 4-3.3.3. tion of any rechargeable extinguisher reveals a deficiency in any of the conditions listed in (c), (d), (e), (fl, and (g)of 4-4.1.4 Extinguishers out of service for maintenance or 4-3.2, it shall be subjected to applicable maintenance pro- recharge shall be replaced by spare extinguishers of the cedures. same type and at least equal rating. I4-3.3.2 Nonrechargeable Dry Chemical Extinguisher. 4-4.2* Procedures. Maintenance procedures shall When an inspection of any nonrechargeable dry chemical extinguisher reveals a deficiency in any of the conditions include a thorough examination of the three basic ele listed in (c), (e), (0, and (g) of 4-3.2, it shall be discharged ments of an extinguisher: and removed from service. (a) mechanical parts, 4-3.3.3 Nonrechargeable Halogenated Agent Extin- (b) extinguishing agent, and guisher. When an inspection of any nonrechargeable (c) expelling means. extinguisher containing a halon agent reveals a deficiency in any of the conditions listed in(c),(e), (0,and(g)of 4-3.2, Exception: During annual maintenance, it is not necessary to it shall be removed from service, not discharged, and internally examine nonrechargeable extinguishers, carbon dioxide returned to the manufacturer. extinguishers, or stored pressure extinguishers except for those types If the extinguisher is not returned to the manufacturer, specified in 4-4.1.1. However, such extinguishers shall be thor- it shall be returned to a fire equipment dealer or distribu- oughly examined externally in accordance with the applicable items for to permit recovery of the halon. of 4-4.2(a). 2-13 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-4.3* Recordkeeping. Each extinguisher shall have a NOTE: Only the agent specified on the nameplate shall be tag or labef securely attached that indicates the month and used for recharging. The use of water or other agents is year the inspections, maintenance, and recharging were prohibited. performed and shall identify the person performing the service.' 4-5.2.3 AFFF and FFFP. The premixed agent in liquid charge type AFFF (aqueous film forming foam) and FFFP 4-4.3.1 For the six-year requirement of 4-4.1.3, this infor- (film forming fluoroprotein foam) extinguishers shall be mation shall be included on a separate label. Expired labels replaced at least once every three years. The agent in solid shall be removed.' charge type AFFF extinguishers shall be replaced once every five years. 4-4.3.2 Labels indicating inspection, maintenance, hydro- static retests, and six-year maintenance shall not be placed Exception: The agent in nonpressurized AFFF and FFFP extin- on the front of the extinguisher. guishers that is subjected to agent analysis in accordance with manufacturer's instructions need not be replaced. 4-5 Recharging. 4-5.3 Procedures. 4-5.1* General. 4-5.3.1* Recharge Agents. Only those agents specified 4-5.1.1 All rechargeable-type extinguishers shall be on the nameplate, or agents proven to have equal chemical recharged after any use or as indicated by an inspection or composition and physical characteristics, shall be used. when performing maintenance. Tests shall be conducted to assure equal performance. Agents listed specifically for use with that extinguisher shall 4-5.1.2 When performing the recharging, the recommen- be considered to meet these requirements. dations of the manufacturer shall be followed. For recharge chemicals, see 4-5.3.1. 4-5.3.2* Mixing of Dry Chemicals. Multipurpose dry NOTE: Some manufacturers require that their extin- chemicals shall not be mixed with alkaline-based dry chem- guishers be returned to the factory for recharging. icals. 4-5.1.3* The amount of recharge agent shall be verified 4-5.3.3 Topping Off. The remaining dry chemical in a by weighing.The recharged gross weight shall be the same discharged extinguisher may be reused provided that it is as the gross weight that is marked on the label. thoroughly checked for the proper type, contamination, and condition. Dry chemical found to be of the wrong type, NO"I E: For those extinguishers that do not have the gross or contaminated, shall not be reused. weight marked on the label, a permanent label that indi- cates the gross weight shall be affixed to the cylinder. The label containing the gross weight shall be a durable material 14-5.3.4 Dry Chemical Agent Reuse. Extinguishers of a pressure-sensitive,self-destruct type. removed for six-year maintenance or hydrostatic testing shall be emptied. The dry chemical agent may be reused 4-5.1.4 Conversion of Extinguisher Types. No extin- provided a closed recovery system is used and the agent is guisher shall be converted from one type to another, nor stored in a sealed container to prevent contamination. shall any extinguisher be converted to use a different type Prior to reuse, the dry chemical shall be thoroughly of extinguishing agent. checked for the proper type, contamination, and condi- tion. Where doubt exists with respect to the type, contam- I4-5.1.5* Leak Test. After recharging, a leak test shall be ination, or condition of the dry chemical, the dry chemical performed on stored pressure and self-expelling types. shall be discarded. 4-5.2 Frequency. 4-5.3.5 Dry Powder. Pails or drums containing dry pow- der agents for scoop or shovel application for use on metal 4-5.2.1 Soda-Acid, Foam, Cartridge-Operated Water, and fires shall be kept full and covered at all times. The dry Pump Tank. Every 12 months, soda-acid, foam, inverting powder shall be replaced if found damp. (See A-4-5.3.I.) types, pump tank water, and pump tank calcium chloride base antifreeze types of extinguishers shall be recharged 4-5.3.6 Removal of Moisture. For all nonwater types of with new chemicals or water, as applicable. extinguishers, any moisture shall be removed before N01-E: Soda-acid, cartridge-operated water, and foam recharging. extinguishers of the inverting type must be removed from service no later than when the next hydrostatic test is due. 4-5.3.7 Halogenated Agent. Halon-type extinguishers shall only be charged with the proper type and weight of 4-5.2.2 Wetting Agent. The agent in stored pressure halon agent as specified on the nameplate. wetting agent (wet chemical) extinguishers shall be replaced annually. Halon purchased for recharging shall meet the appro- priate military specification which details the agent's quan- titative values of the physical properties including boiling Under special circumstances or when local requirements are in point, nonvolatile residue, moisture contents, color, acid- effect,additional information may be desirable or required. ity, and purity percentage of the agent. 2-14 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 The following military specifications are applicable: WARNING 2: Never leave an extinguisher connected For Halon 1211, bromochlorodifluoromethane, MIL-B- to the regulator of a high-pressure source for an extended 38741 dated ,July 30, 1965 and amendment No. 2 dated period of time. A defective regulator could cause the con- April 9, 1984. tainer to rupture due to excess pressure. For Halon 1301, bromotrifluoromethane, MIL-M- 4-5.4.3* Pressurizing Gas. Only standard industrial- 12218C dated October 26, 1977 and amendment No. I grade nitrogen with a dew point of -60°F (-51.1°C) or dated December 24, 1981. lower CGA nitrogen (specification G10.1, grades D For mixtures of Halon 1211 and Halon 1301, the quan- through P) shall be used to pressurize stored pressure dry titative values in the military specifications of Halon 1211 chemical and halon-type fire extinguishers. Compressed and Halon 1301 will be additive in proportion to the air through moisture traps shall not be used for pressuriz- weight percentages of the agents in the mixture. ing even though so stated in the instructions on older extinguishers. 4-5.3.8 Halogenated Agent Reuse. The removal of agent Exception.: Compressed air may be used from special compressor from halogenated agent extinguishers shall only be done systems capable of delivering air with a dew point of -60°F using a halon closed recovery system.The extinguisher cyl- (-51.1°C) or lower. The special compressor system shall be inder shall be examined internally for contamination and/ equipped with an automatic monitoring and alarm system to assure or corrosion. The halon agent, retained in the system that the dew point remains at or below -607 (-51.1°C) at all recovery cylinder, shall be reused only if no evidence of limes. internal contamination is observed in the extinguisher cyl- inder. Halon removed from extinguishers that exhibit evi- dence of internal contamination or corrosion shall be pro- Chapter 5 Hydrostatic Testing' cessed in accordance with the extinguisher manufacturer's instructions. 5-1 General. 4-5.3.9 Carbon Dioxide. The vapor phase of carbon 5-1.1 Hydrostatic testing shall be performed by persons dioxide shall not be less than 99.5 percent carbon dioxide. trained in pressure testing procedures and safeguards, and The water content of the liquid phase shall not be more having available suitable testing equipment, facilities, and than 0.01 percent by weight [-30°F (-34.4°C) dew point]. appropriate servicing manual(s). Oil content of the carbon dioxide shall not exceed 10 ppm 5-1.2 If, at any time, an extinguisher shows evidence of by weight. corrosion or mechanical injury, it shall be hydrostatically tested, subject to the provisions of 5-1.3 and 5-1.4. 4-5.3.10 Water Types. When recharging stored pressure extinguishers, overfilling will result in improper discharge. Exception No. 1: Pantp tanks. The proper amount of liquid agent shall be determined by Exception No. 2: Non rechargeable fire extinguishers other than. using one of the following: halogenated agent types shall be discharged and discarded. (a) exact measurement by weight, Exception No. 3: Nonrechargeable halogenated agent type extht- (b) exact measurement in volume, guishers (see 4-3.3.3). (c) use of an anti-overfill tube when provided, or 5-1.3 Examination of Cylinder Condition. : When an (d) use of a fill mark on extinguisher shell, if provided. extinguisher cylinder or shell has one or more conditions listed in this subdivision, it shall not be hydrostatically 4-5.4 Precautionary Pressurization Measures. tested, but shall be destroyed by the owner or at his or her direction: 4-5.4.1* Pressure Gages. Replacement pressure gages (a) When there exist repairs by soldering,welding,braz- shall have the proper indicated charging(service)pressure, ing, or use of patching compounds. be marked for use with the agent in the extinguisher, and NOTE: For welding or brazing on mild steel shells, con- be compatible with the extinguisher valve body material. salt the manufacturer of the extinguisher. The gage used to set the regulated source of pressure shall (b) When the cylinder or shell threads are damaged. be calibrated at least annually. (c) When there exists corrosion that has caused pitting, 4-5.4.2 Stored Pressure Extinguishers. A rechargeable including under removable nameplate hand assemblies. stored pressure-type extinguisher shall be pressurized only (d) When the extinguisher has been burned in a fire. to the charging pressure specified on the extinguisher (e) When a calcium chloride type of extinguishing agent Inameplate. The manufacturer's pressurizing adaptor shall was used in a stainless steel extinguisher. be connected to the valve assembly before pressurizing the (f) When the shell is of copper or brass construction extinguisher.A regulated source of pressure, set no higher joined by soft solder or rivets. than 25 psi (172 kPa) above the operating (service) pres- (g) All inverting-type extinguishers. sure, shall be used to pressurize fire extinguishers. WARNING 1: An unregulated source of pressure, such 5-1.4* Aluminum Shell/Cylinder. Extinguishers having as a nitrogen cylinder without a pressure regulator, should aluminum cylinders or shells suspected of being exposed to never be used because the extinguisher could be overpres- temperatures in excess of 350°F (177°C) shall be removed surized and possibly rupture. from service and subjected to a hydrostatic test. 2-15 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-2 Frequency. At intervals not exceeding those specified 5-2.3 Hose Assemblies. A hydrostatic test shall be Per- in Table 5-2, extinguishers shall be hydrostatically tested. formed on extinguisher hose assemblies equipped with it shutoff nozzle at the end of the hose. The test interval shall NOTE: For nonrechargeable extinguishers, see 4-4.1.3. be the same as specified for the extinguisher on which the hose is installed. Exception No. 1: Extinguishers utilizing a cylinder that has D0T or CTC markings shall be hydrostatic,ally tested, or replaced' 5-3 Test Pressures. according to the requirements of D07'or CTC. Exceptioi No. 2: For extinguishers nol covered in Exceptioi No. 5-3.1 High Pressure Cylinders. 1, the first retest may he conducted within 12 months of the speci- fied test intervals. 5-3.1.1 Carbon dioxide extinguishers shall be tested at "/s Table 5-2 the service pressure as stamped into the cylinder. Exception.: Carbon dioxide extinguishers having cylinder specifi�- Hydrostatic Test Interval for Extinguishers cation ICC3 shall he tested al 3,000 psi (20 685 kPa). Extinguisher Type Test Interval (Years) 5-3.1.2 Nitrogen cylinders and carbon dioxide cylinders Soda-Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note I used with wheeled extinguishers shall be tested at /:1 the Cartridge-Operated Water and/or Antifreeze . . . . . . Note 1 service pressure as stamped into the cylinder. Stored Pressure Water, Loaded Su-cam, and/or Antifreeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5-3.2 Stored Pressure Types. All stored pressure extin- Wetting Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 guishers shall be hydrostatically tested at the factory test Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 1 pressure not to exceed three times the normal operating AFFF(A(Iueous Film Forming Foam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 pressure. FFFP(Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 NOTE: Extinguishers that are required to be returned to Dry Chemical with Stainless Steel Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 the manufacturer for recharging shall be hydrostatically Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 tested only by the manufacuu'er. Dry Chemical, Stored Pressure, with Mild Steel Shells, Brazed Brass Shells,or Aluminum Shells . . . . . . . 12 5-3.3 Cartridge-Operated Types. Cartridge- or cylinder- Halogenated Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 operated dry chemical and dry powder types of cxtinguish- Dry Powder, Stored Pressure, Cartridge-or Cylinder- ers shall be hydrostatically tested at their original factory Operated, xyith Mild Steel Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 test pressure as shown on the nameplate or shell. NOTE I: Extinguishers with copper or brass shells joined by soft solder were prohibited fi-om further hydrostatic test- 5-3.4 Test Pressures for Hose Assemblies. ing effective May 18, 1978. [See 5-1.3(/).] Extinguishers with stainless steel or brazed brass shells that were permitted to 5-3.4.1 Carbon dioxide hose assemblies requiring a remain in service had had it five-year hydrostatic test inter- hydrostatic pressure test shall be tested at 1,250 psi (8619 val. Effective December 22, 1987, when the hydrostatic test kPa). date arrives,all t)'pes of inverting extinguishers shall not be tested but removed from service. [See 5-1.3(g).] 5-3.4.2 Dry chemical and dry powder hose assemblies requiring a hydrostatic pressure test shall be tested at 300 NOTE 2: Stored pressure water extinguishers with fiber- psi (2068 kPa) or at service pressure, whichever is higher. glass shells (pre-1976)are prohibited from hydrostatic test- ing clue to manufacturer's recall. 5-4 Test Equipment. 5-2.1 High Pressure Cylinders and Cartridges. Nitrogen cylinders or cartridges used for inert gas storage 5-4.1 General. used as an expellant for wheeled extinguishers shall be 5-4.1.1 This standard only permits the hydrostatic testing hydrostatically tested every five years. of pressure vessels used as fire extinguishers. Exception: Cvlinders (except those charged with carbon dioxide) WARNING: If air or gas is used as it sole medium for complying with Print 173.34 (e) 15, Title 49, Corte of Federal pressure testing, or if all air is not vented from the vessel Regulations, rnav be hydrostatically tested emery 10 years. prior to hydrostatic testing, the failure of the extinguisher vessel will be violent and dangerous. 5-2.2 Nitrogen cartridges and carbon dioxide cartridges 5-4.1.2 When extinguisher shells, cylinders, or cartridges used as an expellant for hand portable extinguishers that fail a hydrostatic pressure test, they shall be destroyed by have DOT or CTC markings shall be hydrostatically tested the owner at his or her direction. or replaced according to the requirements of DOT or CTC. 5-4.2 Test Equipment for High Pressure Types. Exception No. 1: Cartridges not exceeditig 2 in. (5.1 on)outside 5-4.2.1 The equipment for testing cylinders and car- dianieter and having a length less than 2 ft (.61 m) are exempt tridges shall be of the water jacket type that meets the from periodic hyrlrostalic retest. specifications of the pamphlet Melhods for Hydrostatic Tesling Exception No. 2: Cartridges with DOT stcnnp 3E are exempt of Compressed Gas Cylinders (CGA C-1), published by the from periodic hydrostatic retest. Compressed Gas Association. 2-16 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 5-4.2.2 Hose assemblies of carbon dioxide extinguishers 5-5.4.2* Noncompressed Low Pressure Gas Types. that require a hydrostatic test shall be tested within a pro- Extinguisher shells of the low pressure gas type that pass a tective cage device. hydrostatic test shall have the test information recorded on a suitable metallic label or equally durable material. The 5-4.3* Test Equipment for Low Pressure Gas Types. label shall be affixed to the shell by means of a heatless process.These labels shall be self-destructive when removal 5-4.3.1 The equipment for testing low pressure gas types from an extinguisher shell is attempted. The label shall consists of the following: include the following information: (a) A hydrostatic test pump, hand or power operated, to (a) Month and year the test was performed, indicated by be capable of producing not less than 150 percent of the a perforation, such as by a hand punch. test pressure. Iris to include appropriate check valves and (b) Test pressure used. fittings. (c) Name or initials of person performing the test, or (b) A flexible connection for attachment to the test name of agency performing the test. pump. It shall be provided with necessary fittings to test 5-5.4.3 Hose assemblies passing a hydrostatic test do not through the extinguisher nozzle, test bonnet, or hose out- require recording. let, as is applicable. (c) A protective cage or barrier for personnel protection, Chapter 6 Referenced Publications designed to provide visual observation of the extinguisher P under test. 6-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- 5-4.3.2 Drying equipment is required to dry all nonwater erenced within this standard and shall be considered part types of extinguishers that have passed the hydrostatic test. of the requirements of this document. The edition indi- cated for each reference is the current edition as of the 5-5 Testing Procedures. date of the NFPA issuance of this document. 5-5.1 High Pressure Types. 6-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- ciation, I Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 5-5.1.1 In addition to the visual examinations required 02269-9101. prior to test as stated in 5-1.3, an internal examination NFPA 11-1988, Standard for Lou) Expansion Foam and shall be made prior to the hydrostatic test.The procedures Combined Agent Systems for this internal examination shall be in accordance with the requirements of the Standard for Visual Inspection of NFPA I IA-1988, Standard for Medium- and High- Compressed Gas Cylinders (CGA C-6) and Standard for Visual Expansion Foam Systems Inspection of High-Pressure Aluminum Compressed Gas Cylinders (CGA C-6.1), published by the Compressed Gas Associa- NFPA 12-1989, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing tion. Systems 5-5.1.2 The hydrostatic testing of high pressure cylinders NFPA 12A-1989, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguish- and cartridges shall be in accordance with the procedures ing Systems specified in the pamphlet Methods for Hydrostatic Testing of NFPA 1211-1990, Standard on Halon 1211 Fire Extinguish- Compressed Gas Cylinders (CGA C-1), published by the Com- ing Systems pressed Gas Association. NFPA 13-1989, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler 5-5.2* Testing Procedures for Low Pressure Gas Types. Systems The testing procedures for low pressure gas cylinders and shells and hose assemblies are detailed in Appendix A of NFPA 14-1990, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe this standard. and Hose Systems NFPA 15-1990, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for 5-5.3* Testing Procedures for Hose Assemblies. The Fire Protection testing procedures for hose assemblies requiring a hydro- static test are detailed in Appendix A. NFPA 16-1986, Standard on Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems 5-5.4 Recording of Tests. NFPA 17-1990, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing 5-5.4.1 High Pressure Types. For high pressure gas cyl- Systems inders and cartridges passing a hydrostatic test, the month, NFPA 34-1989, Standard for Dipping and Coating Processes year, and the DOT identification number shall be stamped Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids into the cylinder in accordance with the requirements set forth by DOT or the Canadian Transport Commission. NFPA 96-1987, Standard for the Installation of Equipment for the Removal of Smoke and Grease-Laden, Vapors from Coin- NOTE: It is important that the recording (stamping) be mercial Cooking Equipment placed only on the shoulder, top head, neck, or footring (when so provided)of the cylinder. NFPA 231-1990, Standard for General Storage 2-17 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE NFPA 231C-1986, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials ANSI/UL 1093-1984, Standard for Halogenated Agent Fire Extinguishers NFPA 231 D-1989, Standard for Storage of Rubber Tires ANSI/UL 1803-1986, Standard for FactorT Follow-up on NFPA 302-1989, Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and Third Party Certified Portable Fire Extinguishers. Commercial Motor Craft NFPA 408-1989, Standard for Aircraft Hand Fire Extin- 6-1.2.6 US Government Publication. Superintendent of guishers. Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, DC 20402. 6-1.2 Other Publications. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49-1979. 6-1.2.1 ASTM Publication. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Appendix A ASTM E 380-1989, Standard for Metric Practice. This Appendix is nol « pail of the requirernenls of ibis NFPA docu- ?neut, bul is included for iiifornui6oai purposes only. 6-1.2.2 CGA Publications. Compressed Gas Association, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington, VA 22202. A-1-1 Principles of Fire Extinguishment. Many fires are CGA C-1-1975, Methods for Hydrostatic Testing of Com- small at origin and may be extinguished by the use of pressed Gas Cylinders proper portable fire extinguishers. It is strongly recom- mended that the fire department be notified as soon as a CGA C-6-1984,Standard for Visual Inspection of Compressed fire is discovered. This alarm should not be delayed await- Gas Cylinders (Steel) ing results of application of portable fire extinguishers. CGA C-6.1-1984, Standard for Visual Inspection of High- Fire extinguishers can represent an important segment Pressure Aluminum Compressed Gas Cylinders. of any overall fire protection program. However, their suc- cessful functioning depends upon the following conditions 6-1.2.3 CAN Publications. Standards Council of Canada, having been met: 350 Sparks Street, Ottawa, ONT K 1 R 758. 1. The extinguisher is properly located and in working CAN4-S503-M83, Standard for Carbon Dioxide Hand and order. Wheeled Fire Extinguishers 2. The extinguisher is of proper type for a fire that CAN4-S504-77, Standard for Dry Chemical and Dry Powder may occur. Hand and Wheeled Fire Extinguishers 3. The fire is discovered while still small enough for CAN4-S507-M83, Standard for 9 Litre Stored Pressure the extinguisher to be effective. Water Type Fire Extinguishers 4. The fire is discovered by a person ready, willing, CAN4-S508-M83, Standard for Rating and Fire Testing of and able to use the extinguisher. Fire Extinguishers. A-1-2 Responsibility. The owner or occupant of a prop- erty in which fire extinguishers are located has an obliga- 6-1.2.4 ULC Publication. Underwriters Laboratories of tion for the care and use of these extinguishers at all times. Canada, 7 Crouse Road, Scarborough, ONT M I R 3A9. The nameplate(s) and instruction manual should be read ULC-S504-77, Standard for Dry Chemical and Dry Powder and thoroughly understood by all persons who may be Hand and Wheeled Fire Extinguishers expected to use extinguishers. ULC-S512-77, Standard for Halogenated Agent Fire Extin- To discharge this obligation, the owner or occupant guishers. should give proper attention to the inspection, mainte- nance, and recharging of this fire protective equipment and should also train personnel in the correct use of fire 6-1.2.5 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories extinguishers on the different types of fires that may occur Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. on the property. ANSI/UL 8-1983, Foam Fire Extinguishers An owner or occupant should recognize fire hazards on ANSI/UL 154-1984, Standard for Carbon Dioxide Fire his property and plan in advance exactly how and with Extinguishers what a fire will be fought. The owner/occupant must see that everyone knows how to call the fire department and ANSI/UL 299-1982, Standard for Dry Chemical Fire Extin- stress that they should do so for every fire, no matter how guishers small it may be. ANSI/UL 626-1982, Standard for 21/2 Gallon Stored Pres- On larger properties, a private fire brigade should be sure Water Type Fire Extinguishers established and trained. Personnel must be assigned to inspect each fire extinguisher periodically. Other person- ANSI/UL 711-1979, Standard for Rating and Fire Testing nel may have the duty of maintaining and recharging such Extinguishers equipment at proper intervals. 2-18 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Portable fire extinguishers are appliances to be used by A-1-4.4 Authorities having jurisdiction should determine the occupants of a fire-endangered building or at-ea. They the acceptability and credibility of the organization listing are primarily of value for immediate use on small fires. or labeling extinguishers. Authorities should determine if They have a limited quantity of extinguishing material, the organization tests to all the requirements of the stan- and therefore must be used properly so this material is not dard. Factors such as the structure of the organization, its wasted. principle fields of endeavor, its reputation and established expertise, its involvement in the standards-writing process, Extinguishers are mechanical devices. They need care and the extent of its follow-up service programs should all and maintenance at periodic intervals to be sure they are be assessed before recognition is given. ready to operate properly and safely. Parts or internal chemicals may deteriorate in time and need replacement. A-1-4.5 Authorities having jurisdiction should determine They are pressure vessels, in most cases, and so must be the thoroughness of the factory follow-up quality assurance treated with respect and handled with care. program exercised by third party certification organiza- A-1-4.2 The classification and rating is found on the label tions listing and labeling portable fire extinguishers. The affixed to the extinguisher. specified factory follow-up standard provides a minimum basis for that determination. Application of the factory EXAMPLE: An extinguisher is rated and classified 4- follow-up standard provides a reasonable assurance that A:20-B:C. This indicates the following: portable extinguishers sold to the public continue to have the same structural reliability and performance as the 1. It should extinguish approximately twice as much extinguishers the manufacturer originally submitted to the Class A fire as a 2-A [21/1-gal (9.46-L) water] rated extin- listing and labeling organization for evaluation. guisher. 2. It should extinguish approximately twenty times as A-1-6.5 Acceptable means of identifying the extinguisher much Class B fire as a 1-B rated extinguisher. locations may include arrows, lights, signs,or coding of the wall or column. 3. It is suitable for use on energized electrical equip- ment. A-1-6.6 In situations where extinguishers must be tempo- Currently, laboratories classify extinguishers for use on rarily provided, a good practice is to provide portable Class A fires with the following ratings: 1-A, 2-A, 3-A, 4-A, stands, consisting of a horizontal bar on uprights with feet, 6=A, 10-A, 20-A, 30-A, and 40-A. Effective June 1, 1969, on which the extinguishers may be hung. extinguishers classified for use on Class B fires have the following ratings: 1-B, 2-13, 5-B, 10-13, 20-B, 30-13, 40-13, A-1-6.12 Vented extinguisher cabinets should utilize 60-B, 80-13, 120-B, 160-13, 240-B, 320-13, 480-B, and 640- tinted glass and be constructed to prevent the entrance of B. Ratings from 1-A to 20-A and 1-B to 20-B, inclusive, are insects and the accumulation of water. Vented extinguisher based on indoor fire tests; ratings at or above 30-A and 30- cabinets constructed in this manner will lower the maxi- B are based on outdoor fire tests. mum internal temperature 10-15°F (5.6-8.3°C). Ratings of 4-B, 6-13, 8-13, 12-B, and 16-13, previously A-1-6.13 The following precautions should be noted used to classify individual extinguishers for use on Class B where extinguishers are located in areas that have temper- fires, were not used for new extinguishers after June 1, atures outside the range of 40°F to 120°F (4°C to 49°C). 1969. Existing extinguishers having these ratings are acceptable if they have been properly inspected and main- (a) AFFF and FFFP extinguishers cannot be protected tained in accordance with this standard. against temperatures below 40°F (4°C) by adding an anti- freeze charge because it will tend to destroy the effective- For Class B fires, it must be recognized that the amount ness of the extinguishing agent. of fire that can be extinguished by a particular extin- (b) Plain water extinguishers should not be protected guisher is related to the degree of training and experience against temperatures below 40'F (4°C) with ethylene glycol of the operator. antifreeze. Do not use calcium chloride solutions in stain- For fire extinguishers classified for use on Class C fires, less steel extinguishers. no NUMERAL is used since Class C fires are essentially (c) Extinguishers installed in machinery compartments, either Class A or Class B fires involving energized electri- diesel locomotives, automotive equipment, marine engine cal wiring and equipment.The size of the different suitable compartments, and hot processing facilities can easily be extinguishers installed should be commensurate with the subjected to temperatures above 120°F (49°C). Selection of size and extent of the Class A or Class B components, or extinguishers for hazard areas with temperatures above both, of the electrical hazard or containing equipment the listed limits should be made on the basis of recommen- being protected. dations by manufacturers of this equipment. For extinguishers classified for use on Class D fires, no A-1-6.14 The manual may be specific to the extinguisher NUMERAL is used. The relative effectiveness of these involved or it may cover man), types. extinguishers for use on specific combustible metal fires is detailed on the extinguisher nameplate. A-1-7 OSHA federal regulations require that manufactur- Extinguishers that are effective on more than one Class ers communicate information as to the type of chemicals in of fire have multiple LETTER and NUMERAL-LETTER a product that may be hazardous and the level of hazard. classifications and ratings. This information is contained in the Material Safety 2-19 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Data Sheets (MSDS) created for each chemical or mixture (5) Wind and Draft. If the hazard is subject to winds or of chemicals and is summarized on labels or tags attached draft, the use of extinguishers and agents having sufficient to the product. Additionally, state and local authorities range to overcome these conditions should be considered. have enacted similar acts and regulations requiring identi- (6) Availability of Personnel. Consideration should be fication of chemicals and hazardous ingredients in prod- given to the number of persons available to operate the ucts. MSDS's for fire extinguisher agents are available on extinguishers, the degree of training provided, and the request from a fire equipment dealer or distributor, or the physical capability of the operator. fire equipment manufacturer. The identification of contents information will enable B. Health and Safety Conditions that Affect Selection. determination of the type of chemicals contained in the (1) When selecting an extinguisher, consideration extinguisher and help to resolve complications arising should be given to health and safety hazards involved in its from an unusual use of the agent. The Hazardous Materi- maintenance and use, as described in the following para- als Identification System (HMIS) [In Canada, see Work- graphs. place Hazardous Materials Identification Systems (WHMIS)] used has a three-place format with numerical (2) Prominent caution labels on the extinguisher, warn- indexes from 0 to 4. The first place is for Toxic Properties, ing signs at entry points to confined spaces, provision for the second place is for Flammability, and the third place is remote application, extra-long-range extinguisher nozzles, for Reactivity with other chemicals. Most fire extinguishers special ventilation, provision of breathing apparatus and have a 0 numerical index in the second and third places other personal protective equipment, and adequate train- because they are nonflammable and relatively inert. ing of personnel are among measures that should be con- sidered to minimize the effects of these hazards. Information on the HMIS may be obtained from Label (3) Halogenated agent-type extinguishers contain Master, Inc., Chicago, IL or National Paint and Coatings agents whose vapor has a low toxicity. However, their Association, Washington, DC. Figure A-1-7 is a typical decomposition products can be hazardous. When using chemical contents identification marking. The information these extinguishers in unventilated places, such as small may be integrated into the standard extinguisher label in rooms, closets, motor vehicles, or other confined spaces, some form or may be contained on a separate label or tag. operators and others should avoid breathing the gases pro- CONTENTS: ABC DRY CHEMICAL/HMIS 1-0-0 duced by thermal decomposition of the agent. MUSCOVITE MICA, MONOAMMONIUM PHOS- (4) Carbon dioxide extinguishers contain an extinguish- PHATE AMMONIUM SULFATE/NUISANCE DUST ing agent that will not support life when used in sufficient IRRITANT/CONTENTS UNDER PRESSURE (Man- concentration to extinguish a fire. The use of this type of ufacturer's Name, Mailing Address, Phone Number) extinguisher in an unventilated space can dilute the oxy- gen supply. Prolonged occupancy of such spaces can result Figure A-1-7 Extinguisher,Contents Information. in loss of consciousness due to oxygen deficiency. A-2-1 Conditions of Selection. (5) Extinguishers not rated for Class C hazards (water, antifreeze, soda-acid, loaded stream, AFFF, FFFP, wetting A. Physical Conditions that Affect Selection. agent, foam, and carbon dioxide with metal horns) present (1) Gross Weight. In the selection of an extinguisher, a shock hazard if used on fires involving energized electri- the physical ability of the user should be contemplated. cal equipment. When the hazard exceeds the capability of a hand portable (6) Dry chemical extinguishers, when used in a small extinguisher, wheeled extinguishers or fixed systems (see unventilated area, may reduce visibility for a period of up Section 1-1) should be considered. to several minutes. Dry chemical, discharged in an area, (2) Corrosion. In some extinguisher installations, there may also clog filters in air-cleaning systems. exists a possibility of exposing the extinguisher to a corro- (7) Most fires produce toxic decomposition products of sive atmosphere. When this is the case, consideration combustion and some materials may produce highly toxic should be given to providing the extinguishers so exposed gases. Fires may also consume available oxygen or produce with proper protection or providing extinguishers that dangerously high exposure to convected or radiated heat. have been found suitable for use in these conditions. All of these may affect the degree to which a fire can be (3) Agent Reaction. The possibility of adverse reactions, safely approached with extinguishers. (See Underwriters Lab- contamination, or other effects of an extinguishing agent oratories Inc., Bulletin of Research No. 53 —,July, 1963. ) on either manufacturing processes or on equipment, or Table A-2-1 summarizes the characteristics of extin- both, should be considered in the selection of an extin- guishers and may be used as an aid in selecting extinguish- guisher. ers in accordance with Chapter 2. The ratings given are (4) Wheeled Units. When wheeled extinguishers are those that were in effect at the time this standard was pre- used, consideration should be given to the mobility of the pared. Current listings should be consulted for up-to-date extinguisher within the area in which it will be used. For ratings. outdoor locations, the use of proper rubber-tired or wide- rimmed wheel designs should be considered according to terrain. For indoor locations, the size of doorways and pas- ' Survey of Available Information on the'Toxicity of the Combus- sages should be large enough to permit ready passage of tion and "Thermal Decomposition Products of Certain Building the extinguisher. Materials under Fire Conditions. 2-20 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Table A-2-1 Characteristics of Extinguishers Approxi- Protection Horizontal mate Required UL or ULC Method of Range of Time of Below 40°F Classifica- Extinguishing Agent Operation Capacity Stream Discharge (4°C) tions* Water Stored Pressure, Cartridge,or Pump 21/2 gal 30-40 ft 1 min Yes 2-A Pump 4 gal 30-40 ft 2 min Yes 3-A Pump 5 gal 30-40 It 2-3 min Yes 4-A Water(Wetting Agent) Stored Pressure 1'/2 gal 20 ft 30 sec Yes 2-A Carbon Dioxide Cylinder 25 gal 35 ft 11/2 min Yes 10-A (wheeled) Carbon Dioxide Cylinder 45 gal 35 ft 2 min Yes 30-A (wheeled) Carbon Dioxide Cylinder 60 gal 35 ft 21/2 min Yes 40-A (wheeled) Water(Soda-Acid) Chemically generated ex- pellant 21/2 gal 30-40 It 1 min Yes 2-A Chemically generated ex- 17 gal pellant (wheeled) 50 ft 3 min Yes 10-A Chemically generated ex- 33 gal pellant (wheeled) 50 ft 3 min Yes 20-A Loaded Stream Stored Pressure or Cartridge 21/2 gal 30-40 ft 1 min No 2 to 3-A:1-B Carbon Dioxide Cylinder 33 gal 50 ft 3 min No 20-A (wheeled) Foam Chemically generated ex- pellant 21/2 gal 30-40 ft 11/2 min Yes 2-A:4 to 6-B Chemically generated ex- 17 gal pellant (wheeled) 50 ft 3 min Yes 10-A:10 to 12-B Chemically generated ex- 33 gal pellant (wheeled) 50 ft 3 min Yes 20-A:20 to 40-B AFFF, FFFP Stored Pressure 2/2 gal 20-25 ft 50 sec Yes 3-A:20 to 40-B Nitrogen Cylinder 33 gal 30 ft 1 min Yes 20-A:160-B Carbon Dioxide** Self-Expelling 21/2 to 5 lb 3-8 ft 8 to No 1 to 5-B:C 30 sec Self-Expelling 10 to 15 lb 3-8 It 8 to No 2 to 10-B:C 30 sec Self-Expelling 20 1b 3-8 ft 10 to No 10-B:C 30 sec Self-Expelling 50 to 100 lb 3-10 ft 10 to No 10 to 20-B:C (wheeled) 30 sec Dry Chemical(Sodium Bicarbonate) Stored Pressure 1 to 21/2 lb 5-8 ft 8 to No 2 to 10-B:C 12 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 23/4 to 5 lb 5-20 ft 8 to No 5 to 20-B:C 25 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 6 to 30 lb 5-20 ft 10 to No 10 to 160-B:C 25 sec Stored Pressure 50 lb 20 ft 35 sec No 160-B:C (wheeled) Nitrogen Cylinder or Stored Pressure 75 to 350 lb 15-45 ft 20 to No 40 to 320-B:C (wheeled) 105 sec Dry Chemical(Potassium Cartridge or Stored Bicarbonate) Pressure 2 to 5 lb 5-12 ft 8 to No 5 to 30-B:C 10 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 51/2 to 10 lb 5-20 ft 8 to No 10 to 80-B:C 20 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 16 to 30 lb 10-20 ft 8 to No 40 to 120-B:C 25 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 48 to 50 lb 20 ft 30 to No 120 to 160-B:C (wheeled) 35 sec Nitrogen Cylinder or Stored Pressure 125 to 315 lb 15-45 ft 30 to No 80 to 640-B:C (wheeled) 80 sec Dry Chemical(Potassium Cartridge or Stored Chloride) Pressure 2 to 5 lb 5-8 ft 8 to No 5 to 10-B:C 10 sec 2-21 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Cartridge or Stored Pressure 5 to 9 lb 8-12 ft 10 to No 20 to 40-B:C 15 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 91/2 to 20 lb 10-15 ft 15 to No 40 to 60-B:C 20 sec Cartridge or Stored 1A Pressure 191/2 to 30 lb Y 20 ft 10 to No 60 to 80-B:C 25 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 125 to 200 lb 15-45 ft 30 to No 160-B:C (wheeled) 40 sec Dry Chemical (Ammonium I Phosphate) Stored Pressure 1 to 5 lb 5-12 ft 8 to No 1 to 5-At and 10 sec 2 to 10-B:C Stored Pressure or Cartridge 21/2 to 9 lb 5-12 ft 8 to No 1 to 4-A and 15 sec 10 to 40-B:C Stored Pressure or Cartridge 9 to 17 lb 5-20 ft 10 to No 2 to 20-A and 25 sec 10 to 80-B:C Stored Pressure or Cartridge 17 to 30 lb 5-20 ft 10 to No 3 to 20-A and 25 sec 30 to 120-B:C Stored Pressure or Cartridge 45 to 50 lb 20 ft 25 to No 20 to 301-A (wheeled) 35 sec 80 to 160-B:C Nitrogen Cylinder or Stored Pressure 110 to 315 lb 15-45 ft 30 to No 20 to 40-A and (wheeled) 60 sec 60 to 320-B:C Dry Chemical (Foam Com- Cartridge or Stored patible) Pressure 43/4 to 9 lb 5-20 ft 8 to No 10 to 20-B:C 10 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 9 to 27 lb 5-20 ft 10 to No 20 to 30-B:C 25 sec Cartridge or Stored Pressure 18 to 30 lb 5-20 ft 10 to No 40 to 60-B:C 25 sec Nitrogen Cylinder or Stored Pressure 150 to 350 lb 15-45 ft 20 to No 80 to 240-B:C (wheeled) 150 sec Dry Chemical (Potassium Bicarbonate Urea based) Stored Pressure 5 to 11 lb 11-22 ft 18 sec No 40 to 80-B:C Stored Pressure 9 to 23 lb 15-30 ft 17 to No 60 to 160-B:C 33 sec 175 lb 70 ft 62 sec No 480-B:C (wheeled) Halon 1301 (Bromotrifluoro- methane) Stored Pressure 21/2 lb 4-6 ft 8 to No 2-B:C 10 sec Halon 1211 (Bromochlorodi- fluoromethane) Stored Pressure .09 to 2 lb 6-10 ft 8 to No 1 to 2-B:C 10 sec 2 to 3 lb 6-10 ft 8 to No 5-B:C 10 sec 51/2 to 9 lb 9-15 ft 8 to No 1-A:10-B:C 15 sec 13 to 22 lb 14-16 ft 10 to No 2 to 4-A and 18 sec 20 to 80-B:C 50 lb 35 ft 30 sec No 10-A:120-B:C 150 Ib 20-35 ft 30 to No 30-A:160 to (wheeled) 44 sec 240-B:C Halon 1211/1301 (Bromo- Stored Pressure or 0.9 to 5 lb 3-12 ft 8 to No 1 to 10-B:C chlorodifluoromethane Self-Expelling 10 sec Bromotrifluoromethane) mixtures Stored Pressure 9 to 20 lb 10-18 ft 10 to No 1-A:10-B:C 22 sec to 4-A:80-B:C Notes to Table A-2-1 "UL and ULC ratings checked as of July 24, 1987. Readers concerned with subsequent ratings should review the pertinent"lists"and"supplements"issued by these laboratories: Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062,or Underwriters Laboratories of Canada,7 Crouse Road, Scarborough,Ont.,Canada M I R 3A9. "Carbon dioxide extinguishers with metal horns do not carry a"C"classification. tSome small extinguishers containing ammonium phosphate-base dry chemical do not carry an"A"classification. NOTE: Halon should be used only where its unique properties are deemed necessary. 2-22 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 A-2-1.1 Halogenated agent is highly effective for extin- (5) Fire of high intensity may occur in certain metals. guishing fire and evaporates after use, leaving no residue.. Ignition is generally the result of frictional heating, expo- Halon agent is, however, included in the Montreal Proto- sure to moisture, or exposure from a fire in other combus- col. list of controlled substances developed under the tible materials. The greatest hazard exists when these met- United Nations. Environment Program. Where agents als are in the molten state, in finely divided forms of dust, other than halon can satisfactorily protect the hazard, use turnings, or shavings. them instead of halon. Halon use should be limited to extinguishment of unwanted fire and should not be used NOTE: The properties of'a wide variety of combustible metals and the a eats available for extin uishin n for routine training of personnel. g g g fires i these metals are discussed in Chapter 10 of Section 5 and Chapter 5 of Section 19 of the NFPA Fire Protection Hand- A-2-2.1.1 It is recommended that inverting types of hook (16th Edition). extinguishers be replaced with currently available models. Manufacture of inverting types of extinguishers and their A-2-3.5 Delicate electronic equipment includes but is not listing by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. was discontinued limited to data processing, computers, CAD, CAM, robot- in 1969. As the availability of suitable replacement parts ics, and reproduction equipment. Use of other extinguish- and recharge materials diminishes, it has become increas- ers and extinguishing agents may damage beyond repair ingly difficult to maintain these types of extinguishers in a both the equipment at the source of the fire and related safe and reliable operating condition. Inverting type extin- equipment in the immediate vicinity of the fire. Dry chem- guishers (soda-acid, foam, and cartridge-operated water) ical residue will probably not be able to be completely and are now considered obsolete and are required to be immediately removed and, in addition, multipurpose dry removed from service no later than the next required date chemical, when exposed to temperatures in excess of 250°F for hydrostatic testing. (121°C) or relative humidity in excess of 50 percent, may cause corrosion. A-2-2.1.3 The use of dry chemical extinguishers on wet A-2-3.6 Wheeled extinguishers are available in capacities energized electrical equipment (such as rain-soaked utility ranging from 50 to 350 16 (23 to 159kg). These extinguish- poles, high-voltage switch gear, and transformers) may ers are capable of delivering higher agent flow rates and aggravate electrical leakage problems. The dry chemical in greater agent stream range than the normal portable-type combination with moisture provides an electrical path that extinguishers. Wheeled extinguishers are capable of fin-- can reduce the effectiveness of insulation protection. The nishing increased fire extinguishing effectiveness for high removal of all traces of dry chemical from such equipment hazard areas and have added importance when a limited after extinguishment is recommended. number of people are available. A-2-2.1.4 Extinguishers and Extinguishing Agents for A-3-1.1 Distribution Considerations: Items that affect Class D Hazards. distribution of portable fire extinguishers are: the area and (1) Chemical reaction between burning metals and arrangement of the building occupancy conditions, the many extinguishing agents (including water) may range severity of the hazard, the anticipated classes of fire, other from explosive to inconsequential depending in part on protective systems or devices, and the distances to be trav- the type, form, and quantity of meta} involved. In general, eled to reach extinguishers. In addition, anticipated rate of the hazards from a metal fire are significantly increased fire spread, the intensity and rate of heat development, the when such extinguishing agents are applied. smoke contributed by the burning materials,and the acces- sibility of a fire to close approach with portable extinguish- NOTE: The advantages and limitations of a wide variety ers should be considered. Wheeled extinguishers have of commercially available metal fire extinguishing agents additional agent and range and should be considered for are discussed in Chapter 5 of Section 19 of the NFPA Fire areas where the additional protection is needed. Portable Protection Handbook (16th Edition). extinguishers offer the occupant a means to assist in evac- (2) The agents and extinguishers discussed in this sec- cation of a building or occupancy. They are useful to tion are of specialized types and their use often involves knock down the fire if it occurs along the evacuation route. special techniques peculiar to a particular combustible Whenever possible, the individual property should be sur- metal. A given agent will not necessarily control or extin- veyed for actual protection requirements. guish all metal fires. Some agents are valuable in working with several metals; others are useful in combating only A-3-1.2 Most buildings have Class A fire hazards. In any one type of metal fire. The authorities having jurisdiction occupancy, there may be it predominant hazard with "spe- should be consulted in each case to determine the desired cial hazard" areas requiring supplemental protection. For protection for the particular hazard involved. example, a hospital will generally have need for Class A extinguishers covering patients' rooms, corridors, offices, (3) Certain combustible metals and reactive chemicals etc., but will need Class B extinguishers in laboratories, require special extinguishing agents or techniques. If there kitchens, and where flammable anesthetics are stored or is doubt, applicable NFPA standards should be consulted handled,and Class C extinguishers in electrical switch gear or reference made to NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals Data, or generator rooms. or NFPA 325M, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids. A-3-1.2.2 If extinguishers intended for different classes of (4) Reference should be made to the manufacturer's fires are grouped, their intended use should be marked recommendations for use and special technique for extin- conspicuously to aid in the choice of the proper extin- guishing fires in various combustible metals. guisher at the time of a fire. In an emergency, the ten- 2-23 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE dency is to reach for the closest extinguisher. If this extin- Any replacement parts needed should be obtained from cisher is of the wrong type, the user may well endanger the manufacturer or his representative. himself or herself and the property he or she is endeavor- ing to protect. Wherever possible, it is preferable to have A-4-4.1.2 Carbon dioxide hose assemblies have a contin- only those extinguishers available that can be safely used uous metal braid that connects to both couplings to mini- on any type of fire in the immediate vicinity. mize the static shock hazard.The reason for the conductiv- ity test is to determine that the hose is conductive from the A-3-4.1 Where such personnel are not available, the haz- inlet coupling to the outlet orifice. A basic conductivity and should be protected by fixed systems. tester consists of a flashlight having an open circuit and a set of two wires with a conductor(clamps or probe)at each A-4-1.4 A fire equipment servicing agency is usually the end. most reliable means available to the public for having maintenance and recharging performed. Large industries A-4-4.1.3 Halon removed from an extinguisher is kept in may find it desirable to establish their own maintenance a closed recovery charging system until disposition can be and recharge facilities training personnel to perform these made of whether to recharge the halon back into an extin- functions. Service manuals and parts lists should be guisher or return unsatisfactory halon to a manufacturer obtained from the extinguisher manufacturer. for proper disposal. An efficient Halon 1211 closed recovery/charging system will have a clear sight glass for monitoring the cleanliness of the Halon 1211 and a means A-4-3.1 Frequency of extinguisher inspections should be for determining if the acceptable water moisture content of based on the need of the area in which extinguishers are the halon has been exceeded. Some closed recovery sys- located. The required monthly inspection is a minimum. tems have a means of mechanically filtering the Halon An inspection should be more frequent if any of the follow- 1211 and removing excess water. They also have a motor ing exist: driven pump system which permits transferring halon into (a) High frequency of fires in the past. an extinguisher or supply container without the need to vent the receiving container to reduce its pressure before (b) Severe hazards. halon transfer. Closed recovery/charging systems also (c) Susceptibility to tampering, vandalism, or malicious include the plumbing, valves, regulators, and safety relief mischief devices to permit convenient, quick transfer of the Halon 1211. (d) Possibility of,or experience with, theft of extinguish- ers. A-4-4.2 Maintenance Procedures. For convenience, the (e) Locations that make extinguishers susceptible to following check lists are organized into two parts. The first mechanical injury. Table A-4-4.2(a) is arranged by mechanical parts (compo- (f) Possibility of visible or physical obstructions. nents and containers) common to most extinguishers. The second, Table A-4-4.2(b), is arranged by extinguishing (g) Exposure to abnormal temperatures or corrosive material and expelling means and involves a description of atmospheres. the problems peculiar to each agent. (h) Characteristics of extinguishers, such as susceptibil- ity to leakage. A-4-4.3 Recordkeeping. In addition to the required tag or label (see 4-4.3), a permanent file record should be kept A-4-4 Maintenance. Persons usually performing mainte- for each extinguisher. This file record should include the nance operations come from two major groups: following information as applicable: (a) Extinguisher service agencies. (a) The maintenance date and the name of person or agency performing the maintenance. (b) Trained industrial safety or maintenance personnel. (b) The date when last recharged and the name of per- Extinguishers owned by individuals are often neglected son or agency performing the recharge. because there is no planned periodic follow-up program. It (c) The hydrostatic retest date and the name of person is recommended that such owners become familiar with or agency performing the hydrostatic test. their extinguishers so they can detect telltale warnings from inspection that may suggest the need for mainte- (d) Description of dents remaining after passing a nance. When maintenance is indicated, it should be per- hydrostatic test. formed by trained persons having proper equipment. (See 4-1.4.) (e) The date of the six-year maintenance for stored pressure dry chemical and halogenated agent types (see The purpose of a well-planned and well-executed main- 4-4.1.3). tenance program is to afford maximum probability that an extinguisher: A-4-5.1 General Safety Guidelines for Recharging. (a) Will operate properly between the time intervals (a) Make sure all pressure is vented from extinguisher established for maintenance examinations in the environ- before attempting to remove valve body or fill closure. ment to which it is exposed, and Warning: Do not depend on pressure indicating devices to (b) Will not constitute a potential hazard to persons in tell if container is under pressure as they could malfunc- its vicinity or to operators or rechargers of extinguishers. tion. 2-24 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Table A-4-4.2(a) Mechanical Parts Extinguisher Part,Check Points and Corrective Action Shell Corrective Action I1. Hydrostatic test date or date of manufacturet 1. ketest if needed 2. Corrosiont 2. Conduct hydrostatic test and refinish; or discard 3. Mechanical damage (denting or abrasion)t 3. Conduct hydrostatic test and refinish; or discard 4. Paint condition 4. Refinish 5. Presence of repairs (welding, soldering, brazing, etc.) 5. Discard or consult manufacturer 6. Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) 6. Discard or consult manufacturer 7. Broken hanger attachment, carrying handle lug 7. Discard or consult manufacturer 8. Sealing surface damage (nicks or corrosion)t 8. Clean, repair, and leak test; or discard Nameplate Corrective Action 1. Illegible wording 1. Clean or replace 2. Corrosion or loose plate 2. Inspect shell under plate (see Shell Check Points) and reattach plate Nozzle or Horn Corrective Action 1. Deformed,damaged, or cracked 1. Replace 2. Blocked openings 2. Clean 3. Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) 3. Replace 4. Aged (brittle) 4. Replace Hose Assembly Corrective Action 1. Damaged (cut, cracked, or worn) 1. Replace 2. Damaged couplings or swivel joint (cracked or cor- 2. Replace roded) 3. Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) 3. Replace 4. Inner tube cut at couplings 4. Repair or replace 5. Electrically nonconductive between couplings (COZ 5. Replace hose only) 6. Hose obstruction 6. Remove obstruction or replace Valve Locking Device Corrective Action 1. Damaged (bent, corroded, or binding) 1. Repair and lubricate; or replace 2. Missing 2. Replace Gage or Pressure-Indicating Device Corrective Action 1. Immovable,jammed,or missing pointer(pressure test)t 1. Depressurize and replace gage 2. Missing, deformed, or broken crystalt 2. Depressurize and replace gage 3. Illegible or faded dialt 3. Depressurize and replace gage 4. Corrosiont 4. Depressurize and check calibration, clean and refinish; or replace gage 5. Dented case or crystal retainert 5. Depressurize and check calibration; or replace gage 6. Immovable or corroded pressure-indicating stem 6. Replace head assembly, depressurize, and replace shell (nongage type)t or complete extinguisher Shell or Cylinder Valve Corrective Action 1. Corroded, damaged or jammed level, handle, spring, 1. Depressurize, check freedom of movement, and repair; stem, or fastener jointt or replace 2. Dama ed outlet threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or 2. Depressurize and replace worn)f Nozzle Shutoff Valve Corrective Action 1. Corroded, damaged,jammed or binding lever, spring, 1. Repair and lubricate; or replace stem, or fastener joint 2. Plugged, deformed,or corroded nozzle tip or discharge 2. Clean or replace passage Puncture Mechanism Corrective Action 1. Damaged,jammed, or binding puncture lever, stem, or 1. Replace fastener joint 2. Dull or damaged cutting or puncture pin 2. Replace 3. Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) 3. Replace Gas Cartridge Corrective Action 1. Corrosion 1. Replace cartridge 2. Damaged seal disc (injured, cut, or corroded) 2. Replace cartridge 3. Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) 3. Replace cartridge 4. Illegible weight markings 4. Replace cartridge Gas Cylinders Corrective Action 1. Hydrostatic test date or date of manufacture 1. Retest if needed 2. Corrosion 2. Conduct hydrostatic test and refinish or discard 3. Paint condition 3. Refinish 4. Presence of repairs (welding, soldering, brazing, etc.) 4. Discard or consult manufacturer 5. Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) 5. Discard or consult manufacturer 2-25 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Wheel Cap or Fill Cap Corrective Action 1. Corroded, cracked, or broken I. Replace 2. Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) 2. Replace 3. Sealing surface damage (nicked, deformed, or cor- 3. Clean, repair, and leak test; or replace roded) 4. Blocked vent hole or slot 4. Clean Non-Rechargeable Shell Corrective Action 1. Corrosiont 1. Depressurize and replace shell 2. Damaged seal disc (injured, cut, or corroded)t 2. Depressurize and replace shell 3. Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn)t 3. Replace shell 4. Illegible weight markingst 4. Depressurize and replace shell Carriage and Wheels Corrective Action 1. Corroded, bent, or broken carriage 1. Repair or replace 2. Damaged wheel (buckled or broken spoke, bent rim or 2. Clean, repair, and lubrica(e; or replace axle, loose tire, low pressure,jammed bearing) Carrying Handle Corrective Action I. Broken handle lug 1. Discard shell or valve; or consult manufacturer 2. Broken handle 2. Replace 3. Corroded,jammed, or worn fastener joint 3. Clean or replace Seals or Tamper Indicator Corrective Action 1. Broken or missing I. Check under Agent and Expelling Means for specific action Hand Pump Corrective Action 1. Corroded,jammed, or damaged pump 1. Repair and lubricate; or replace 2. Improper adjustment of packing nut 2. Adjust Inner Cage,Chamber Stopple,Acid Container,or Tube Corrective Action 1. Corroded, damaged, bent, cracked, or distorted I. Replace Pressurizing Valve Corrective Action 1. Leaking seals 1. Depressurize and replace valve or core Gasket"O" Ring and Seals Corrective Action I1. Damaged (cut, cracked, or worn)t I. Replace and lubricate 2. Missingt 2. Replace and lubricate 3. Aged or weathered (compression set, brittle, cracked)t 3. Replace and lubricate Brackets Corrective Action I. Corroded, worn, or bent 1. Repair and refinish; or replace 2. Loose or binding fit 2. Adjust fit or replace 3. Worn, loose, corroded, or missing screw or bolt 3. Tighten or replace 4. Worn bumper, webbing, or grommet 4. Replace Gas Tube and Siphon or Pickup Tube Corrective Action 1. Corroded, dented, cracked, or broken 1. Replace 2. Blocked tube or openings in tube 2. Clean or replace Safety Relief Device Corrective Action I1. Corroded or damagedt 1. Depressurize and replace or consult manufacturer 2. Broken, operated, or pluggedt 2. Depressurize and replace or repair Pressure Regulators Corrective Action 1. External condition I. (a) Damage (a) Replace regulator (b) Corrosion (b) Clean regulator or replace 2. Pressure relief - corroded, plugged, dented, leaking, 2. Disconnect regulator from pressure source; replace broken, or missing pressure relief 3. Protective bonnet relief hole - tape missing or seal wire 3. Check regulator in accordance with manufacturer's reg- broken or missing ulator test procedures 4. Adjusting screw - lock pin missing 4. Check regulator in accordance with manufacturer's reg- ulator test procedures 5. Gages 5. (a) Immovable,jammed, or missing pointer (a) Disconnect regulator from pressure source; replace (b) Missing or broken crystal gage (c) Illegible or faded dial (b) Replace crystal (d) Corrosion (c) Replace gaffe (d) Check calibration, clean and refinish, or replace (e) Dented case or crystal retainer gage (e) Check calibration or replace gage 2-26 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 6. Regulator Hose 6. (a) Cut, cracked, abraded, or deformed exterior (a) Conduct hydrostatic test or replace hose (b) Corroded or cracked coupling (b) Replace hose (c) Corroded, crossthreaded, or worn coupling threads (c) Replace hose NOTE: For disposable type extinguishers those items indicated with a dagger (f) cannot be inspected and serviced. If the corrective action requires the depressurization of the extinguisher, disposable halogenated agent fire extinguishers shall not be depressurized but returned to the manufacturer or service agency for proper disposal and reclaiming of the extinguishing agent. Table A-4-4.2(b) Agent and Expelling Means Extinguisher Type and Part,Check Points and Corrective Action Self-Generating Soda-Acid Water Corrective Action 1. Recharging date due 1. Empty, clean, and recharge 2. Improper fill levels in acid bottle and shell 2. Empty, clean, and recharge 3. Agent condition (check for sediment) 3. Empty, clean, and recharge Foam Corrective Action 1. Recharging date due 1. Empty, clean, and recharge 2. Improper fill levels in inner container and shell 2. Empty, clean, and recharge 3. Agent condition (check for sediment) 3. Empty, clean, and recharge Self-Expelling Carbon Dioxide Corrective Action 1. Improper weight 1. Recharge to proper weight 2. Broken or missing tamper indicator 2. Leak test and weigh, recharge or replace indicator Halon 1301 Bromotrifluoromethane Corrective Action 1. Punctured cylinder seal disc 1. Replace shell 2. Improper weight 2. Replace shell or return to manufacturer for refilling 3. Broken or missing tamper indicator 3. Examine cylinder seal disc, replace indicator Combination Halon 1211/1301 Corrective Action 1. Improper weight 1. Return to manufacturer (see 4-3.3) 2. Broken or missing tamper indicator 2. Return to manufacturer (see 4-3.3) Mechanical Pump Water and Antifreeze Corrective Action 1. Improper fill level 1. Refill 2. Defective pump 2. Clean, repair, and lubricate, or replace Hand Propelled - Bucket or Scoop Water and Antifreeze Corrective Action 1. Improper fill level 1. Refill 2. Antifreeze - improper charge (check specific gravity or 2. Recharge recharge record) 3. Missing bucket 3. Replace Dry Powder Corrective Action 1. Improper fill level 1. Refill 2. Agent condition (contamination or caking) 2. Discard and replace 3. Missing scoop 3. Replace Gas Cartridge or Cylinder Dry Chemical and Dry Powder Types Corrective Action 1. Improper weight or charge level 1. Refill to correct weight 2. Agent condition (contamination, caking, or wrong 2. Empty and refill agent) 3. (a) For cartridge 3. (a) (1) Punctured seal disc (1) Replace cartridge (2) Improper weight (2) Replace cartridge (3) Broken or missing tamper indicator (3) Examine seal disc, replace indicator (b) For gas cylinder with gage (b) (1) Low pressure (1) Replace cylinder (2) Broken or missing tamper indicator (2) Leak test - replace indicator (c) For gas cylinder without gage (c) (1) Low pressure (attach gage and measure pressure) (1) Leak test. If normal, leak test and repair indictor. If low - replace cylinder. (2) Broken or missing tamper indicator (2) Measure pressure - leak test - replace indicator 2-27 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Water,Antifreeze,and Loaded Stream Corrective Action 1. Improper fill level 1. Refill to correct level 2. (a)A (1 ent condition 2. (a) )Dirty, cloudy, or sediment (1) Empty and refill (2) If antifreeze or loaded stream - improper (2) Recharge charge (check specific gravity, recharge record, or weigh) 3. Punctured cartridge seal disc 3. Replace cartridge 4. Improper cartridge weight 4. Replace 5. Broken or missing indicator 5. Examine seal disc - replace indicator Wetting Agent Corrective Action 1. Improper fill level 1. Refill 2. Agent condition (sediment and incorrect surface ten- 2. Empty and refill sion) (See NFPA 18 - Standard on Wetting Agents.) 3. Improper cartridge weight 3. Replace 4. Broken or missing tamper indicator 4. Leak test cartridge - weigh - replace indicator Stored Pressure Combination Halon 1211/1301 Corrective Action 1. Refillable 1. I (a) Improper extinguisher agent (a) Return to manufacturer (see 4-4.3) (b) Improper gage pressure (b) Return to manufacturer (see 4-4.3) (c) Broken or missing tamper indicator (c) Examine extinguisher, leak test, replace tamper indicator 2. Nonrechargeable extinguisher with pressure indicator 2. (a) Low pressure (a) Return to manufacturer (see 4-4.3) (b) Broken or missing tamper indicator (b) Leak test, check pressure, replace tamper indicator Dry Chemical and Dry Powder Types Corrective Action 1. Refillable I. (a) Improper extinguisher weight (a) Refill to correct weight (b) Improper gage pressure (b) Repressurize and leak test (c) Broken or missing tamper indicator (c) Leak test and replace indicator 2. Disposable shell with pressure indicator 2. (a) Punctured seal disc (a) Replace shell (b) Low pressure (b) Depressurize; replace shell (c) Broken or missing tamper indicator (c)Check pressure - check seal disc - replace indicator 3. Disposable shell without pressure indicator 3. (a) Punctured seal disc (a) Replace shell (b) Low weight (b) Depressurize; replace shell (c) Broken or missing tamper indicator (c)Check seal disc - replace indicator 4. Nonrechargeable extinguisher with pressure indicator 4. (a) Low pressure (a) Depressurize and discard extinguisher (b) Broken or missing tamper indicator (b) Leak test - check pressure - replace indicator Halon 1211 Bromochlorodifluoromethane Corrective Action 1. Broken or missing tamper indicator 1. Weigh, leak test, and replace indicator 2. Improper gage pressure 2. Weigh, repressurize, and leak test 3. Improper weight 3. Leak test and refill to correct weight Water,Antifreeze,and Loaded Stream Corrective Action 1. Improper fill level (by weight or observation) 1. Refill to correct level 2. Agent condition if antifreeze or loaded stream. 2. Empty and refill Improper charge (check recharge record or weigh) 3. Improper gage pressure 3. Repressurize and leak test 4. Broken or missing tamper indicator 4. Leak test - replace indicator AFFF and FFFP Liquid Charge Corrective Action 1. Improper fill level (by weight or observation) 1. Empty and recharge with new solution 2. Agent condition (presence of precipitate or other for- 2. Empty and recharge with new solution eign matter) 3. Improper gage pressure 3. Repressurize and leak test 4. Broken or missing tamper indicator 4. Leak test - replace indicator AFFF Solid Charge Corrective Action 1. Improper fill level (by weight or observation) 1. Refill to correct level 2. Improper gage pressure 2. Repressurize and leak test 3. Broken or missing valve tamper indicator 3. Leak test - replace indicator 4. Presence of liquid moisture in solid charge or burning 4. Replace solid charge and change tamper indicator tape 5. Missing charge housing seal plug 5. Inspect for all the above - replace plug 2-28 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 (b) Use proper recharge materials when refilling a fire in flow characteristics. Each extinguisher is designed to extinguisher. Mixing of some extinguishing agents could secure maximum efficiency with the particular formulation cause a chemical reaction resulting in a dangerous pres- used. Changing the agent from that specified on the extin- sure buildup in the container. guisher nameplate may affect flow rates, nozzle discharge (c) The weight of agent as specified on the nameplate is characteristics, the quantity of available agent (as influ- critical. Overfilling may render the extinguisher dangerous enced by density), and would void the label of the testing or ineffective. laboratory. (d) All sealing components should be cleaned and prop- Certain recharging materials deteriorate with age, expo- erly lubricated to prevent leakage after recharge. sure to excessive temperature, and exposure to moisture. Storage of recharge agents for long periods of time should (e) Check pressure indicating device to ascertain that it be avoided. is reading properly. Dry powder used for combustible metal fires (Class D) (0 Most manufacturers recommend the use of dry nitro- must not become damp as the powder will not be free gen as an expellant gas for stored pressure extinguishers. flowing. In addition, when dry powder contains sufficient Limiting charging pressure regulator setting to 25 psi (172 moisture, a hazardous reaction may result when applied to kPa) above service pressure as per 4-5.4.1 prevents gage a metal fire. damage and loss of calibration. Warning: Never connect the A-4-5.3.2 Mixing multipurpose dry chemicals with extinguisher to be charged directly to the high-pressure alkaline-based dry chemicals may result in a chemical reac- source. Connecting directly to the high-pressure source tion capable of developing sufficient pressures to rupture could cause the container to rupture, resulting in injury. an extinguisher. Substituting a different formulation for Never leave an extinguisher connected to the regulator of the one originally employed could cause malfunctioning of a high-pressure source for an extended period of time. A the extinguisher or result in substandard performance. defective regulator could cause the container to rupture due to excess pressure. A-4-5.3.6 Removal of Moisture. Moisture within a (g) Use the manufacturer's recommended charging nonwater-type extinguisher creates both a serious corro- adaptor to prevent damage to valve and its components. sion hazard to the extinguisher shell and indicates what is (h) When recharging separate expellant source extin- probably an inoperative extinguisher. Moisture may enter guishers, make sure filled enclosure is in place and tight- at the following times: ened down. Replace all safety devices prior to installing (1) After a hydrostatic test. replacement cartridges. (2) When recharging is being performed. (i) Only those gas cartridges recommended by the man- (3) When the valve has been removed front the cylin- ufacturer should be used. Cartridge features such as pres- der. sure relief, puncturing capabilities, fill density, and thread (4) By use of compressed air and a moisture trap for compatibility are designed and approved to specific func- pressurizing nonwater types. tional requirements. 0) Use proper safety seals as other types, i.e., meter A-4-5.3.7 Halon Extinguisher Recharging. If the extin- seals, may not break at the prescribed requirements. guisher valve is removed for servicing, it is recommended (k) Regulators utilized on wheeled extinguishers are fac- that the extinguisher be purged with nitrogen or a vacuum tory pinned at the operating pressure and should not be be drawn on the extinguisher cylinder prior to recharging. field adjusted. A-4-5.1.3 To determine the gross weight, the entire A-4-5.3.9 Dry Ice Converters. In general, carbon diox- ide obtained by converting dry ice to liquid will not be sat- specified recharge agent should ei added to this amount. isfactory unless it is properly processed to remove excess water and oil. If dry ice converters are used, the following required steps must be taken: ' A-4-5.1.5 Leak Test. The leak test required for stored (a) Employ moisture-absorbent cartridges containing pressure and self-expelling types must be sufficiently sensi- silica gel or activated alumina of adequate capacity. These tive to ensure that the extinguisher will remain operable cartridges need to be periodically reactivated by heating at for at least one year. Any tamper indicators or seals must 300°F(149°C)for two hours in an open vented condition in be replaced after recharging. order to keep them in an absorbent condition. At temper- atures below 32°F (0°C), the cartridges act as a filter, and A-4-5.3.1 Recharge Agents. On properties where extin- above 32°F (0°C), they absorb moisture directly. Various guishers are maintained by the occupant, a supply of telltale compositions are available that, by means of color, recharging agents should be kept on hand. These agents indicate the degree of absorptivity still available in the gel. should meet the requirements of 4-5.3.1. (b) An extra operation is required to minimize the water The intent of this provision is to maintain the efficiency within the converter. This operation consists of blowing off of each extinguisher as produced by the manufacturer and a short burst of liquid carbon dioxide fi•om the bottom of as labeled by one or more of the fire testing laboratories. the converter in order to blow off free water. This opera- For example, the extinguishing agent and the additives tion can only be performed above 32°F (0°C). With the used in the various types of dry chemical extinguishers converter contents colder than 32°F (0°C), blowing off is vary in chemical composition and in particle size and, thus, ineffectual. 2-29 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE The preferred source of carbon dioxide for recharging replacement. The air delivered shall have a -60°F extinguishers is from a low-pressure [300 psi at 0°F (2068 (-51.VQ dew point or lower. kPa at-17.8°C)] supply, either directly or via dry cylinders used as an intermediary means. Contols/Instra.metitation. The compressor module shall incorporate a gage panel to include the following: inter- A-4-5.4.1 Pressure Gages. If it becomes necessary to stage and final discharge pressure gages, lube oil pressure replace a pressure gage on a fire extinguisher, in addition gage (where applicable), hour teeter, and power-on light. to knowing the charging pressure, it is important to know All pressure gages shall be liquid-filled. The control system the type of extinguishing agent for which the gage is suit- shall consist of'all devices to monitor the operation of'the able as well as the valve body with which the gage is com- compressor including motor starter with overload detec- patible. This information may be available in the form of tors and switches to shut the compressor down in the event markings on the dial face. Where the marking is provided, that high temperature or low oil pressure (on pressure the extinguishing agent is indicated by references such as lubricated compressors) occurs. An air pressure switch "Use Dry Chemicals Only," while the valve body compati_ shall be supplied to automatically start and stop the com- bility is indicated as follows: pressor to maintain adequate system pressure. [The unit shall come complete with a cartridge monitoring system (a) Gages intended for use with aluminum or plastic that combines both moisture monitoring and timed shut- valve bodies are marked with a line above the gage manu- down. The moisture monitor checks air quality continu- facturer's code letter. ously and is calibrated to indicate when a dew point of' (b) Gages intended for use with brass or plastic valve -60°F (-51.1°C) has been reached. When. moisture is bodies are marked with a line below the manufacturer's detected, a yellow light comes on and the digital timer code letter. comes into operation. At the conclusion of a 1- to 2-hour timing period, shutdown occurs and a red light comes on.] (c) Universal gages that can be used with aluminum, brass, or plastic valve bodies are marked with lines above A-5-1.4 Structural integrity of'aluminum shells or cylin- and below the manufacturer's code letter or by the absence dens is reduced when exposed to temperatures in excess of' of any line above or below the manufacturer's code letter. 350°F (177°C). These temperatures may occur under fire exposure without any visual evidence or during repainting Using the proper replacement gage as to pressure operations where oven drying is utilized. range, extinguishing agent, and valve body compatibility is recommended to avoid or to reduce gage-related prob- A-5-4.3 Test Equipment for Low Pressure Gas Types. lems. A-4-5.4.3 Typical Specification of Equipment Capable of Pressure gage with capacity o 0 Producing Dry Air. The compressor/dryer module shall of 150/test pressure be a fully enclosed, factory-assembled, and factory-tested �• package of a vertical design (compressor above motor). It shall incorporate the compressor driver, purification sys- tem,controls, interconnecting piping,and wiring. Scope of 0 supply shall include: 11� Compressor. The compressor block shall be multi- "Pressure release petcock" "Check valves"to hold stage, air cooled, oil lubricated, and rated for continuous to release pressure for safe pressure and prevent duty at 5000 psig with a charging rate of CFM. removal of extinguisher pressure back-up The crankcase shall be fully enclosed with oversized ball bearings on each end. The connecting rods shall utilize needle bearings on both ends. Pistons shall be aluminum or cast iron and shall incorporate piston rings on all stages. Figure A-5-4.3(a) Hydrostatic Hand Pump. Cylinders shall be of cast iron. Relief valves and individu- ally mounted intercoolers shall be utilized after each stage of compression. The aftercooler shall be designed to A-5-5.2 Testing Procedures for Low Pressure Gas Types. deliver final air at a temperature not to exceed 20°F above (a) All valves, internal parts, and hose assemblies must ambient.The compressor flywheel shall incorporate a high be removed and the extinguisher emptied. velocity cooling fan for maximum heat dissipation. An automatic condensate drain system shall be supplied as Exception: On some dry chemical and dry powder extinguishers standard equipment on all systems. (cartridge-operated), the mannfacturer recommends that certain internal parts not be removed. Dryer System. The system shall be of a multichamber (b) All dry chemical and dry powder types of extinguish- arrangement, each constructed of aluminum alloy with a ers must have all traces of extinguishing materials removed tensile strength of 83,000 psi and designed for 5000 psi from inside the shell before filling with water. working pressure with a 4 to 1 safety factor. The first (c) On all dry chemical and dry powder extinguishers chamber shall be a mechanical separator to eliminate oil having an externally mounted gas cartridge for creating and water. Subsequent chambers shall utilize replacement discharge pressure, the cartridge (and some cartridge cartridges to further remove moisture and oil vapor. The receivers) must be removed and a suitable plug inserted dryer system shall process CF before cartridge into the shell opening at the point of removal. 2-30 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 �12 in. h The water supply to the test tun is to be turned on Hasp on 4 in.x 3 in.plate ( ) PP Y pump Piano hingesNGEs and the extinguisher then filled to the top of its collar. - - Flattened, ® 12 1/2 in. 12 112 in expanded metal, (i) For extinguishers tested with their cap in place, the 1/2 in.number ' cap must be tightened SLOWLY while the water supply 16-18gage remains open. When all of the entrapped air within the 1<- shell has been bled off and after water emerges, the cap must be tightened fully. FT, Latch a in. (j) For extinguishers tested with a test bonnet m- fitting, 30 1/2 in. the bonnet or fitting must be tightened FULLY while the 4 in. water supply remains open. When all of the entrapped air within the shell has been bled off and after water emerges, the vent must be closed tightly. 16 in. (k) Pressure is then applied at a rate-of-pressure rise so the test pressure is reached in not less than 30 seconds. This test pressure is maintained for at least 30 seconds. Side 1/2 in.strip Observations are made at this time to note any distortion view �11 in.-► 121/2in.� 12 in. 111/2in. on all edges or leakage of the extinguisher shell. Front View Handle Hose opening (1) If no distortion or leakage is noted and if the test pressure has not dropped, the pressure on the extin- Piano hinges gulsher shell may be released. The extinguisher is then considered to have passed the hydrostatic test. Hasp and latch (m) All traces of water and moisture must be removed from all dry chemical, dry powder, and halogenated agent extinguishers by use of a cylinder dryer. If a heated air stream is used, the temperature within the shell must not exceed 150°F (66°C). (n) Any extinguisher shell that fails this hydrostatic test must be destroyed by the owner at his or her discretion. A-5-5.3 Testing Procedures for Hose Assemblies. For SI Units: I in. = 25.4 nun. Figure A-5-4.3(b) This illustrates a low-pressure, portable hydrostatic (a) The discharge nozzle must be removed from the test cage useful to protect service personnel during such operations.It is hose assembly without removal of any hose couplings. used for hydrostatic tests of extinguishers of the type described in Section 5-5.It is not used for hydrostatic testing of high pressure cylinders.The cage should not be anchored to the floor during test operations. Such (b) For dry chemical and dry powder types, all traces of cages can be made by any metal fabricator. dry chemical or dry powder ❑ ust be removed. (c) The hose assembly is then placed into a protective (d) All wheeled extinguishers equipped with a shutoff device, if available, whose design will permit visual obser- nozzle at the outlet end of the hose must have the hose vation of the test. Personnel testing the hose assembly (complete with couplings but without the discharge nozzle) should remain a safe distance away from the hose being removed and tested separately. tested. NO'I'E: 'Fo conduct maintenance or a hydrostatic test on (d) The hose must be completely filled with water wheeled extinguishers equipped with a regulator(s),discon- before testing. nect the regulator or low-pressure hose front the agent con- tainer. 'Felt the regulator in accordance with procedures stated in A-4-4.2 of the Maintenance Check List. (e) Pressure then is applied at crate-of-pressure rise to reach the test pressure within one minute. The test pres- (e) On all wheeled stored pressure dry chemical extin- sure is to be maintained for one full minute. Observations guishers, the head assembly is to be removed and replaced are then made to note any distortion or leakage. with a suitable test bonnet. (f) The hose of the hydrostatic test pump is then (0 If no distortion or leakage is noted, or the test pres- attached by the flexible connection to the discharge nozzle, sure has not dropped, or the couplings have not moved, . hose assembly, test bonnet, or test fitting, as is applicable. the pressure is then to be released. The hose assembly is In the case of wheeled dry chemical and dry powder extin- then considered to have passed the hydrostatic test. guishers, procedures and fittings should be those recom- (g) Hose assemblies passing the test must then be com- mended by the manufacturer. pletely dried internally. If heat is used for drying, the tem- (g) The extinguisher is then placed in the protective test perature must not exceed 150°F (66°C). cage or barrier or, in the case of wheeled units, placed behind the protective shield before applying the test pres- (h) Hose assemblies failing a hydrostatic test must be sure. destroyed. 2-31 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE A-5-5.4.2 Hydrostatic Test Label. Figure A-5-5.4.2 is a A Trash.Wood-Paper B Liquids-Grease C Eleancal Equip. guide to the design of a hydrostatic test label. FOR CLASS"A" TYPES JAN. FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE a \ For all Water Base HYDRO TESTED BY \ Types cl� In EN hundreds 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 0 P A Trash-Wood•Paper B Liquids-Grease C Electrical Eq uip TESTED TO ob FOR CLASS tens 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 0 r. (PSI) 0. TYPES units 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 0 n pEn: K (1) AFFF JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. I. ° ki (2) FFFP Figure A-5-5.4.2 B Liqu,ds•Grease C Electrical Equip. FOR CLASS TYPES 111 Carbon Dioxide Appendix B Recommended Markings to IndicateIT (2) Dry Chemical Extinguisher Suitability g (4) Halon 1301 In Accordin to Class of Fire (3) Halon 1211 (5)Halon 1211/1301 This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA doeu- A Tr h.wood•Paper B Llgwds•Greaee C Elecm-1 Equip. FOR CLASS ment, but is included for information purposes only. "A,B,C"TYPES (1) Halon 1211 B-1 General. 21 Hal on1211/1301 (3) Multipurpose IM012 1 B-1-1 Markings should be applied by decals that are Dry Chemical durable and color fade resistant. Color Separation Identification(picture symbol objects are Table B-2-1 white; backgroud borders are white) Blue* — background for "YES" symbols ordinary Table B-2-2 Black — background for symbols with slash mark ("NO") — class of fire symbols and wording ♦ 1. Extinguishers suitable for "Class A" Red* — slash mark for black background symbols fires should be identified by a triangle Combustibles containing the letter"A." lfcolored,the B-1-2 Markings should be located on the front of the triangle is colored green.* extinguisher shell. Size and form should permit easy legi- Flammable bility at a distance of 3 ft (1 m). The labels shown in Table B-2-1 are consistent with extinguishers that have been 2. Extinguishers suitable for "Class B" tested and listed in accordance with fire test standards (see fires should be identified by a square 1-4.3). containing the letter "B." If colored, Liquids the square is colored red.* B-1-3 Where markings are applied to wall panels, etc., in Electrical the vicinity of extinguishers, they should permit easy legi- 3. Extinguishers suitable for "Class C" bility at a distance of 15 ft (4.6 m). fires should be identified by a circle containing the letter "C." If colored, B-2 Recommended Marking System. @ the circle is colored blue* Equipment B-2-1 The recommended marking system is a pictorial concept that combines the uses and nonuses of extinguish- Combustible 4. Extinguishers suitable for fires ers on a single label (see Table B-2-1). involving metals should be identified by . a five-pointed star containing the letter Table B-2-1 "D." If colored, the star is colored Typical Pictorial Extinguisher Marking Labels Metals yellow.* Extinguishers suitable for more than one class of fire *NOTE: Recommended colors, per PMS(Pantone Match- should be identified by multiple symbols placed in a hori- ing System): zontal sequence. (BLUE-299) NOTE: Recommended colors from the PMS (Pantone Matching System)are: (RED-Warm Red) Green — Basic Green Red — 192 Red B-2-2 Letter-shaped symbol markings, as previously rec- Blue — Process Blue ommended, are shown in Table B-2-2. Yellow — Basic Yellow 2-32 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Appendix C Extinguisher Selection C-2-2 The successful use of a Class A extinguisher on an incipient fire is directly related to the quantity of combus- This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- tible material (contents and interior finish or both) ment, but is included for information purposes only. involved. The amount of combustibles is sometimes referred to as the "fire loading" of a building, figured as C-1 Principles of Selecting Extinguishers. the average pounds of combustibles per square foot of area. The larger the amount of combustibles, the greater C-1-1 Selection of the best portable fire extinguisher for a the fire loading and the greater the potential fire hazard given situation depends on: that the extinguisher may be called upon to combat. Based on this concept, Class A fire extinguishers are allocated (a) the nature of the combustibles or flammables that according to the average fire loading that may be encoun- might be ignited, tered in the occupancy to be protected. (b) the potential severity (size, intensity, and speed of travel) of any resulting fire, C-2-3 Virtually every structure, even if of fire-resistive or noncombustible construction, has some combustible build- (c) effectiveness of the extinguisher on that hazard, ing components in the form of interior finish, partitions, (d) the ease of use of the extinguisher, etc. Thus, for building protection, extinguishers suitable for Class A fires are standard. Likewise, to virtually every (e) the personnel available to operate the extinguisher situation,whether it be a building,a vehicle,or an outdoor and their physical abilities and emotional reactions as influ- exposure, ordinary combustible materials are found. enced by their training, (f) the ambient temperature conditions and other spe- C-2-4 It is also true that where ordinary combustibles are cial atmospheric considerations (wind, draft, presence of present, there may be the need for extinguishers suitable fumes), for use on Class B and C fires (i.e., in the dining areas of a (g) suitability of the extinguisher for its environment, restaurant the principal combustibles present are wood, paper, and fabrics, which are Class A materials; however, (h) any anticipated adverse chemical reactions between in the kitchen area the essential hazard involves cooking the extinguishing agent and the burning materials, greases, and a Class B extinguisher should be installed). (i) any health and operational safety concerns(exposure of operators during the fire control efforts), and C-2-5 As another example, although in hospitals there is a general need for Class A extinguishers to cover spaces (j) the upkeep and maintenance requirements for the such as the patients' rooms, corridors, offices, etc., Class extinguisher. B:C extinguishers should be available in the laboratories, kitchens, areas where flammable anesthetics are stored or C-1-2 Portable fire extinguishers are designed to cope handled, or in electrical switchgear or generator rooms. with fires of limited size, and are necessary and desirable Each area should be surveyed for its actual fire extin- even though the property may be equipped with automatic guisher requirements, keeping in mind the variety of con- sprinkler protection, standpipe and hose systems, or other ditions that exist in that particular area. fixed fire protective equipment. C-2-6 In connection with Class B (flammable liquid) fires, C-1-3 A fire incident creates conditions of stress and four basic conditions may exist: (1) flammable liquid fires intense excitement. Under these conditions the choice of a of appreciable depth [1/4 in. (.63 cm)or more] such as those correct extinguisher must be made quickly.The protection occurring in dip tanks and quench tanks in industrial planner can help to secure selection of the correct extin- plants, (2) spill fires or running fires where the depth of guisher by (1) locating the extinguisher near fire hazards the liquid does not accumulate appreciably, (3) pressurized for which they are suitable, (2)by use of extinguishers suit- flammable liquid or gas fires from damaged vessels or able for more than one class of fire, (3) by clearly marking product lines, and (4) cooking grease fires of appreciable the intended use (see Appendix B), and (4) by training of depth such as those occurring in deep fat fryers. employees in the use of proper extinguishers. The use of Each of these four conditions presents significantly dif- conspicuous markings to readily identify an extinguisher's ferent problems in extinguishment which can also be fur- suitability is particularly important where extinguishers are ther complicated by variations between indoor and out- grouped or where multiple fire hazards are present in an door conditions. area. C-2-7 The selection of Class B extinguishers to be used C-2 Matching Extinguishers to the Hazard. on pressurized flammable liquids and pressurized gas fires requires special consideration. Fires of this nature are con- C-2-1 The first step in evaluating the selection of an sidered to be a special hazard and only dry chemical types extinguisher for the protection of a property is to deter- of extinguishers should be employed. Other types of Class mine the nature of the materials that might be ignited. B rated fire extinguishers are relatively ineffective on these Some extinguishers are suitable for only one class of fire, hazards. It has been determined that special dry chemical others for two, and still others for three. For example, a nozzle designs and rates of application are required to plain water extinguisher is suitable for Class A fires only. cope with such hazards. 2-33 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE CAUTION: It is undesirable to attempt to extinguish C-3-3 AFFF and FFFP Extinguishers. AFFF (aqueous this type of fire unless there is reasonable assurance that film forming foam) and FFFP (film forming fluoroprotein) the source of fuel can be promptly shut off. type extinguishers are rated for use on both Class A and Class B fires. They are not suitable for use in freezing tem- C-2-8 The Class B ratings given by testing laboratories peratures.An advantage of this type on Class B flammable are based on flammable liquid fires of appreciable depth. liquid fires of appreciable depth is the ability of the agent The numeral thus derived is an approximate indication of to float on and secure the liquid surface, which helps to the relative fire extinguishing potential of the extinguisher. prevent reignition. C-2-9 The size and type of the Class C extinguisher C-3-4 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers. The principal selected should be based on the construction features of advantage of CO.,(carbon dioxide)extinguishers is that the the electrical equipment, the degree of agent contamina- agent does not leave a residue after use. This may be a sig- tion that can be tolerated, the size and extent of Class A nificant factor where protection is needed for delicate and and Class B components, or both, that are a part of the costly electronic equipment. Other typical applications are equipment, and the nature and amount of combustible food preparation areas,laboratories,and printing or dupli- materials in the immediate vicinity. For example, large eating areas. Since the agent is discharged in the form of a motors and power panels will contain a considerable gas/snow cloud, it has a relatively short range of 3 to 8 ft amount of Class A insulating materials as compared to the (1 to 2.4 m).This type of extinguisher is not recommended Class B material in an oil-filled transformer. for outdoor use where windy conditions prevail, or for indoor use in locations that are subject to strong air cur- rents because the agent may rapidly dissipate and prevent C-2-10 Once an analysis is made of the nature of the com- extinguishment. The concentration needed for fire extin- bustibles present and their potential fire severity, a study is guishment reduces the amount of oxygen (air) needed for made of the various candidate extinguishers that might be life safety when the discharge is in a confined area (space). provided to meet fire protection needs. C-3 Selecting the Right Extinguisher. C-3-5 Halogenated Agent Extinguishers. C-3-5.1 The bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211) C-3-1 Selecting the right extinguisher for the class of haz- extinguisher has an agent that is similar to carbon dioxide and depends on a careful analysis of the advantages and in that it is suitable for cold weather installation and leaves disadvantages (under various conditions) of the various no residue. Some larger models of Halon 1211 extinguish- types available. The following paragraphs review some of ers are listed for use on Class A as well as Class B and C the points that should be considered. fires. Compared to carbon dioxide on a weight-of-agent basis,bromochlorodifluoromethane(Halon 1211)is at least C-3-2 Water-type Extinguishers. twice as effective. When discharged, the agent is in the combined form of a gas/mist with about twice the range of carbon dioxide. To some extent, windy conditions or C-3-2.1 The most popular type is the 21/2 gal (9.46 L) s strong air currents may make extinguishment difficult by stored pressure water extinguisher. These extinguishers are being used to replace inverting types of water extin- causing the rapid dispersal of the agent. guishers (soda-acid and cartridge-operated water) that are C-3.5.2 In general, bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301) no longer manufactured. An important advantage of the extinguishers have features and characteristics similar to stored pressure water type, as opposed to inverting types, carbon dioxide extinguishers in that they are suitable for is its ability to be discharged intermittently. Some models cold weather installation and leave no residue. Halon 1301 are suitable for use at freezing conditions when charged as extinguishers are listed for Class B and C fires. Compared specified on the nameplate. to carbon dioxide on a weight-of-agent basis, bromotri- fluoromethane (Halon 1301) is at least as effective. When C-3-2.2 Since the pump tank extinguisher (hand-carry discharged, the agent is in the combined form of a gas/ type) cannot be operated while being carried, it is consid- mist. To some extent, windy conditions or strong air cur- ered somewhat more difficult to use. However, it does pos- rents may make extinguishment difficult by causing the sess some advantages over stored pressure under certain rapid dispersal of the agent. applications. It is an excellent choice for use as a standby C-3-5.3 Extinguishers containing a mixture of Halon extinguisher on welding or cutting operations, protecting 1211 and Halon 1301 share properties of the other haloge- buildings in remote locations, and for use by the construe- nated agent-type extinguishers such as leaving no residue tion industry. It can easily be filled from any convenient, after use and minimizing thermal shock. The mixture of relatively clean water supply,can be used without the need halogenated agents will discharge in the form of a gas/mist for pressurization, and can be easily maintained. For freez- with the ratio of gas to mist increasing with higher ratios of ing conditions, chemical additives containing corrosion Halon 1301 to Halon 1211. The discharge range will like- inhibitors can be used; however, copper and nonmetallic wise be affected by the ratio of Halon 1301 to Halon 1211 tank models are recommended because they will not cor- with the range decreasing as the proportion of Halon 1301 rode as easily. The back pack style of pump tank, which increases. To some extent, windy conditions or strong air can be carried and operated at the same time, is ideally currents may make extinguishments difficult by causing suited for use in combating brush fires. the rapid dispersal of the agent. 2-34 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 C-3-6 Dry Chemical Extinguishers. use by operators who have actually used the equipment, C-3-6.1 Due to the different designs and the various types who have received special instructions on the use of the of dry chemical agents, choosing the most suitable dry equipment, or who have used the equipment in live fire chemical extinguisher requires careful evaluation. Hand training. portable models have a discharge stream that ranges from CARRIAGE 10 to 30 it (3 to 9 m) depending on extinguisher size. ASSEMBLY •74 Compared with carbon dioxide or halogenated agent ►' GEN CYLINDER extinguishers, they will also perform better under windy conditions. AGENT TANK C-3-6.2 Dry chemical extinguishers are available in two a� �� r basic styles: stored pressure and cartridge-operated. The HOSE stored pressure (rechargeable)type is the most widely used and is best suited where infrequent use is anticipated and r) ; where skilled personnel with professional recharge equip- are available. The cartridge-operated type has the advantage of being quickly refilled in remote locations without the need for special equipment. Some dry chemi- -- 1 cal models can be equipped with long-range (high velocity) nozzles or applicators that are beneficial in applying the agent under certain special fire fighting conditions. C-3-6.3 There are five available types of dry chemical agent, and each has certain advantages and disadvantages. �,♦� These advantages and disadvantages should be reviewed by potential users. Figure C-3-7(a) Cylinder-Operated Dry Chemical Type. C-3-6.4 The potassium and urea-potassium base bicar- bonate agents are selected in preference to sodium bicar- bonate, principally because of their greater fire extinguish- ing capabilities. If corrosion is not a factor, potassium Agent level gage chloride can also be included in this group. However, the Pressure gage potassium chloride base agent is corrosive and does not Discharge valve have any specific extinguishing characteristics that are superior to the potassium bicarbonate base agents. Hose assembly C-3-6.5 The ammonium phosphate base agent(multipur- pose) is the only dry chemical agent that is suitable for Class A protection. In addition to Class B and Class C pro-tection, the residues of multipurpose dry chemical when left in contact with metal surfaces can cause corrosion. C-3-6.6 Where dry chemical extinguishers are utilized for Class C protection, it is important to consider that the res- Carriage idue of potassium chloride is more corrosive than other assembly dry chemicals and that a multipurpose base agent will be more difficult to remove because it first softens when in Hose contact with hot surfaces and then hardens when it cools. " support Any of the other dry chemical agents, depending on pro- Agent tection requirements, may prove to be a more practical cylinder choice for Class C protection. Nozzle C-3-7 Wheeled Extinguishers. valve C-3-7.1 The selection of any type of wheeled extinguisher ° is generally associated with a recognized need to provide ° \ additional protection for special hazards or large, extra- ° hazard areas. Where wheeled extinguishers are to be installed, consideration should be given to mobility within the area in which it will be used. C-3-7.2 For outdoor locations, models with rubber tires or wide-rim wheels will be easier to transport. For indoor locations, doorways, aisles, and corridors need to be wide enough to permit the ready passage of the extinguisher. Because of the magnitude of the fire it will generally be used on, this type of extinguisher should be reserved for Figure c-3-7(b) Stored Pressure Halon 1211 Type. 2-35 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Appendix D Operation and Use (e) Mechanically Pumped. The operator provides expel- ling energy by means of a pump, and the vessel containing This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- the agent is not pressurized. ment, but is included for information purposes only. (f) Hand Propelled. The material is applied with scoop, D-1 General. pail, or bucket. D-1-2.2 Several different extinguishing materials are han- D-1-1 Persons who are expected to use an extinguisher dled by each of these expelling means.Table D-1-2 lists the should be made familiar with all information contained in agent and expelling means combinations that are or have the manufacturer's nameplate(s) and the instruction man- been in use. ual. Proper operation of a fire extinguisher requires the operator to execute several basic steps in a certain Table D-1-2 sequence. The extinguisher designer, the approval agen- Extinguisher Operation and Methods of Expelling ties, the installer,and the protection planner can influence Expelling Methods significantly the ease and likelihood of these steps being C b„ accomplished properly. D-1-1.1 Fire extinguishers will be used by one or more of "a a .p the following groups of people, listed in descending order of their probable skill: Extinguishing Materials V y U Z W a x Water and Antifreeze.................. x x x x Fire departments (municipal or industrial) (trained). Soda-Acid (Water)...................... x Wetting Agent.......................... x x Employees (business or industrial) (trained or Foam..................................... x untrained). AFFF and FFFP........................ x x Loaded Stream......................... x x home, car, boat, etc. Multipurpose Dry Chemical.......... x x Private owners ( ) (untrained). Carbon dioxide......................... x Dry Chemical........................... x x The general public (untrained). Halogenated Agents................... x x Dry Powder(Metal Fires)............. x x x D-1-1.2 Where employees have not been trained, opera- tion of extinguishers may be seriously delayed, the extin- D-2 Basic Steps to Operate Extinguishers. guishing material may be wasted due to poor application techniques, and more extinguishers may have to be used, D-2.1 The basic steps necessary to put an extinguisher or the fire may not be extinguished. into operation are: Recognition as an extinguisher. D-1-1.3 It is not enough for the protection planner to determine the hazard of a location or area within a build- Selection and suitability of an extinguisher. ing and then select a proper type and size of fire extin- guisher to fit the hazard. He must take into account any Transport of an extinguisher to the fire. problems of getting the extinguisher into action, and the Actuation of the extinguisher. difficulty of properly applying the extinguishing agent. He should also consider who is the most likely to use the extin- Application of the extinguishing agent to the fire. guisher, and estimate the degree of skill or training that person may have. D-2-2 Recognition as an Extinguisher. The following D-1-2 Methods of Extinguisher Operation. will help a person to recognize an extinguisher. D-2-2.1 Approval agencies require permanent marking D-1-2.1 The methods of operation of extinguishers are on the front of fire extinguishers indicating their purpose, most conveniently arranged by grouping extinguishers content, and usage. according to their expelling means. Six methods are in common use. D-2-2.2 Additional markings, not a part of the device, (a) Self-generating. Actuation causes gases that provide may be needed to indicate the location of an extinguisher. expellant energy to be generated. These should preferably be standardized throughout the (b) Self-expelling. The agents have sufficient vapor property so all extinguishers are easily "spotted." These pressure at normal operating temperatures to expel them- markings may be in the form of electric lights, placards, selves. mounting boards, overhead signs, color panels or stripes, or cabinets. They may be distinctively colored by painting (c) Gas Cartridge or Cylinder. Expellant gas is confined or reflective taping. in a separate pressure vessel until an operator releases it to pressurize the extinguisher shell. D-2-2.3 If extinguishers are located along the normal exit (d) Stored Pressure. The extinguishing material and paths from an area, personnel are more inclined to take expellant gas are kept in a single container. them and return to the site of a fire. 2-36 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 D-2-3 Transport of an Extinguisher to the Fire. D-2-5 Expellant Gas/Pressure. D-2-3.1 An extinguisher should be mounted and located D-2-5.1 Many of the extinguishers 'described in this so it can be easily removed in a fire emergency and appendix are of the stored pressure or cartridge-operated brought to the site of the fire as quickly as possible. It type. Since the operating characteristics of these two types should be readily accessible without need for moving or are similar, regardless of agent used, they are described climbing over stock, materials, or equipment. generally in the following paragraphs. D-2-3.2 Portability is affected by the weight of the extin- D-2-5.2 In stored pressure models, the expellant gas and guisher, travel distance to a possible fire, the need for car- extinguishing agent are stored in a single chamber, and rying the unit up or down stairs or ladders, the need for the discharge is controlled by a shutoff valve or nozzle. using gloves, the overall congestion of the premises, and the physical ability of the operators. D-2-5.3 In cartridge-operated models, the expellant gas is stored in a separate cartridge or may be stored in an D-2-3.3 In the case of wheeled extinguishers,the width of expellant-gas cylinder (wheeled models), located within or aisles and doorways and the nature of the flooring and adjacent to the shell containing the extinguishing agent. outside grounds over which the extinguisher must be These extinguishers are actuated by releasing the expellant moved should be taken into account. gas that expels the agent. In most models, the discharge may subsequently be controlled by a shutoff valve or D-2-4 Actuation of the Extinguisher. nozzle. D-2-4.1 Once the extinguisher has been transported to D-3 Application Techniques. the fire site, it must be placed into operation without delay. Employees should be familiar with any steps needed to D-3-1 General. actuate any extinguisher. Here is where previous training is most valuable, since there is little time to stop and read D-3-1.1 Many fire extinguishers deliver their entire quan- operating instructions on the nameplate. tity of extinguishing material in 8 to 10 seconds (although some take 30 seconds or longer to discharge). The agent D-2-4.2 To actuate an extinguisher, one or more of the must be applied correctly at the outset since there is sel- following steps are required: dom time for experimentation. In many extinguishers the discharge may be started or stopped by a valve. When POSITION FOR OPERATION — The intended posi- using some extinguishers on flammable liquid fires,the fire tion for operation is usually marked on the extinguisher. may flare up momentarily when the agent is initially When the position of operation is obvious (such as when applied. one hand holds the extinguisher and the other hand holds the nozzle), this information may be omitted. D-3-1.2 The best technique of applying the extinguisher REMOVAL OF RESTRAINING OR LOCKING discharge on a fire varies with the type of extinguishing DEVICES — Many extinguishers have an operation safe- material. guard or locking device that prevents accidental actuation. The most common device is a lock pin or ring pin which ' D-4 Extinguisher Characteristics. must be withdrawn before operation. Other forms of such devices are clips, cams, levers, or D-4-1 Water Types. This includes water, antifreeze, hose or nozzle restrainers. Most tamper indicators (such as soda-acid, wetting agent, and loaded stream extinguishers. wire and lead seals)will break with removal of the restrain- These extinguishers are intended primarily for use on ing device. Class A fires. The stream should be directed at the base of the flames, and after extinguishment of flames, directed On some extinguishers the restraining device is generally at smoldering or glowing surfaces. Application arranged to disengage when the unit is normally handled. should begin as close as possible to the fire. Deep-seated No separate motion is required. This type of restraining fires should be thoroughly soaked and may need to be device is especially suited for use by private owners and the "broken apart" to effect complete extinguishment. general public since prior instruction is seldom possible. START OF DISCHARGE — This requires one or more D-4-1.1 Stored Pressure Water. Hand extinguishers of of several actions such as inverting, bumping, turning or this type are usually available in 21/2-gal (9.46-L) capacity squeezing a valve handle or lever, pushing a lever, or with a fire extinguishment rating of 2-A. Since the agent pumping.These may cause a gas to be generated, release a used is fresh water, this extinguisher cannot be installed in gas from a separate container, open a normally closed areas subjected to temperatures below 40°F (4°C). This valve, or create a pressure within the container. same type of extinguisher is also manufactured in an anti- freeze model charged with an approved solution that will AGENT APPLICATION —This act involves direction of afford protection to temperatures as low as -40°F (-40°C). the stream of extinguishing agent onto the fire. Nameplate The extinguisher weighs about 30 lb(14 kg)and has a solid information has advisory notes regarding the application stream range of approximately 35 to 40 It (10.7 to 12.2 m) of the agent to different types of fires. Specific application horizontally. This extinguisher can be operated intermit- techniques are described in Section D-3. tently, but under continuous use, it has a discharge time of 2-37 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE about 55 seconds. The operating lever is held in a locked the fire as the flames subside, the operator must stop position to prevent,accidental discharge while being car- pumping and carry the extinguisher to a new location.The ried. Most manufacturers use a ring pin that must be force, range, and duration of the stream are dependent, to pulled out before the operating lever can be depressed.To a degree, on the operator. do this, it is best to set the extinguisher on the ground and, while loosely holding the combination handle in one hand, They can be filled with either plain water or antifreeze pull out the ring pin (or release a small latch) with the charges recommended by the extinguisher manufacturer. other hand. Then, grasp the hose and nozzle in one hand Common salt or other freezing depressants may corrode and squeeze the discharge lever with the other. the extinguisher, damage the pump assembly, or affect the fire extinguishing capability. Copper shell and nonmetallic models do not corrode as easily as steel and are recom- Pressure mended for use in conjunction with antifreeze agents. Discharge gage lever O Carrying handle Carrying handle a 10 D 7 ° \� \ a) \Hose 0 cco - connection o E N. N Q a) ` Water Or _ — c CU D antAreeze tnVsolution _ N p0 o o L -- Plunger co �\ Figure D-4-1.3 Pump Tank Fire Extinguisher. Figure D-4-1.1 Stored Pressure Water Extinguisher. D-4-1.4 Back Pack. This type of pump extinguisher is primarily used for fighting outdoor fires in brush and wild- D-4-1.2 Loaded Stream. Hand extinguishers of this type lands. The tank has a capacity of 5 gal (19 L) and weighs have been made with liquid capacities from 1 to 21/2 gal approximately 50 1b (23 kg) when full. Although it is listed (3.8 to 9.46 L) having fire extinguishing ratings of 1-A:1-B by UL, it does not have a designated rating. Generally, to 3-A:1-B. Due to limited effectiveness, these extinguishers plain water is used as the extinguishant. However, anti- are no longer recognized (listed) for use on Class B fires. freeze agents, wetting agents, or other special water-base Wheeled extinguishers have been made having liquid agents may be used.The tank may be constructed of fiber- capacities of 17 and 33 gal (64 and 125 L) [trade designa- glass, stainless steel, galvanized steel, or brass. As its name tions 20 and 40 gal (76 and 151 L)] having fire extinguish- implies, it is designed to be carried on the operator's back. ment ratings of 10-A to 20-A. The chemical used is a solu- The back pack extinguisher has a large opening for fast tion of an alkali-metal-salt that will not freeze at refilling as well as a tight fitting filter to prevent foreign temperatures as low as -40°F (-40°C). material from entering and clogging the pump. This design permits convenient refilling from nearby water D-4-1.3 Pump Tank. Extinguishers of this type have sources such as ponds, lakes, or streams. The most corn- been made in 11/2-to 5-gal(5.7-to 19-L)capacities with fire monly used model has a trombone-type, double-acting pis- extinguishment ratings of 1-A to 4-A. The most common ton pump connected to the tank by a short length of rub- type is 21/2 gal (9.46 L), rated at 2-A. These extinguishers ber hose. Discharge occurs when the operator, holding the have cylindrical metal containers and carrying handles. In pump in both hands, moves the piston section back and some models, the carrying handle is combined with the forth. Models have also been manufactured with compres- pump handle, and in others it is attached to the container. sion pumps mounted on the right side of the tank. Expel- A built-in, hand-operated vertical piston pump, to which a lant pressure is built up with about 10 strokes of the han- short rubber hose and nozzle are attached, provides the dle, and then maintained by continual slow, easy pumping means for discharging the water onto the fire. The pump strokes. Discharge is controlled with the left hand by is of the double-acting type, which discharges a stream of means of a lever-operated shutoff nozzle attached to the water on both the up and down strokes. When brought to end of the hose. a fire, the pump tank is placed on the ground and, to steady the unit, the operator puts one foot on a small D-4-1.5 Soda-Acid. This extinguisher was most com- extension bracket attached to the base. To force the water monly manufactured in the 21/2-gal (9.46-L) size, weighing through the hose, the operator then pumps the handle up approximately 30 lb (14 kg)fully charged, with a listed rat- and down. To work around the fire, or to move closer to ing of 2-A. Some models were manufactured in the hand 2-38 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 with a small cylinder of carbon dioxide gas that provides Punp and nozzles Carryinthe expellant force to discharge the water. Models were handle also manufactured that employed an approved antifreeze —_ _-_— agent in place of water. For locations subjected to temper- atures below 40°F (4°C), the antifreeze model should be ---- Filling -- filter - used.To operate, invert the extinguisher and bump it gen- tly on the ground (hard surface)while holding the recessed bottom handle. In some models, bumping may not be nec- water or essary because the weight of the gas cartridge causes it to antrtrsezesolution fall against a puncturing device. Sometimes this model Hose must be lightly bumped on the ground in order to break connection the seal. Figure D-4-1.4 Pump Tank Back Pack Fire Extinguisher. portable sizes of 11/4 and 11/2 gal (4.7 and 5.7 L) and in v wheeled models with liquid capacities of 17 and 33 gal (64 and 125 L) [trade designations, 20 and 40 gal (76 and dioxide dioxide 151 L)] having fire extinguishment ratings of 10-A and 20-A. These extinguishers are now considered obsolete since their manufacture in the United States was discontin- ued in 1969; they should be replaced with currently avail- able models.As its name implies, this extinguisher contains Wader or two chemicals: sodium bicarbonate and sulfuric acid. To antifreeze operate, the extinguisher must be inverted, which causes intermixing of these products and produces a chemical reaction that forms carbon dioxide gas to expell the extin- guishing agent, consisting principally of water in a neutral state. Once the extinguisher is inverted, it is carried by a handle recessed in the bottom of the shell. The discharge Figure D-4-1.6 Cartridge-Operated Water Fire Extinguisher. time for this extinguisher is approximately 55 seconds. This extinguisher cannot be installed in locations that are subjected to temperatures below 40°F (4°C). Antifreeze D-4-1.7 Wetting Agent. Extinguishers of this type are additives cannot be added for protection. usually available in hand portable moclCls of 1 l/2 gal (5.7 L) and in wheeled models having liquid capacities of 45 and 60 gal(170 and 228 L)."These extinguishers have ratings of 2-A, 30-A, and 40-A, respectively. The extinguishing agent used is a surface-active material added to water in proper quantities to materially reduce the surface tension of the water and thus increase penetrating and spreading charac- � � teristics (see NFPA 18, Standard oti Wetting Agetits). Hand Cn pot-table models are of the stored pressure design and are operated essentially the same as other stored pressure o types. Wheeled extinguishers are operated by a separate g o carbon dioxide cartridge containing the expellant gas F" which, when released, expels the agent through the hose nozzle. "These extinguishers must be protected from expo- sure to temperatures below 40°F (4°C). D-4-1.8 Fire Pails, Drums with Pails, and Bucket Tanks. Figure D-4-1.5 Soda-Acid Fire Extinguisher. D-4-1.8.1 Small water supplies applied with fire pails are of limited fire-extinguishing value.The following combina- tions are considered as possessing twt, units of extinguish- D-4-1.6 Cartridge-Operated Water. This type of extin- ing potential (2-A) for Class A fires. guisher closely resembles the soda-acid extinguisher. In (a) Five 12-qt (I I-L) water-filled standard fire pails. general, their operational and fire fighting characteristics (b) Six 10-qt (9-L) water-filled standard fire pails. are very similar. The most common model manufactured was the 21/2-gal (9.46-L) size, which had a listed rating of (c) Drum, cask, or barrel of approximately 55-gal 2-A. Some 11/4-gal (4.7-L) models rated at A-1 were also (208-L) capacity, with at least three standard fire pails manufactured. This extinguisher is now considered obso- attached. lete since its manufacture in the United States was discon- (d) Bucket tanks of 25- to 55-gal (95- to 208-L)capacity, tinued in 1969; they should be replaced with currently with standard fire pails [either (a) or (b) above] immersed available models. The extinguisher shell contains water, therein. 2-39 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE D-4-1.8.2 Standard fire pails are made of galvanized steel D-4-2.1 AFFF and FFFP. Extinguishers of this type are of at least No. 24 USS gage, with rounded bottoms welded usually available in hand portable models of 21/2-gal in place or otherwise suitably reinforced, furnished with (9.46-L) liquid solution or solid charge types and in stamped ears welded in place,and with strong wire bail and wheeled models having a liquid capacity of 33 gal (125 L). loose-fitting metal covers to exclude debris and retard These extinguishers have ratings of 3-A:20-B, 3-A:40-B, evaporation. and 20-A:160-B, respectively. The extinguishing agent is a solution of film forming surfactant in water that forms D-4-1.8.3 Casks, drums, or barrels should preferably be mechanical foam when discharged through an aspirating of metal of No. 24 USS gage thickness or better, and nozzle. On Class A fires, the agent acts as both a coolant should have covers. Fire pails may be hung on sides of the and penetrant to reduce temperatures to below the igni- containers or immersed therein. Pails, casks, drums, or tion level. On Class B fires, the agent acts as a barrier to bucket tanks should be painted bright red with the word exclude air or oxygen from the fuel surface. "FIRE"stenciled in large letters on their outside with black Pressure Discharge or other contrasting colored paint. If antifreezing solution lever is used,the surfaces of pails,drums,or bucket tanks should gage be coated with red lead or oil,followed by a coat of asphalt- Carrying base paint. Casks should be heavily coated with pitch. handle D-4-1.8.4 When located where continued temperatures below 40°F (4°C) may be encountered, containers should C' be filled with an antifreeze solution consisting of 75 to 80 CZN percent calcium chloride (free from magnesium chloride) a c° dissolved in water. Table D-4-1.8.4 shows approximately te E the temperature at which the solutions will freeze. Q o ` o N c \ \ t Table D-4-1.8.4 L cc) Z To Make 10 Gallons Antifreeze Solutions" \ \ o Approx. X�` a Freezing Calcium E Temp. Water Chloride Specific Degrees OF °C gal L lb kg Gravity Baume �X .�� 10 —12 9 34 20 9.1 1.139 17.7 0 —18 8 1/2 32 25 11 1.175 21.6 —10 —23 8 30 291/2 13 1.205 24.7 Figure D-4-2.1(a) Stored Pressure AFFF or FFFP Liquid Extinguisher. —20 —29 8 30 331/2 15 1.228 26.9 —30 —34 8 30 361/2 17 1.246 28.6 Pressure Discharge —40 —40 8 30 40 18 1.263 30.2 gage lever 'This solution should not be used in extinguishers.Only solutions supplied Carrying by the manufacturers should be used in stored pressure and cartridge- operated water extinguishers and in pump tank extinguishers where an handle antifreeze solution is desired. N t 'rn U D-4-2 Foam Types. These extinguishers are intended for o t use on Class A and Class B fires. On flammable liquid fires to e of appreciable depth, best results are obtained when the ` . _ discharge from the extinguisher is played against the \� Q) inside of the back wall of the vat or tank just above the B� o burning surface to permit the natural spread of the foam m back over the burning liquid. If this cannot be done, the .CZ N ��•_ operator should stand far enough away from the fire to 'a °c `\\ `c allow the foam to fall lightly upon the burning surface — m E a) t the stream should not be directed into the burning liquid. o `� C Where possible, the operator should walk around the fire Q \� while directing the stream to get maximum coverage dur- ing the discharge period. For fires in ordinary combustible materials, the foam may be used to coat the burning sur- face directly. For flammable-liquid spill fires, the foam may be flowed over a burning surface by bouncing it off the Figure D-4.2.1(b) Stored Pressure AFFF Solid Charge Extinguisher. floor just in front of the burning area. Foam is not effective on flammable liquids and gases escaping under pressure. Grades of these agents are also suitable for the protec- The type of foam produced is not suitable for fires involv- tion of water-soluble flammable liquids (polar solvents) ing ethers, alcohols, esters, acetone, lacquer thinners, car- such as alcohols, acetone, esters, ketones, etc. The suitabil- bon disulfide, and other flammable liquids that either ity of these extinguishers for polar solvent fires must be break down or penetrate the foam blanket. specifically referenced on the nameplate. 2-40 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Specific information of the properties and limitations of position (at an angle of about 45 degrees) toward the cen- AFFF and FFFP are contained in NFPA 11, Standard for. ter of the burning area. Generally, the horn is not moved, Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems. as in the other method, because the discharge stream enters the fire from above and spreads out in all directions The hand portable models closely resemble stored pres- over burning surface. For spill fires, the side-to-side sweep- sure water extinguishers except for the special types of ing motion may give better results. nozzles. They are available in two basic types. One type contains a liquid solution of AFFF or FFFP in the tank [see On fires involving electrical equipment, discharge Figure D-4-2.1(a)]. The other type contains plain water in should be directed at the source of the flames. It is impor- the tank and a replaceable charge of solid AFFF in a com- tant to de-energize the equipment as soon as possible, to partment of the nozzle [see Figure D-4-2.1(b)]. Both types eliminate the potential of reignition. are placed into operation by the same procedure used for The carbon dioxide agent extinguishes by diluting the water extinguishers. Wheeled types are operated by a sep- surrounding atmosphere with an inert gas, so that oxygen arate nitrogen cylinder containing the expellant gas which, levels are kept below the percentage required for combus- when released, pressurizes the agent container. The dis- tion. When this type of extinguisher is used in an unventi- charge is controlled by a special aspirating shut-off type of lated space, such as a small room,closet, or other confined nozzle at the end of the hose assembly. These types of area, prolonged occupancy of that space can result in the extinguishers can be used only in locations not subject to loss of consciousness due to oxygen deficiency. freezing conditions unless special measures are provided to prevent agent from freezing as recommended by the man- Hand extinguishers of this type are usually available at ufacturer. capacities from 21/2 to 20 lb (1.1 to 9.1 kg) having fire extinguishment ratings from 1-to 10-B:C. Wheeled carbon D-4-2.2 Foam (Chemical). Foam extinguishers are simi- dioxide extinguishers are usually available in capacities lar in external appearance to soda-acid extinguishers. from 50 to 100 lb (23 to 45 kg) having fire extinguishment They were most commonly manufactured in the 21/2-gal ratings from 10- to 20-B:C.The carbon dioxide is retained (9.46-L) size, weighing about 30 lb (14 kg) fully charged.A under its own pressure in a fluid condition at room tem- typical listed rating for the 21/2-gal (9.46-L) size was 2-A:4- perature. The agent is self-expelling and is discharged by B. Other sizes manufactured included 1 i/4-gal (4.7-L) and operation of a valve that causes the carbon dioxide to be 1 1/2-gal (5.7-L) hand portables and wheeled models with expelled through a horn in its vapor and solid phase. To liquid capacities of 17 and 33 gal (64 and 125 L) [trade operate,the extinguisher is held in an upright position,the designations, 20 and 40 gal (76 and 151 L)] having fire locking ring pin is pulled, and the operating lever is extinguishment ratings from 10-A:12-B to 20-A:40-B. squeezed. On the smaller 2- to 5-lb (0.91- to 2.3-kg) mod- These extinguishers are now considered obsolete since els, the discharge horn is attached to the valve assembly by their manufacture in the United States was discontinued in a metal tube/swing joint connector.The smaller models are 1969; they should be replaced with currently available designed to be operated with one hand. On the larger models. The extinguisher has an inner chamber or cylin- hand portables, the discharge horn is attached to several der, fitted with a loose stopple, which contains an alumi- feet of flexible hose. These extinguishers require a "two num sulfate solution. The main extinguisher shell is filled hand" operation. The minimum discharge time for hand with a solution of sodium bicarbonate and a foam- portables varies from 8 to 30 seconds, depending upon stabilizing agent. To operate, the extinguisher must be size. The maximum range of the discharge stream is from inverted, which allows the intermixing of these agents. 3 to 8 ft (1 to 2.4 m). Carbon dioxide gas is formed to expell the liquid foam extinguishant, which expands at the ratio of about one to eight. These extinguishers cannot be installed in locations DISCHARGE DISCHARGE LEVER that are subjected to temperatures below 40°F (4OC). LEVER C CARRYING HANDLE Antifreeze additives cannot be used to provide protec- tion against freezing temperatures.The general method of _ placing this extinguisher into operation is the same as for the soda-acid extinguisher. �w 0- D-4-3 Carbon Dioxide Type. This type of extinguisher is 0 V - primarily intended for use on Class B and Class C fires. They have a limited range and are affected by draft and wind; thus,initial application must start reasonably close to the fire. On all fires, the discharge should be directed at - the base of the flames. The discharge should be applied to the burning surface even after the flames are extinguished, to allow added time for cooling and to prevent possible reflash. The most commonly used method of agent appli- Figure D-4-3(a) Figure D-4-3(b) cation on contained flammable liquid fires is to start at the Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher. Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher. near edge and direct the discharge in a slow, side-to-side sweeping motion,gradually progressing toward the back of the fire. The other method is called overhead application. The discharge horn is directed in a dagger or downward 2-41 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE D-4-4 Halogenated Agent Types. Halon 1211- or Halon varies from 13 to 15 seconds depending on size, with a 1211/1301-type extinguishers are rated for use on Class B stream range of 4 to 6 ft (1.2 to 1.8 m). Upon activation, and Class C fires. Larger models also are rated for Class A the vapor pressure causes the agent to expand so that the fires. Halon 1301 extinguishers are intended primarily for discharge stream consists of a mixture of liquid droplets use on Class B and Class C fires. On flammable liquid fires, and vapor. Although the agent has a high vapor pressure best results are obtained when the discharge from the and is self-expelling, a booster charge of nitrogen is added extinguisher is employed to sweep the flame off the burn- to improve operation. ing surface, applying the discharge first at the near edge of the fire and gradually progressing toward the back of the fire by moving the discharge nozzle slowly from side to side. In using extinguishers of this type in unventilated places, such as small rooms, closets, or confined spaces, operators and other persons should avoid breathing the Sv' extinguishing agent or the gases produced by thermal decomposition. I D-4-4.1 Bromochlorodifluoromethane — Halon 1211. Stored pressure extinguishers of this type are available in capacities from 2 to 22 lb (0.91 to 10 kg) having fire extin- guishment ratings from 2-B:C to 4-A:80-B:C and wheeled models with a capacity of 150 lb (68 kg) and a fire extin- guishment rating of 30-A:160-B:C. Although the agent is retained under pressure in a liquid state and is self- expelling, a booster charge of nitrogen is added to ensure proper operation. Upon actuation, the vapor pressure causes the agent to expand so that the discharge stream consists of a mixture of liquid droplets and vapor. The smaller sizes have a horizontal stream range of 9 to 15 ft (2.7 to 4.6 m) that is not affected by wind as much as car- Figure D-4-4.2 Halon 1301 Stored Pressure Fire Extinguisher. bon dioxide or Halon 1301. Deep-seated Class A fires may need to be broken apart to effect complete extinguishment. On Class B fires, the discharge is applied in a side-to-side D-4-4.3 Bromochlorodifluoromethane / Bromotrifluoro- motion gradually progressing toward the back of the fire. methane Mixtures — Halon 1211 and Halon 1301. The extinguisher should be discharged initially from not Extinguishers of this type are available in capacities from closer than 8 ft (2.4 m) to prevent splashing when applied 1.0 to 20 lb (0.45 to 9 kg) having fire extinguishment rat- to depths of flammable liquid. ings from 1-B:C to 4-A:80-B:C. The halogenated agent mixture is retained under pressure in a liquid state and is self-expelling. Some of these extinguishers are superpres- Pressure Discharge surized with nitrogen. Upon actuation, the vapor pressure gage lever causes the agent to expand so that the discharge stream is Carrying in the form of a gas/mist. These extinguishers have a hori- Q handle zontal stream range of 3 to 18 ft (0.9 to 5.5 m) that is not affected by wind as much as carbon dioxide or Halon 1301. Deep-seated Class A fires may need to be broken apart to 0 effect complete extinguishment. On Class B fires, the dis- charge is applied in a side-to-side motion progressing c`C o toward the back of the fire. r c 5 u D-4-5 Dry Chemical Types. Dry chemical extinguishers o (sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium o a bicarbonate urea base, bicarbonate urea base,or potassium CZ= in chloride base) are intended primarily for use on Class B and Class C fires. Dry chemical extinguishers (multipur- pose ammonium phosphate base) are intended for use on Class A, Class B, and Class C fires. There are two methods whereby a dry chemical agent can be discharged from an Figure D-4-4.1 Halon 1211 Stored Pressure Fire Extinguisher. extinguisher shell depending on the basic design of the extinguisher. They are the cartridge/cylinder-operated method and the stored pressure method. Regardless of D-4-4.2 Bromotrifluoromethane — Halon 1301. Stored extinguisher design, the method of agent application is pressure extinguishers of this type may be available in basically the same. Stored pressure extinguishers are avail- capacities of 3 and 4 lb(1.36 and 1.81 kg) having fire extin- able in capacities from 1 to 30 lb (0.5 to 14 kg) for hand guishment ratings from 2-B:C to 5-B:C. The design, oper- extinguishers and 125 to 250 lb (57 to 113.5 kg) for ation characteristics, and fire fighting techniques are simi- wheeled extinguishers. Cartridge/cylinder-operated extin- lar to that of carbon dioxide extinguishers. The discharge guishers are available in capacities from 4 to 30 lb (1.8 to 2-42 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Di er arge Discharge lever Pressure gage O CAP' PUNCTURING Carrying handle LEVER Nozzle Nozzle—' ....... Carrying XXXIIhandle o Figure D-4-5(b) Cartridge-operated Dry Chemical Extinguisher. (a)Stored pressure type with gage (b)Self-expelling type agents can be used at the same time that water (straight Figure D-4-4.3. stream or fog) is being applied. The use of dry chemical extinguishers on wet energized electrical equipment (such as rain-soaked utility poles, high-voltage switch gear, and 14 kg) for hand extinguishers and 45 to 350 1b (20 to transformers) may aggravate electrical leakage problems. 159 kg) for wheeled extinguishers. The dry chemical, in combination with moisture, provides Dry chemical extinguishers are also available in nonre- an electrical path that can reduce the effectiveness of insu- chargeable, nonrefillable types that contain the agent and lation protection. The removal of all traces of dry chemical expellant gas in a single, nonreuseable, factory-filled con- from such equipment after extinguishment is recom- tainer. Most dry chemical extinguishers having ratings of mended. 20-B and less will discharge their contents in 8 to 20 sec- onds. Extinguishers with higher ratings may take as long as Pressure Discharge 30 seconds. Therefore, since there is little time for experi- gage lever mentation, it is important that the operator be prepared to Carrying correctly apply the agent at the outset. All dry chemical Nozzle handle extinguishers can be carried and operated simultaneously, and can be discharged intermittently. The discharge stream has a horizontal range of 5 to 30 ft (1.5 to 9.2 m), m depending on extinguisher size. When used on outdoor fires, maximum effectiveness can be achieved when the 0 201 direction of the wind is on the back of the operator. a a o U) Figure D-4.5(c) Stored Pressure Dry Chemical with Fixed Nozzle. NO LE DISCHARGE LEVER /1 CARRYING D-4-5.1 Ordinary Dry Chemical Extinguishers (Class B "HANDLE and Class C Fires). Hand extinguishers of this type are available with fire extinguishing ratings of 1-B:C to 160- B:C and wheeled models having fire extinguishment ratings from 80-B:C to 640-B:C.The fire extinguishing agent used r is a specially treated material in a finely divided form. Types of agents available are: sodium bicarbonate base, potassium bicarbonate base, potassium chloride base, or potassium bicarbonate urea base. Sonic formulations of these agents are specially treated to be relatively compati- ble for use with air foam (mechanical foam). For use on flammable liquid fires, the stream should be directed at the base of the flame. Best results are generally obtained by attacking the near edge of the fire and progressing toward Figure D-4-5(a) Stored Pressure Dry Chemical Extinguisher. the back of the fire by moving the nozzle rapidly with a side-to-side sweeping motion. Care must also be taken not to direct the initial discharge directly at the burning sur- Special long-range nozzles are available where potential face at close range [less than 5 to 8 ft (1.5 to 2.4 m)] fire fighting conditions may require greater distance. because the high velocity of the stream may cause splash- These nozzles are also useful on pressurized gas or liquid ing and/or scattering of the burning material.Although not fires, or where strong winds prevail. All dry chemical listed for use on Class A fires, ordinary dry chemical may 2-43 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE be used to rapidly knock down the flames. Once the flames I sure dry powder extinguishers with an extension wand are extinguished, the operator can kick or poke apart the applicator are available in a 30-)b (14-kg) model. The fire debris.This will assist and hasten the natural cooling of extinguishing agent is composed of sodium chloride, with the burning embers. Hot spots or small areas that reignite additives to render it free flowing in order to cause it to can be controlled with short intermittent bursts of agent. form a crust over the fire. A thermoplastic material is Water should then be applied to extinguish burning added to bind the sodium chloride particles into a solid embers or deep-seated hot spots. It is recommended that mass when applied on burning metals. Other specialized this method of extinguishment be attempted only if the dry powder agents are available for use in fighting specific operator has had training and previous experience in this types of metal fires. With the nozzle fully opened,the hand technique. portable models have a range of 6 to 8 ft (1.8 to 2.4 m). The method of agent application depends on the type of D-4-5.2 Multipurpose Dry Chemical Extinguishers(Class metal, the quantity that is burning, and its physical form. A,Class B,and Class Fires). Extinguishers of this type In the case of a very hot fire, initial discharge should be contain an ammonium phosphate base agent. Hand extin- started at maximum range with the nozzle fully opened. guishers are available with fire extinguishment ratings of Once control is established, the nozzle valve should be par- 1-to 20-A and 10-to 120-B:C and wheeled models with fire tially closed to produce a soft heavy flow so that complete extinguishment ratings of 20- to 40-A and 60- to 320-B:C. coverage can be accomplished safely at close range. The Multipurpose agents are used in exactly the same manner nozzle is designed so that the operator can throttle or as ordinary dry chemical agents on Class B fires. For use reduce the rate and force of the agent discharge. Since on Class A fires, the multipurpose agent has the additional combustible metal fires can produce complex and difficult characteristic of softening and sticking when in contact fire fighting conditions, it is advisable to get specific details with hot surfaces. In this way, it can adhere to burning on equipment use from the manufacturer. materials and form a coating that will smother and isolate the fuel from air. When applying the agent, it is important to try to coat all burning areas in order to eliminate or minimize the number of small embers that may be a poten- P1JNCT1JR1Nc tial source of reignition. The agent itself has little cooling �°P' LEVER effect and because of its surface coating characteristic it cannot penetrate below the burning surface. For this rea son, extinguishment of deep-seated fires may not be accomplished unless the agent is discharged below the sur- .. . o face or the material is broken apart and spread out. D-4-6 Dry Powder YP Powd Types. These extinguishers and a g o. agents are intended for use on Class D fires and specific metals, following special techniques and manufacturer's recommendations for use.The extinguishing agent may be applied from an extinguisher or by scoop and shovel. The technique of applying the agent to the fire may vary with the type and form of the agent and combustible metal.The Figure D-4-6.1(a) Cartridge-Operated Dry Powder Extinguisher. application of the agent should be of sufficient depth to adequately cover the fire area and provide a smothering blanket. Additional applications may be necessary to cover D-4-6.2 Bulk Dry Powder Agent. In bulk form,dry pow- any hot spots that may develop.The material should be left der extinguishing agents are available in 40-and 50-1b (18- undisturbed until the mass has cooled before disposal is and 23-kg) pails and 350-1b (159-kg) drums. In addition to attempted. Care should be taken to avoid scattering the the sodium chloride base agent, a dry powder material burning metal. Fires in finely divided combustible metal or called G-1 is also available.This material consists of graded, combustible metal alloy scrap that is moist, wet with water granular graphite to which is added compounds contain- or water-soluble machine lubricants, or on water-wetted ing phosphorus to improve its fire extinguishing effective- surfaces, is likely to burn rapidly and violently. They may ness. Whereas the sodium chloride can be used in a dry even be of an explosive nature. They can develop so much powder extinguisher or applied by shovel or hand scoop, heat that they cannot be approached closely enough to the G-1 agent must be applied to the fire by hand. When permit proper application of the extinguishing medium. G-1 is applied to a metal fire, the heat of the fire causes the Where the burning metal is on a combustible surface, the phosphorus compounds to generate vapors that blanket fire should be covered with dry powder, then a 1- or 2-in. the fire and prevent air from reaching the burning metal. (2.5-or 5.1-cm)layer of powder spread out nearby and the The graphite, being a good conductor of heat, cools the burning metal shoveled into this layer with more dry pow- metal to below the ignition point. Each extinguishing agent der added as needed. is listed for use on the specific combustible metal fires for which it has been found acceptable, as determined by indi- D-4-6.1 Dry Powder Extinguisher. Dry powder extin- vidual investigations. Such information, together with the guishers are available in a hand portable, 30-lb (14-kg) recommended method of application limitations, is given cartridge-operated model and 150-lb (68-kg) and 350-1b on the agent container. It is important to note that dry (159-kg) cylinder-operated wheeled models. Stored pres- Powder extinguishing agents should not be confused with dry chemical extinguishing agents. (See D-4-5.) 2-44 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Pressure Discharge (a) provide uniform distribution lever gage (b) provide easy accessibility Carrying handle (c) be relatively free from blocking by storage and equipment, or both (d) be near normal paths of travel (e) be near entrance and exit doors (f) be free from the potential of physical damage I (g) be readily visible, and Wand (h) be installed on a floor-by-floor basis. applicator 3 E-3 Class A Extinguisher Distribution. 0 a o E-3-1 Table 3-2.1 is a guideline for determining the min- Nozzle imum number and rating of extinguishers for Class A fire siphon tube protection needs in accordance with the occupancy hazard. In certain instances, through a fire protection analysis of specific areas, process hazards, or building configurations, Figure D-4-6.1(b) Stored Pressure Dry Powder Extinguisher with extinguishers with higher ratings may be required. This Wand Applicator. does not mean, however, that the recommended maxi- mum travel distances can be exceeded. Appendix E Distribution E-3-2 Where the floor area of a building is less than 3,000 pp sq ft (279 m'), at least one extinguisher of the minimum size recommended should be provided. This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docze- The first step in calculating Class A fire extinguisher ment, but is included for information purposes only. needs is to determine the proper class of occupancy (light, ordinary,or-extra hazard). Depending on the rating of the E-1 Distribution of Fire Extinguishers. extinguisher (1-A to 40-A), the maximum area that it will protect can be determined. For example, each 21/2-gal E-1-1 Portable fire extinguishers are most effectively uti- (9.46-L)stored pressure water extinguisher(rated 2-A) will lized when they are readily available in sufficient number protect an area of 3,000 sq ft (279 m') in an ordinary haz- and with adequate extinguishing capacity for use by per- and occupancy. The requirements in Table 3-2.1 also spec- sons familiar with their operation. ify that the travel distance (actual walking distance) from any point to the nearest extinguisher shall not exceed 75 ft E-1-2 In fire emergencies where.extinguishers are relied (22.7 m). It is necessary to select extinguishers that fulfill upon, someone usually has to "travel" from the fire in both the distribution and travel distance requirements for order to obtain the device, and then return to the fire a particular occupancy classification. before beginning extinguishing operations. This connotes E-3-3 If a building floor area was unobstructed and circu "time," with the number of seconds or minutes governed lar in shape with a radius of 75 ft (22.7 m), it would be mainly by the "travel distance" involved in securing the possible to place one extinguisher at the center without extinguisher and placing it in operation. exceeding the 75 ft(22.7 m) travel distance. In that case an area of 17,700 sq ft (1644 m2) could be assigned to one E-1-3 Sometimes extinguishers are purposely kept extinguisher of adequate A rating, e.g., Light Hazard 6-A, nearby (as in welding operations); however, recognizing Ordinary Hazard 20-A (no 12-A extinguisher ratings), that a fire outbreak usually cannot be prejudged as to loca- Extra Hazard 20-A (no 18-A extinguisher ratings). How- tion, extinguishers are more often strategically positioned ever, as buildings are usually rectangular in shape, the throughout areas. largest square area that can be formed with no point more than 75 ft (22.7 m) from the center is 11,250 sq ft (1045 M2), which is the area of a square [106 x 106 ft E-1-4 Travel distance is not merely a simple circle radius (32 x 32 m)] inscribed within a 75-ft (22.7-m) radius cir- matter, but is the actual distance the user of the extin- cle. (See Figure E-3-3.) guisher will need to walk. Consequently, travel distance will be affected by partitions, location of doorways, aisles, E-3-4 The following examples of distribution illustrate piles of stored materials, machinery, etc. the number and placement of extinguishers according to occupancy type and rating. The sample building is 150 x E-2 Arrangement in a Building. The actual placement of 450 ft (46 x 137 m), giving a floor area of 67,500 sq ft fire extinguishers can best be accomplished through a (6271 mz).Although several different ways of placing extin- physical survey of the area to be protected. In general, guishers are given, a number of other locations could have locations should be selected that will: been used with comparable results. 2-45 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 450 FT J� Figure E-3-6 A Diagrammatic Representation of Extinguishers Located �.\ along the Outside Walls of a 450-by 150-ft(137-by 46-m)Building.(The '�� • dots represent extinguishers.) The shaded areas indicate "voids" which are farther than 75 ft(227 m)to the nearest extinguisher. Figure E-3-3 The Dotted Squares Show the Maximum Area shoe` only one of many ways these extinguishers could be 111,250 sq ft(1045 m2)1 that an Extinguisher Can Protect within placed. As the number of lower rated extinguishers the Limits of the 75-ft(22.7-m)Radius. Increases, meeting the travel distance requirement gener- ally becomes less of a problem. Similar examples could be worked out for protection areas of'4,000 and 4,500 sq ft -The area that can be protected b)•one extinguisher with (372 and 418 nr), as required by-I-able 3-2.1. it given A rating is shown in 'fable E-3-4. 'These values are determined by multiplying the maximum fluor area per Example 2: unit of'A shown in Table 3-2.1 by the Various A ratings, 2-A Extinguishers for Light Hazard Occupancy until it value of 11,250 sq ft (1045 nr) is exceeded. 67,500 9 1_ 4-A Extinguishers for Ordinary Hazard Occu- Table E-3-4 6,000 pancy' 6-A Extinguishers tin, Extra Hazard Occupancy Maximum Area To Be Protected per Extinguisher,Sq Ft E-3-8 Extinguishers could be mounted on exterior walls Class A Rating Light(Low) Ordinary Extra(High) or, as shown in Figure E-3-8(a), ob building colunuis or Shown on Hazard (Moderate) Hazard Interior walls, and conform to both distribution and travel Extinguisher Occupancy Hazard Occupancy distance rules. Occupancy IA - 45OFT 2A 6,000 3,000 - 3:A 9,000 4,500 - 4A 11,250 Ii,000 4,000 6A 11,250 9,000 6,000 ° 10:A 11,250 11,250 10,000 20A 11,250 11,250 11,25'0 30.A 11,250 11,250 11,250 40A 11,250 11,250 11,250 Figure E-3-8(a) Requirements for Both Travel Distance and Extinguisher Distribution Are Met in This Configuration Representing 12 Extinguish- 9 fur til Units: I sq It0.0.)=.)m-. ers Mounted on Building Columns or Interior Walls. = Note: 11,250 is considered a prauical limit. 450FT E-3-5 1-he first example demonstrates placement at the maximum protection area limits [11,250 sq ft (1045 nY)] allowed in Table 3-2.1 for each class of occupancy. Install- 0 ing extinguishers with higher ratings will not affect distri- bution or placement. Example 1: t Figure E-3.8(b) Extinguishers Grouped Together. 67,500 4-A Extinguishers fizz light Hazard Occupancy =6 10-A Extinguishers for Ordinary Hazard Occu- 1 I,250 pane• 20-A Extinguishers for Extra Hazard Occupancy Example 3: 67,500 1-A Extinguishers fin' Light Hazard Occupancy E-3-6 1-his placement, along outside walls, would not be = 24 2-A Extinguishers for Ordinary Hazard Occu- acceptable because the travel distance rule is clearly vio- 3,000 pancy lated (see Figure E-3-6). Relocation and/or additional extin- 3-.A Extinguishers fin. Extra Hazard Occupancy guishers are needed. E-3-9 This arrangement, illustrated in Figure E-3-8(b), E-3-7 Examples 2 and 3 are fin-extinguishers haying rat- shows extinguishers grouped together on building col- ings which correspond to protection areas of 6,000 and unuTs or interior walls in it manner that still conforms to 3,000 sq ft (557 and 279 nr). respectively. The examples distribution and travel distance rules. 2-46 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 E-4 Class B Extinguisher Distribution. E-4-8 When fixed Class B extinguishing systems are installed, the provision of portable fire extinguishers may E-4-1 Normal Class B fire hazards fall into two quite dif- be waived for that one hazard, but not for the structure, ferent general categories regarding requirements for extin- other special hazards, or the rest of the contents. Some- guishers. One condition is where the fire does not involve times a burning tank can result in burning liquid spills flammable liquids in appreciable depth, such as spilled fuel outside the range of the fixed equipment, or the fire may on an open surface, a fire involving vapors issuing from a originate adjacent to the tank rather than in its liquid con- container or piping system, or a running fire from a bro- tent. Therefore, having portable extinguishers available is ken container. desirable, even though hazards of this type are protected with fixed extinguishing systems. E-4-2 The other condition is where the fire involves flam- mable liquids in appreciable depth [defined as a depth of E-4-9 The selection of the proper type and size of Class B liquid greater than 1/4 in. (.63 cm)], such as fires involving extinguishers for fires in pressurized fuels is made on the open tanks of flammable liquids commonly found in indus- basis of the recommendations of the manufacturers of this trial plants (dip tanks used for coating, finishing, treating, specialized equipment available for that type of' hazard. or similar processes). Special nozzle design and rates of agent application are necessary in order to be able to cope with hazards of this E-4-3 In situations where flammable liquids are not in magnitude. Also, it is generally undesirable to attempt to appreciable depth, extinguishers should be provided extinguish pressurized fuel fires unless there is reasonable according to Table 3-3.1. Once the type of hazard is deter- assurance that the source of fuel can be promptly shut off, mined, the selected Class B extinguisher must have a rat- thus avoiding a possible explosion.The travel distances for ing equal to or greater than that specified, and be so hand portable extinguishers should not exceed those spec- located that the maximum travel distance is not exceeded. ified in Table 3-3.1. E-4-4 The reason the basic maximum navel distance to E-5 Class C Extinguisher Distribution. Class B extinguishers is 50 ft (15.25 m) as opposed to 75 ft (22.7 m) for Class A extinguishers is that flammable liquid E-5-1 To protect extinguisher operators in situations fires reach their maximum intensity almost immediately. It where live electrical equipment may be encountered,extin- is imperative that the extinguisher be brought to the fire in guishers with Class C ratings are required. Extinguishers a much shorter period of time than allowed for a slower so rated utilize a nonconducting extinguishant. Types of developing Class A fire. extinguishers possessing Class C ratings employ carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or halogenated agents. E-4-5 Even though Table 3-3.1 specifies maximum travel E-5-2 When the power to a piece of electrical equipment distances for Class B extinguisher placement, judgment is cut off, the fire changes character to that of a Class A, should be exercised in actually establishing them. The Class B, or a combined Class A and B fire depending on extinguisher may be placed closer to the hazard it is pro- the nature of the burning electrical components and any tecting, up to a point where the extinguisher itself might be material burning in the immediate vicinity. involved in the fire or access to it made difficult because of flame, heat, or smoke. E-5-3 De-energizing electrical equipment eliminates the possibility of shock hazards to the extinguisher operator E-4-6 Where an entire room or area is judged to be a should the operator accidentally come into physical contact Class B hazard (such as an automobile repair garage), with the equipment, or should the operator bring any con- extinguishers should be placed at regular intervals so that duCtiVC part of an extinguisher within arcing distance. De- the maximum walking distance from any point to the near- energizing also eliminates fault currents from prolonging est extinguisher does not exceed the travel distances spec- the fire or from being a source of reignition. Switches or ified in Table 3-3.1. circuit breakers that cut electric power to specific equip- For fires in flammable liquids of appreciable depth, a ment can prevent hazardous side effects (e.g., plunging an Class B fire extinguisher is provided on the basis of two entire multistory building into darkness or shutting.down numerical units of Class B extinguishing potential per sq ft the essential electric power that supplies life support equip- (0.0929 m")of flammable liquid surface for the largest tank ment, etc.). Often, fires involving an electrical component within the area. The travel distance requirements in Table are relatively minor and, by a short application of a Class 3-3.1 should also be used to locate extinguishers for spot C extinguishant, can be effectively extinguished without hazard protection; however, the type of hazard and the disturbing electrical continuity. availability of the extinguisher must be carefully evaluated. E-5-4 The capacity of the extinguishers supplied for each E-4-7 One extinguisher can be installed to provide pro- major Class C hazard situation must be individually judged tection against several hazards, provided travel distances according to: are not exceeded. Where hazards are scattered or widely (a) the size of the electrical equipment, separated and travel distances are exceeded, then individ- (b) the configuration of the electrical equipment (partic- ual protection should be installed according to the square ularly the enclosures of units) that influences agent distri- foot rule. bnnon, 2-47 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (c) the effective range of the extinguisher stream, L 170 FT -_ (d) the amount of Class A and B material involved. Each of these factors influences the amount and type of agent needed,the desired rate of agent discharge, the asso- 30 FT crated duration of application, and the potential wastage 0�_ 3 —�O factors. 30 FT E-5-5 For large installations of electrical apparatus where :1 the power continuity is critical, fixed fire protection is 0-4 4 B desirable. At locations where such fixed systems are 2 A installed, it is practical to also provide Class C portable fire 30 FT extinguisher units to handle quickly discovered fires: obvi- ously, the number and size of these units can be reduced under such conditions. Floor Plan. E-6 Class D Extinguisher Distribution. As an additional item, consider that Area A contains a E-6-1 For Class D hazards, the availability of special por- small printing and duplicating department that uses flam- table extinguishers (or equivalent equipment to contain or mable liquids. This area is judged to be an ordinary Class extinguish any fire developing in a combustible metal) is B hazard.A 10-B:C or 20-B:C extinguisher should be spec- particularly important. Extinguishing equipment for such ified to protect this area. fires should be located no more than 75 ft (22.7 m) from the hazard. There are now two alternatives to be considered. First, a fifth extinguisher, either carbon dioxide or ordinary dry chemical, with a rating of 10-B:C or 20-B:C could be spec- E-6-2 Use of the wrong extinguisher can instantly ified. Second, the water extinguisher at Point 2 could be increase or spread the fire. Quantitatively, the amount of replaced with a multipurpose dry chemical extinguisher agent needed is normally measured by the surface area of that has a rating of at least 2-A:10-B:C. It should be located combustible metals that might become involved, plus the near Point B, keeping in mind the 75-ft (22.7-m) travel potential severity of the fire as influenced by the shape and distance for the 2-A protection and the 30- or 50-ft (9.25- form of the metal. Because fires in magnesium fines are or 15.25-m) travel distance required for the Class B protec- more difficult to extinguish than fires involving magne- tion that this extinguisher provides. sium scrap, the amount of agent needed to handle fires in magnesium fines is correspondingly greater. Extinguishers labeled for Class D fires are not necessarily equally effective Appendix F Selection of Extinguishers for Home on all combustible metal fires. Often, extinguishers so Hazards labeled might be hazardous when used on some metal fires. Unless the effect of the extinguishing agent is known This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- for the metal being considered, tests should be made with ment, but is included for information purposes only. representative material. F-1 General Information. E-7 Sample Problem. A light-occupancy office building needs to be protected by portable fire extinguishers. The F-1-1 The information in this appendix is intended to be floor area is 11,100 sq It (1031 mz) and of unusual design used as a guide for the selection and placement of fire (see floor plan that follows). extinguishers to be used in residences. The most common extinguisher selections would be F-1-1.1 Fire hazards found in a home are Class A (ordi- 21/2-gal (9.46-L) stored water pressure models rated 2-A. nary combustible materials such as wood, drapes, uphol- According to Tables 3-2.1 and E-3-4, two extinguishers are stery, paper); Class B (flammable liquids such as grease in needed (11,100 divided by 6,000 = 2). Travel distance a frying pan, gasoline, paint, solvents, fuel oil); and Class C requirements are 75-ft (22.7-m) maximum. (live electrical equipment such as caused by faulty wiring, The two units are placed at Points 1 and 2, and a check overheated fuse boxes, frayed electrical cords). Portable is made on the travel distance requirement. Because of the extinguishers offer the occupant a means for extinguishing area's unusual shape, it is found that the shaded areas small fires. They are also useful to knock down a fire exceed the 75-ft (22.7-m) distance. Two additional extin- should it occur in the evacuation route. guishers (at Points 3 and 4) are needed. The additional extinguishers afford more flexibility in placement, and F-1-1.2 Before you select a fire extinguisher, identify and alternate locations are indicated. It is important to consider know the hazard on which it may be used and be certain any partitions, walls, or other obstructions in determining the extinguisher is listed as approved by a recognized test- the travel distance. ing laboratory. 2-48 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 F-1-1.3 A fire extinguisher is basically a storage container Appendix C. Details on operation and use are covered in for a specific chemical agent. It is a device intended to Appendix D. extinguish small fires in their early stages. The contents will be discharged under pressure, making it possible for F-1-3.3 Halon 1211 extinguisher labels contain informa- the agent to reach the fire while the occupant remains at a tion as to the size of room or area that can be properly and relatively safe distance. safely protected. When using these extinguishers in unven- tilated places, such as small rooms, closets, motor vehicles, F-1-1.4 These extinguishers are manufactured either as or other confined spaces, operators and others should refillable or disposable types. avoid breathing the gases produced by the thermal decom- position of the agent. F-1-1.5 An instruction manual is provided with each extinguisher, giving condensed instructions and cautions F-1-4 Extinguisher Location and Mounting. necessary to the installation, operation, inspection, and maintenance. The manual may be specific to the extin- F-1-4.1 Fire extinguishers should be installed in plain guisher involved, or it may cover- many types. The manual view, in an accessible spot, near room exits that provide an refers to this standard as a source of detailed instructions. escape route. Locate your extinguishers away from fire hazards (the stove, the paint shelf), because if a fire starts F-1-2 Types of Extinguishers. The following table sum- there your extinguisher would be out of reach. marizes the characteristics of extinguishers and may be used as an aid in selecting extinguishers in accordance with this appendix. F-1-4.2 Install extinguishers so that the top is not more than five feet above the floor. They must be easy to reach F-1-3 Selection of Extinguishers for Home Hazards. and remove, and placed where they will not be damaged. F-1-3.1 There are three ways to select a fire extinguisher: F-1-5 Precautions. Get people out of the house and call (a) Select an extinguisher rated for Class A, B, and C the fire department,THEN use the extinguisher. In fight- fires. ing a home fire: (b) Select an extinguisher especially designed for a spe- (a) Keep near a door that can be used as an escape cifrc fire likely to occur in particular areas. route. (c) Select a combination of the two. (b) Stay low.Avoid breathing the heated smoke, vapors, or fumes as much as possible, as well as the extinguishing F-1-3.2 The size and weight of the extinguishers are agents. important, as in some instances an extinguisher may be used by people of limited physical ability. However, make (c) If the fire gets too big, get out, closing the door sure the extinguishers selected are of sufficient size to cope behind you. with the anticipated hazard. NOTE: Specific information on individual extinguisher F-1-6 Owner's Inspection. Refer to extinguisher name- characteristics that will aid in selection is contained in plate and owner's instruction manual. 2-49 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table F-1-2 Fire Extinguisher/Agent Characteristics Suitable for Use on Agent Recommended Horizontal Discharge Type of Fire' Characteristics Sizes Range Time DRY CHEMICAL Sodium Bicarbonate or Potassium 2 to 10 lb 6 to 10 ft 8 to 25 sec Bicarbonate or Potassium Chloride. Discharges a white or bluish cloud. Leaves residue that must be thor- oughly cleaned up after extinguish- nrent. MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL Basically Ammonium Phosphate. 21/2 to 10 16 5 to 10 ft 8 to 25 sec °"...-®...,.. ° •­­ Discharges a yellow cloud. Leaves rpm residue that must be thoroughly and quickly cleaned up after extinguish- �� meat. FOAM AFFF Basically water amd detergent. A 21/2 gal 20 to 25 ft 50 sec chemical agent when discharged forms a foamy solution. Protect from freezing. CARBON DIOXIDE Basically an inert gas that discharges 5 to 10 lb 3 to 8 ft 8 to 12 sec • "�'"" •'""�'"' a cold white cloud. Leaves no resi- due. HALOGENATED AGENTS Basically halogenated hydrocarbons. I to 7 lb 4 to 15 ft 8 to 15 sec Discharges a white vapor. Leaves no residue. Non-freezing. HALOGENATED AGENTS Basically halogenated hydrocarbons. 9 to 14 lb 10 to 20 ft 10 to 15 sec ° Discharges a white vapor. Leaves no residue. Non-freezing. WATER' Basically tap water. Discharges in a 21/2 gal 30 to 40 ft 1 minute °""""'°""~' ° solid stream. Protect from freezing. MR 'For further explanation of symbols, see Section 1-3 and Table B-2-1. -A garden hose connected to a suitable weather-protected hose connection is advisable for use in fighting Class A fires.']'his should not be considered as a replacement for extinguishers. For Sl Units: I ft = 0.305 m; 1 lb = 0.454 kg; 1 gal = 3.785 L. 2-50 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 Appendix G Referenced Publications NFPA 18-1990, Stmndaid on Welting Agents G-1 -l"he following documents or portions thereof are ref- NFPA 49-1975, Hazardous Che»nin(ls Dalo crenced within this standard for informational ptu-poscs only and thus arc not considered part of the requirements NFPA 325M-1984, Fire Hazard Properties of Flamaahle of this document. The edition indicated fin' each reference Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of,this document. NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 1986 (16th Edition). G-1-1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection G-1-2 Other Publications. Association, I Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. G-1-2.1 UL Publication. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, 1t, 60062. NFPA 11-1988, Standard for Loin ExImnsion Foam and Connhined Agent Sysleuns Bulletin of Research No. 53,f ul.y 1963. Index 01990 National Fire Protection Association,All Rights Reserved. 'I'he cop�'right in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes.The licensing provisions set lord, tier the c ocument are not applicable to this index.This inclex may not be reproduced in whole or in part bI any means without the express written permission of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. -A- -D- Actuation of extinguisher ....................................... D-2-4 Definitions ....................................................... 1-3,4-2 Aircraft protection .................................................2-4.1 Disposable extinguishers ....see Extinguishers, nonrechargcablc Application techniques ............................................. D-3 Distribution ...........................................see also Location Arrangement in a huildiug ...................................... 1`:-2 (:lass A extinguishers ........................................3-2. F-:3 Class B extinguishers .................................. 3-3, 3-4. 1-:-4 Class C extinguishers .......................................3-5, I':-5 .B. Class D extingmshers ....................................... 3-6, F-G Considerations....................................A-:3-1.1,A-3-1.2.2 Brackets for extinguishers ............................... 1-6.6, 1-6.7 General reqIuirements ....3-1, fables 3-2.1 and 3-:3.1,A-3, E-I BTC(Board of Transport Commissioners of Canada) Sample proltlent ................................................... V-7 DOT(Department of Transportation) Definition ........................................................... 13 Definition ........................................................... 1-3 Bucket tanks .............................................. D-4-1.8 Drums with ails ................................................ D-4-1.8 Buildingprotection '3-1.2,A-3-1.2 Dry chemica closed recovery system Definition 1-3 Dry ice converters ............................................A-4-5.3.9 .C. -E- Cabinets housing extinguishers ...... 1-6.4, 1-6.6, 1-6.1 I, 1-G.12, Extinguishers A-1-6.12 AFFF(A(lueous film forming foam) ........2-2.1.2. 2-3.4, 3-3.2, Classification 3-4.2, 3-4.3, 4-5.2.3, C-:3-3, D-4-2.1 Antifreeze .................... 1-6.13, -1-5.2.I. A-1-6.13, D-4-1.8.4 Extinguishers .......... 1-4, 1-6.1,A-1-4; see also Extinguishers Back pack DA-IA Fires...........................................................see Fires Carbon dioxide .............. _ _.L_, 2-2.1.3, 2-3.5, 3-5.1, -1-4L2, Hazards 1-5: see also Hazards 4-5.3.9, 5-3.1.1,A-2-I(B),A-4-5.3.9, C-3-4, D-4-3 Cartridge-operated ................4-5-2.1, 5-3.3, D-1-2.1, D-2.5, Ratings ...........................................sec ratings systems D-4.1.6: see also Flycbostatic testing Compressed gas cylinders ...........see Cylinders, high pressure Characteristics ..................... I able A-2-I, D-4,Table F-1-2 and logy pressure Class A ........................... I-4.2, 2-2.1.1, A-1-4.2,:A--2-2.1.1 Conductivitytest ........ ........4-4.1.2, A-4-4.I.2 Distribution ...............................................3-2, E-3 Equivalency ratings pre-1955 ............... :3-2.5, fable 3-2.5 CTC(Canadian Transport Commission) Size allti Placemcitt 3-2,Table 3-2.1 Definition ........................................................... 1-3 Class B ................................... 1-4.2. 2-2.1.2, 2-:3.1, 2-3.3 Cylinders Disoributioo ................................ 3-3, :3-4,A-1-4.2, E-4 Condition,examination of ....................................:i-1.:3 Equivalency ratings pre-1955 ....... 3-3.4, 3-4.5,Table 3-4.5 Size and placement ....................... 3-3, 3-4,Table 3-3.1 High pressure .................. 5-2.1, 5-:3.1, 5-4.2, 5-5.1, 5-5.4.1 Class C ........................... 1-4.2, 2-2.1.3,A-1-4.2, A-2-2.1.3 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 Distribution ............................................... 3-5, F.-5 Low presstn-e gas Equivalency ratings pre-1955 .............................3-5.1 Sire and Placement ............................................ 3-5 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 Class D ........................... 1-4.2, 2-2.1.4, A-1-4.`_,A-2-2.IA Noncompresscd .......... 5-4.3, 5-5.2, 5-5.4.1,A-5-4.3,A-5-5.2, Distribtuion ...............................................3-6, F-6 A-5-5.4.1 Sire and placement ............................................3-6 2-51 STANDARD 10-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Classification of............ 1-4, 1-6,A-14; see also Class A thru H. Class D extinguishers Compressed gas ..........see Cylinders, high pressure and low Halogenated agents .... see also Extinguishers, halogenated-type pressure Definition ........................................................... I-?3 Disposable .....................................see Nonrechargeable Halon closed recovery system ..........4-4.1.3,4-5.3.8,A-4-4.1.3 Dry chemical .........2-2.1.1 thru 2-2.1.3, 2-3.2,4-3.3.2,4-5.3.2 thru 4-5.3.4,A-2-l(B),A-2-2.1.3,A-2-3.5,C-3-6, D-4-5 Definition ........................................................... 1-3 Dry powder............................................4-5.3.5, D-4-6 Hangers for extinguishers ............................. 1-6.6,A-1-6.6 FFFP(film forming fluoroprotein foam) ..2-2.1.2, 2-3.4, 3-3.2, Hazards 3-4.2, 3-4.3,4-5.2.3,C-3-3, D-4-2.1 Application techniques for specific ........................2-3, C-3 Halogenated-agent ............2-1.1, 2-1.3, 2-2.1.1 thru 2-2.1.3, Class A ........................................................... 3-2 2-3.5,4-3.3.3,4-4.1.3,4-5.3.7, 5-1.2, Class B ........................................................... 3-4 A-2-I(B),A-4-5.3.7,C-3-5, D-4-4 Class C ...........................................................3-5 Military specifications .....................................4-5.3.7 Class D ...........................................................3-6 Hand propelled .............................................. D-1-2.1 Classification system ............................................... 1-5.............. High pressure .......................see Cylinders, high pressure Distribution of extinguishers by .....3-2 thru :3-6, E-3 thru E-6 Inverting types .............................................A-2-2.1.1 Extra(high) ............4-4.1.1, D-4-1.2 ( g ) ....................................... 1-5.3,'1"able 3-2.1 Loaded stream .......................... Home,selection of extinguishers for.......... App. F Location .................................see Distribution; Location Light(low) ........................................ 1-5.1,'fable 3-2.1 Low pressure .........................see Cylinders,low pressure Ordinarymoderate . 1-5.2,'fable 3-2.1 Mechanically pumped ....................................... D-1-2.1 (moderate) er b """"' Nonrechargeable .............4-3.3.2,4-3.3.3,4-4.1.3, 5-1.2, ,5-2 Selection of extinguisher by ............2-2, 3-1.2,A-3-1.2, C-2 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 High pressure cylinder ....see Cylinders, high pressure, Hydro- Pump tank ........................4-5.2.1, 5-1.2, C-3-2.2, D-4-1.3 static testing Rechargeable(refillable) ...........................4-3.3.1, 4-5.1.1 Hose assemblies Definition ........................................................ 1-3 Conductivity test ..................................4-4.1.2,A-4-4.1.2 Recognition of .................................................. D-2-2 Hydrostatic test ........................5-2.3, 5-3.4, 5-5.3,A-5-5.3 Self-expelling.................................................. D-1-2.1 Hose stations........................................................ :3-2.2 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 Hydrostatic testing Self-generating................................................ D-1-2.1 Aluminum shell/cylinder .............................5-1.4,A-5-1.4 Soda-acid ............................................4-5.2.1, D-4-1.5 Cartridge-operated types ...............................5-2.1, 5-3.3 Spare ............................................................4-4.1.4 Cylinder condition,examination of ..........................5-1.3 Stored pressure ........4-4.1.1,4-4.1.3,4-4.2, 4-5.2.2, 4-5.3.10, Drying equipment ..................5-4.3.2 4-5.4.2, 5-3.2,C-3-2.1, D-1-2.1, D-2.5, D-4-1.1 Frequency ...................................4-5.3.4, 5-2,Table 5-2 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 General................ 5- Temporary .........A-1-6.6 .�..............�..... High pressure cylinders ........5-2.1, 5-_.2, 5-3.1, 5-4.2, 5-5.1, "I"ypes of ..........................................see Characteristics g P Y �i-�i.4.1 Water-type .... 1-6.13, 2-2.1.1,4-5.3.10,A-1-6.13,C-3-2, D-4-1 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 Hose assemblies ..............5-2.3, 5-3.4, 5-5.3, 5-5.4.3,A-5-5.3 Wetting agent .......................................4-5.2.2, D-4-1.7 Hydrostatic test labels .............................. 5-5.4,A-5-5.4.2 Wheeled units ...........2-3.6,A-2-1(4),A-2-3.6, C-3-7, D-2-3.3 Noncompressed gas types .........5-4.3, 5-5.2, 5-5.4.2,A-5-4.3, Extinguishment,principles of ..................................A-1-1 A-5-5.2,A-5-5.4.2 Recording of tests ..................................5-5.4,A-5-5.4.2 Stored pressure types........................................... 5-3.2 Test equipment ..........................................5-4,A-5-4.3 .F. 'Test pressures ......................................................5-3 1'esting procedures .......................................5-5,A-5-5 Factory test pressure Definition ........................................................... 1-3 Film forming agents ..................see also Extinguishers, FFFP Definition ........................................................... 1-3 I Firepails ......................................................... D-4-1.8 Fire test standards ................................................. 1-4.3 ICC(Interstate Commerce Commission) Fires Definition ........................................................... 1-3 Class A Identification of contents ............ 1-7,A-1-7, see also Markings Definition ........................................................ 1-3 Inspection Class B .........................................................3-3, 3-4 Corrective action 4-3.3 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 ;......................................... "Three-dimensional...........................................2-3.3 Definition .......................................... 1-3,4-2.1 ......... Class C Frequency ..............................................4-3.1,A-4-3.1 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 General..............................................................4-1 Class D Nonrechargeable extinguishers .............................4-3.3.2 Definition ........................................................ 1-3 Procedures 4-3.2, F-1-6 ............................................... Cooking grease ..................................................2-3.2 Rechargeable extinguishers .................................4-3.3.1 Electronic equipment 2-3.5,A-2-3.5 Record keeping...................................................4-3.4 Flammable liquids ................................C-2-6 thru C-2-8 Installation . 1-6.6 thrtr 1-6.14,A-1-6.6,A-1-6.12,A-1-6.13, F-1-4 Of appreciable depth ..................................3-4, E-4-2 Instructions................................... 1-6.10, 1-6.14,A-1-6.14 Of other than appreciable depth ....................3-3, E-4-1 Pressurized ...........................................2-3.1,C-2-7 Three-dimensional ...........................................2-3.3 Water-soluble .................................................2-3.4 L Grease Cooking .......................................................2-3.2 Pressurized gas ..........................................2-3.1, C-2-7 Labeling ....... 1-4.3 thru 1-4.5, 1-6.10, 1-7,4-1.5,4-4.3,A-1-4.4, A-1-4.5,A-1-7,A-2-I(B),A-4-4.3; see also Markings Leak test ..............................................4-5.1.5,A-4-5.1.5 Listing.............................. 1-4.:3 thru 1-4.5,A-1-4.4,A-1-4.5 .G. Location ............. 1-6.3 thru 1-6.5,A-1-6.5,A-1-6.13,A-3-1.2.2, D-2-1.2, F-14; see also Distribution Gages,pressure ....................................see Pressure gages Low pressure gas cylinder........see Cylinders, low pressure gas 2-52 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-1 .M- Dry ice converters ..........................................A-4-5.3.9 Drypowder ....................................................4-5.3.5 MaintenanceF FFP ............................................................4-5.2.3 Carbon dioxide hose assemblies 4-4.1.2,A-4-4.1.2 Frequency ........................................................4-5.2 Definition .... 1-3,4-2.2 General .................................4-1,4-5.1,A-4-1.4,A-4-5.1 Frequency ..4-4.1,A-4-4.1 Halogenated types......................4-5.4.3, 4-5.3.7,A-4-5.3.7 9 y .................................1-6. ,4- Leak test General 1-6.2,4-1,A-4-1.4,A-4-4 ..••••••••••••...•••••••••••...•.•••••••••.4-5.1.5,A-4-5.1.Fi ................................... Procedures .............................................4-4.2,A-4-4.2 Mixing of dry chemicals .........................4-5.3.2,A-4-5.3.2 Recordkeeping .....4-4.3,A-4-4.3 Precautionary pressurization measures ............4-5.4,A-4-5.4 Stored pressure extinguishers ........4-4.1.1, 4-4.1.3,A-4-4.1.3 Pressurizing gas...................................4-5.4.3,A-4-5.4.3 Markings see also Labeling Procedures .............................................4-5i.3,A-4-5.3 g ............................................. gg General 1-6.10, B-1, D-2 2 Removal of moisture .............................4-5.3.6,A-4-5.3.6 ........................................... Identification of contents ................................ 1-7,A-1-7 Safety,guidelines ....................................4-5.4.1,A-4-5. Performance standards ............ 1-4.4, 1-4.5,A-1-4.4,A-1-4.5 Soda-acid, foam,cartridge-operated water, Pictorial labels ............................................fable B-2-1 - Pump tank ...................................................4-5. . Recommended system ............................................ B-2 I upping off ....................................................4-5.:.: Measurement,units of............................................... 1-8 Water types .........................................4-5.2 1,4-5.3.10 Mild steel shell Recognition of extinguisher ..................................... D-2-2 Definition 1-3 Recordkeeping Moisture Hydrostatic tests ....................................5-5.4,A-5-5.4.2 Inspections .......................................................4-3.4 Removal ............................................4-5.3.6,A-4-5.3.6 P Traps ...............................................4-5.4.3,A-4-5.4.3 Maintenance ...........................................4-4.3,A-4-4.3 Motor crafts,pleasure and commercial,protection of ......2-4.2 Requirements,general .............................................. -6 Mounting of extinguishers .... 1-6.6, 1-6.7, 1-6.1 1,A-1-6.6, F-1-4 Responsibility for extinguishers ........................4-l.3,A-1-2 _H_ -S- Nonrechargeable fire extinguisher ............. see Extinguishers, Scope of standard ........................................... 1-1,A-1-1 nonrechargeable Selection .........................................Chap. 2,A-2,App. C Application for specific hazards ...................2-3, A-2-3, C-3 Application for specific location .................................2-4 O. By hazard .............................................2-2,A-2-2, C-2 Comparison by type ..............................................C-3 Conditions of ....................................................A-2-1 Occupancy hazard protection ......................... 3-1.2,A-3-1.2 General requirements .................................... 2-1,A-2-1 Operation and use Health and safety conditions affecting.......................A-2-I Actuation ......................................................... D-2-4 Home hazards .................................................App. F Application techniques ........................................... D-3 Physical conditions affecting ..................................A-2-1 Basicsteps ..........................................................C-2 Principles of........................................................C-1 Expellant gas/pressure ......................................... D-2-5 Service pressure General .................................................... D-1. D-2-2 Definition ........................................................... 1-3 Methods of ...................................... D-1-2,Table D-1-2 Servicing .................................see also Hydrostatic testing; Transport to fire................................................ D-2-3 Maintenance; Recharging Definition ........................................................... I-: Size and placement .....2-3.2, 3-2 thru 3-6; see also Distribution; Location -P- Standards Firetest ........................................................... 1-4.3 Performance standards ......................... 1-4.3, 1-4.4,A-1-4.4 Performance ................................... 1-4.3, 1-4.4,A-1-4.4 Placement and size ...........see Distribution; Location; Size and Storage occupancy protection ................................... 3-1.5 placement Portable fire extinguisher Definition ........................................................... 1-3 l Portability of extinguisher .................................... D-2-2.3 Pressure ................see Factory test pressure; Service pressure Pressure gages,replacement of...................4-5.4.1,A-4-5.4.1 Temperature ranges .................................. 1-6.13,A-1-6.13 Pressurizing gas .............................2-3.1,4-5.4.3,A-4-5.4.3 Tests Purpose of standard ......................................... 1-2,A-1-2 Conductivity .......................................4-4.1.2,A-4-4.1.2 Hydrostatic .................................see Hydrostatic testing Leak ................................................4-5.1.5,A-4-5.1.5 Training,for inspection,maintenance,and .R. testing ...................................4-1.2,4-1.4, 5-1.1,A-4-1.4 Transport of extinguisher ....................................... D-2-3 Rating system ............................ 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 1-6.1,A-1-4.2 Travel distances .............................3-2.1, 3-2.3, 3-3.1, 3-4.4 Minimum rating Class A hazards .............................3-2.1.1,Table 3-2.1 Class B hazards ................fable 3-3.1, 3-3.2, 3-4.2, 3-4.3, 'fable 3-3.1 U. Rechargeable(refillable)extinguisher..........see Extinguishers, rechargeable Units of measurement .................. see Measurement, units of Recharging AFFF ............................................................4-5.2.3 Agent reuse ..........................................4-5.3.4,4-5.3.8 Agents .........................4-5.1.3,4-5.3.1,4-5.3.7,A-4-5.1.3, W_ A-4-5.3.1,A-4-5.3.7 Carbon dioxide ...................................4-5.3.9,A-4-5.3.9 protection ............."""""""""""""""" 2-4.2 ft Watercra Conversion of extinguisher types ...........................4-5.1.4 P Definition 1-3,4-2.3 Wheeled units..............2-3.6,A-2-1(4),A-2-3.6, C-3-7, D-2-3.3 2-53 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE AND USE OF FIRE-PROTECTION SIGNALING SYSTEMS See Sections 1007.2.12.2.3, 1007.3.1, 1007.3.3.5, 6313.3 and 6320.1, Uniform Fire Code NOTE: This standard has been revised in its entirety. This standard, with certain exceptions, is based on the 10-2 that shall be permanently mounted in or adjacent to the pro- National Fire Protection Association's National Fire Alarm tective signaling system control unit. Code,NFPA 72-1993.1 The definitions of "alarm signal," "annunciator," Part I of this standard contains exceptions to NFPA 72-1993.1 "approved," "labeled," and "listed" shall be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. Part II of this standard contains 72-19931 reproduced in The definitions of"combination fire alarm and guard's tour its entirety with permission of thee publisher. box," "delinquency signal," "guard signal," "guard's tour © vertically in the margin of Part II indicates there is a supervision,"and"should"are deleted. revision to the provisions within Part I. 4.Sec.1-5.2.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Elec- Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 72-19931 shall trical Code" for the phrase "NFPA 70, National Electrical only be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. Code." 5.Sec. 1-5.2.3 is revised by deleting Exception Nos. 1 and 2 The current edition is NFPA 72-1996. and adding a new exception as follows: Part I EXCEPTION:When the primary power is supplied by a dedicated branch circuit of an emergency or standby power system in accordance SECTION 10.201 —AMENDMENTS with the Electric Code,a secondary power supply is not required. The National Fire Alarm Code,NFPA 72-1993, applies except Also: as follows: The note to the exception is revised as follows: 1.Sec. 1-3.2 is deleted. NOTE to Exception: A trouble signal is not required where 2.Sec.1-3.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Elec- operating power is being supplied by a dedicated branch circuit of trical Code" for the phrase "NFPA 70, National Electrical an emergency or standby power system,if it is capable of provid- CodeOO." ing the hours of operation required by Section 1-5.2.5 and loss of 3.Sec.1-4 is revised by amending the definitions of"author- primary power is otherwise indicated (e.g., by loss of building ity having jurisdiction,""combination system,""local super- lighting). visory system," "supervisory service" and "supervisory 6. Sec. 1-5.2.9.1 is revised by substituting the phrase "the signal'as follows: Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official Code, Article 480." responsible for the administration and enforcement of this stand- 7.Sec. 1-5.2.9.2(a)is revised as follows: ard. (a)Adequate facilities shall be provided to automatically main- COMBINATION SYSTEM is a local fire alarm system for tain the battery fully charged under all conditions of normal opera- fire alarm or supervisory service,or a household fire warning sys- tion and, in addition, to recharge batteries within 48 hours after tem whose components are allowed to be used in whole or in part fully charged batteries have been subject to a single discharge in common with a nonfire signaling system,such as an emergency cycle as specified in Section 1-5.2.5. Upon attaining a fully alarm system,a paging system,a burglar alarm system,or a pro- charged condition,the charge rate shall not be so excessive as to cess monitoring supervisory system, without degradation of or result in battery damage. hazard to the fire alarm system. 8.Sec.1-5.2.10.1 is revised by amending the exception as fol- LOCAL SUPERVISORY SYSTEM is a local system lows: arranged to supervise the operative condition of automatic sprin- 1-5.2.10.1 An engine-driven generator shall be used only. kler systems or other systems for the protection of life and prop- where a person specifically trained in its operation is on duty at all erty against a fire hazard. times. SUPERVISORY SERVICE is the service required to monitor EXCEPTION:Where acceptable to the authority having jurisdic- the operative condition of fixed suppression systems or other sys- tion and where the requirements of Section 1-5.2.5(b)or(c)are met, tems for the protection of life and property. a person specifically trained in the operation of a generator dedicated SUPERVISORY SIGNAL is a signal indicating the need of to the fire alarm system shall not be required to be on duty at all times. action in connection with the supervision of fire su ression s s- 9. Sec. 1-5.2.10.2 is revised by substituting the phrase tems or equipment, or with the maintenance features of related "nationally recognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA 110, systems. Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems." The term"certificate of completion"is replaced with"fire 10.Sec. 1-5.2.10.4 is deleted. alarm certificate of compliance"and defined as follows: 11.Sec. 1-5.2.10.5 is revised as follows: FIRE ALARM CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE is the 1-5.2.10.5 Sufficient fuel shall be available in storage for fire alarm certificate of compliance required by UFC Standard 6 months of testing plus the capacity specified in Section 1-5.2.5. 2-55 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE EXCEPTIONS: 1.If a reliable source of supply is available at any 25.Sec.3-2.4,Exception No.5 to(b),is revised by substitut- time on two-hour notice,sufficient fuel shall be in storage for 12 hours ing the phrase"the Building Code and UBC Standard 9-1"for of operation at full load. the phrase'I NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler 2.Fuel systems using natural or manufactured gas supplied through Systems." reliable utility mains shall not be required to have fuel storage tanks unless located in Seismic Zone 3 or 4 as defined in the Building Code. 26.Sec.3-3 is revised by deleting Item(h). 12. Sec. 1-5.5.3 is revised by substituting the phrase "the 27.Sec.3-4.2,Exception No.3,is revised by substituting the Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical phrase "the Building Code and UBC Standard 9-1" for the Code, Article 800." phrase "NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler 13.Sec. 1-5.5.4 is revised as follows: Systems." 1-5.5.4 Wiring. The installation of wiring, cable and equip- « 28. Table 3-51 is revised by deleting Item E, Number 3, ment shall be in accordance with the Electric Code. Guards Tour. 14.Sec. 1-7.1.2 is revised as follows: Also: 1-7.1.2 Before requesting final approval of the installation, Item E,Number 4,is revised as follows: where required by the authority having jurisdiction,the installing 4.Process,Security,and Other Devices in Combination with 1 contractor shall furnish a written statement to the effect that the and 2 Above. system has been installed in accordance with approved plans and tested in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications and Also: the requirements of this standard. Item E,Number 5,is revised as follows: 15.Sec. 1-7.2 is revised by changing the title as follows: 5. Process, Security, and Other Devices Not Combined with 1 1-7.2 Certificate of Compliance and 2 Above. 16.Sec.1-7.2.1 is revised by adding a sentence to the end of 29.Sec.3-7.2(a)is revised as follows: the paragraph as follows: 3-7.2 Distinctive Evacuation Signal. The fire alarm certificate of compliance required by UFC (a)* Section 1-5.4.7 requires that fire alarm signals be distinc- Standard 10-2 shall be permanently mounted in or adjacent to the tive in sound from other signals and that this sound not be used for protective signaling system control unit. any other purpose.To meet this requirement,the fire alarm signal 17.Figure 1-7.2.1 is revised by substituting the phrase"Cer- used to notify building occupants of the need to evacuate(leave tificate of Compliance"for the phrase"Certificate of Comple- the building) shall be ANSI Section 3.41, Audible Emergency tion"in the title. Evacuation Signal. 18.Figure 1-7.2.1 Item 5 is revised b deleting the follow- 30.Sec.3-8.9.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- g y g ally recognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA standards." ing: GUARD'S TOUR,Items(a), (b), (c)and the Note. 31.Sec.3-8.10 is revised by substituting`the phrase"nation- ally recognized standards for the phrase NFPA 20,Standard 19. Sec. 2-2.1.1.3 is revised by substituting the phrase for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps." "nationally recognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA 13D, 32.Sec.3-8.12 is deleted. Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One-and Two-Family Dwellings and Mobile Homes, or NFPA 13R, 33.Sec.3-8.13 is deleted. Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential 34.Sec.3-8.15.4 is amended by revising the first paragraph Occupancies Up to and Including Four Stories in Height." as follows: 20.Sec.2-2.2.2 is revised as follows: 3-8.15.4* For each group of elevators within a building, two 2-2.2.2* Standard Signal. Alarm notification appliances elevator control circuits shall be terminated at the designated ele- used with a household fire warning system and single-and multi- vator controller within the group's elevator machine rooms.The ple-station smoke detectors shall produce the audible emergency operation of the elevators shall be in accordance with nationally evacuation signal described in ANSI Section 3.41,Audible Emer- recognized standards.The smoke detectors shall be connected to gency Evacuation Signals. the two elevator control circuits as follows: 21. Sec. 2-3.2.2 is revised by substituting the phrase "the 35.Sec.3-9.3.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical ally recognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA standards." Code, Article 76021 36.Sec.3-10.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- 22.Sec.2-3.3.1 is revised by amending the first paragraph as ally recognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA standards." follows: 37. Sec. 3-11.1 is revised by substituting the phrase "the 2-3.3.1 Household fire warning equipment in existing struc- Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical Code, Article 760:' tures shall be permitted to be powered by a battery,provided that the battery is monitored to ensure that the following conditions are 38. Sec. 3-12.3.2 is revised by substituting the phrase "the met: Mechanical Code" for the phrase "NFPA 90A,Standard for 23.Sec.2-4.2.1 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems." ally recognized standards" for the phrases "ANSUUL 268, 39. Sec. 3-12.3.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems," and Mechanical Code" for the phrase "NFPA 90A,Standard for 11ANS11UL 217,Single and Multiple Station Smoke Detectors." the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems." 24.Sec.2-5.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Elec- 40.Sec.3-12.4.6.2 is revised as follows: trical Code" for the phrase "NFPA 70, National Electrical 3-12.4.6.2 Loudspeakers shall be located in accordance with Code, Article 760." UFC Section 1007.2.12.2.3. 2-56 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 41.Sec.4-2.2.2.4 is revised by substituting the phrase"the 66. Sec. 5-11.4.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical Mechanical Code" for the phrase"NFPA 90A,Standard for Code, Article 810." the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems." 42.Sec.4-2.3.3.3.8 is deleted. 67. Sec. 5-11.5.2.1 is revised by substituting the phrase 43.Sec.4-3.2.2 is revised by deleting the word"guard"in the "nationally recognized"for the phrase"NFPA." first sentence. 68. Sec. 5-11.5.2.2 is revised by substituting the phrase 44.Sec.4-3.6.1.2 is deleted. "nationally recognized"for the phrase"NFPA." 45.Sec.4-3.6.1.2.1 is deleted. 69.Sec.6-1.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- ally recognized"for the phrase"NFPA:' ally recognized standards for the phrase �UFC Standard 46.Sec.4-4.3.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- 70.Sec.6-2.1 is revised by deleting the definitions of"gen- 10-1,Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers." eral audible and general visible.„ 47.Sec.4-4.6.7.2 is deleted. 71.Sec.6-4.2 is revised as follows: 48.Sec.4-6 is deleted. 6-4.2 Light Pulse Characteristics. The flash rate shall not exceed three flashes per second or be less than one flash per sec- 49.Sec.4-7.4.1(b)2 is revised as follows: ond. 2. All conductors shall be installed in rigid conduit or electrical 72.Sec.7-1.1.1 is revised by adding an exception as follows: metallic tubing in accordance with the Electric Code. EXCEPTION:Single-station smoke detectors installed in dwell- 50. Sec. 4-7.4.1 (b) 6 is revised by substituting the phrase ing units of Group R Occupancies. "the Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Elec- 73.Table 7-2.2,Item 2,is revised by substituting the phrase trical Code, Article 310." "nationally recognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA 110, 51.Sec.4-7.5 is revised as follows: Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems." 4-7.5 Personnel. Personnel necessary to receive and act on Also: signals from auxiliary fire alarm systems shall be in accordance Item 4 is revised by substituting the phrase"nationally rec- with nationally recognized standards. ognized standards" for the phrase "NFPA 111,Standard on 52.Sec.4-7.6 is revised as follows: Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Sys- 4-7.6 Operations.Operations for auxiliary fire alarm systems tems." shall be in accordance with nationally recognized standards. Also: 53.Sec.5-1.3.4 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- Item 7 is deleted. ally recognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA standard" in the first sentence, and by substituting the phrase "the Also: Mechanical Code" for the phrase "NFPA 90A,Standard for Item 13(i)is revised by substituting the phrase"nationally the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems"in recognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA 25,Standard for Exception No.3. the Inspection, Testing,and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire 54.Sec.5-2.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- Protection Systems." ally recognized standard"for the phrase"NFPA standard." Also: 55.Sec.5-2.7.1.2 is revised by deleting the note at the end of Item 18 is revised by substituting the phrase"nationally rec- the exception. ognized standards"for the phrase"NFPA standards." 56.Sec.5-3.1.4 is deleted. Also: 57.Sec.5-3.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- Item 19 is deleted. ally recognized"for the phrase"NFPA." 74.Table 7-3.1 is revised by deleting Item 8. 58.Sec.5-3.5.5.1 is revised by deleting the last sentence. 75.Sec.7-3.2.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- 59.Sec.5-3.7.5 is revised by substituting the phrase"UFC ally recognized"for the phrase"NFPA" Standard 81-2" for the phrase "NFPA 231C, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials." 76.Table 7-3.2 is revised by deleting Item 13 and revising the note following the table as follows: 60.Sec.5-5.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- ally recognized"for the phrase"NFPA." NOTE:For testing addressable and analog described devices, which are normally affixed to either a single molded assembly or 61.Sec.5-6.1 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- twist lock type affixed to a base,TESTING SHALL BE DONE ally recognized"for the phrase"NFPA." UTILIZING THE SIGNALING STYLE CIRCUITS (Styles 0.5 62.Sec.5-9.1 is revised as follows: through 7).Analog type detectors shall be tested with the same cri- 5-9.1 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be used only for fire alarm- teria. initiating purposes. 77.Figure 7-5.1,Inspection and Testing Form,is revised by 63.Sec.5-9.1.2(a)is revised as follows: changing the categories as follows: (a)Manual fire alarm boxes shall be provided at every exit from SIGNALING LINE CIRCUITS is revised by substitutingthe phrase"Chapter 3"for the phrase"NFPA 72." each floor level. TYPE BATTERY, Item (c), is revised by substituting the 64.Sec.5-9.2 is deleted. phrase"the Electric Code"for the phrases"NFPA 70,Article 65.Sec.5-11 is revised by deleting the note. 700,""NFPA 70,Article 701,"and"NFPA 70,Article 702"and 2-57 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE by revising the last line to read"Optional standby system de- Part II scribed in the Electrical Code." Reproduced with permission from the National Fire Alarm Code,NFPA 72,copyright 1993,National Fire Protection Associ- Also: ation, 1 Batterymarch Park, Box 9101, Quincy, Massachusetts Revise the final section as follows: 02269-9101. Persons desiring to reprint in whole or in part any THIS TEST WAS PERFORMED IN ACCORDANCE portion of the National Fire Alarm Code,NFPA 72-1993,must WITH APPLICABLE NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED secure permission from the National Fire Protection Association. STANDARDS. The following standard is not necessarily the latest revision used by NFPA.If the reader desires to compare with that version, the 78. Chapter 8 is deleted. same is available from NFPA. 2-58 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Contents Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Fire Alarm Systems . 72- 9 4-6 Public Fire Alarm Reporting Systems . . . 72-64 1-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72- 9 4-7 Auxiliary Fire Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . 72-73 1-2 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72- 9 1-3 General 72- g Chapter 5 Initiating Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72- 9 5-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-75 1-5 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-17 5-2 Heat-Sensing Fire Detectors . . . . . . . . . 72-76 1-6 System Interfaces 72-24 5-3 Smoke-Sensing Fire Detectors . . . . . . . . 72-79 1-7 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-24 5-4 Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors . . 72-83 5-5 Gas-Sensing Fire Detectors . . . . . . . . . . 72-85 Chapter 2 Household Fire Warning 5-6 Other Fire Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-87 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-29 5-7 Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm-Initiating 2-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-29 Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-88 2-2 Basic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-29 5-8 Detection of the Operation of Other Automatic 2-3 Power Supplies 72-30 Extinguishing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-88 2-4 Equipment Performance 72-31 5-9 Manually Actuated Alarm-Initiating 2-5 Installation 72-32 Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-88 2-6 Maintenance and Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-34 5-10 Supervisory Signal-Initiating Devices . . . 72-90 2-7 Markings and Instructions . . . . . . . . . . 72-34 5-11 Smoke Detectors for Control of Smoke Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-90 Chapter 3 Protected Premises Fire Alarm Systems . 72-34 3-1 Scope 72-34 S Chapter 6 Systems Appliances for Fire Alarm y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-93 3-2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-34 6-1 Scope 72-93 3-3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-35 6-2 General 3-4 Performance of Initiating Device, Notification 6-3 Audible Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-94 Appliance, and Signaling Line Circuits . . 72-35 6-4 Visible Characteristics, Public Mode . . . . 72-95 3-5 Performance and Capacities of Initiating Device Circuits(IDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-35 6-5 Visible Characteristics, Private Mode. . . . 72-96 3-6 Performance and Capacities of Signaling Line 6-6 Supplementary Visible Signaling 72-97 Circuits (SLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-37 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC) . . 72-37 6-7 Coded Appliance Characteristics . . . . . . 72-97 3-8 System Requirements 72-37 6-8 Textual Audible Appliances . . . . . . . . . 72-97 3-9 Fire Safety Control Functions . . . . . . . . 72-42 6-9 Textual Visible Appliances . . . . . . . . . . 72-97 3-10 Suppression System Actuation . . . . . . . . 72-43 Chapter 7 Inspection,Testing,and Maintenance . . 72-97 3-11 Interconnected Fire Alarm Control 7-1 General 72-97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-43 7-2 Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-98 3-12 Emergency Voice/Alarm 7-3 Inspection and Testing.Frequency . . . . . 72-98 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-44 3-13 Special Requirements for Low Power Radio 7-4 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-107 (Wireless) Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-46 7-5 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-110 Chapter 4 Supervising Station Fire Alarm Chapter 8 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . 72-116 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-47 4-1 Scope 72-47 Appendix A Explanatory Material . . . . . . . . . 72-117 p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 Communication Methods for Off-Premises Fire Appendix B Engineering Guide for Automatic Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-47 Fire Detector Spacing . . . . . . . . 72-156 4-3 Fire Alarm Systems for Central Station Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 72-57 Appendix C Referenced Publications . . . . . . 72-241 4-4 Proprietary Supervising Station Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-60 Cross Reference List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-243 4-5 Remote Supervising Station Fire Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-63 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-265 2-59 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE NFPA 72 1-3.3 The intent and meaning of the terms used in this code are, unless otherwise defined herein, the same as National Fire Alarm Code those of NFPA 70,National Electrical Code.® 1993 Edition [From NFPA 72- 1990, 1-3.31 NOTICE: An asterisk (•) following the number or letter 1-4 Definitions. For the purposes of this code, the fol- designating'a paragraph indicates explanatory material on lowing terms have the meanings shown below: that paragraph in Appendix A. [From NFPA 72- 1990] Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 8 and Appendix C. Active Multiplex System. A multiplexing system in which transponders are employed to transmit status signals of each initiating device or initiating device circuit within a Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Fire Alarm Systems prescribed time interval. [From NFPA 71 modified] 1-1 Scope. This code deals with the application, installa- tion, performance, and maintenance of fire alarm systems Active Signaling Element. A component within a cir- and their components. cuit interface such as a transistor, silicon controlled recti- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 1-1 modified] fier, or relay whose function is to impress a signal on the 1-2 Purpose., multiplexed signaling line circuit. [From NFPA 71 modified] 1-2.1• The purpose of this code is to define the means of signal initiation, transmission, notification, and annuncia- Addressable Device. A fire alarm system component tion; the levels of performance; and the reliability of the with discreet identification that can have its status individ- various types of fire alarm systems. This code defines the ually identified or that is used to individually control other features associated with these systems, and also provides functions. the information necessary to modify or upgrade an exist- [New paragraph] ing system to meet the requirements of a particular system classification. It is the intent of this code to establish the Adverse Condition. Any occurrence to a communica- required levels of performance,extent of redundancy, and tions or transmission channel that interferes with quality of installation,but not the methods by which these proper ro the transmission and/or interpretation of status requirements are to be achieved. p p p [From NFPA 72, 1-2.1 modified] change signals at the supervising station. (See also Trouble Signal.) 1-2.2 Any reference or implied reference to a particular [From NFPA 71 modified] type of hardware is for the purpose of clarity and shall not be interpreted as an endorsement. Air Sampling-Type Detector. A detector that consists [From NFPA 72, 1-2.2] of a piping or tubing distribution network from the detec- 1-3 General. for to the Area(s) to be protected. An aspiration fan in the detector housing draws air from the protected area back to 1-3.1 This code classifies fire alarm systems as follows: the detector through air sampling ports,piping,or tubing. (a) Household fire warning systems At the detector, the air is analyzed for fire products. [From NFPA 72E- 1990;2-2.2.3] (b) Protected premises fire alarm systems 1. Local fire alarm systems Alarm. A warning of fire danger. (c) Off-premises fire alarm systems [New paragraph] 1. Auxiliary fire alarm systems Alarm Service. The service required following the (i) Local energy type receipt of an alarm signal. (ii) Parallel telephone type [From NFPA 71] (iii) Shunt type Alarm Signal. A signal indicating an emergency 2. Remote station fire alarm systems requiring immediate action, such as a signal indicative of 3. Proprietary fire alarm systems fire. 4. Central station fire alarm systems [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 71 modified] 5. Municipal fire alarm systems. Alarm Verification Feature. A feature of automatic fire 1-3.2 A device or system having materials or forms differ- detection and alarm systems to reduce unwanted alarms ent from those detailed in this code shall be permitted to wherein smoke detectors must report alarm conditions for be examined and tested according to the intent of the code a minimum period of time, or confirm alarm conditions and, if found equivalent, shall be approved. within a given time period,after being reset to be accepted [From NFPA 72- 1990, 1-3.2,and NFPA 71, 1-1.3 as a valid alarm initiation signal. modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] 2-60 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Alert Tone. An attention-getting signal to alert occu- trol valves; pressure levels; liquid agent levels and temper- pants of the pending transmission of a voice message. atures;pump power and running,engine temperature and [From NFPA 72- 1990) overspeed; and room temperature. [New paragraphs] Analog Initiating Device(Sensor). An initiating device that transmits a signal indicating varying degrees of condi- Automatic Fire Detectors. Fire is a phenomenon that tion as contrasted with a conventional initiating device, occurs when a substance reaches a critical temperature and which can only indicate an on/off condition. reacts chemically with oxygen (for example) to produce [New paragraph] heat, flame, light, smoke, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,or other products and effects. Annunciator. A unit containing two or more indicator An automatic fire detector is a device designed to detect lamps, alpha-numeric displays, or other equivalent means the presence of fire and initiate action. For the purpose of in which each indication provides status information about this code, automatic fire detectors are classified as listed a circuit, condition, or location. below. [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] [NFPA 72E- 1990, 2-1,2-2.1 modified] Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having juris- Fire-Gas Detector. A device that detects gases pro- diction." duced by a fire. NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association does not [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.1.41 approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials nor does it approve or evaluate Heat Detector. A device that detects abnormally high testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of temperature or rate-of-temperature rise. installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the [From NFPA 74 and NFPA 72E] authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on com- pliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the Other Fire Detectors. Devices that detect a phe�om- absence of such standards, said authority may require evi- enon other than heat,smoke,flame,or gases produced by dence of proper installation,procedure or use.The author- ity having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or label- From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.1.5 ing practices of an organization concerned with product [ ] evaluations which is in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of Radiant Energy Sensing Fire Detector. A device that listed items. detects radiant energy(such as ultraviolet, visible,or infra- [From NFPA 72- 1990,NFPA 71,NFPA 72E, red) that is emitted as a product of combustion reaction NFPA 72G,NFPA 72H,and NFPA 74] and obeys the laws of optics. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.1.91 Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual Smoke Detector. A device that detects visible or responsible for"approving"equipment,an installation or a invisible particles of combustion. procedure. [From NFPA 741 NOTE: The phrase"authority having jurisdiction"is used Auxiliary Box. Afire alarm box that can be operated in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions rY p and "approval" agencies vary as do their responsibilities. from one or more remote actuating devices. Where public safety is primary,the"authority having juris- [From NFPA 1221 modified] diction" may be a federal, state, local or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, Auxiliary Fire Alarm System. A system connected to a chief of a fire prevention bureau,labor department,health municipal fire alarm system for transmitting an alarm of department,building official,electrical inspector,or others fire to the public fire service communication center. Fire having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other alarms from an auxiliary fire alarm system are received at insurance company representative may be the "authority the public fire service communication center on the same having jurisdiction." In many circumstances the property equipment and by the same method's as alarms transmitted owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the manually from municipal fire alarm boxes located on "authority having jurisdiction";at government installations, streets. the commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction." (a) Local Energy Type. An auxiliary system that employs " [From NFPA 72- 1990, NFPA 71, NFPA 72E, a locally complete arrangement of parts, initiating devices, NFPA 72G,NFPA 72H,and NFPA 74] relays, power supply, and associated components to auto- matically trip a municipal transmitter or master box over Automatic Extinguishing System Operation Detector. electric circuits that are electrically isolated from the A device that detects the operation of an extinguishing sys- municipal system circuits. tem by means appropriate to the system employed. (b) Parallel Telephone Type. An auxiliary system con- Automatic Extinguishing System Supervision. Devices nected by a municipally controlled individual circuit to the that respond to abnormal conditions that could affect the protected property to interconnect the initiating devices at proper operation of an automatic sprinkler system or other the protected premises and the municipal fire alarm fire extinguishing system,including but not limited to con- switchboard. 2-61 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (c) Shunt Auxiliary Type. An auxiliary system electrically are transmitted automatically to, recorded in, maintained connected to an integral part of the municipal alarm sys- by, and supervised from a listed central station having tem extending the municipal circuit into the protected pre- competent and experienced servers and operators who, mises to interconnect the initiating devices, which, when upon receipt of a signal, take such action as required by operated, open the municipal circuit shunted around the this code. Such service is to be controlled and operated by trip coil of the municipal transmitter or master box, which a person, firm, or corporation whose business is the fur- is thereupon energized to start transmission without any nishing, maintaining, or monitoring of supervised fire assistance whatsoever from a local source of power. alarm systems. [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] [From NFPA 71 modified and TIA 304 revised, SC 90-44] Box Battery. The battery supplying power for an indi- vidual fire alarm box where radio signals are used for the Central Station Service. The use of a system or a transmission of box alarms. group of systems in which the operations of circuits and [From NFPA 1221 modified] devices at a protected property are signaled to, recorded in,and supervised from a listed central station having com- Bridging Point. The location where the distribution of petent and experienced operators who, upon receipt of a signaling line circuits to trunk facilities or leg facilities, or signal, take such action as required by this code. Related both, occurs. activities at the protected property such as equipment [From NFPA 71 modified] installation, inspection, testing, maintenance, and runner service are the responsibility of the central station or a Carrier. High frequency energy that can be modulated listed fire alarm service - local company. Central station ser- by voice or signaling impulses. vice is controlled and operated by a person,firm,or corpora- [From NFPA 72- 1990] tion whose business is the furnishing of such contracted serv- ices or whose properties are the protected premises. Carrier System. A means of conveying a number of channels over a single path by modulating each channel on Certificate of Completion. A document that acknowl- a different carrier frequency and demodulating at the edges the features of installation,operation(performance), receiving point to restore the signals to their original form. service, and equipment with representation by the prop- [From NFPA 71] erty owner,system installer,system supplier,service organ- ization, and the authority having jurisdiction. Ceiling. The upper surface of a space, regardless of [From NFPA 72 modified] am height.Areas with a suspended ceiling would have two ceil- ings, one visible from the floor and one above the sus- Certification. A systematic program using randomly pended ceiling. selected follow-up inspections of the certified systems Ceiling Height. The height from the continuous floor installed under the program,which allows the listing organ- of a room to the continuous ceiling of a room or space. ization to verify that a fire alarm system complies with all [From NFPA 72E] the requirements of this code. A system installed under such a program is identified by the issuance of a certificate Ceiling Surfaces. Ceiling surfaces referred to in con- and is designated as a certificated system. junction with the locations of initiating devices are as [From NFPA 71 modified] follows: [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-4 and 2-4.1] Certification of Personnel. A formal program of (a) Beam Construction. Ceilings having solid structural related instruction and testing as provided by a recognized organization or the authority having jurisdiction. or solid nonstructural members projecting down from the ceiling surface more than 4 in. (100 mm)and spaced more NOTE: This definition applies only to municipal fire than 3 ft (0.9 m),center to center. alarm systems. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-4.1.1] [From NFPA 1221 modified] (b) Girders. Girders support beams or joists and run at right angles to the beams or joists.When the top of girders Channel. A path for voice or signal transmission utiliz- are within 4 in. (100 mm) of the ceiling, they are a factor ing modulation of light or alternating current within a fre- in determining the number of detectors and are to be con- quency band. sidered as beams. When the top of the girder is more than [From NFPA 71, NFPA 72. 1990,and NFPA 1221 4 in. (100 mm) from the ceiling, it is not a factor in detec- modified] for location. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-4.1.2] Circuit Interface. A circuit component that interfaces initiating devices and/or control circuits, indicating appli- Central Station. A supervising station that is listed for ances and/or circuits, system control outputs, and other central station service. signaling line circuits to a signaling line circuit. [From NFPA 71, 1-3 modified] [New paragraph] Central Station Fire Alarm System. A system or group Combination Detector. A device that either responds of systems in which the operations of circuits and devices to more than one of the fire phenomenon or employs more 2-62 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 than one operating principle to sense one of these phe- tiating devices or groups of devices are connected. The nomenon. Typical examples are a combination of a heat DACT will seize the connected telephone line,dial a prese- detector with a smoke detector or a combination rate-of- lected number to connect to a DACR, and transmit signals rise and fixed-temperature heat detector. indicating a status change of the initiating device. [From NFPA 72E] [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 71 modified] Combination Fire Alarm and Guard's Tour Box. Digital Alarm Radio Receiver(DARR). A system com- Manually operated box for separately transmitting a fire ponent composed of two subcomponents:one that receives alarm signal and a distinctive guard patrol tour supervi- and decodes radio signals, the other that annunciates the sory signal. decoded data.These two subcomponents can be coresident [From NFPA 72- 1990] at the central station or separated by means of a data trans- mission channel. Combination System. A local fire alarm system for fire [From NFPA 71] alarm, supervisory, or guard's tour supervisory service, or a household fire warning system whose components may Digital Alarm Radio System (DARS). A system in be used in whole or in part in common with a nonfire sig- which signals are transmitted from a digital alarm radio naling system, such as a paging system, a burglar alarm transmitter (DART) located at a protected premises system, or a process monitoring supervisory system, with- through a radio channel to a digital alarm radio receiver out degradation of or hazard to the fire alarm system. (DARR). [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 74 modified] [From NFPA 71 modified] Communication Channel. A circuit or path connecting Digital Alarm Radio Transmitter (DART). A system subsidiary station(s) to supervising station(s) over which component connected to or an integral part of a DACT signals are carried. that is used to provide an alternate radio transmission [From NFPA 71 modified] channel. [From NFPA 71] Compatibility Listed. A specific listing process that applies only to two-wire devices (such as smoke detectors) Display. The visual representation of output data designed to operate with certain control equipment. other than printed copy. Compatible (Equipment). Equipment that interfaces [From NFPA 72- 1990) mechanically or electrically together as manufactured with- out field modification. Dual Control. The use of two primary trunk facilities Control Unit. A system component that monitors inputs over separate routes or different methods to control one and controls outputs through various types of circuits. communication channel. [New paragraphs] [From NFPA 71] Delinquency Signal. A signal indicating the need of Evacuation. The withdrawal of occupants from a building. action in connection with the supervision of guards or sys- NOTE: Evacuation does not include relocation of occu- tem attendants. [From NFPA 71 and NFPA 72- 1990 modified] pants within a building. [From NFPA 72- 19901 Derived Channel. A signaling line.circuit that uses the Evacuation Signal. Distinctive signal intended to be local leg of the public switched network as an active multi- recognized by the occupants as requiring evacuation of the plex channel, while simultaneously allowing that leg's use building. for normal telephone communications. [From NFPA 71] [From NFPA 72- 1990] Digital Alarm Communicator Receiver(DACR). A sys- Exit Plan. Plan for the emergency evacuation of the tem component that will accept and display signals from premises. digital alarm communicator transmitters (DACTs) sent Family Living Unit. That structure, area, room, or over the public switched telephone network. combination of rooms in which a family (or individual) [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 71 modified] lives. This is meant to cover living area only and not com- mon usage areas in multifamily buildings such as corridors, Digital Alarm Communicator System (DACS). A sys- lobbies, basements,etc. tem to which signals are transmitted from a digital alarm [From NFPA 741 communicator transmitter(DACT)located at the protected premises through the public switched telephone network Fire Alarm Control Unit(Panel). A system component to a digital alarm communicator receiver (DACR). that receives inputs from automatic and manual fire alarm [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 71 modified] devices and may supply power to detection devices and transponder(s) or off-premises transmitter(s). The control Digital Alarm Communicator Transmitter (DACT). A unit may also provide transfer of power to the notification system component at the protected premises to which ini- appliances and transfer of condition to relays or devices 2-63 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE connected to the control unit. The fire alarm control unit Hunt Group. A group of associated telephone lines can be a local fire alarm control unit or master control unit. within which an incoming call is automatically routed to an [New paragraph] idle (not busy) telephone line for completion. [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 711 Fire Alarm/Evacuation Signal Tone Generator. A device that, upon command, produces a fire alarm/ Initiating Device. A system component that originates evacuation tone. transmission of a change of state condition, such as a [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] smoke detector,manual fire alarm box,supervisory switch, etc. Fire Alarm Signal. A signal initiated by a fire alarm Initiating Device Circuit. A circuit to which automatic initiating device such as a manual fire alarm box,automatic or manual initiating devices are connected where the signal fire detector, waterflow switch,or other device whose activa- received does not identify the individual device operated. tion is indicative of the presence of a fire or fire signature. [From NFPA 72- 1990] Fire Alarm System. A system or portion of a combina- Integrated System. A computer-based control system, tion system consisting of components and circuits arranged listed for use as a fire alarm system, in which certain com- to monitor and annunciate the status of fire alarm or ponents are common to nonfire monitoring and control supervisory signal initiating devices and to initiate appro- functions. priate response to those signals. [New paragraphs] [New paragraph] Fire Command Center. The principal manned or Intermediate Fire Alarm or Fire Supervisory Control unmanned location where the status of the detection, Unit. A control unit used to provide area fire alarm or area alarm communications, and control systems is displayed fire supervisory service that, when connected to the propri- and from which the system(s) can be manually controlled. etary fire alarm system,becomes a part of that system. [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] Fire Rating. The classification indicating in time Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been (hours) the ability of a structure or component to with- attached a label, symbol or other identifying mark of an stand fire conditions. organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdic- tion" and concerned with product evaluation, that main- Fire Safety Function Control Device. The fire alarm tains periodic inspection of production of labeled equip- system component that directly interfaces with the control ment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer system that controls the fire safety function. indicates compliance with appropriate standards or perfor- mance in a specified manner. Fire Safety Functions. Building and fire control func- [From NFPA 71, NFPA 72- 1990, NFPA 72G, tions that are intended to increase the level of life safety for NFPA 74,and NFPA 1221] occupants or to control the spread of harmful effects of fire. [New paragraphs] Leg Facility. That portion of a communication channel that connects not more than one protected premises to a Fire Warden. Building staff or tenant trained to per- primary or secondary trunk facility. The leg facility form assigned duties in the event of a fire emergency. includes the portion of the signal transmission circuit from its point of connection with a trunk facility to the point [From NFPA 72- 19901 where it is terminated within the protected premises at one Guard Signal. A supervisory signal monitoring the or more transponders. g p y g g [From NFPA 71 and NFPA 72- 1990 modified] performance of guard patrols. Guard's Tour Supervision. Devices that are manually Level Ceilings. Those ceilings that are actually level or or automatically initiated to indicate the route being fol- have a slope of 11/2 in. or less per ft (41.7 mm per m). lowed and the timing of a guard's tour. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-3.1.1] [New paragraphs] Line-Type Detector. A device in which detection is Household. The family living unit in single-family continuous along a path. Typical examples are rate-of-rise detached dwellings, single-family attached dwellings, mul- pneumatic tubing detectors, projected beam smoke detec- tifamily buildings,,and mobile homes. tors, and heat-sensitive cable. [From NFPA 74] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.2.11 Household Fire Alarm System. A system of devices Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list pub- that produces an alarm signal in the household for the lished by an organization acceptable to the"authority hav- purpose of notifying the occupants of the presence of a fire ing jurisdiction" and concerned with product evaluation, so they may evacuate the premises. that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed [From NFPA 74 modified] equipment or materials and whose listing states either that 2-64 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 the equipment or material meets appropriate standards or Master Control Unit(Panel). A control unit that serves has been tested and found suitable for use in.a specified the protected premises or portion of the protected pre- manner. mises as a local control unit and accepts inputs from other fire alarm control units. NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may [New paragraph] vary for each organization concerned with product evalua- tion, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed Multiple Station Alarm Device. Two or more single- unless it is also labeled.The"authority having jurisdiction" station alarm devices that may be interconnected so that should utilize the system employed by the listing organiza- tion to identify a listed product. actuation of one causes all integral or separate audible [From NFPA 71,NFPA 72- 1990, NFPA 72G, alarms to operate. It may also consist of one single-station NFPA 74,and NFPA 12211 alarm device having connections for other detectors or manual fire alarm box. Loading Capacity. The maximum number of discrete [From NFPA 74 modified] elements of fire alarm systems permitted to be used in a Multiplexing. A signaling method characterized b particular configuration. P g g g y simultaneous or sequential transmission, or both, and Local Control Unit (Panel). A control unit that serves reception of multiple signals on a signaling line circuit or a the protected premises or a portion of the protected pre- communication channel including means for positively mises and indicates the alarm via notification appliances identifying each signal. inside the protected premises. [From NFPA 71 modified] [New paragraphs] Municipal Fire Alarm Box (Street Box). An enclosure Local Fire Alarm System. A local system sounding an housing a manually operated transmitter used to send an alarm at the protected premises as the result of the manual alarm to the public fire service communication center. operation of a fire alarm box or the operation of protection [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] equipment or systems, such as water flowing in a sprinkler system, the discharge of carbon dioxide, the detection of Municipal Fire Alarm System. A system of alarm initi- smoke, or the detection of heat. ating devices,receiving equipment,and connecting circuits [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] (other than a public telephone network) used to transmit alarms from street locations to the public fire service com- Local Supervisory System. A local system arranged to munication center. supervise the performance of guard's tours, or the opera- [From NFPA 1221 modified] tive condition of automatic sprinkler systems or other sys- tems for the protection of life and property against a fire Municipal Transmitter. A transmitter that can only be hazard. tripped remotely, used to send an alarm to the public fire [From NFPA 72- 1990] service communication center. [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] Local System. A system that produces a signal at the premises protected. Nonrestorable Initiating Device. A device whose sens- Loss of Power. The reduction of available voltage at ing element is designed to be destroyed in the process of the load below the point at which equipment will function operation. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2 2.3.1] as designed. [From NFPA 71] Notification Appliance. A fire alarm system compo.- Low Power Radio Transmitter. Any device that com- nent such as a bell, horn,speaker,strobe,printer,etc.,that municates with associated control/receiving equipment by provides an audible or visible output, or both. some kind of low power radio signals. [New paragraph] [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] Notification Appliance Circuit. A circuit or path Maintenance. Repair service, including periodically directly connected to a notification appliance(s). recurrent inspections and tests, required to keep the fire [From NFPA 71,NFPA 72- 1990,and NFPA 72H alarm system and its component parts in an operative con- modified] dition at all times, together with replacement of the system Off-Hook. To make connection with the public or of its components, when for any reason they become undependable or inoperable. switched telephone network in preparation to dial a tele- [From NFPA 71 and NFPA 72- 1990] phone number. On-Hook. To disconnect from the public switched tele- Manual Fire Alarm Box. A manually operated device phone network. used to initiate an alarm signal. [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 71] [New paragraph] Ownership. Any property, building, contents, etc., Master Box. A municipal fire alarm box that may also under legal control by occupant,by contract,or by holding be operated by remote means. of title or deed. [From NFPA 72- 1990] [New paragraph] 2-65 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Paging System. A system intended to page one or Public Fire Service Communication Center. The more persons such as by means of voice over loudspeaker, building or portion of the building used to house the cen- by means of coded audible signals or visible signals, or by tral operating part of the fire alarm system; usually the means of lamp annunciators. place where the necessary testing, switching, receiving, [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] transmitting, and power supply devices are located. [From NFPA 72- 1990] Parallel Telephone System. A telephone system in which an individually wired circuit is used for each fire Public Switched Telephone Network. An assembly of alarm box. communications facilities and central office equipment [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 1221 modified] operated jointly by authorized common carriers that pro- vides the general public with the ability to establish com- Permanent Visual Record (Recording). Immediately munications channels via discrete dialing codes. readable, not easily alterable, print, slash, punch, etc., list- [From NFPA 71] ing all occurrences of status change. [From NFPA 72- 1990] Radio Alarm Central Station Receiver(RACSR). A sys- tem component that receives data and annunciates that Plant. One or more buildings under the same owner- data at the central station. ship or control on a single property. [From NFPA 71 modified] [From NFPA 71] Radio Alarm Satellite Station Receiver (RASSR). A Positive Alarm Sequence. An automatic sequence that system component that receives radio signals.This compo- results in an alarm signal, even if manually delayed for nent is resident at a satellite station, located at a remote investigation, unless the system is reset. receiving location. Power Supply. A source of electrical operating power Radio Alarm System (RAS). A system in which signals including the circuits and terminations connecting it to the are transmitted from a radio alarm transmitter (RAT) dependent system components. located at a protected premises through a radio channel to Primary Battery(Dry Cell). A nonrechargeable battery two or more radio alarm satellite station receivers(RASSR), requiring periodic replacement. and that are annunciated by a radio alarm central station [New paragraphs] receiver (RACSR) located at the central station. Radio Alarm Transmitter(RAT). A system component Primary Trunk Facility. That part of a transmission at the protected premises to which initiating devices or channel connecting all leg facilities to a supervising or sub- groups of devices are connected. The RAT transmits sig- sidiary station. [From NFPA 71, 1-3 modified] nals indicating a status change of the initiating devices. [From NFPA 71] Prime Contractor. The one company contractually Radio Channel. A band of frequencies of a width suffi- responsible for providing central station services to a sub- cient to permit its use for radio communications. scriber as required by this code.This may be either a listed central station or a listed fire alarm service-local company. NOTE: The width of the channel depends on the type of [New paragraph-TIA 304 revised,SC 90-44) transmissions and the tolerance for the frequency of emis- sion. Normally allocated for radio transmission in a speci- Private Radio Signaling. A radio system under control fied type for service by a specified transmitter. of the proprietary supervising station. [From NFPA 1221, 1-3] Proprietary Fire Alarm System. An installation of fire alarm systems that serve contiguous and noncontiguous Record Drawings. Drawings (as-built) that document properties under one ownership from a proprietary super- the location of all devices, appliances, wiring sequences, vising station located at the protected property, where wiring methods,and connections of the components of the trained, competent personnel are in constant attendance. fire alarm system as installed. This includes the proprietary supervising station;power sup- [From NFPA 72H modified] plies;signal initiating devices;initiating device circuits;signal notification appliances;equipment for the automatic,perma- Relocation. The movement of occupants from a fire nent visual recording of signals;and equipment for initiating zone to a safe area within the same building. the operation of emergency building control services. Remote Station Fire Alarm System. A system installed [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] in accordance with this code to transmit alarm, supervi- Proprietary Supervising Station. A location to which sory, and trouble signals from one or more protected pre- alarm or supervisory signaling devices on proprietary fire pre- mises to a remote location at which appropriate action is p y g g p p y taken. alarm systems are connected and where personnel are in [From NFPA 72- 19901 attendance at all times to supervise operation and investi- gate signals. Repeater Facility. Equipment needed to relay signals Protected Premises. The physical location protected between supervisory stations, subsidiary stations, and pro- by a fire alarm system. tected premises. [New paragraphs] [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] 2-66 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Repeater Station. The location of the equipment Smooth Ceiling. A surface uninterrupted by contin- needed for a repeater facility. uous projections, such as solid joists, beams, or ducts, [From NFPA 71 modified] extending more than 4 in. (100 mm) below the ceiling surface. Restorable Initiating Device. A device whose sensing element is not ordinarily destroyed in the process of oper- NOTE: Open truss constructions are not considered to ation. Restoration may be manual or automatic. impede the flow of fire products unless the upper member [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.3.2] in continuous contact with the ceiling projects below the ceiling more than 4 in. (100 mm). Runner. A person other than the required number of [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-4.1.4] operators on duty at central, supervising, or runner sta- tions (or otherwise in contact with these stations) available for prompt dispatching, when necessary, to the protected advised but not required. premises. [From NFPA 72- 1990,NFPA 72G,NFPA 72H, NFPA 71, NFPA 74,and NFPA 1221] Runner Service. The service provided by a runner at the protected premises,including resetting and silencing of Signal. A status indication communicated by electrical all equipment transmitting fire alarm or supervisory sig- or other means. nals to the off-premise location. [New paragraph] [New paragraphs] Signal Transmission Sequence. A DACT that obtains Satellite Trunk. A circuit or path connecting a satellite dial tone, dials the number(s) of the DACR, obtains verifi- to its central or proprietary supervising station. cation that the DACR is ready to receive signals, transmits [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] the signals, and receives acknowledgment that the DACR has accepted that signal before disconnecting (going Scanner. Equipment located at the telephone company on-hook). wire center that monitors each local leg and relays status [From NFPA 71] changes to the alarm center. Processors and associated equipment may also be included. Signaling Line Circuit. A circuit or path between any [From NFPA 71] combination of circuit interfaces,control units,or transmit- tersFacility. over which multiple system input signals or output �y ty. P signals,or both, are carried. channel connecting two or more,but less than all,leg facil- [From NFPA 72- 1990,NFPA 71,and NFPA 72H ities to a primary trunk facility. modified] [From NFPA 71, 1-3] Separate Sleeping Area. The area or areas of the fam- Signaling Line Circuit Interface. A system component ily living unit in which the bedrooms (or sleeping rooms) that connects a signaling line circuit to any combination of are located. For the purpose of this code, bedrooms (or initiating devices, initiating device circuits, notification sleeping rooms) separated by other use areas, such as appliances, notification appliance circuits, system control kitchens or living rooms(but not bathrooms), shall be con- outputs, and other signaling line circuits. sidered as separate sleeping areas. [From NFPA 72- 1990 and NFPA 72H modified] [From NFPA 74 modified] Single Station Alarm Device. An assembly incorporat- Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. ing the detector, control equipment, and the alarm- [From NFPA 72- 1990, NFPA 71,NFPA 74,and sounding device in one unit operated from a power supply NFPA 1221] either in the unit or obtained at the point of installation. [From NFPA 741 Shapes of Ceilings. The shapes of ceilings are classified as follows: Solid Joist Construction. Ceilings having solid struc- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-3 and 2-3.1] tural or solid nonstructural members projecting down from the ceiling surface a distance of more than 4 in. (100 mm) Sloping Ceilings. Those having a slope of more than and spaced at intervals 3 ft(0.9 m)or less,center to center. 11/2 in. per ft(41.7 mm per m). Sloping ceilings are further [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-4.1.3] classified as follows: Spacing. A horizontally measured dimension relating (a) Sloping-Peaked Type. Those in which the ceiling to the allowable coverage of fire detectors. slopes in two directions from the highest point. Curved or [From NFPA 72E] domed ceilings may be considered peaked with the slope figured as the slope of the chord from highest to lowest Spot-Type Detector. A device whose detecting element point. (See Figure A-5-2.7.4.1.) is concentrated at a particular location. Typical examples (b) Sloping-Shed Type. Those in.which the high point are bimetallic detectors, fusible alloy detectors, certain is at one side with the slope extending toward the opposite pneumatic rate-of-rise detectors, certain smoke detectors, side. (See Figure A-5-2.7.4.2.) and thermoelectric detectors. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-3.1.2] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.2.2] 2-67 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Story. The portion of a building included between the Transponder. A multiplex alarm transmission system upper surface of a floor and upper surface of the floor or functional assembly located at the protected premises. roof next above. [From NFPA 71] [From NFPA 74] Trouble Signal. A signal initiated by the fire alarm sys Subscriber. The recipient of contractual supervising tern,indicative of a fault in a monitored circuit or component. station signal service(s). In case of multiple,noncontiguous [From NFPA 71,NFPA 72- 1990,NFPA 74,and properties having single ownership, the term "subscriber" NFPA 1221 modified] refers to each protected premises or its local management. [From NFPA 71, 1-3 modified] Trunk Facility. That part of a transmission channel connecting two or more leg facilities to the central super- Subsidiary Station. A subsidiary station is a normally vising station or subsidiary station. unattended location, remote from the supervising station [From NFPA 72- 1990 modified] and linked by communication channel(s)to the supervising station. Interconnection of signal-receiving equipment or Trunk Primary Facility. That part of a transmission communication channel(s) from protected buildings with channel connecting all leg facilities to a central or propri- channel(s)to the supervising station is accomplished at this etary supervising station or subsidiary station. location. [From NFPA 71 and NFPA 72- 1990 modified] Trunk Secondary Facility. That part of a transmission channel connecting two or more,but less than all,leg facil- Supervising Station. A facility that receives signals and ities to a primary trunk facility. where personnel are in attendance at all times to respond [From NFPA 71 modified) to these signals. WATS Wide Area Telephone Service). Telephone [New paragraph] ( P P company service allowing reduced costs for certain tele- Supervisory Service. The service required to monitor phone call arrangements; may be in-WATS or 800-number performance of guard tours and the operative condition of service where calls can be placed from anywhere in the fixed suppression systems or other systems for the protec- continental U.S.to the called party at no cost to the calling tion of life and property. party, or out-WATS, a service whereby, for a flat-rate charge,dependent on the total duration of all such calls,a Supervisory Signal. A signal indicating the need of subscriber may make an unlimited number of calls within action in connection with the supervision of guard tours, a prescribed area from a particular telephone terminal fire suppression systems or equipment,or with the mainte- without the registration of individual call charges. nance features of related systems. [From NFPA 71] [From NFPA 71 and NFPA 72- 1990 modified] Zone. A defined area within the protected premises.A Supplementary. As used in this code, supplementary zone may define an area from which .a signal can be refers to equipment or operations not required by this code received, an area to which a signal can be sent, or an area and designated as such by the authority having jurisdiction. in which a form of control can be executed. [From NFPA 71 and NFPA 72 - 19901 [From NFPA 72- 1990] .Switched Telephone Network. An assembly of commu- 1-5 Fundamentals. nications facilities and central office equipment operated jointly by authorized service providers, which provide the general public with the ability to establish transmission 1-5.1 Common System Fundamentals. The provisions of channels via discrete dialing. this chapter shall apply to Chapters 3 through 7. [From NFPA 71, 1-3 modified] 1-5.1.1 The provisions of this chapter cover the basic System Unit. The active subassemblies at the central functions of a complete fire alarm system. These systems station utilized for signal receiving, processing, display, or are primarily intended to provide notification of fire alarm, recording of status change signals;a failure of one of these supervisory, and trouble conditions, alert the occupants, subassemblies would cause the loss of a number of alarm summon appropriate aid, and control fire safety functions. signals by that unit. [From NFPA 71] 1-5.1.2 Equipment. Equipment constructed and installed in conformity with this code shall be listed for the purpose Transmission Channel. A circuit or path connecting for which it is used. transmitters to supervising stations or subsidiary stations [New paragraphs] on which signals are carried. [New paragraph] 1-5.2 Power Supplies. Transmitter. A system component that provides an 1-5.2.1 Scope. The provisions of this section apply to interface between signaling line circuits, initiating device power supplies used for fire alarm systems. circuits, or control units and the transmission channel. [From NFPA 72- 1990,5-1,and NFPA 71,2-2.1.1 [From NFPA 71 modified] modified] 2-68 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 1-5.2.2 Code Conformance. All power supplies,shall be alarm notification appliances used for evacuation or to installed inconformity with the requirements of NFPA 70, direct aid to the location of'an emergency for.5 minutes. National Electrical Code, for such equipment, and with the The secondary power supply for emergency 'voice/alarm requirements indicated in this section. communications service shall be capable of operating the [From NFPA 72- 1990,5-2;NFPA 71, 2-2.1.3 system under maximum normal load for 24•hours and modified;and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.1.1 modified] then be capable of operating the system during a fire or other emergency condition for a period of 2 hours. Fifteen 1-5.2.3 Power Sources. Fire alarm systems shall be pro- minutes of evacuation alarm operation at.maximum con- vided with at least two independent and reliable power nected load shall be considered the equivalent of 2 hours of supplies, one primary and one secondary (standby), each emergency operation. of which shall be of adequate capacity for the application. The secondary supply shall consist of one of the following: [New paragraph] ' (a) A. storage battery arranged in accordance with Exception No. 1: Where the primary power is supplied by a ded- 1-5.2.9. icated branch circuit of an emergency system in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 700, or a legally (b) An automatic starting engine-driven generator required standby system in accordance with NFPA 70, National arranged in accordance with 1-5.2.10 and storage batteries Electrical Code, Article 701, a secondary supply is not required. with 4 hours capacity arranged in accordance with 1-5.2.9. Exception No. 2: Where the primary power is supplied by a ded (c) Multiple engine driven generators, one of which is icated branch circuit of an optional standby system in accordance with NFPA 70,National Electrical Code,Article 702, which also arranged for automatic starting, arranged in accordance meets the performance requirements of.Article 700 or Article 701, with 1-5.2.10, capable of supplying the energy required a secondary supply is not required. herein with the largest generator out of service. It shall be permitted for the second generator to be pushbutton start. NOTE to Exceptions No. l and No. 2: A trouble signal is not required where operating power is being supplied by Operation on secondary power shall not affect the either of the two sources of power indicated in Exceptions required performance of a fire alarm system. The system No. 1 and No.2 above,if they are capable of providing the shall produce the same alarm,supervisory,and trouble sig- hours of operation required by 1-5.2.5 and loss of primary nals and indications (excluding the ac power indicator) power is otherwise indicated (e.g., by loss of building when operating from the standby power source as pro- lighting). [From NFPA 72 - 1990,5-3, 5-3.1; NFPA 71, duced when the unit is operating from the primary power source. 2-2.1.1,par. 2 modified;and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.2 [From NFPA 72 1990,5-3.3; NFPA 71, 2 2.1.5 modified] modified,2-2.2 modified;and NFPA 1221, 4-1.5.2(c) modified] Where do voltages are employed they shall be limited to no more than 350 volts above earth ground. 1-5.2.6 Continuity of Power Supplies. [From NFPA 71,2-2.1.1 par. 3] (a) Where signals could be lost on transfer of power 1-5.2.4 Primary Supply. The primary supply shall have a between the primary and secondary sources, rechargeable high degree of reliability,shall have adequate capacity for the batteries of sufficient capacity to operate the system under intended service,and shall consist of one of the following: maximum normal load for 15 minutes shall assume the (a) Light and power service arranged in accordance load in such a'manner that no signals are lost if either of with 1-5.2.8, the following conditions exists: (b) Engine-driven generator or equivalent arranged.in 1. Secondary power is supplied in accordance with accordance with 1-5.2.10. . 1-5.2.5(a)or 1-5.2.5(b), and the transfer is made manually; [From NFPA 72 1990,5-3.2; NFPA 71,2-2.1.4 or modified;"and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.2(a)modified] . 2. Secondary power is supplied in accordance.with 1-5.2.5(c). 1-5.2.5 Secondary Supply Capacity and Sources. The (b) Where signals will not be lost due to transfer of secondary supply shall automatically supply the energy to power between the primary and secondary sources, one of the system within 30 seconds and without loss of signals, the following arrangements shall be made: wherever the primary supply is incapable of providing the minimum voltage required for proper operation. The sec- 1. The transfer shall be automatic. ondary (standby) power supply shall supply energy to the 2. Special provisions shall be made to allow manual system in the event of total failure of the primary (main) transfer within 30 seconds of loss of power. power supply or when the primary voltage drops to a level 3. The transfer shall be arranged in accordance with insufficient to maintain functionality of the control equip- ment and system components: Under maximum normal 1-5.2.5(a). load, the secondary supply shall have sufficient capacity to (c)* Where a computer system of any kind or size is operate a local,central station'or proprietary system for 24 used to receive or process signals, an uninterruptible hours, or. an auxiliary or remote station system for 60 power supply (UPS) with sufficient capacity to operate the hours; and then, at the end of that period, operate all system for at least 15 minutes, or until the secondary sup- 2-69 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE ply is capable of supplying the UPS input power require- 1-5.2.8.3 Overcurrent Protection. An overcurrent pro- ments, shall be required if either of the following condi- tective device of suitable current-carrying capacity and tions apply: capable of interrupting the maximum short-circuit current 1. Status of signals previously received will be lost to which it may be subject shall be provided in each upon loss of power. ungrounded conductor.The overcurrent protective device shall be enclosed in a locked or sealed cabinet located 2. The computer system cannot be restored to full immediately adjacent to the point of connection to the light operation within 30 seconds of loss of power. and power conductors. [From NFPA 71,2-2.1.6] [From NFPA 71,2-2.4.2] 1-5.2.6.1* Uninterruptible Power System Bypass. A pos- 1-5.2.8.4 Circuit breakers or engine stops shall not be itive means for disconnecting the input and output of the installed in such a manner as to cut off the power for light- UPS system while maintaining continuity of power supply ing or for operating elevators. to the lgad shall be provided. [From NFPA 72- 1990,5-4.31 [From NFPA 71,2-2.1.8] 1-5.2.9* Storage Batteries. 1-5.2.7 Power Supply for Remotely Located Control [From NFPA 72- 1990,5-5] Equipment. Additional power supplies, where provided for control units, circuit interfaces, or other equipment 1-5.2.9.1 Location. Storage batteries shall be so located essential to system operation, located remote from the that the fire alarm equipment, including overcurrent main control unit, shall be comprised of a primary and devices, are not adversely affected by battery gases and secondary power supply that shall meet the same require- shall conform to the requirements of NFPA 70, National ments as for 1-5.2.1 through 1-5.2.8 Electrical Code, Article 480. Cells shall be suitably insulated [From NFPA 72- 1990,5-3.5] against grounds and crosses and shall be substantially mounted in such a manner as not to be subject to mechan- 1-5.2.7.1 Power supervisory devices shall be arranged so ical injury. Racks shall be suitably protected against deteri- as not to impair the receipt of fire alarm or supervisory oration. signals. [From NFPA 71,2-2.3.1, 2-2.3.2 modified,2-2.3.3; NFPA 72- 1990, 5-5.2;and NFPA 1221, [New paragraph] 4-1.5.6.1 modified,4-1.5.6.3,4-1.5.6.2] 1-5.2.8 Light and Power Service. [From NFPA 72- 1990,5-4,and NFPA 71,2-2.4 1-5.2.9.2 Battery Charging. modified] (a) Adequate facilities shall be provided to automatically maintain the battery fully charged under all conditions of 1-5.2.8.1 A light and power service employed to operate normal operation and, in addition, to recharge batteries the system under normal conditions shall have a high within 48 hours after fully charged batteries have been sub- degree of reliability and capacity for the intended service. ject to a single discharge cycle as specified in 1-5.2.5. Upon This service shall consist of one of the following: attaining a fully charged condition, the charge rate shall (a) Two-Wire Supplies. A two-wire supply circuit may be not be so excessive as to result in battery damage. used for either the primary operating power supply or the (b) A reliable source of power shall be provided for trouble signal power supply of the signaling system. charging the batteries. (b) Three-Wire Supplies. A three-wire ac or do supply (c) Central stations shall maintain spare parts or units circuit having a continuous unfused neutral conductor, or available and employed to restore failed charging capacity a polyphase ac supply circuit having a continuous unfused prior to the consumption of one-half of the capacity of the neutral conductor where interruption of one phase does batteries for the central station equipment. not prevent operation of the other phase,may be used with (d)* Batteries shall be either trickle or float charged. one side or phase for the primary operating power supply and the other side or phase for the trouble signal power (e) A rectifier employed as a battery charging source of supply of the fire alarm system. supply shall be of adequate capacity. A rectifier employed [From NFPA 72- 1990,5-4.1] as a charging means shall be energized by an isolating transformer. 1-5.2.8.2 Connections to the light and power service shall [From NFPA 71,2-2.3.4,and NFPA 72- 1990, be on a dedicated branch circuit. The circuit and connec- 5-5.1] tions shall be mechanically protected. The circuit discon- necting means shall have a red marking,be accessible only to authorized personnel, and be identified as "FIRE protected against excessive load current by overcurrent ALARM CIRCUIT CONTROL."The location of the circuit devices having a rating not less than 150 percent and not disconnecting means shall be permanently identified at the more than 250 percent of the maximum operating load in fire alarm control unit. the alarm condition. The batteries shall be protected from excessive charging current by overcurrent devices or by [From NFPA 71,2-2.4.1 modified; NFPA 72- 1990, automatic current-limiting design of the charging source. 5-4.2 modified;and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.1.2,4-1.5.1.4 [From NFPA 71, 2-2.3.5,and NFPA 72- 1990,5-5.4 modified] modified] 2-70 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 1-5.2.9.4 Metering: The charging equipment shall 'pro- 1-5.2.10.6 A separate storage battery and separate auto- vide either integral meters or readily accessible terminal matic charger shall be provided for starting the engine- facilities for the connection of portable meters by which.the driven generator and shall not be used for any other battery voltage and charging current can be determined. purpose. [From NFPA 71,2-2.6.5; NFPA 72- 1990,5-6.5; 1-5.2.9.5 Under-Voltage Detection. An under-voltage and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.7 modified] detection device shall be provided to detect a failure of the charging source and initiate a trouble signal. 1-5.2.11* Primary Batteries. [From NFPA 71,2-2.3.6,and NFPA 72- 1990,5-5.3 modified] 1-5.2.11.1 Location. Primary-batteries shall be located in a clean, dry place accessible for'servicing and where the 1-5.2.10 Engine-Driven Generator. ambient air temperature will not be less than 40°F (4.4°C) [From NFPA 71,2-2.6 modified; NFPA 72- 1990, and not more than 100°F (37.8%). 5-6;and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5 modified] [From NFPA 71,2-2.5.11 1-5.2.10.1 An engine-driven generator shall be used only 1-5.2.11.2 Separation of Cells. Primary batteries shall be where a person specifically trained in its operation is on housed in'a locked,substantial enclosure or otherwise suit- duty at all times. ably protected against movement, injury, and moisture. Reliable separation between cells shall be provided to pre- Exception: Where acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction vent contact between terminals of adjacent cells and and where the requirements of 1-5.2.5(b)and (c)are met, a per- between battery terminals and other metal parts, which son specifically trained in the operation of a generator dedicated to may result in depletion of the battery or other deteriora- the fire alarm system shall not be required to be on duty at all times. Lion. Battery cells having containers constructed of other [From NFPA 71;2-2.6.1 without Exception;and than suitable electrical insulating material shall be located NFPA,72- 1990,5-6.1] on insulating supports. [From NFPA 71,2-2.5.21 1-5.2.10.2 The installation of such units shall conform to the provisions of NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and 1-5.2.11.3 Capacity. A primary battery shall have suffi- Standby Power Systems,except as restricted by the provisions cient capacity to supply 125 percent of the maximum nor- of this section. mal load for not less than one year. [From NFPA 71,2-2.6.2; NFPA 72- 1990,5-6.2 [From NFPA 71,2-2.5.41 modified;and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.2 modified] 1-5.3 Compatibility:' 1-5.2.10.3 Capacity. The unit shall be of a capacity suffi- 1-5.3.1 All initiating devices, notification appliances, and cient to operate the system under the maximum normal control equipment constructed and installed in conformity load conditions in addition to all other demands placed with this code shall be listed for the purpose for which they upon the unit, such as those of emergency lighting. are intended. [From NFPA 71,2-2.6.4,and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.6 [From NFPA 71, 1-4.2 modified; NFPA 72, 2-1.2 modified] modified; NFPA 72E, 2-5.1 modified;and NFPA 1221,4-1.1.2,4-1.3.11 1-5.2.10.4 Fuel. Fuel shall be stored in outside under- ground tanks whenever possible,and gravity feed shall not 1-5.3.2 All fire detection devices that receive their power be used. Gasoline deteriorates with age. Where gasoline- from-the initiating device circuit or signaling line circuit of driven generators are used, fuel shall be supplied from a a fire alarm control unit shall be listed for use with the frequently replenished "working" tank, or other means control unit. provided, to ensure that gasoline-will always be fresh. [From NFPA 72E,2-5.1.1 modified] [From NFPA 71,2-2.6.3; NFPA 72- 1990,5-6.3; 'and NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.4 modified] 1-5.4 System Functions. [New title] 1-5.2.10.5 Sufficient fuel shall be available in storage for 6 1-5.4.1 Local Fire Safety Functions. Fire safety functions months of testing•plus the capacity specified in 1-5.2.5. For shall be permitted to be performed automatically.The per- public fire alarm reporting systems, refer to 4-6.7.3.4. formance of automatic fire safety functions shall not inter- Exception No. 1: If a reliable source of supply is available at any fere with power for lighting or for operating elevators. This time on 2-hour notice, sufficient fuel shall be in storage for 12 does not preclude the combination of fire alarm services with hours of operation at full load. other services requiring mgnitoring of operations. [From NFPA 72,3-7.1 modified] Exception No. 2: Fuel systems using natural or manufactured gas supplied through reliable utility mains shall not be required to 1-5.4.2 Alarm Signals. have fuel storage tanks unless located in seismic risk zone 3 or [From NFPA 71, 6-2.1.2 modified,and NFPA 72, greater as defined in ANSI A-58.1, Building Code Requirements 24.31 for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 5-6.4,and NFPA 1221, 1-5.4.2.1• Coded Alarm Signal. A coded alarm signal 4-1.5.5.4,4-1.5.5.5 modified] shall consist of not less than three compete rounds of the 2-71 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE number transmitted, and each round shall consist of not 1-5.4.6.3 Trouble signals and their restoration to normal less than three impulses. shall be visibly and audibly indicated at the proprietary [From NFPA 71,6-2.1.1 modified,and supervising station for systems installed in compliance with NFPA 72, 2-4.3] Chapter 4. [From NFPA 72- 1990,9-8.3.31 1-5.4.3 Supervisory Signals. 1-5.4.6.4 Audible Trouble Signal Silencing Switch. 1-5.4.3.1 Coded Supervisory Signal. A coded supervi- [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.7.21 sory signal shall be permitted to consist of two rounds of the number transmitted to indicate a supervisory oft normal condition,and one round of the number transmit- 1-5.4.6.4.1 A switch for silencing the trouble notification ted to indicate the restoration of the supervisory condition appliance(s)shall be permitted only if it transfers the trou- to normal. ble indication to a lamp or other acceptable visible indica- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-4.41 for adjacent to the switch. The visible indication shall per- sist until the trouble has been corrected. The audible 1-5.4.3.2 Combined Coded Alarm and Supervisory Signal trouble signal shall sound if the switch is in its silence posi- p rY a tion and no trouble exists. Circuits. Where both coded sprinkler supervisory signals [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-4.7.2.1] and coded fire or waterflow alarm signals are transmitted over the same signaling line circuit, provision shall be made either to obtain alarm signal precedence or sufficient 1-5.4.6.4.2 Where an audible trouble notification appliance repetition of the alarm signal to prevent the loss of an is also used to indicate a supervisory condition,as permitted alarm signal. in 1-5.4.7(b), a trouble signal silencing switch shall not pre- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-4.51 vent subsequent sounding of supervisory signals. [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.7.2.2] 1-5.4.4 Fire alarms, supervisory signals, and trouble sig- nals shall be distinctively and descriptively annunciated. 1-5.4.7 Distinctive Signals. Audible alarm notification [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-4.6.2] appliances for a fire alarm system shall produce signals that are distinctive from other similar appliances used for other purposes in the same area. The distinction among 1-5.4.5 Where status indicators are required to be pro- signals shall be as follows: vided for emergency equipment or fire safety functions, they shall be arranged to reflect accurately the actual status (a) Fire alarm signals shall be distinctive in sound from of the associated equipment or function. other signals and this sound shall not be used for any other purpose. (See 3-7.2.) [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.6.3] (b)* Supervisory signals shall be distinctive in sound from other signals.This sound shall not be used for any 1-5.4.6 Trouble Signal. other purpose except that it may be employed to indicate a [From NFPA 71, 2-4.2,and NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.71 trouble condition. Where the same sound is used for both supervisory signals and trouble signals,distinction between 1-5.4.6.1 General. Trouble signals and their restoration signals shall be by other appropriate means such as visible to normal shall be indicated within 200 seconds at the loca- annunciation. tions identified in 1-5.4.6.2 or 1-5.4.6.3. Trouble signals (c) Fire alarm, supervisory, and trouble signals shall required to indicate at the protected premises shall be indi- take precedence over all other signals. cated by distinctive audible signals. These audible trouble [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.10 modified] signals shall be distinctive from alarm signals. If an inter- mittent signal is used, it shall sound at least once every 10 Exception: Signals from hold-up alarms or other life threatening seconds with a minimum time duration of one-half second. signals shall be permitted to take precedence over supervisory and An audible trouble signal may be common to several super- trouble signals if acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. vised circuits. The trouble signal(s) shall be located in an [New paragraph] area where it is likely to be heard. 1-5.4.8 Alarm Signal Deactivation. A means for turning 1-5.4.6.2 Visible and audible trouble signals and visible off the alarm notification appliances shall be permitted indication of their restoration to normal shall be indicated only if it is key-operated,located within a locked cabinet,or at the following locations: arranged to provide equivalent protection against unau- (a) Control unit (central equipment) for local fire alarm thorized use.Such a means shall be permitted only if a vis- systems ible zone alarm indication or equivalent has been provided (b) Building fire command center for emergency voice/ as specified in 1-5.7.1 and subsequent alarms on other ini- alarm communication systems tiating device circuits will cause the notification appliances to reactivate.A means that is left in the"off' position when (c) Central station or remote station location for systems there is no alarm shall operate an audible trouble signal installed in compliance with Chapter 4. until the means is restored to normal.Where automatically (From NFPA 71,2-4.2.1 modified,and NFPA 72, turning off the alarm notification appliances is permitted 2-4.7.1 modified] by the authority having jurisdiction, the alarm shall not be 2-72 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 turned off in less than 5 minutes unless otherwise permit- 1-5.5.2.2 Devices and appliances shall be so located and ted by the authority having jurisdiction. mounted that accidental operation or failure will not be [From NFPA 72A- 1990,2-4.11 modified] caused by vibration or jarring. [From NFPA 71, 1-5.2,and NFPA 72, 2-1.3 1-5.4.9 Supervisory Signal Silencing. A switch for silenc- modified] ing the supervisory signal sounding appliance(s) shall be permitted only if it is key-operated;located within a locked 1-5.5.2.3 All apparatus requiring rewinding or resetting cabinet, or arranged to provide equivalent protection to maintain normal operation shall be restored to normal against unauthorized use. Such a switch shall be permitted as promptly as possible after each alarm and kept in nor- only if it transfers the supervisory indication to a lamp or mal condition for operation. other visible indicator and subsequent supervisory signals [From NFPA 71, 1-5.4 modified;NFPA 72,2-5.6 from other zones will cause the supervisory signal indicating modified;and NFPA 1221,4-1.3.6 modified] appliances to resound. A switch left in the "silence" position where there is no supervisory off-normal signal shall operate a visible signal silence indicator and cause the trouble signal 1-5.5.3 To reduce the possibility of damage by induced to sound until the switch is restored to normal. transients, circuits and equipment shall be properly pro- [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.12 modified] tected in accordance with requirements as set forth in NFPA 70,National,Electrical Code,Article 800. 1-5.4.10 Presignal Feature. Where permitted by the [From NFPA 71, 1-5.5] authority having jurisdiction, systems shall be permitted to have a feature where initial fire alarm signals will sound 1-5.5.4* Wiring. The installation of all wiring,cable,and only in department offices, control rooms, fire brigade sta- equipment shall be in accordance with NFPA 70, National tions, or other constantly attended central locations and Electrical Code, and specifically with Article 760,Fire Protec- where human action is subsequently required to activate a tive Signaling Systems; Article 770, Optical Fiber Cables; and general alarm, or a feature where the control equipment Article 800, Communication Circuits, National Electrical Code, delays general alarm by more than one minute after the start where applicable. Optical fiber cables shall be protected of the alarm processing. Where there is a connection to a against mechanical injury in accordance with Article 760. remote location,it shall activate upon initial alarm signal. [From NFPA 71,2-1; NFPA 72- 1990,2-1.4 modified;and NFPA 1221,4-1.3.11,4-1.4.1.7] NOTE: A system provided with an alarm verification fea- ture as permitted by 3-8.2.3 is not considered a presignal 1-5.5.5 Grounding. All systems shall test free of grounds. system since the delay in signal produced is 60 seconds or less and requires no human intervention. Exception: Parts of circuits or equipment that are intentionally [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-4.1] and permanently grounded to provide ground fault detection, noise suppression,emergency ground signaling,and circuit protec- 1-5.5 Performance and Limitations. tion grounding. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-3] [From NFPA 71, 1-5.3; NFPA 72- 1990,2-1.5;and NFPA 1221,4-1.3.10] 1-5.5.1 Voltage, Temperature, and Humidity Variation. 1-5.5.6 Initiating Devices. Unless otherwise listed, equipment shall be installed in [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-3.2] locations where conditions do not exceed the following: (a)* Eighty-five percent and at 110 percent of the name- 1-5.5.6.1 Initiating devices of both the manual or auto- plate primary (main) and secondary (standby) input matic type shall be selected and installed as to minimize voltage(s) false alarms. (b) Ambient temperatures of 32°F (0°C) and 120°F [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-3.2.1 modified] (49°C)for a minimum duration at each extreme of 3 hours (c) Relative humidity of 85 percent ± 5 percent and an 1-5.5.6.2 Fire alarm boxes of the manually operated type ambient temperature of 86°F ± YF (30°C ± 2°C) for a shall comply with 3-8.1. duration of at least 24 hours. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-3.2.2] [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-3.1 modified,and NFPA 1221,4-1.3.3 modified,4-1.3.9] 1-5.6 Protection of Control Equipment. In areas that are not continuously .occupied, automatic smoke detection 1-5.5.2 Installation and Design. shall be provided at each control unit(s)location to provide [From NFPA 71, 1-5,and NFPA 72- 1990, 2-1 notification of fire at that location. modified] Exception: Should ambient conditions prohibit installation of automatic smoke detection, automatic heat detection shall be 1-5.5.2.1 All systems shall be installed in accordance with permitted. the specifications and standards approved by the authority having jurisdiction. [From NFPA 72 1990,2-1.6 modified] [From NFPA 71, 1-5.1,and NFPA 72- 1990,2-1.1 1-5.7 Visible Indication (Annunciation). modified] [New title] 2-73 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 1-5.7.1 Visible Zone Alarm Indication. Where required, Exception No. 1: Styles of initiating device circuits, signaling the location of an operated initiating device shall be visibly line circuits, and notification appliance circuits tabulated in indicated by building, floor, fire zone, or other approved Tables 3-5.1, 3-6.1, and 3-7.1 that do not have an ' 'under subdivision by annunciation, printout, or other approved 'Trouble"for the abnormal condition indicated. means. The visible indication shall not be canceled by the [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.1 Exception No. 11 operation of an audible alarm silencing means. [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.6 modified] Exception No. 2: Shorts between conductors, except as required by 1-5.8.3, 1-5.8.4, 1-5.8.5.2, Tables 3-5.1, 3-6.1, and 3-7.1, 1-5.7.1.1 The primary purpose of fire alarm system are not covered by this code. annunciation is to enable responding personnel to quickly [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.1 Exception No.21 and accurately identify the location of a fire, and to indi- Exception No.3: A noninterfering shunt circuit,provided that a cate the status of emergency equipment or fire safety func- fault circuit condition on the shunt circuit wiring results only in tions that might affect the safety of occupants in a fire situ- the loss of the noninterfering feature of operation. ation. All required annunciation means shall be readily [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.1 Exception No. 71 accessible to responding personnel and shall be located as required by the authority having jurisdiction to facilitate an Exception No.4: Connections to and between supplementary sys- efficient response to the fire situation. tem components, provided that single open, ground, or short cir- [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.6.1 modified] cuit conditions of the supplementary equipment and/or intercon- necting means does not affect the required operation of the fire 1-5.7.1.2 Zone of Origin. Fire alarm systems serving two alarm system. or more zones shall identify the zone of origin of the alarm [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.1 Exception No.51 initiation by annunciation or coded signal. [From NFPA 72,2-4.2] Exception No. 5: The circuit of an alarm notification appliance installed in the same room with the central control equipment,pro- 1-5.7.2 Alarm annunciation at the fire command center vided that the notification appliance circuit conductors are shall be by means of audible and visible indicators. installed in conduit or equivalently protected against mechanical [From NFPA 101, 7-6.7.2 modified] injury. [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.1 Exception No.8] 1-5.7.3 For the purpose of alarm annunciation,each floor Exception No. 6: A trouble signal circuit. of the building shall be considered as a separate zone. [From NFPA 101,7-6.7.3] [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.1 Exception No.91 1-5.7.4 A system supervisory signal shall be annunciated Exception No. 7: Interconnection between equipment within a Y P Y g common enclosure. at the fire command center by means of an audible and visible indicator. NOTE: This code does not have jurisdiction over moni- [From NFPA 101, 7-6.7.6 modified] toring integrity of conductors within equipment,devices,or appliances. 1-5.7.5 A system trouble signal shall be annunciated at [From NFPA 71,2-4.1 Exception No. 13,and NFPA the fire command center by means of an audible and visi- 72-1990,4-2.1 Exception No. 10] ble indicator. [From NFPA 101, 7-6.7.5 modified] Exception No. 8: Interconnection between enclosures containing control equipment located within 20 ft(6 m)when the conductors are installed in conduit or equivalently protected against mechan- 1-5.7.6 Where the system serves more than one building, ical injury. each building shall be indicated separately. [From NFPA 72 - 1990,4-2.1 Exception No. 11) [From NFPA 101,7-6.7.7 modified] Exception No. 9: Conductors for ground detection, where a sin- 1-5.8 Monitoring Integrity of Installation Conductors gle ground does not prevent the required normal operation of the and Other Signaling Channels. system. [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2,and NFPA 71,2-4 [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.1 Exception No. 121 modified] Exception No. 10: Central station circuits serving notification 1-5.8.1 All means of interconnecting equipment, devices, appliances within a central station. and appliances and wiring connections shall be monitored [New paragraph) for the integrity of the interconnecting conductors or equiva- lent path so that the occurrence of a single open or a single Exception No. 11: Pneumatic rate-of--rise systems of the conttin- ground fault condition in the installation conductors or other uous line type in which the wiring terminals of such devices are signaling channels and their restoration to normal shall be connected in multiple across electrically supervised circuits. automatically indicated within 200 seconds. [From NFPA 71,2-4.1 Exception No. 12] NOTE: The provisions of a double loop or other multiple 1-5.8.2 Interconnection means shall be arranged so that a path conductor or circuit to avoid electrical monitoring is single break or single ground fault will not cause an alarm not acceptable. signal. [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-3,4-2.1 modified,4-3 modified;and NFPA 71, 2-4.1 modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.21 2-74 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 1-5.8.3 An open, ground, or short circuit fault on the Exception No. 2: The neutral of a three-,four-, or five-wire ac installation conductors of one alarm notification appliance or do supply source. circuit shall not affect the operation of any other alarm [From NFPA 71,2-4.1 Exception No. 5,and NFPA notification circuit. 72- 1990,4-2.1 Exception No.6 modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-2.3] Exception No. 3:. In a central station, the main power supply, if 1-5.8.4 The occurrence of a wire-to-wire short circuit the fault condition is otherwise so indicated as to be obvious to the fault on any alarm notification appliance circuit shall result operator on duty. [From NFPA 71,2-4.1 Exception No.9] in a trouble signal at the protected premises. [New paragraph] Exception No. 4: The output of an engine-driven generator that is part of the secondary power supply, if the generator is tested Exception No. 1: A circuit employed to produce a supplementary weekly per Chapter 7. local alarm signal,provided that the occurrence of a short circuit [New paragraph] on the circuit in no way affects the required operation of the fire alarm system. [From NFPA 71,2-4.1 Exception No. 11] 1-5.8.6.2 Power supply sources and electrical supervision for digital alarm communications systems shall be in accor- Exception No. 2: The circuit of an alarm notification appliance dance with 1-5.2 and 1-5.8.1. installed in the same room with the central control equipment,pro- vided that the notification appliance circuit conductors are NOTE: Since digital alarm communicator systems estab- installed in conduit or equivalently protected against mechanical lish communications channels between the protected prem- injury. ises and the central station via the public, switched tele- [From NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No.8] phone network, the requirement to supervise circuits between the protected premises and the central station (see Exception No. 3: Central station circuits serving notification 1-5.8.1) is considered met when the communications chan- appliances within a central station. nel is periodically tested in accordance with 4-2.3.2.1.10. [From NFPA 71,2-4.1 Exception No. 8 modified] [From NFPA 71,5-4.1] 1-5.8.5 Monitoring Integrity of Emergency Voice/Alarm 1-5.8.6.3 The primary power failure trouble signal for Communication Systems. the DACT shall not be transmitted until the actual battery [New title] capacity is depleted at least 25 percent, but not more than 50 percent. 1-5.8.5.1* Monitoring Integrity of Speaker Amplifier and [From NFPA 71,5-4.2] Tone-Generating Equipment. Where speakers are used to produce audible fire alarm signals, the following shall 1-6 System Interfaces. The requirements by which fire apply: alarm systems interface with other fire protective systems (a) Failure of any audio amplifier shall result in an audi- and fire safety functions can be found in Chapter 3. ble trouble signal. [New paragraph] (b) Failure of any tone-generating equipment shall 1-7 Documentation. result in an audible trouble signal. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 2-21 Exception: Tone-generating and amplifying equipment enclosed as integral parts and serving only a single listed loudspeaker need 1-7.1 Approval and Acceptance. not be monitored. [New title] [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-4] 1-5.8.5.2 Where a two-way telephone communication cir- 1-7.1.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall be"notified cuit is provided,its installation wires shall be monitored for prior to installation or alteration of equipment or wiring. a short circuit fault that would make the telephone com- At its request, complete information regarding the system munication circuit inoperative. or system alterations, including specifications, wiring dia- grams, battery calculation,and floor plans shall be submit- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-2.2] ted for approval. [From NFPA 71, 1-4.1; NFPA 72, 2-2.1;and NFPA 1-5.8.6 Monitoring Integrity of Power Supplies. 72E,2-5.1.2 modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-5) 1-7.1.2 Before requesting final approval of the installa- 1-5.8.6.1 All primary and secondary power supplies shall tion, where required by the authority having jurisdiction be monitored for the presence of voltage at the point of the installing contractor shall furnish a written statement to connection to the system. the effect that the system has been installed in accordance [NFPA 72- 1990,4-5.1 modified,4-5.2 modified] with approved plans and tested in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications and the appropriate NFPA Exception No. 1: A power supply for supplementary equipment. requirements. [From NFPA 72- 1990,4-5.1 modified] [From NFPA 72E, 2-5.1.3 modified] 2-75 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 1.7.2 Certificate of Completion. control unit or, if no control unit exists, on or near a fire [New title] alarm system component. [From NFPA 71, 1-2.3.1.1 modified] 1-7.2.1* A certificate(see Figure 1-7.2.1)shall be prepared for each system. Parts 1, 2,and 4 through 10 shall be com- 1-7.2.3.1.2 A central repository of issued certification pleted after the system is installed and the installation wir- documents, accessible to the authority having jurisdiction, ing has been checked. Part 3 shall be completed after the shall be maintained by the organization that has listed the operational acceptance tests have been completed. A pre- central station. liminary copy of the certificate shall be given to the system [From NFPA 71, 1-2.3.1 modified] owner and, when requested, to other authorities having jurisdiction after completion of the installation wiring tests, 1-7.2.3.2 The installation shall be placarded. and a final copy after completion of the operational accep- [From NFPA 71, 1-2.3.21 tance tests. [From NFPA 72, 2-2.2 modified,and NFPA 71, 1-7.2.3.2.1 Central station fire alarm systems providing 1-4.3 modified] service that complies with all requirements of this code shall be conspicuously marked by the prime contractor to 1-7.2.2* Every system shall include the following docu- indicate compliance. The marking shall be by one or more mentation, which shall be delivered to the owner or the securely affixed placards. owner's representative upon final acceptance of the system. [From NFPA 71, 1-2.3.2.1 modified] (a)* An owner's manual and installation instructions cov- ering all system equipment,and 1-7.2.3.2.2 The placard(s) shall be 20 sq in. (130 cm or (b) Record drawings. larger, shall be located on or near the fire alarm system control unit or, if no control unit exists, on or near a fire [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-2.3 modified and alarm system component,and shall identify the central sta- A-2-2.2.3(a)] tion and, if applicable, the prime contractor by name and telephone number. 1-7.2.3 Central Station Fire Alarm Systems. It shall be [From NFPA 71, 1-2.3.2.2 modified] conspicuously indicated by the prime contractor (see Chap- ter 4) that the fire alarm system providing service at a pro- tected premises complies with all applicable requirements of this code by providing a means of verification as speci- and operations of each system shall be kept for at least 2 fied in either 1-7.2.3.1 or 1-7.2.3.2. years. The record shall be available for examination and, where required, reported to the authority having jurisdic- [From NFPA 71, 1-2.3 modified] tion.Archiving of records by any means shall be permitted if hard copies of the records can be provided promptly 1-7.2.3.1 The installation shall be certificated. when requested. [From NFPA 71, 1-2.3.1] [From NFPA 71, 1-4.5 modified,and NFPA 72- 1-7.2.3.1.1 Central station fire alarm systems providing 1990,2-5.7 modified] service that complies with all requirements of this code Exception: Where off-premises monitoring is provided,records of shall be certificated by the organization that has listed the all signals,tests,and operations recorded at the supervising.station prime contractor, and a document attesting to this certifi- shall be maintained for not less than one year. cation shall be located on or near the fire alarm system [New paragraph] 2-76 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Certificate of Completion Name of Protected Property: Address: Rep. of Protected Prop. (name/phone): Authority Having Jurisdiction: Address/Phone Number: I. Type(s)of System or Service: NFPA 72, Chapter 3 — Local If alarm is transmitted to location(s)off premise, list where received: NFPA 72,Chapter 3 - Emergency Voice/Alarm Service Quantity of voice/alarm channels: Single: Multiple: Quantity of speakers installed: Quantity of speaker zones: Quantity of telephones or telephone jacks included insystem: NFPA 72, Chapter 4 — Auxiliary Indicate type of connection: Local energy, Shunt, Parallel telephone Location and telephone number for receipt of signals: NFPA 72, Chapter 4 — Remote Station Alarm: Supervisory: NFPA 72,Chapter 4 — Proprietary If alarms are retransmitted to public fire service communications center or others, indicate location and telephone number of the organization receiving alarm: Indicate how alarm is retransmitted: NFPA 72,Chapter 4 — Central Station The Prime Contractor: Central Station Location: Means of transmission of signals from the protected premise to the central station: Mcculloh Multiplex One-Way Radio Digital Alarm Communicator Two-Way Radio Others Means of transmission of alarms to the public fire service communications center: 1. 2. System Location: Organization Name/Phone Representative Name/Phone Installer Supplier Service Organization Figure 1.7.2.1 Certificate of Completion. �1I [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-2.2 modified,and NFPA 71,1-4.3 modified] 2-77 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Location of Record (As-Built) Drawings: Location of Owners Manuals: Location of Test Reports: A contract, dated , for test and inspection in accordance with NFPA standard(s) No.(s) ,dated is in effect. 2. Certification of System Installation (Fill out after installation is complete and wiring checked for opens, shorts,ground faults,and improper branching,but prior to conducting operational acceptance tests.) This system has been installed in accordance with the NFPA standards as listed below, was inspected by on ,includes the devices listed below and has been in service since NFPA 72, Chapters 1 3 4 5 6 7 (circle all that apply) NFPA 70,National Electrical Code,Article 760 Manufacturer's Instructions Other(specify): Signed: Date: Organization: 3. Certification of System Operation All operational features and functions of this system were tested by on and found to be operating properly in accordance with the requirements of: NFPA 72, Chapters 1 3 4 5 6 7 (circle all that apply) NFPA 70,National Electrical Code,Article 760 Manufacturer's Instructions Other (specify): Signed: Date: Organization: 4. Alarm Initiating Devices and Circuits (Use blanks to indicate quantity of devices.) MANUAL a) Manual Stations Noncoded,Activating Transmitters Coded b) Combination Manual Fire Alarm and Guard's Tour Coded Stations AUTOMATIC Coverage: Complete: Partial: a) Smoke Detectors Ion Photo b) Duct Detectors Ion Photo c) Heat Detectors FT RR FT/RR RC d) Sprinkler Water Flow Switches: Noncoded,activating Transmitters Coded e) Other(fist): 5. Supervisory Signal Initiating Devices and Circuits(Use blanks to indicate quantity of devices.) GUARD'S TOUR a) Coded Stations b) Noncoded Stations Activating Transmitters c) Compulsory Guard Tour System Comprised of Transmitter Stations and Intermediate Stations Note: Combination devices recorded under 4(b)and 5(a). SPRINKLER SYSTEM a) Coded Valve Supervisory Signaling Attachments Valve Supervisory Switches Activating Transmitters b) Building Temperature Points c) Site Water Temperature Points d) Site Water Supply Level Points Figure 1-7.2.1 Certificate of Completion.(cont.) [From NFPA 72-1990,2-2.2 modified,and NFPA 71, 1-4.3 modified] 2-78 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Electric Fire Pump: e) Fire Pump Power f) Fire Pump Running g) Phase Reversal Engine-Driven Fire Pump: h) Selector in Auto Position i) Engine or Control Panel Trouble j) Fire Pump Running Engine-Driven Generator: k) Selector in Auto Position 1) Control Panel Trouble m) Transfer Switches n) Engine Running Other Supervisory Function(s) (specify): 6. Alarm Notification Appliances and Circuits Quantity of indicating appliance circuits connected to the system: Types and quantities of alarm indicating appliances installed: a) Bells Inch Speakers b) Horns c) Chimes d) Other: e) Visual Signals Type: with audible w/o audible f) Local Annunciator 7. Signaling Line Circuits: Quantity and Style (See NFPA 72,Table 3-6.1) of signaling line circuits connected to system: Quantity: Style: 8. System Power Supplies a) Primary (Main): Nominal Voltage: Current Rating: Overcurrent Protection: Type: Current Rating: Location: b) Secondary (Standby): Storage Battery: Amp-Hour Rating Calculated capacity to drive system, in hours: 24 60 Engine-driven generator dedicated to fire alarm system: Location of fuel storage: c) Emergency or Standby System used as backup to Primary Power Supply,instead of using a Secondary Power Supply: Emergency System described in NFPA 70,Article 700 Legally Required Standby System described in NFPA 70,Article 701 Optional Standby System described in NFPA 70,Article 702,which also meets the performance requirements of Article 700 or 701 9. System Software a) Operating System Software Revision Level(s): b) Application Software Revision Level(s): c) Revision Completed by: (name) (firm) 10. Comments: (signed)for Central Station or Alarm Service Company (title) (date) Figure 1-7.2.1 Certificate of Completion.(cont.) " [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-2.2 modified,and NFPA 71,1-4.3 modified] 2-79 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Frequency of routine tests and inspections, if other than in accordance with the referenced NFPA standards(s): System deviations from the referenced NFPA standard(s) are: (signed) for Central Station or Alarm Service Company (title) (date) Upon completion of the system(s) satisfactory test(s) witnessed (if required by the authority having jurisdiction): (signed) representative of the authority having jurisdiction (title) (date) Figure 1-7.2.1 Certificate of Completion.(cont.) N [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-2.2 modified,and NFPA 71, 1-4.3 modified] Chapter 2* Household Fire Warning Equipment 2-1.2.6 Definitions of Chapter 1 shall apply. 2-1.2.7 This chapter does not exclude the use of fire 2-1 General. alarm systems complying with other chapters of this code [New title] in household applications,provided all of the requirements of this chapter are met or exceeded. 2-1.1* Scope. This chapter contains minimum require- [New paragraphs] ments for the selection,installation,operation,and mainte- nance of fire warning equipment for use within family liv- 2-1.3 Approval. ing units. The requirements of the other chapters do not [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-3) apply except as specifically indicated. [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-1 modified] 2-1.3.1 All devices, combination of devices, and equip- ment to be installed in conformity with this chapter shall be 2-1.2 General Provisions. approved or listed for the purposes for which they are [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-2] intended. [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-3.1.1 modified] 2-1.2.1 This code is primarily concerned with life safety, not with protection of property. It presumes that the fam- 2-1.3.2 A device or system of devices having materials or ily has an exit plan. forms different from those detailed in the chapter may be [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-2.1] examined and tested according to the intent of the chapter and, if found equivalent, may be approved. 2-1.2.2 A control and associated equipment, multiple or [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-3.1.2 modified] single station alarm device(s), or any combination thereof shall be permitted to be used as a household fire warning 2-1.3.3 Equivalency. Nothing in this code is intended to system, provided the requirements of 2-1.3.1 are met. prevent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equiva- [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-2.2 modified] lent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effective- ness, durability, and safety over those prescribed by this 2-1.2.3 Detection and alarm systems for use within the code,provided technical documentation is submitted to the protected household are covered by this chapter. authority having jurisdiction to demonstrate equivalency [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-2.3 modified] and the system, method, or device is approved for the intended purpose. 2-1.2.4 Supplementary functions,including the extension [New paragraph] of an alarm beyond the household, shall be permitted and shall not interfere with the performance requirements of 2-2 Basic Requirements. this chapter. [From NFPA 74- 1989,Chap. 2] [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-2.4 modified] 2-2.1 Required Protection. 2-1.2.5 Where the authority having jurisdiction requires [From NFPA 74- 1989,2-1] a household fire warning system to comply with the requirements of Chapter 4 or any other chapters of this 2-2.1.1* This code requires the following detectors within code, the requirements of Section 2.2 shall still apply. the family living unit. [From NFPA 74- 1989, 1-2.5 modified] [From NFPA 74- 1989,2-1.1] 2-80 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 2-2.1.1.1 Smoke detectors shall be installed outside of 2-3 Power Supplies. each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms and on each additional story of the family living 2-3.1 General. unit, including basements and excluding crawl spaces and [From NFPA 74- 1989,Chap. 3] unfinished attics. In new construction a smoke detector also shall be installed in each sleeping room. 2-3.1.1 All power supplies shall have sufficient capacity to [From NFPA 74- 1989,2-1.1A modified] operate the alarm signal(s)for at least 4 continuous minutes. [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-1.1] 2-2.1.1.2* For family living units with one or more split levels (i.e., adjacent levels with less than one full story sep- 2-3.1.2 For electrically powered detectors, an ac primary aration between levels), a smoke detector required by power source shall be utilized in all new construction. In 2-2.1.1.1 shall suffice for an adjacent lower level,including existing households, ac primary power is preferred; how- basements. (See Figure A-2-2.1.1.2.) ever, where such is not practical, a monitorized battery Exception: Where there is an intervening door between one level primary power source is permitted. and the adjacent lower level, a smoke detector shall be installed on From NFPA 74- 1989, 3-1.1.1] the lower level. [From NFPA 74- 1989,2-1.1.2] 2.3.2 Primary Power Supply — AC. [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-2] 2-2.1.1.3 Automatic sprinkler systems provided in accor- dance with NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprin- 2-3.2.1 An ac primary (main) power source shall be a kler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Mobile dependable commercial light and power supply source. A Homes,or NFPA 13R,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler visible "power on" indicator shall be provided. Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Four [From NFPA 74- 1989, 3-2.1] Stories in Height, shall be interconnected to sound alarm notification appliances throughout the dwelling when a fire 2-3.2.2 All electrical systems designed to be installed by warning system is provided. other than a qualified electrician shall be powered from a source not in excess of 30 volts that meets the requirements 2-2.2* Alarm Notification Appliances. Each detection for power limited fire alarm circuits as defined in NFPA 70, device shall cause the operation of an alarm that shall be National Electrical Code,Article 760. clearly audible in all bedrooms over background noise lev- [From NFPA 74- 1989, 3-2.2] els with all intervening doors closed.The tests of audibility level shall be conducted with all household equipment that 2-3.2.3 A restraining means shall be used at the plug-in of may be in operation at night in full operation. any cord connected installation. Examples of such equipment are window air conditioners [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-2.3] and room humidifiers. (See A-2-2.2 for additional information.) [From NFPA 74- 1989,2-2] 2-3.2.4 AC primary(main)power shall be supplied either 2-2.2.1 In new construction,where more than one smoke from a dedicated branch circuit or the unswitched portion detector is required by 2-2.1,they shall be so arranged that of a branch circuit also used for power and lighting.Oper- o eration of an smoke detector shall cause the alarm in all ation of a switch (other than a circuit breaker)or a ground p y fault circuit interrupter shall not cause loss of primary smoke detectors within the dwelling to sound. (main) power. Exception: Configurations that provide equivalent distribution [From NFPA 74- 1989, 3-2.4 modified] of the alarm.signal. [From NFPA 74- 1989,2-2.1] Exception No. 1: Detectors with a supervised rechargeable standby battery that provides at least 4 months' operation with a 2-2.2.2* Standard Signal. Alarm notification appliances fully charged battery. used with a household fire warning system and single and [From NFPA 74- 1989,TIA 89-1] multiple station smoke detectors shall produce the audible Exception No. 2: Where a ground fault circuit interrupter emergency evacuation signal described in ANSI S3.41, serves all electrical circuits within the household. Audible Emergency Evacuation Signals. This requirement [New paragraph] Shall become effective on July 1, 1996. 2-2.3 Alarm Notification Appliances for the Hearing 2-3.2.5 Neither loss nor restoration of primary (main) Impaired. In a household occupied by one or more hear- power shall cause an alarm signal in excess of 2 seconds ing impaired persons,each initiating device shall cause the within nor any alarm signal outside the living unit. operation of visible alarm signal(s) in accordance with [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-2.5 modified] 2-4.4.2. Since hearing deficits are often not apparent, the responsibility to advise appropriate persons shall rest with 2-3.2.6 Where a secondary (standby) battery is provided, the hearing impaired party. The responsibility for compli- the primary (main) power supply shall be of sufficient ance shall rest with the occupants of the family living unit. capacity to operate the system under all conditions of load- Exception: A listed tactile signal shall be permitted to be ing with any secondary (standby) battery disconnected or employed. fully discharged. [New paragraphs] [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-2.71 2-81 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 2-3.3 Primary Power Supply — Monitored Battery. 2-3.4.4.1 The battery shall be recharged within 4 hours if [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-3] power is provided from a circuit that can be switched on or off other than by a circuit breaker, or within 48 hours 2.3.3.1 Household fire warning equipment shall be per- When power is provided from a circuit that cannot be muted to be powered by a battery, provided that the bat- switched on or off other than by a circuit breaker. tery is monitored to ensure that the following conditions are met: 2-3.4.5 Where automatic recharging is not provided, the [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-3.11 battery shall be monitored to ensure that the following (a) All power requirements are met for at least 1 year's conditions are met: life, including monthly testing. (a) All power requirements are met for at least 1 year's life. [From NFPA 74- 1989, 3-3.1(a) modified] (b) A distinctive audible trouble signal is given before (b) A distinctive audible trouble signal is given before the battery capacity has been depleted below the level the battery is incapable of operating(from aging, terminal required to produce an alarm signal for 4 minutes. corrosion, etc.) the device(s) for alarm purposes. [New paragraphs and title] [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-3.1(b)] 2-3.5 Primary Power — Nonelectrical. A suitable (c) For a unit employing a lock-in alarm feature,automatic spring-wound mechanism shall provide power for the non- transfer is provided from alarm to a trouble condition. electrical portion of a listed single station detector. A visi- (From NFPA 74- 1989, 3-3.1(c)) ble indication shall be provided to show that sufficient (d) The unit is capable of producing an alarm signal for operating power is not available. at least 4 minutes at the battery voltage at which a trouble [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-4 modified] signal is normally obtained, followed by not less than 7 2-4 Equipment Performance. days of trouble signal operation. [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-3.1(d)] [From NFPA 74- 1989,Chap.4] (e) The audible trouble signal is produced at least once 2-4.1 General. The failure of any nonreliable or short- every minute for 7 consecutive days. life component that renders the detector inoperable shall [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-3.1(e)] be readily apparent to the occupant of the living unit with- out the need for test. (f) Acceptable replacement batteries are clearly identi- [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-11 fied by manufacturer's(s') name and model number(s) on the unit near the battery compartment. 2-4.2 Smoke Detectors. [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-3.1(0] [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-21 (g) A readily noticeable visible indication shall be dis- played when a primary battery is removed from the unit. 2-4.2.1 Each smoke detector shall detect abnormal quan- [From NFPA 74- 1989,3-3.1(g)] tities of smoke that may occur in a dwelling, shall properly (h) Any unit that uses a nonrechargeable battery as a operate in the normal environmental conditions of a primary power supply that is capable of a 10-year or household, and shall be in compliance with ANSI/UL 268, Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems, or greater service life, including testing, and meets the ANSI/UL 217, Single and Multiple Station Smoke Detectors. requirements of(b)thru(e)above, shall not be required to [From NFPA Smoke - elect rs. have a replaceable battery. 2-3.4 Secondary(Standby) Power Supply. 2-4.3* Heat Detectors. Each heat detector, including a heat detector integrally mounted on a smoke detector, 2-3.4.1 Removal or disconnection of a battery used as a shall detect abnormally high temperature or rate-of- secondary (standby) power source shall cause a distinctive temperature rise, and all such detectors shall be listed or audible or visible trouble signal. approved for not less than 50-ft(15-m) spacing. [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-3 modified] 2-3.4.2 Acceptable replacement batteries shall be clearly identified by manufacturer's(s') name and model num- 2-4.3.1* Fixed-temperature detectors shall have a tem- ber(s) on the unit near the battery compartment. perature rating at least 25°F(14°C)above the normal ambi- ent temperature and shall not exceed 50°F (28°C) higher 2-3.4.3 If required by law for disposal reasons, recharge- than the maximum anticipated ambient temperature in the able batteries shall be removable. room or space where installed. 2-3.4.4 Automatic recharging shall be provided where a [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-3.1] rechargeable battery is used as the secondary (standby) supply. The supply shall be capable of operating the sys- 2-4.4 Alarm Signaling Intensity. tem for at least 24 hours in the normal condition,followed [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-4 modified) by not less than 4 minutes of alarm. Loss of the secondary (standby) source shall sound an audible trouble signal at 2-4.4.1 All alarm-sounding appliances shall have a mini- least once every minute. mum rating of 85 dBA at 10 ft (3 m). 2-82 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Exception: An additional sounding appliance intended for use 2-4.7 Combination System. in the same room as the user,such as a bedroom,may have a sound [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-71 pressure level as low as 75 dBA at 10 ft(3 m). [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-4.1] 2-4.7.1 Where common wiring is employed for a combi- nation system,the equipment for other than the fire warn- 2-4.4.2 Visible notification appliances used in rooms ing signaling system shall be connected to the common where hearing impaired person(s) sleep shall have a mini- wiring of the system so that short circuits, open circuits, mum rating of 177 candela for a maximum room size of 14 grounds,or any fault in this equipment or interconnection ft by 16 ft(4.27 in by 4.88 m). For larger rooms, the visible between this equipment and the fire warning system wiring notification appliance shall be located within 16 ft(4.88 m) shall not interfere with the supervision of the fire warning of the pillow. Visible notification appliances in other areas system, or prevent alarm or trouble signal operation. shall have a minimum rating of 15 candela. [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-7.11 Exception: Where a visible notification appliance in a sleeping room is mounted more than 24 in. below the ceiling, a minimum 2-4.7.2 In a fire/burglar system, the operation shall be as rating of 110 candela shall be permitted. follows: [New paragraphs] (a) A fire alarm signal shall take precedence or be clearly recognizable over any other signal even when the 2-4.5 Control Equipment. nonfire alarm signal is initiated first. [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-5) (b) Distinctive alarm signals shall be obtained between fire alarms and other functions such as burglar alarms. 2-4.5.1 The control equipment shall be automatically The use of a common sounding appliance for fire and bur- restoring on restoration of electrical power. glar alarms is acceptable if distinctive signals are obtained. [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-5.1] (See 2-2.2.2.) [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-7.2] 2-4.5.2 The control equipment shall be of a type that "locks in" on an alarm condition. Smoke detection circuits 2-4.8 Low Power Wireless Systems. Household fire need not lock in. warning systems utilizing low power wireless transmission [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-5.2] of signals within the protected household shall comply with the requirements of Section 3-13, except for 3-13.4.5. 2-4.5.3 If a reset switch is provided, it shall be a self- restoring type. 2-4.9 Digital Alarm Communicators. [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-5.3] 2-4.9.1 Household fire warning systems that employ off- larm 2-4.5.4 An alarm-silencing switch or an audible trouble- premises shall comply with heals via digital section mm 2 silencing switch shall not be provided unless its silenced with the following exceptions: position is indicated by a readily apparent signal. [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-5.4] (a) For 4-2.3.2.1.6 only one telephone line shall be required for one- and two-family residences. 2-4.5.5 Each electrical fire warning system and each sin- (b) For 4-2.3.2.1.8 each DACT need only be pro- gle station smoke detector shall have an integral test means grammed to call a single DACR number. to permit the householder to check the system and sensi- (c) For 4-2.3.2.1.10 each DACT serving a one- or two- tivity of the detector(s). family residence shall transmit a test signal to its associated [From NFPA 74- 1989,4-5.5] receiver at least once a month. [New paragraphs and tide] 2-4.6 Monitoring Integrity of Installation Conductors. 2-5 Installation. 24.6.1 All means of interconnecting initiating devices or [From NFPA 74- 1989,Chap.51 notification appliances shall be monitored for the integrity of the interconnecting pathways up to the connections to 2-5.1 General. the device or appliance so that the occurrence of a single [From NFPA 74- 1989, 5-1) open or single ground fault, which prevents normal oper- ation of the system, will be indicated by a distinctive trou- 2-5.1.1 General Provisions. ble signal. [From NFPA 74- 1989,5=1.11 Exception No. 1: Conductors connecting multiple-station detec- tors,provided a single fault on the wiring will not prevent single- 2-5.1.1.1 All equipment shall be installed in a workman- station operation of any of the interconnected detectors. like manner. Exception No. 2: Circuits extending from single- or multiple- [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-1.1.1] station detectors to required remote notification appliances pro- vided operation of the test feature on any detector will cause all 2-5.1.1.2 All devices shall be so located and mounted that connected appliances to activate. accidental operation will not be caused by jarring or vibration. [New paragraphs] [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-1.1.2] 2-83 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 2-5.1.1.3 All installed household fire warning equipment 2-5.2.1.3 A smoke detector installed to detect a fire in the shall be mounted so as to be supported independently of basement shall be located in close proximity to the stairway its attachment to wires. leading to the floor above. [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-1.1.3] [From NFPA 74- 1989, 5-2.1.3] 2-5.1.1.4 All equipment shall be restored to normal as 2-5.2.1.4 A smoke detector installed to protect a sleeping promptly as possible after each alarm or test. area in accordance with 2-2.1.1.1 shall be located outside of [From NFPA 74- 1989, 5-1.1.4] the bedrooms but in the immediate vicinity of the sleeping area. 2-5.1.1.5 The supplier or installing contractor shall pro- [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-2.1.4] vide the owner with: 2-5.2.1.5 The smoke detector installed to comply with (a) An instruction booklet illustrating typical installation 2-2.1.1.1 on a story without a separate sleeping area shall layouts be located in close proximity to the stairway leading to the (b) Instruction charts describing the operation, method floor above. and frequency of testing, and proper maintenance of [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-2.1.5] household fire warning equipment (c) Printed information for establishing a household 2-5.2.1.6* Smoke detectors shall be mounted on the ceil- emergency evacuation plan ing at least 4 in. (102 mm)from a wall or on a wall with the top of the detector not less than 4 in. (102 mm) nor more (d) Printed information to inform owners where they than 12 in. (305 mm) below the ceiling. may obtain repair or replacement service, and where and how parts requiring regular replacement(such as batteries Exception: Where the mounting surface might become consider- or bulbs) may be obtained within two weeks. ably warmer or cooler than the room, such as a poorly insulated [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-1.1.5] ceiling below an unfinished attic or an exterior wall, the detectors shall be mounted on an inside wall. 2-5.1.2 Multiple-Station Detector Interconnection. 2-5.2.1.7 Smoke detectors shall not be located within [From NFPA 74- 1989,'5-1.2] kitchens or garages,or in other spaces where temperatures (a) Where the interconnected wiring is unsupervised,no can fall below 32°F (0'Q or exceed 100°F (38°C). Smoke more than 18 detectors shall be interconnected in a multi- detectors shall not be located closer than 3 ft(0.9 m) from: ple station configuration. (a) The door to a kitchen or a bathroom containing a (b) Where the interconnecting wiring is supervised, the tub or shower number of interconnected detectors shall be limited to 64. (b) Supply registers of a forced air heating or cooling [New paragraphs] system. 2-5.1.2.1* Interconnection that causes other detectors to Exception: Detectors specifically listed for the application. sound shall be limited to an individual family living unit. [New paragraphs] Remote annunciation from single- or multiple-station detectors shall be permitted. 2-5.2.2* Heat Detectors. [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-1.2.1 modified] [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-2.2] 2-5.1.2.2 No more than 12 smoke detectors may be inter- 2-5.2.2.1 On smooth ceilings, heat detectors shall be connected in a multiple-station connection. installed within the strict limitations of their listed spacing. [New paragraph] [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-2.2.1] 2-5.2* Detector Location and Spacing. 2-5.2.2.2 For sloped ceilings having a rise greater than 1 ft in 8 ft (1 m in 8 m) horizontally, the detector shall be [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-21 located on or near the ceiling at or within 3 ft(0.9 m)of the peak. The spacing of additional detectors, if any, shall be 2-5.2.1* Smoke Detectors. based on a horizontal distance measurement, not on a [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-2.1] measurement along the slope of the ceiling. [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-2.2.2] 2-5.2.1.1 Smoke detectors in rooms with ceiling slopes greater than 1 ft rise per 8 ft (1 m rise per 8 m) horizon- 2-5.2.2.3* Heat detectors shall be mounted on the ceiling tally shall be located at the high side of the room. at least 4 in.(102 mm)from a wall or on a wall with the top [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-2.1.1] of the detector not less than 4 in. (102 mm)nor more than 12 in. (305 mm) below the ceiling. 2-5.2.1.2 A smoke detector installed in a stairwell shall be Exception: Where the mounting surface might become consider- so located as to ensure that smoke rising in the stairwell ably warmer or cooler than the room, such as a poorly insulated cannot be prevented from reaching the detector by an ceiling below an unfinished attic or an exterior wall, the detectors intervening door or obstruction. shall be mounted on an inside wall. [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-2.1.2] [New paragraphs] 2-84 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 2-5.2.2.4 In.rooms with open joists or beams, all ceiling- (h) Maintenance instructions mounted detectors shall be located on the bottom of such [From NFPA 74- 1989,7-1.2.8] joists or beams. [From NFPA 74- 1989, 5-2.2.4] (i) Replacement and service instructions. Exception: When space limitations prohibit inclusion of 2-5.2.2.5* Detectors installed on an open foisted ceiling 2-7.1(g), 2-7.1(h), and 2-7.1(i), a permanent label or plaque shall have their smooth ceiling spacing reduced where this suitable for permanent attachment within the living unit shall be spacing is measured at right angles to solid joists; in the provided with the equipment and referenced on`the equipment. In case of heat detectors, this spacing shall not exceed one- the case of a household fire warning system, the required informa- half of the listed spacing. lion shall be prominently displayed at the control panel. [From NFPA 74- 1989, 5-2.2.5] (From NFPA 74- 1989, 7-1.2.9) 2-5.3 Wiring and Equipment. The installation of wiring and equipment shall be in accordance'with the require- ments of NFPA 70,National Electrical Code,Article 760. Chapter 3 Protected Premises Fire Alarm Systems ' [From NFPA 74- 1989,5-3] 3-1. Scope. This chapter provides requirements for the 2-6 Maintenance and Tests. application, installation,and performance of fire alarm sys- (From NFPA 74- 1989,Chap. 6] tems, including fire alarm and supervisory signals, within protected premises. 2-6.1* Maintenance. If batteries are used as a source of 3-2 General. The systems covered in this chapter are energy, they shall be replaced in accordance with the rec- intended to be used for the protection of life by automati- ommendations of the alarm equipment manufacturer. cally indicating the necessity for evacuation of the building [From NFPA 74-- 1989,6-1] or fire area,and for the protection of property through the automatic notification of responsible persons and for the 2-6.2* Tests. automatic activation of fire safety,functions. The require- ments of the other chapters shall also apply except where 2-6.2.1 Single- and Multiple-Station Smoke Detectors. they conflict with the requirements of this chapter. Homeowners shall inspect-and.test smoke detectors and all [New paragraphs] connected appliances in accordance with the manufactur- er's instructions at least once a month. Exception: For household fire warning equipment protecting a [From NFPA 74- 1989, 6-2 modified] single living unit, see Chapter 2. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 6-1 modified] 2-6.2.2 Fire Alarm Systems. Homeowners shall test sys- tems in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and 3-2.1 Systems requiring transmission of signals to contin- shall have every residential fire alarm system tested by a qual- ifiedservice technician'at least every 3 years.This test shall be ice (e.g., central station, proprietary, remote station) shall conducted according to the methods of Chapter 7. also comply with the applicable requirements of Chapter 4. [New paragraph] 3-2.2 All protected premises fire alarm systems shall be maintained and tested in accordance with Chapter 7. 2-7 Markings and Instructions. All household fire warn- 3-2.3 Fire alarm systems provided for evacuation of occu- ing equipment or systems shall be plainly marked with the pants shall have.one or more notification appliances listed following information on the unit: for the purpose on each floor of the building, so located [From NFPA 74- 1989, 7-1.1.11 that they shall have the characteristics for public mode (a) Manufacturer's or listee's name, address, and model described in Chapter 6. number [New paragraphs] [From NFPA 74- 1989, 7-1.2.1] 3-2.4* The system shall be so designed and installed that (b) A mark or certification that the unit has been attack by fire: approved or listed by a testing laboratory [From NFPA 74- 1989, 7-1.2.2] (a) in an evacuation zone, causing loss of communica- tions to this evacuation zone,shall not result in loss of com- (c) Electrical rating (if applicable) munications to any other evacuation zone. [From NFPA 74- 1989, 7-1.2.3] (b) causing failure of equipment or a fault on one or (d) Temperature rating(if applicable) more installation wiring conductors of one communica- [From NFPA 74- 1989,7-1.2.4] tions path shall not result in total loss of communications to any evacuation zone. (e) Spacing rating(if applicable) [From NFPA 74- 1989, 7-1.2.5] [From NFPA 72 1990, 10-3.1 modified] Exception No. I to(a)and(b): Systems that, on alarm,automat- (0 Operating instructions ically sound evacuation signals throughout the protected premises. [From NFPA 74- 1989,7-1.2.6] Exception No. 2 to(a)and(b): Where there is a separate means (g) Test instructions acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction for voice communi- (From NFPA 74- 1989, 7-1.2.7) cations to each floor or evacuation zone. 2-85 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Exception No. 3 to (b): The fire command station and the cen- ignated by style depending on the capability of the circuit tral control equipment. to transmit alarm and trouble signals during specified Exception No. 4 to(b): Where the installation wiring is enclosed simultaneous multiple circuit fault conditions in addition to in a 2-hour rated enclosure, other than a stairwell. the single circuit fault conditions considered in the desig- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-3.1) nation of the circuits by class. Exception No. 5 to (b): Where the installation wiring is enclosed (a) An initiating device circuit shall be permitted to be within a 2-hour rated stairwell fn a fully sprinklered building in designated as either Style A, B, C, D, or E, depending on accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of its ability to meet the alarm and trouble performance Sprinkler Systems. requirements shown in Table 3-5.1,during a single open, [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-3.1 modified] single ground, wire-to-wire short, or loss of carrier fault condition. Exception No. 6 to (b): When the evacuation zone is directly (b) A notification appliance circuit shall be permitted to attacked by fire within the zone. be designated as either Style W, X, Y, or Z, depending on [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-3.1] its ability to meet the alarm and trouble performance requirements shown in Table 3-7.1, during a single open, 3-3 Applications. Protected premises fire alarm systems single ground, or wire-to-wire short fault condition. include one or more of the following features: (c) A signaling line circuit shall be permitted to be des- (a) Manual alarm signal initiation ignated as either Style 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, or 7, (b) Automatic alarm signal initiation depending on its ability to meet the alarm and trouble per- (c) Monitoring of abnormal conditions in fire suppres- formance requirements shown in Table 3-6.1,during a sin- gle open, single ground, wire-to-wire short, simultaneous sion systems wire-to-wire short and open, simultaneous wire-to-wire (d) Activation of fire suppression systems short and ground, simultaneous open and ground, and (e) Activation of fire safety functions loss of carrier fault conditions. (f) Activation of alarm notification appliances 3-4.2• All styles of Class A circuits using physical conduc- (g) Emergency voice/alarm communications tors (metallic, optical fiber) shall be installed such that the (h) Guard's tour supervisory service outgoing and return conductors,exiting from and return- ing to the control unit respectively, are routed separately. (i) Process monitoring supervisory systems The outgoing and return (redundant) circuit conductors 0) Activation of off-premises signals shall not be run in the same cable assembly (multiconduc- (k) Combination systems tor cable), enclosure,or raceway. (1) Integrated systems. Exception No. 1: For a distance not to exceed 1Oft(3 m)where [From NFPA 72 - 1990,3-1 modified] the outgoing and return conductors enter or exit initiating device, notification appliance, or control unit enclosures; or 3-4 Performance of Initiating Device, Notification Appli- [New paragraphs] ance, and Signaling Line Circuits. Exception No.2: Where the vertically run conductors are enclosed 3-4.1• Circuit Designations. Initiating device, notifica- (installed)in a 2-hour rated enclosure other than a stairwell;or tion appliance, and signaling line circuits shall be desig- Exception No. 3: Where the vertically run conductors are nated by class or style, or both, depending on the circuits' enclosed(installed) in a 2-hour rated stairwell in a building fully capability of being able to continue to operate during spec- sprinklered in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Instal- ified fault conditions. lation of Sprinkler Systems. 3-4.1.1 Class. Initiating device, notification appliance, [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-6 modified] and signaling line circuits shall be permitted to be desig- Exception No. 4: Where looped conduit/raceway systems are pro- nated as either Class A or Class B, depending on the capa- vided,single conduit/raceway drops to individual devices or appli- bility of the circuit to transmit alarm and trouble signals ances shall be permitted. during nonsimultaneous single circuit fault conditions as Exception No. 5: Where looped conduit/raceway systems are pro- specified by the following: vided, single conduit/raceway drops to multiple devices or appli- (a) Circuits capable of transmitting an alarm signal dur- ances installed within a single room not exceeding 1000 sq ft ing a single open or a nonsimultaneous single ground fault (92.9 m2)in area shall be permitted. on a circuit conductor shall be designated as Class A. [New paragraphs] (b) Circuits not capable of transmitting an alarm beyond the location of the fault conditions specified in (a) above 3-5 Performance and Capacities of Initiating Device Cir- shall be designated as Class B. cuits (IDC). Faults on both Class A and Class B circuits shall result in [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-6 modified] a trouble condition on the system in accordance with the requirements of 1-5.8. 3-5.1• The assignment of class designations, style designa- tions, or both to initiating device circuits shall be based on 3-4.1.2 Style. Initiating device, notification appliance, their performance capabilities under abnormal (fault)condi- and signaling line circuits shall be permitted to also be des- tions in accordance with the requirements of Table 3-5.1. 2-86 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 3-5.1 Performance and Capacities of Initiating Device Circuits(IDC) Class B B B A A Style A B C D Ea G = Systems with ground detection shall indicate systems trouble with a single ground. R = Required capability. o 0 0 0 0 X = Indication required at protected premises tz and as required by Chapter 4. c c c c e a = Style exceeds minimum requirements for U U U U U Class A. ro A * = See A-3-5.1. E E E E E a C C C C C to to t C A A A A O D a CIS a n n n U U U U U c a a s a ZZ Z Z a v 1° v oC E E E E E E E E E a E a 1= = ~a s a a s Ia Abnormal Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A.Single Open X X X X X X X B.Single Ground R G R G R G R G R C. Wire-to-Wire Short X X X X X D.Loss of Carrier(If Used)/Channel Interface I I X I I I I I I X Note:The following sections apply only where signals are transmitted to a proprietary supervising station in accordance with Section 4-4. E. Maximum Quantity per Initiating Device Circuit 1. Fire Alarm (a) Manual Fire Alarm Boxes 2 5 5 25 25 (b)Water Flow Alarm Devices I 2 2 5 5 (c)Discharge Alarm from Other Fire Suppression Systems 1 2 2 5 5 (d)Automatic Fire Detectors 2. Fire Supervisory (a)Sprinkler Supervisory Devices 2 4 4 20 20 (b)Other Fire Suppression Supervisory Devices 2 4 4 20 20 3.Guard's Tour 1 1 I 1 1 4. Process,Security,and Other Devices in Combination with 1, 2, and 3 Above 0 0 0 0 0 5. Process,Security,and Other Devices Not Combined with 1, 2,and 3 Above 5 10 10 20 20 6.Buildings 1 1 I 1 1 7. Intermediate Fire Alarm or Fire Supervisory Control Unit 1 1 1 I 1 F. Maximum Quantity of Initiating Device Circuits per Circuit Interface Between IDC&SLC 1. Per Limits of E above 10 10 10 10 10 2.With Following Limitations Fulfilled 10 20 20 50 50 (a)One Water Flow per IDC (b)Maximum of Four Sprinkler Supervisory Devices (c)Maximum of Five Process,Security,and Other Devices on a Separate IDC (d) Maximum of One Intermediate Fire Alarm or Fire Supervisory Control Unit per IDC [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-6.2 modified] 2-87 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3-5.2 The loading of initiating device circuits on systems under abnormal (fault) conditions in accordance with the connected to a proprietary supervising station shall not requirements of Table 3-7.1. exceed the capacities listed in Table 3-5.1 for their assigned [New paragraphs and title] style designations. The loading of initiating device circuits designated-only as Class A or Class B (without a style des- 3-7.2 Distinctive Evacuation Signal. ignation) shall not exceed the capacities for the style with the lowest capacities in their class (Style A for Class B cir- (a)* Section 1-5.4.7 requires that fire alarm signals be Bis- cuits, and Styles D or E for Class A circuits). tinctive in sound from other signals and that this sound not be used for any other purpose.To meet this requirement,the NOTE: Though Styles D and E have been assigned the fire alarm signal used to notify building occupants of the same capacities,the choice between the two styles depends on need to evacuate (leave the building) shall be ANSI S3.41, the desired system performance. Style D circuits transmit an American National Standard Audible Emergency Evacuation Sig- alarm signal,while Style E circuits only transmit a trouble sig- nal.This requirement shall become effective July 1, 1996. nal on the occurrence of a wire-to-wire short on the circuit.A similar distinction exists between Class B, Styles B and C, (b) The use of the American National Standard Audible which have also been assigned the same capacities. Emergency Evacuation Signal shall be restricted to situa- [New paragraphs] dons where it is desired to have all occupants hearing the signal evacuate the building immediately. It shall not be 3-5.3 Numbered initiating device groups listed in Table used where, with the approval of the authority having 3-5.1, Section E,shall not be combined on the same initiat- jurisdiction, the planned action during a fire emergency is ing device circuit. not evacuation, but relocation of the occupants from the affected area to a safe area within the building, or their Exception No. 1: When implementing 3-8.1.2, manual means protection in place (e.g., high rise buildings, health care and automatic means shall be permitted to be combined on the same facilities, penal institutions, etc.). initiating device circuit. Exception No.2: Where only one fire alarm box is required,it shall 3-8 System Requirements. (See also Section 5-9.) be permitted to be connected to the waterflow initiating device circuit. [From NFPA 72- 1990,2-6.3] 3-8.1 Manual Fire Alarm Signal Initiation. [New paragraphs and titles] 3-6 Performance and Capacities of Signaling Line Cir- cuits (SLC). 3.8.1.1 Fire alarm boxes shall be listed for the intended [From NFPA 72- 1990,2 7 modified] application, installed in accordance with Chapter 5, and tested in accordance with Chapter 7. 3-6.1• The assignment of class designations or style desig- [From NFPA 71 and 72,3-2.2 modified] nations, or both, to signaling line circuits shall be based on their performance capabilities under abnormal (fault)condi- tions in accordance with the requirements of Table 3-6.1. 3-8.1.2 For fire alarm systems employing automatic fire [New paragraph] detectors or waterflow detection devices, at least one fire alarm box shall be provided to initiate a fire alarm signal. 3-6.2 The loading of signaling line circuits shall not This fire alarm box shall be located where required by the exceed the capacities listed in Table 3-6.1 for their assigned authority having jurisdiction. style designation.The loading of signaling line circuits des- [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-2.4 modified] ignated only as Class A or Class B (without a style designa- tion) shall not exceed the capacities for the style with the Exception: Fire alarm systems dedicated to elevator recall control lowest capacities in their class (Styles 0.5 or 1 for Class B and supervisory as permitted in 3-8.15.1. circuits, and Style 2 for Class A circuits). [From NFPA 71 - 1989,3-3.2.1 modified] NOTE: Sections H and I of Table 3-6.1 provide informa- 3-8.1.3 Where signals from fire alarm boxes and other tion regarding capacities where protected premises fire fire alarm initiating devices within a building are transmit- alarm equipment, as covered in this chapter, is used in a proprietary fire alarm system. For information regarding ted over the same signaling line circuit, there shall be no proprietary supervisory stations,see Section 4-4. interference with fire alarm box signals when both types of initiating devices are operated at or near the same time. Exception: Where a Class A signaling line circuit is so arranged Provision of the shunt noninterfering method of operation that a single open or ground fault, or short circuit between wires shall be acceptable for this performance. of the same signaling line circuit does not cause the loss of fire [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-2.5] alarm signals from more than a single zone as defined in 1-5.7.3 and 1-5.7.6, the maximum number of initiating devices per sig- naling line circuit shall be unlimited. 3-8.2 Automatic Fire Alarm Signal Initiation. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-3 modified] 3-7 Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC). 3-8.2.1 Automatic alarm initiating devices shall be listed 3-7.1 Performance. The assignment of class designations for the intended application and installed in accordance or style designations,or both, to notification appliance cir- with Chapter 5. cuits shall be based on their performance capabilities [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-3.1 modified] 2-88 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 3-6.1 Performance and Capacities of Signaling Line Circuits(SLC) Class B B A B B B B A A A Style 0.5 1 2a 3 3.5 4 4.5 5a 6a 7a G = Systems with ground detec- tion shall indicate system trouble with a single ground. M = May be capable of alarm o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 with wire-to-wire short. z ? ? ? ? Z z .0 R = Required capability. o 0 o c o o ccQ GeG c coQ X = Indication required at pro- U U U U U U U U U U tected premises and as E E E E E E E E E E required by Chapter 4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a = Style exceeds minimum requirements for Class A. to to to e c c e c c c A A A O q q O A A G ro n a ro ro ro n A a o_ C a a a a a aq a a U U U U U V U V U (J a n. Qj a n a a n a a n v a E E E a E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E p O id O is is O M M O M A O A O R M 0 ,y O " N ` " O A aH al- aa1= aa1= aa1= a 1= aa1= aa1~ aa �- a i- a Abnormal Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 9 10 11 12113 14115 16.17 18 19 20 21 22 23.24 25.26 27 28 29 30 . A.Single Open X I X I X R X I X X I X R I X R X R I X R B.Single Ground X G R G R G R X G R I X I I G R G R G R C.Wire-to-Wire—Short I M X I X I X I X I I X X X R D.Wire-to-Wire Short&Open I M X I X X I X I I X X X E.Wire-to-Wire Short& Ground G M X X X X I X X ix F.Open and Ground X R X X X X X X X X R G.Loss of Carrier(If Used)/ i i j—.Channel Interface X X XJLx X X Note:The following sections apply only where signals are transmitted to a proprietary supervising station in accordance with Section 4-4. H.Maximum quanitity per Signaling Line Circuit 9 1.Initiating Devices(All Types) 250 250 250 300 300 500 500 750 1000 unlimited 2.Buildings 25 25 25 50 50 75 75 75 I00 100 1.Maximum Quantity per Proprietary Supervising Station(PSS) 1.Initiating Device Circuits 500 500 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1500 2000 2000 2.IDCs with Redundant PSS Control Equpiment' 1000 1000 1000 2000 2000 2000 2000 3000 unlimited unlimited 3.Buildings 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 75 400 400 4.Buildings with Redundant PSS Control Equipment' 25 25 25 50 50 100 100 150 unlimited unlimited Note 1:When the supervisory station multiplex control unit is duplicated and a switchover can be accomplished in not more than 90 seconds with no loss of signals during this period,the capacity of the system is unlimited. = See the exception to 3-6.2. [From NFPA 72-1990,2-7.2 modified] 2-89 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 3-7.1 Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC) (a) They are not prohibited by the authority having jurisdiction. Class B B B A (b) There are at least two automatic detection devices in Style W g y Z each protected space. G = Systems with ground c (c) Automatic detection device area spacing is no more than detection shall indicate a o 0 C one-half that determined by the application of Chapter 5. system trouble with a ;, ;, ; `D ;, (d) The alarm verification feature is not used. single ground. o •= o 0 E U E U E U E [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-3.5 modified] X = Indication required at pro- cv A tected premises. °' E E E a o v `o v `o -v 3-8.3 Positive Alarm Sequence. c c c U V V V 0 ¢ 0 ¢ .0 ¢ 0 3-8.3.1 Systems having positive alarm features complying a` to a o`. a with the following shall be permitted where approved by lca the authority having jurisdiction. c M c 0 c A c o ;� .o y _o y .o [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-3.6 modified] c. 3-8.3.1.1 The signal from an automatic fire detection �j a, �j y, v v device selected for positive alarm sequence operation shall E E a E � be acknowledged at the control unit by trained personnel E= ¢ E a E Cz a (° within 15 seconds of annunciation in order to initiate the alarm investigation phase. If the signal is not acknowl- Abnormal Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 8 edged within 15 seconds, all building and remote signals shall be activated immediately and automatically. Single Open X X X X X X [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-3.6.1 modified] Single Ground X X G X G X Wire-to-Wire Short X X X X 3-8.3.1.2 Trained personnel shall have up to 180 seconds 11 during the alarm investigation phase to evaluate the fire [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-4 modified] condition and reset the system. If the system is not reset during this investigation phase, all building and remote 3-8.2.2 Automatic alarm initiating devices having integral signals shall be activated immediately and automatically. trouble contacts shall be wired on the initiating device circuit [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-3.6.2 modified] so that a trouble condition within a device does not impair 3-8.3.2 If a second automatic fire detector selected for the alarm transmission from any other initiating device. positive alarm sequence is actuated during the alarm inves- NOTE: Though a trouble signal is required when a tigation phase,all normal building and remote signals shall plug-in initiating device is removed from its base, it is not be activated immediately and automatically. considered as a trouble condition within the device and the [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-3.6.3 modified] requirement of 3-8.2.2 does not apply. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-3.2] 3-8.3.3 If any other initiating device is actuated, all build- ing and remote signals shall be activated immediately and 3-8.2.3* Systems equipped with alarm verification fea- automatically. tures shall be permitted, provided: [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-3.6.4 modified] (a) A smoke detector continuously subjected to a smoke concentration above alarm threshold magnitude initiates a 3-8.3.4* The system shall provide means to bypass the system alarm within 1 minute. positive alarm sequence. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-3.6.5] (b) Actuation of an alarm initiating device other than a smoke detector shall cause a system alarm signal within 15 3-8.4* Concealed Detectors. Where a remote alarm indi- seconds. cator is provided for an automatic fire detector in a con- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-3.3 modified] cealed location, the location of the detector and the area protected by the detector shall be prominently indicated 3-8.2.4 Where individual alarm initiating devices are either at the remote alarm indicator by a permanently _ used to control the operation of equipment as permitted by attached placard or by other approved means. 1-5.4.1,this control capability shall remain operable even if [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-3.71 all of the initiating devices connected to the same circuit are in an alarm state. 3-8.5 Automatic Drift Compensation. Where automatic [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-3.4 modified] drift compensation of sensitivity for a fire detector is pro- vided, the control unit shall give an indication identifying 3-8.2.5 Systems that require the operation of two auto- the affected detector when the limit of compensation is matic detection devices to initiate the alarm response shall reached. be permitted, provided: [New paragraph] 2-90 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 3-8.6 Waterflow Alarm Signal Initiation. 3-8.7.4 A dry-pipe sprinkler system equipped for water- (From NFPA 72 - 1990, 3-4.1 modified] flow alarm signaling shall be supervised for off-normal sys- tem air pressure. 3-8.6.1 The provisions of 3-8.6 apply to sprinkler system [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-4.2.4 modified] signaling attachments that initiate an alarm indicating a flow of water in the system. Waterflow initiating devices 3-8.7.5 A control valve shall be supervised to initiate a shall be listed for the intended application and installed in distinctive signal indicating movement of the valve from its accordance with Chapter 5. normal position. The off-normal signal shall remain until [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.1.1 modified] the valve is restored to its normal position.The off normal signal shall be obtained during the first two revolutions of 3-8.6.2 A dry-pipe or preaction sprinkler system that is the hand wheel or during one-fifth of the travel distance of supplied with water by a connection beyond the alarm ini- the valve control apparatus from its normal position. tiating device of a wet-pipe system shall be equipped with a [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.2.5 modified] separate waterflow alarm initiating pressure switch or other approved means to initiate a waterflow alarm. 3-8.7.6 An initiating device for supervising the position of [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-4.1.4 modified] a control valve shall not interfere with the operation of the valve, obstruct the view of its indicator, or prevent access 3-8.6.3 The number of waterflow switches permitted to for valve maintenance. be connected to a single initiating device circuit shall not [New paragraph] exceed five. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 6-2.2 modified,and NFPA 3-8.7.7 Pressure Supervision. Pressure sources shall be 71,6-4.1.2] supervised to obtain two separate and distinct signals, one indicating that the required pressure has been increased or 3-8.7 Supervisory Signal Initiation. decreased,and the other indicating restoration of the pres- [From NFPA 72 - 1990,3-4.2 modified] sure to its required value. (a) A pressure supervisory signal initiating device for a 3-8.7.1 General. The provisions of this section apply to pressure tank shall indicate both high and low pressure the monitoring of sprinkler and other fire protection sys- conditions. A signal shall be obtained where the required tems for the initiation of a supervisory signal indicating an pressure is increased or decreased 10 psi(70 kPa)from the off-normal condition that may adversely affect the perfor- required pressure value. mance of the system. (b) A pressure supervisory signal initiating device for a [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.2.1 modified] dry-pipe sprinkler system shall indicate both high and low pressure conditions. A signal shall be obtained when the 3-8.7.1.1 Supervisory devices shall be listed for the required pressure is increased or decreased 10 psi(70 kPa) intended application and installed in accordance with from the required pressure value. Chapter 5. (c) A steam pressure supervisory initiating device shall [New paragraph] indicate a low pressure condition. A signal shall be obtained where the pressure is reduced to a value that is 3-8.7.1.2 The number of supervisory devices permitted to 110 percent of the minimum operating pressure of the be connected to a single initiating device circuit shall not steam operated equipment supplied. exceed 20. (d) An initiating device for supervising the pressure of [From NFPA 71,6-4.2 modified,and NFPA 72 - sources other than those specified above shall be provided 1990,6-2.3 modified] as required by the authority having jurisdiction. 3-8.7.2* Provisions shall be made for supervising the con- 3-8.7.8 Water Temperature Supervision. Exposed water ditions that are essential for the proper operation of sprin- storage containers shall be supervised to obtain two separate kler and other fire suppression systems. and distinct signals, one indicating that the temperature of [From NFPA 72 - 1990,3-4.2.2 modified] the water has been lowered to 40°F (4.4°C), and the other Exception: Those conditions related to water mains, tanks, cis- indicating restoration to a temperature above 40°F(4.4°C). terns, reservoirs, and other water supplies controlled by a munici- [From NFPA 71 - 1989] pality or a public utility. 3-8.8 Signal Annunciation. Protected premises fire [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-4.2.2 Exception] alarm systems shall be arranged to annunciate alarm, supervisory, and trouble signals in accordance with 1-5.7. 3-8.7.3 Signals shall distinctively indicate the particular [New paragraph] function (such as valve position, temperature, pressure, etc.) of the system that is off-normal and also indicate its 3-8.9 Signal Initiation from Automatic Fire Suppression restoration to normal. System Other Than Waterflow. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.2.3 modified] [From NFPA 71,3-4.3] NOTE: Cancellation of the off-normal signal is acceptable 3-8.9.1 The operation of an automatic fire suppression as a restoration signal except where separate recording of system installed within the protected premises shall be all changes of state is a specific requirement. (See Chapter 4.) indicated on the protected premises fire alarm system. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.2.5 modified] [From NFPA 71,34.3.1] 2-91 1 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3-8.9.2 A supervisory signal shall indicate the off-normal main control unit.Where intermediate stations that do not condition and its restoration to normal appropriate to the transmit a signal are employed in conjunction with signal- system employed. transmitting stations, distinctive signals shall be transmit- [From NFPA 71,3-4.4.1 modified] ted at the beginning and end of each tour of a guard,and a signal-transmitting station shall be provided at intervals 3-8.9.3 The integrity of each fire suppression system actu- not exceeding ten stations. Intermediate stations that do ating device and its circuit shall be supervised in accordance not transmit a signal shall be capable of operation only in a with 1-5.8.1 and with other applicable NFPA standards. fixed sequence. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-7.2.1 modified] [From NFPA 72 - 1990, 3-5.1.3 and 3-5.2.7] 3-8.10 Pump Supervision. Automatic fire pumps and 3-8.13 Suppressed (Exception Reporting) Signal System. special service pumps shall be supervised in accordance [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-5.2] with NFPA 20,Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps, and the authority having jurisdiction. 3-8.13.1 The system shall comply with the provisions of [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.2.9 modified] 3-8.I2.2. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-5.2.1,and NFPA 71, 3-8.10.1 Supervision of electric power supplying the 3-2.2.1] pump shall be made on the line side of the motor starter. 3-8.13.2 The system shall transmit a start signal to the All phases and phase reversal shall be supervised. signal-receiving location and shall be initiated by the guard [From NFPA 71,3-4.4.6 modified] at the start of continuous tour rounds. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-5.2.2 modified,and 3-8.10.2 Where both sprinkler supervisory signals and NFPA 71,3-2.2.2) pump running signals are transmitted over the same sig- naling circuits, provisions shall be made to obtain pump 3-8.13.3 The system shall automatically transmit a delin- running signal preference unless the circuit is so arranged quency signal within 15 minutes after the predetermined that no signals will be lost. actuation time if the guard fails to actuate a tour station as [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.2.9] scheduled. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-5.2.3,and NFPA 71, 3-8.11 Tampering. 3-2.2.3] [From NFPA 72,3-4.3] 3-8.13.4 A finish signal shall be transmitted within a pre- 3-8.11.1 Automatic fire suppression system alarm and determined interval after the guard completes each tour of supervisory signal initiating devices and their circuits shall the premises. be so designed and installed that they cannot be readily [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-5.2.4,and NFPA 71, tampered with, opened, or removed without initiating a 3-2.2.4] signal. This provision specifically includes junction boxes 3-8.13.5 For periods of over 24 hours, during which installed outside of buildings to facilitate access to the initi- tours are continuously conducted, a start signal shall be ating device circuit. transmitted at least every 24 hours. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.3.1 modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-5.2.5,and NFPA 71, 3-8.11.2* If a valve is installed in the connection between 3-2.2.6] a signal attachment and the fire suppression system to 3-8.13.6 The start, delinquency, and finish signals shall which it is attached, such a valve shall be supervised in be recorded at the signal-receiving location. accordance with the requirements of Chapter 5. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-5.2.6 modified,and [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-4.3.2] NFPA 71, 3-2.2.71 3-8.12 Guard's Tour Supervisory Service. 3-8.14 Combination Systems. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-5 modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-6] 3-8.12.1 Guard's tour reporting stations shall be listed for 3-8.14.1* Fire alarm systems shall be permitted to share the application. components, equipment, circuitry, and installation wiring with nonfire alarm systems. [New paragraph] [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-6.1 modified] 3-8.12.2 The number of guard's tour reporting stations, 3-8.14.2 Where common wiring is employed for combi- their locations, and the route to be followed by the guard nation systems, the equipment for other than fire alarm for operating the stations shall be approved for the partic- systems shall be permitted to be connected to the common ular installation in accordance with NFPA 601, Standard on wiring of the system. Short circuits, open circuits, or Guard Service in Fire Loss Prevention. grounds in this equipment or between this equipment and [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-5.1.1 modified] the fire alarm system wiring shall- not interfere with the supervision of the fire alarm system or prevent alarm or 3-8.12.3 A permanent record indicating every time each supervisory signal transmissions. signal-transmitting station is operated shall be made at the [From NFPA 72- 1990, 3-6.2 modified] 2-92 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 3-8.14.3 To maintain the integrity of fire alarm system machine room(s).The operation of the elevators shall be in functions, the removal, replacement, failure, or mainte- accordance with ANSI/ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Eleva- nance procedure on any hardware,software, or circuit not tors and Escalators, Rules 211.3 through 211.8. The smoke required to perform any of the fire alarm system functions detectors shall be connected to the two elevator control cir- shall not cause loss of any of these functions. cuits as follows: [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-6.3] (a) The smoke detector located in the designated eleva- Exception: Where the hardware, software,and circuits are listed for recall lobby shall be connected to the first elevator con- for fire alarm use. trol circuit. [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-7.3.5] 3-8.14.4 Speakers used as alarm notification appliances (b) The smoke detectors in the remaining elevator lob- on fire alarm systems shall not be used for nonemergency bies, elevator hoistways, and the elevator machine room purposes. shall be connected to the second elevator control circuit [New paragraphs] except that when the elevator machine room is located at Exception:' Where the fire command station is constantly attended the designated landing, then that elevator,machine room by a trained operator, selective paging"shall be permitted. smoke detector shall be connected to the first elevator con- [From NFPA 72 - 1990, 3-6.4] trol circuit. In addition, where the elevator is equipped with front and rear doors, then the smoke detectors in 3-8.14.5 In combination systems, fire alarm signals shall both lobbies at the designated level shall be connected to be distinctive, clearly recognizable, and take precedence the first elevator control circuit. over any other signal even when a nonfire alarm signal is initiated first. 3-8.16 Elevator Shutdown. [From NFPA 72 - 1990,3-6.5 modified] 3-8.16.1* Where heat detectors are used to shut down 3-8.15 Elevator Recall for Fire Fighters'Service. elevator power prior to sprinkler operation, the detector [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-7.31 shall have both a lower temperature rating and a higher sensitivity [often characterized by a lower Response Time 3-8.15.1* System type smoke detectors located in elevator Index (RTI)] when compared to the sprinkler. lobbies, elevator hoistways, and elevator machine rooms, 3-8.16.2 Where heat detectors are used for elevator which are used to initiate fire fighters' service recall, shall power shutdown prior to sprinkler operation, they shall be be connected to the building fire alarm system. In facilities placed within 2 feet of each sprinkler head and be installed without a building fire alarm system,these smoke detectors in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 5.Alterna- shall be connected to a dedicated fire alarm system control tively, engineering methods (such as in Appendix B) shall unit that shall be designated,"Elevator Recall Control and be permitted to be used to select and place heat detectors Supervisory Panel" on the record drawings. Unless other- to ensure response prior to any sprinkler head under a wise required by the authority having jurisdiction,only the variety of fire growth rate scenarios. elevator lobby,elevator hoistway,and the elevator machine room smoke detectors shall be used to recall elevators for 3-8.16.3* Where pressure or waterflow switches are used fire fighters' service. to shut down elevator power immediately upon or prior to [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-7.3.1 modified] the discharge of water from sprinklers, the use of devices with time delays shall not be permitted. 3-8.15.2 Each elevator lobby, elevator hoistway, and ele- vator machine room smoke detector shall be capable of ini- tiating elevator recall when all other devices on the same initiating device circuit have been manually or automati- 3-9.1 Scope. The provisions of this section apply to the cally placed in the alarm condition. minimum requirements for the interconnection of fire [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-7.3.2] safety control functions (e.g., fan control, door control, etc.) to the fire alarm system. These••fire safety functions 3-8.15.3 When actuated, each elevator lobby, elevator are not intended to provide notification of alarm, supervi- hoistway,and elevator machine room smoke detector shall sory, or trouble conditions; alert or control occupants; or initiate an alarm condition on the building fire alarm sys- summon aid. tem and shall visibly indicate, at the control unit and 3-9.2 General. required remote annunciators, the alarm initiation circuit or zone from which the alarm originated. 3-9.2.1 An auxiliary relay connected to the fire alarm sys- [From NFPA 72- 1990,3-7.3.3] tem used to initiate control of fire safety functions shall be Exception: Where approved by the authority having jurisdiction, located within 3 ft (I m)of the controlled circuit or device. the elevator hoistway and machine room detectors shall be permit- The auxiliary relay shall furktion within the voltage and ted to initiate a supervisory signal. current limitations of the control unit.The installation wir- [New paragraph] ing between the fire alarm system control unit and the auxiliary relay shall be monitored for integrity. 3-8.15.4* For each group of elevators within a building, Exception: Control devices that operate on loss of power or on two elevator control circuits shall be terminated at the des- loss of power to the auxiliary relay shall be considered self- ignated elevator controller within the group's elevator monitoring for integrity. 2-93 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3-9.2.2 Fire safety functions shall not interfere with other 3-10 Suppression System Actuation. operations of the fire alarm control system. 3-10.1 Fire alarm systems listed for releasing service shall 3-9.2.3 Transfer of data over listed serial communication be permitted to provide automatic or manual actuation of ports shall be an acceptable means of interfacing between fire suppression systems. the fire alarm control unit and fire safety function control devices. 3-10.2 The integrity of each releasing device (e.g., sole- 3-9.2.4 The fire safety function control devices shall be noid, relay, etc.) shall be supervised in accordance with listed as compatible with the fire alarm control unit, so as applicable NFPA standards. not to interfere with the control unit's operation. 3-10.3 The integrity of the installation wiring shall be mon- 3-9.2.5 The interfaced systems shall be acceptance tested itored in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 1. together in the presence of the authority having jurisdic- tion to ensure proper operation of the fire alarm system 3-10.4 Fire alarm systems used for fire suppression and the interfaced system(s). releasing service shall be provided with a disconnect switch to permit system testing without activating the fire sup- 3-9.2.6 Where manual controls for emergency control func- pression systems. Operation of the disconnect switch shall tions are required to be provided, they shall provide visible cause a trouble signal at the fire alarm control unit. indication of the status of the associated control circuits. 3-9.3 Heating,Ventilation,and Air Conditioning(HVAC) 3.10.5 Sequence of operation shall be consistent with the Systems. applicable suppression system standards. 3.9.3.1 The provisions of 3-9.3 apply to the basic method by 3-10.6• Each space protected by an automatic fire sup- which a fire alarm system interfaces with the HVAC systems. pression system actuated by the fire alarm system shall con- tain one or more automatic fire detectors installed in accor- 3-9.3.2 All detection devices used to cause the operation dance with Chapter 5. of smoke dampers,fire dampers,fan control,smoke doors, and fire doors shall be monitored for integrity in accor- 3-11* Interconnected Fire Alarm Control Units. Fire dance with 1-5.8 where connected to the fire alarm system alarm systems shall be permitted to be either integrated serving the protected premises. systems combining all detection, notification, and auxiliary 3-9.3.3 Connections between fire alarm systems and the functions in a single system, or a combination of compo- Y nent subsystems. Fire alarm system components shall be HVAC system for the purpose of monitoring and control permitted to share control equipment or be able to operate shall operate and be monitored in accordance with appli- as stand alone subsystems, but shall in any case be cable NFPA standards. arranged to function as a single system. All component 3-9.4 Door Release Service. subsystems shall be capable of simultaneous,full load oper- ation without degradation of the required, overall system 3-9.4.1 This section applies to the methods of connection performance. of door hold release devices and to integral door hold 3-11.1 The method of interconnection of control units release, closer, and smoke detection devices. shall be by the following recognized means: 3.9.4.2 All detection devices used for door hold release serv- (a) Properly rated electrical contacts ice, whether integral or stand alone, shall be monitored for (b) Compatible digital data interfaces integrity in accordance with 1-5.8 where connected to the fire alarm system serving the protected premises. (c) Other listed methods 3-9.4.3 All door hold release and integral door release and shall meet the monitoring requirements of 1-5.8 and and closure devices used for release service shall be moni- the requirements of NFPA 70,National Electrical Code,Arti- tored for integrity in accordance with 3-9.2. cle 760. 3-9.5 Door Unlocking Devices. 3-11.2 Where approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, interconnected control units providing localized 3-9.5.1 Any device or system intended to effect the detection, evacuation signaling, and auxiliary functions locking/unlocking of emergency exits shall be connected to shall be permitted to be monitored by a fire alarm system the fire alarm system serving the protected premises. as initiating devices. 3-9.5.2 All emergency exits connected in accordance with 3-11.2.1 Each interconnected control unit shall be sepa- 3-9.5.1 shall unlock upon receipt of any fire alarm signal by rately monitored for alarm, trouble, and supervisory con- the fire alarm system serving the protected premises. ditions. 3-9.5.3 All emergency exits connected in accordance with 3-9.5.1 shall unlock upon loss of the primary power to the 3-11.2.2 Interconnected control unit alarm signals shall fire alarm system serving the protected premises. The sec- be permitted to be monitored by zone or combined as com- ondary power supply shall not be utilized to maintain these mon signals as appropriate. doors in the locked condition. [New paragraphs and titles] 2-94 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 3-12 Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications. Exception: Where the fire command station or remote monitoring [From NFPA 72- 1990,Chap. 10] location is constantly attended by trained operators, and operator acknowledgment of receipt of afire alarm signal is received within 3-12.1 Application. This section describes the require- 30 seconds, automatic response is not required. ments for emergency voice/alarm communications. The [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.1] primary purpose is•to provide dedicated manual and auto- matic facilities for the origination, control, and transmis- 3-12.4.2 Multichannel Capability. When required by the sion of information and instructions pertaining to a fire authority having jurisdiction, the system shall allow the alarm emergency to the occupants (including fire depart- application of an evacuation signal to one or more zones ment personnel)of the building. It is the intent of this sec- and, at the same time, shall permit voice paging to the tion to establish the minimum requirements for emergency other zones selectively or in any combination. voice/alarm communications. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.21 3-12.2 Monitoring the integrity of speaker amplifiers, 3-12.4.3 Functional Sequence. tone-generating.equipment, and two-way telephone com- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.3] munications circuits shall be in accordance with 1-5.8.5. 3-12.4.3.1 In response to an initiating signal indicative of 3-12.3 Survivability. a fire emergency, the system shall automatically transmit, either immediately or after a delay acceptable to the 3-12.3.1 The fire command station and the central con- authority having jurisdiction, the following: trol unit shall be located within a minimum 1-hour rated [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.3.1] fire-resistive area and shall have a minimum 3-ft (1-m) clearance about the face of the fire command station.con- (a) An alert tone of 3 to 10 seconds' duration followed trol equipment. by a message (or messages when multichannel capability is Exception: Where approved by the authority having jurisdiction, provided) shall be repeated at least three times to direct the fire command station control equipment shall be permitted to be the occupants of the alarm signal initiation zone and other located in a lobby or other approved space. zones in accordance with the building's fire evacuation plan; or [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-3.2 modified] (b) An evacuation signal to the alarm signal initiation 3-12.3.2 Where the fire command station control equip- zone and other zones in accordance with the.building's fire ment is remote from the'central control equipment, the wir- evacuation plan. ing between the two shall be installed in conduit or other [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.3.1 modified] metal raceway that is routed through areas whose character- istics are at least equal to the limited combustible characteris- 3-12.4.3.2 Failure of the message described by tics as defined in NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air 3-12.4.3.1(a), where used, shall sound the evacuation Conditioning and Ventilating Systems.The maximum run of con- signal automatically. Provisions for'manual initiation of duit or raceway shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m) or shall be voice instructions or evacuation signal generation shall enclosed in a 2-hour fire rated enclosure. be provided. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-3.3] Exception: Different functional sequences shall be permitted where approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 3-12.3.3 The primary power supply installation wiring [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.3.2 modified] between the central control equipment and the main serv- ice entrance shall also be routed through areas whose char- 3-12.4.3.3 Live voice instructions shall override all previ- acteristics are at least equal to the limited combustible char- ously initiated signals on that channel. acteristics as defined in NFPA 90A, Standard for the [From NFPA 72 - 1990, 10-4.3.3] Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-3.4] 3-12.4.3.4 Where provided; manual controls for emer- gency voice/alarm communications shall be arranged to 3-12.3.4 The secondary (standby) power supply shall be provide visible indication of the-on/off status for their asso- provided in accordance with 1-5.2.5. ciated evacuation zones. [From NFPA 72 - 1990, 10-3.5 modified] [New paragraph] 3-12.4 Voice/Alarm Signaling Service. 3-12.4.4 Voice and Tone Devices. The alert tone preced- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4] ing any message shall be permitted to be a part of the voice message or to be transmitted automatically from a separate 3-12.4.1• General. The purpose of the voice/alarm sig- tone generator. naling service is to provide an automatic response to the [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.4.1] receipt of a signal indicative of a fire emergency. Subse- quent manual control capability of the transmission and 3-12.4.5 Fire Command Station. audible reproduction of evacuation tone signals, alert tone [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.5] signals,and voice directions on a selective and all-call basis, as determined by the authority having jurisdiction, is also 3-12.4.5.1 A fire command station shall be provided near required from the fire command station. a building entrance or other location approved by the 2-95 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE authority having jurisdiction. The fire command station 3-12.6 Two-Way Telephone Communications Service. shall provide a communications center for the arriving fire [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-51 department and shall provide for control and display of the status of detection, alarm, and communications sys- 3-12.6.1 Two-way telephone communications equipment tems. The fire command station shall be permitted to be shall be listed for two-way telephone communications serv- physically combined with other building operations and ice and installed in accordance with 3-12.6. security centers as permitted by the authority having juris- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-5.1 modified] diction. Operating controls for use by the fire department shall be clearly marked. 3-12.6.2 Two-way telephone communications service, [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.5.1) where provided, shall be available for use by the fire serv- ice. Additional uses, where specifically permitted by the 3-12.4.5.2 The fire command station shall control the authority having jurisdiction, shall be permitted to include emergency voice/alarm communications signaling service signaling and communication for a building fire warden and, where provided, the two-way telephone communica- organization,signaling and communication for reporting a fire and other emergencies, (i.e., voice call box service,stg- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.5.2] tions service. naling, and communication for guard's tour service) and other uses. Variation of equipment and system operation 3-12.4.6 Loudspeakers. provided to facilitate additional use of the two-way tele- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.6] phone communications service shall not adversely affect performance when used by the fire service. 3-12.4.6.1 Loudspeakers and their enclosures shall be [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-5.21 listed for voice/alarm signaling service and installed in 3-12.6.3* Two-way telephone communications service accordance with Chapter 6. shall be capable of permitting the simultaneous operation [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.6.1 modified] of any five telephone stations in a common talk mode. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-5.3] 3-12.4.6.2* There shall be at least two loudspeakers in each paging zone of the building, so located that signals 3-12.6.4 A notification signal at the fire command station, can be clearly heard regardless of the maximum noise level distinctive from any other alarm or trouble signal, shall produced by machinery or other equipment under normal indicate the off-hook condition of a calling telephone cir- conditions of occupancy. (See Section 6-3.) cuit. Where a selective talk telephone communications ser- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.6.2 modified] vice is supplied, a distinctive visible indicator shall be fur- nished for each selectable circuit so that all circuits with 3-12.4.6.3 Each elevator car shall be equipped with a sin- telephones off-hook are continuously and visibly indicated. gle loudspeaker connected to the paging zone serving the [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-5.5] elevator group in which the elevator car is located. 3-12.6.5 A switch for silencing the audible call-in signal [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-4.6.3] sounding appliance shall be permitted only if it is key oper- ated, in a locked cabinet, or given equivalent protection 3-12.5 Evacuation Signal Zoning. from use by unauthorized persons. Such a switch shall be permitted only if it operates a visible indicator and sounds 3-12.5.1 Where two or more evacuation signaling zones a trouble signal whenever the switch is in the silence posi- are provided, such zones shall be arranged consistent with tion where there are no telephone circuits in an off hook the fire or smoke barriers within the protected premises. condition. Where a selective talk telephone system is used, Undivided fire areas shall not be divided into multiple such a switch shall be permitted only if subsequent tele- evacuation signaling zones. phone circuits going off-hook will operate the distinctive off-hook audible signal sounding appliance. NOTE: This section does not prohibit provision of multi- [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-5.6] ple notification appliance circuits within a single evacuation signaling zone(i.e., separate circuits for audible and visible 3-12.6.6 The minimum requirement for fire service use signals, redundant circuits provided to enhance survivabil- shall be common talk, i.e., a conference or party line cir- ity, or multiple circuits necessary to provide sufficient cuit. The minimum requirement for fire warden use, power/capacity). where provided, shall be a selective talking system con- Exception: Stairwells not exceeding two stories in height. trolled at the fire command station. Either system shall be capable of operation with five telephone stations connected 3-12.5.2 Where multiple notification appliance circuits together. There shall be at least one fire service telephone are provided within an single evacuation signaling zone,all station or jack per floor and at least one per exit stairway. of the notification appliances within the zone shall be Where provided, there shall be at least one fire warden arranged to activate simultaneously, either automatically station or jack to serve each fire paging zone. or by actuation of a common, manual control. [From NFPA 72- 1990, 10-5.7] Exception: Where the different notification appliance circuits 3-12.6.7 Where the control equipment provided does not within an evacuation signaling zone perform separate functions indicate the location of the caller (common talk systems), (i.e., presignal and general alarm signals, predischarge and dis- each telephone station or phone jack shall be clearly and charge signals, etc.). permanently labeled to allow the caller to readily identify [New paragraphs and title] his location to the fire command station by voice. 2-96 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 3-12.6.8 Where telephone jacks are provided,a sufficient 3-13.3.4 The maximum allowable response delay from quantity of portable handsets, as determined by the activation of an initiating device to receipt and display by authority having jurisdiction, shall be stored at the fire the receiver/control unit shall be 90 seconds. command station for distribution during an incident to [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.3.4 modified] responding personnel. [New paragraphs] 3-13.3.5 An alarm signal from a low power radio trans- mister shall latch at its receiver/control unit until manually 3.13• Special Requirements for Low Power Radio (Wire- reset and shall identify the particular initiating device less) Systems. in alarm. [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5 modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.3.5 modified] 3-13.1 Compliance with this section shall require the use of 3-13.4 Supervision. low power radio equipment specifically listed for the purpose. [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.41 NOTE:' Equipment solely listed for household use does 3-13.4.1 The low power radio transmitter shall be specif- not comply with this requirement. ically listed as using a transmission method that shall be [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.1 modified] highly resistant to misinterpretation of simultaneous trans- missions and to interference (e.g., impulse noise and adja- 3-13.2 Power Supplies. A primary battery(dry cell)shall cent channel interference). be permitted to be used as the sole power source of a low [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.4.1 modified] power radio transmitter when all of the following condi- tions are met: 3-13.4.2 The occurrence of any single fault that disables (a) Each transmitter shall serve only one device and transmission between any low power radio transmitter and shall be individually identified at the receiver/control unit. the receiver/control unit shall cause a latching trouble sig- (b) The battery shall be capable of operating the low nal within 200 seconds. power radio transmitter for not less than one year before Exception: Where Federal Communications Commission (FCC) the battery depletion threshold is reached. regulations.prevent meeting the 200-second requirement, the time (c) A battery depletion signal shall be transmitted before period for a love power radio transmitter with only a single alarm the battery has depleted to a level insufficient to support initiating device,connected shall be permitted,to be increased to alarm transmission after 7 additional days of normal oper- four times the minimum time interval permitted,for a one-second ation. This signal shall be distinctive from alarm, supervi- transmission up to: sory, tamper, and trouble signals; shall visibly identify the (a) Four hours maximum for a transmitter serving a single, affected low power radio transmitter; and, if silenced, shall initiating device automatically resound at least once every 4 hours. (b) Four hours maximum for a re-transmission device (d) Catastrophic (open or short) battery failure shall (repeater) if disabling of the repeater or its transmission does not cause a trouble signal identifying the affected low power prevent the receipt of signals at the receiver/control unit from any radio transmitter at its receiver/control unit. If silenced, initiating device transmitter. the trouble signal shall automatically resound at least once [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.4.2 modified] every 4 hours. (e) Any mode of failure of a primary battery in a low 3-13.4.3 A single fault on the signaling channel shall not power radio transmitter shall not affect any other low cause an alarm signal. power radio transmitter. [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.4.3] [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.2 modified] 3-13.4.4 The normal periodic transmission from a low 3-13.3 Alarm Signals. power radio transmitter shall provide assurance of success- [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.3] ful alarm transmission capability. [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.4.4 modified] 3-13.3.1 When actuated, each low power radio transmit- ter shall automatically transmit an alarm signal. 3-13.4.5 .Removal of a low power radio transmitter from its installed location shall cause immediate transmission of a dis- NOTE: This requirement is not intended to preclude ver- tinctive supervisory signal that indicates its removal and indi- ification and local test intervals prior to alarm transmission. vidually identifies the affected device. Household fire warn- [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.3.1 modified] ing systems do not need to comply with this requirement. [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.4.5 modified] 3-13.3.2 Each low power radio transmitter shall automat- ically repeat alarm transmission at intervals not exceeding 3-13.4.6 Reception of any unwanted (interfering) trans- 60 seconds until the initiating device is returned to its nor- mission by a retransmission device (repeater) or by the mal condition. main receiver/control unit, for a continuous period of 20 [From NFPA 72- 1990, 6-5.3.2 modified] seconds or more, shall cause an audible and visible trouble indication at the main receiver/control unit.This indication 3-13.3.3 Fire alarm signals shall have priority over all shall identify the specific trouble condition present as an other signals. interfering signal. [From NFPA 72 - 1990, 6-5.3.3 modified] [From NFPA 72- 1990,6-5.4.6 modified] 2-97 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Chapter 4 Supervising Station Fire Alarm Systems 4-2.2.3 Adverse Conditions. 4-1 Scope. This chapter covers the requirements for the 4-2.2.3.1 For active and two-way RF multiplex systems, the proper performance, installation, and operation of fire occurrence of an adverse condition on the transmission chan- alarm systems between the protected premises and the nel between a protected premises and the supervising station continuously attended supervising station facility. that will prevent the transmission of any status change signal shall be automatically indicated and recorded at the supervis- 4-2 Communication Methods for Off-Premises Fire ing station. This indication and record shall identify the Alarm Systems. affected portions of the system so that the supervising station operator can determine the location of the adverse condition NOTE: The requirements of Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 by trunk or leg facility,or both. shall apply to off-premises fire alarm systems unless they [From NFPA 71,4-3.1.2 modified, 7-3.1.2 modified, conflict with requirements of this section. and 8-3.1.2 modified] 4-2.1 Scope. This section describes the requirements for the 4-2.2.3.2 For a one-way radio alarm system, the system methods of communication between the protected premises shall be supervised to ensure that at least two independent and the supervising station. This includes the transmitter, radio alarm repeater station receivers(RARSRs)are receiving transmission channel, and the signal receiving,processing,dis- signals for each radio alarm transmitter (RAT) during each play,and recording equipment at the supervising station. 24-hour period. The occurrence of a failure to receive a sig- [New paragraphs and titles] nal by either RARSR shall be automatically indicated and recorded at the supervising station.The indication shall iden- 4-2.2 General. tify which RARSR has failed to receive such supervisory sig- [From NFPA 71,4-1) nals.It is not necessary for correctly received test signals to be indicated at the supervising station. 4-2.2.1 Applicable Requirements. The requirements of [From NFPA 71,8-3.1.2 modified] Sections 4-1,4-3,4-4,4-5,4-6,and 4-7 shall apply to active 4-2.2.3.3 For active and two-way RF multiplex systems, multiplex, including systems utilizing derived channels; restoration of normal service to the affected portions of the digital alarm communicator systems, including digital system shall be automatically recorded. When normal serv- alarm radio systems; McCulloh systems; two-way RF multi- ice is restored, the first status change of any initiating plex systems; and one-way radio alarm systems, except device circuit,or any initiating device directly connected to where they conflict with the requirements of this section. a signaling line circuit,or any combination that occurred at [From NFPA 71,4-1.1 modified,5-1.1 modified, any of the affected premises during the service interrup- 6-1.1 modified, 7-1.1 modified,and 8-1.1 modified] tion shall also be recorded. [From NFPA 71,4-3.1.2 modified, 7-3.1.2 modified, 4-2.2.2 Equipment. and 8-3.1.2 modified] [From NFPA 71, 4-1.21 Exception: This requirement does not apply to proprietary systems 4-2.2.2.1 Wiring, power supplies, and overcurrent pro- on contiguous properties. [New paragraph] tection shall comply with the requirements of 1-5.5.4 and 1-5.8.6. 4-2.2.4 Dual Control. [From NFPA 71,4-1.2.1 modified,7-1.2.1 modified, and 8-1.2.1 modified] 4-2.2.4.1 Dual control, where required, shall provide for redundancy in the form of a standby circuit or similar 4-2.2.2.2 Exclusive of the transmission channel, ground- alternate means of transmitting signals over the primary ing of fire alarm equipment shall be permitted. trunk portion of a transmission channel.The same method [From NFPA 71,4-1.2.2 modified] of signal transmission shall be permitted to be used over separate routes,or different methods of signal transmission 4-2.2.2.3 Fire alarm system equipment and installations shall be permitted to be utilized. Public switched telephone shall comply with Federal Communication Commission network facilities shall be used only as the alternate (FCC)rules and regulations,as applicable,concerning elec- method of transmitting signals. tromagnetic radiation; use of radio frequencies; and con- 4-2.2.4.2 Where utilizing facilities leased from a tele- nection to the public switched telephone network of tele- phone company, that portion of the primary trunk facility phone equipment, systems, and protection apparatus. between the supervising station and its serving wire center [From NFPA 71,5-1.3 modified,8-1.1 modified; shall be permitted to be excepted from the separate rout- and NFPA 72, 8-7.1.3 modified] ing requirement of the primary trunk facility. Dual control, where used, requires supervision as follows: 4-2.2.2.4 Equipment shall be installed in compliance with (a) Dedicated facilities, which are available full time and NFPA 70,National Electrical Code, Article 810. whose use is limited to signaling purposes as defined in this 4-2.2.2.5 All external antennas shall be protected in code, shall be exercised at least once every hour. order to minimize the possibility of damage by static dis- (b) Public switched telephone network facilities shall be charge or lightning. exercised at least once every 24 hours. [From NFPA 71, 7-1.2.2 modified and 8-1.2.2 [From NFPA 71,4-3.1.3 modified and 7-3.1.3 modified] modified] 2-98 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-2.3 Communication Methods. 2. A system unit having fewer than 500 initiating device circuits shall be able to record not less than 10 per- 4-2.3.1 Active Multiplex Transmission Systems. cent of that total number of simultaneous status changes [New titles] within 90 seconds. [From NFPA 71,4-2.1.3 modified] 4-2.3.1.1 The multiplex transmission channel terminates in a transmitter at the protected premises and in a system 4-2.3.1.3 System Classification. Active multiplex systems unit at the supervising station.The derived channel termi- are divided into three categories based upon their ability to nates in a transmitter at the protected premises and in perform under adverse conditions of their transmission derived channel equipment at a subsidiary station location channels. System classifications are as follows: or a telephone company wire center. The derived channel (a) A Type 1 system shall have dual control as described equipment at the subsidiary station location or a telephone in 4-2.2.4. An adverse condition on a trunk or leg facility company wire center selects or establishes the communica- shall not prevent the transmission of signals from any other tion with the supervising station. trunk or leg facility, except those normally dependent on [From NFPA 71,4-3.1 modified] the portion of the transmission channel in which the 4-2.3.1.2* Operation of the transmission channel shall adverse condition has occurred.An adverse condition lim- ited to a leg facility shall not interrupt normal service on q any trunk or other leg facility.The requirements of 4-2.2.1, are private facilities, such as microwave, or leased facilities 4-2.2.2, and 4-2.2.3 shall be met by Type 1 systems. furnished by a communication utility company. Where pri- (b) A Type 2 system shall have the same requirements as vate signal transmission facilities are utilized, the equip- a Type 1 system, except that dual control of the primary ment necessary to transmit signals shall also comply with the requirements for duplicate equipment or replacement trunk facility shall not be required. of critical components, as described in 4-2.4.2. The trunk (c) A Type 3 system shall automatically indicate and transmission channels shall be dedicated facilities for the record at the supervising station the occurrence of an main channel. For Type 1 multiplex systems, the public adverse condition on the transmission channel between a switched telephone network facilities shall be permitted to protected premises and the supervising station. The be used for the alternate channel. requirements of 4-2.2, except for 4-2.2.4, shall be met. Exception: Derived channel scanners with no more than 32 legs [From NFPA 71,4-3.1.4 modified] shall be permitted to use the public switched telephone network for 4-2.3.1.4 System Loading Capacities. The capacities of the main channel. active multiplex systems are based on the overall reliability [From NFPA 71,4-3.1.1 modified] of the signal receiving, processing, display, and recording equipment at the supervising and subsidiary stations, and 4-2.3.1.2.1 Derived channel signals shall be permitted to the capability to transmit signals during adverse conditions be transmitted over the leg facility, which shall be permit- of the signal transmission facilities. Table 4-2.3.1.4 estab- ted to be shared by the telephone equipment under all lishes the allowable capacities. normal on-hook and off-hook operating conditions. [From NFPA 71,4-4.1 modified] [From NFPA 71,4-3.1.1.1 modified] 4-2.3.1.5 Exceptions to Loading Capacities Listed in 4-2.3.1.2.2 Where used, the public switched telephone net- Table 4-2.3.1.4. Where the signal receiving, processing, work shall be in compliance with the requirements of 4-2.3.2. display, and recording equipment is duplicated at the [From NFPA 71,4-3.1.1.2 modified] supervising station and a switch-over can be accomplished in not more than 30 seconds with no loss of signals during 4-2.3.1.2.3 The maximum end-to-end operating time this period,the capacity of a system unit shall be unlimited. parameters allowed for an active multiplex system are as [From NFPA 71,4-4.2 modified] follows: (a) The maximum allowable time lapse from the initia- 4-2.3.2 Digital Alarm Communicator Systems. tion of a single fire alarm signal until it is recorded at the [From NFPA 71,Chap. 5,and NFPA 72,8-71 supervising station shall not exceed 90 seconds. When any number of subsequent fire alarm signals occur at any rate, 4-2.3.2.1 Digital Alarm Communicator Transmitter they shall be recorded at a rate no slower than one every (DACT). 10 additional seconds. [From NFPA 71,5-2,and NFPA 72, 8-7.2] (b)* The maximum allowable time lapse from the occur- 4-2.3.2.1.1 A DACT shall be connected. to the public rence of an adverse condition in any transmission channel switched telephone network upstream of any private tele- until recording of the adverse condition is started shall not phone system at the protected premises. In addition, spe- exceed 90 seconds for Type 1 and Type 2 systems,and 200 cial attention is required to ensure that this connection seconds for Type 3 systems. (See 4-2.3.1.3.) shall be made only to a loop start telephone circuit and not (c) In addition to the maximum operating time allowed to a ground start telephone circuit. for fire alarm signals, the requirements of one of the fol- Exception: If public cellular telephone service is utilized as a lowing paragraphs shall be met: secondary means of transmission, the requirements of this para- 1. A system unit having more than 500 initiating graph shall not apply. device circuits shall be able to record not less than 50 [From NFPA 71, 5-2.1 modified,and NFPA 72, simultaneous status changes in 90 seconds. 8-7.2.1 modified] 2-99 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 4-2.3.1.4 System Type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 A.Trunks Maximum number of fire alarm service initiating device circuits per primary trunk facility 5120 1280 256 Maximum number of leg facilities for fire alarm service per primary trunk facility 512 128 64 Maximum number of leg facilities for all types of fire alarm service per secondary trunk facility* 128 128 128 Maximum number of all types of initiating device cir- cuits per primary trunk facility in any combination* 10,240 2560 512 Maximum number of leg facilities for all types of fire alarm service per primary trunk facility in any combination* 1024 256 128 B. System Units at the Supervising Station Maximum number of all types of initiating device cir- cuits per system unit* 10,240** 10,240** 10,240** Maximum number of fire protecting buildings and prem- ises per system unit 512** 512** 512** Maximum number of fire fire alarm service initiating device circuits per system unit 5120** 5120** 5120** C.Systems Emitting from Subsidiary Station Same as B Same as B Same as B *Includes every initiating device circuit,i.e.,waterflow,fire alarm,supervisory,guard,burglary,hold-up,etc. **Paragraph 4-2.3.1.5 applies. [From NFPA 71,Table 4-4.1 modified] 4-2.3.2.1.2 All information exchanged between the DACT ing device circuit or signaling line circuit, or both. Addi- at the protected premises and the digital alarm communi- tional attempts shall be made until the signal transmission cator receiver (DACR) at the supervising or subsidiary sta- sequence has been completed to a minimum of five and a tion shall be by digital code or equivalent. Signal repeti- maximum of ten attempts. tion, digital parity check, or some equivalent means'of If the maximum number of attempts to complete the signal verification shall be used. sequence is reached, an indication of the failure shall be [From NFPA 71,5-2.2 modified,and NFPA 72, made at the premises. 8-7.2.2 modified] [From NFPA 71,5-2.5,and NFPA 72,8-7.2.5] 4-2.3.2.1.3* A DACT shall be capable of seizing the tele- 4-2.3.2.1.6 A DACT shall be connected to two separate phone line (going off-hook)at the protected premises, dis- means of transmission at the protected premises. The connecting an outgoing or incoming telephone call, and DACT shall be capable of selecting the operable means of preventing its use for outgoing telephone calls until signal transmission in the event of failure of the other. The pri- transmission has been completed. A DACT shall not be mary means of transmission shall be a telephone line connected to a party line telephone facility. (number)connected to the public switched network. [From NFPA 71,5-2.3,and NFPA 72,8-7.2.3] 4-2.3.2.1.6.1 The secondary means of transmission shall 4-2.3.2.1.4 A DACT shall have the means to satisfactorily be permitted to be one of the following: obtain an available dial tone, dial the number(s) of the DACR, obtain verification that the DACR is ready to (a) A one-way radio system utilized in accordance with receive signals, transmit the signal, and receive acknowl- 4-2.3.2.3. edgment that the DACR has accepted that signal. In no (b) Public cellular telephone service. A verification sig- event shall the time from going off-hook to on-hook exceed nal shall be transmitted at least once a month. 90 seconds per attempt. (c) A telephone line (number). [From NFPA 71,5-2.4,and NFPA 72,8-7.2.4] [From NFPA 71,5-2.6 modified,and NFPA 72, 4-2.3.2.1.5* A DACT shall have suitable means to reset 8-7.2.6 modified] and retry if the first attempt to complete a signal transmis- sion sequence is unsuccessful. A failure to complete con- 4.2.3.2.1.6.2 The first transmission attempt shall utilize nection shall not prevent subsequent attempts to transmit the primary means of transmission. an alarm if such alarm is generated from any other initiat- [New paragraph] 2-100 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-2.3.2.1.7* Failure of either of the telephone lines(num= seconds with no loss of signal during this period, the number of bers)at the protected premises shall be annunciated at the incoming lines to the unit is unlimited. protected premises, and a trouble signal shall be transmit- [From NFPA 71, 5-3.1.2,and NFPA 72,8-7.3.1.2] ted to the supervising or subsidiary station over the other line (number). Transmission shall'be initiated within 4 4-2.3.2.2.2 Transmission Channel. minutes of detection of the fault. If public cellular tele- [From NFPA 71, 5-3.3 modified,and NFPA 72, phone service is used as the secondary means of transmis- 8-7.3.3 modified] sion, loss of cellular service shall be considered a failure. [From NFPA 71, 5-2.7 modified,and NFPA 72, . 4-2.3.2.2.2.1* The DACR equipment at the supervising 8-7.2.7 modified] or subsidiary station shall be connected to a minimum of two separate incoming telephone lines (numbers). If the 4-2.3.2.1.8 Each DACT shall be programmed to call a sec- lines (numbers) are in a single hunt group, they shall be and DACR line (number) should the signal transmission individually accessible;otherwise,separate hunt groups are sequence to the first called line (number) be unsuccessful. required. These lines (numbers) are to be used for no [From NFPA 71,5-2.8,and NFPA 72,8-7.2.'8] other purpose than receiving signals from DACTs. These lines (numbers) shall be unlisted. 4-2.3.2.1.9 If long distance telephone service (including [From NFPA 71,5-3.3.1 modified,and NFPA 72, WATS) is used,the second telephone number shall be pro- 8-7.3.3.1 modified] vided by a different long distance service provider, where available. 4-2.3.2.2.2.2 Failure of any telephone line (number) con- .[From NFPA 71,5-2-8.1 modified] nected to a DACR due to loss of line voltage shall be annunciated visually and audibly in the supervising station. 4-2.3.2.1.10 Each DACT shall automatically initiate and. [From NFPA 71,5-3.3.2 modified,and NFPA 72, complete a test signal transmission sequence to its associ- 8-7.3.3.2 modified] ated DACR at least once every 24 hours. A successful sig- nal transmission sequence of any other type within the 4-2.3.2.2.2.3* The loading capacity for a hunt group shall same 24-hour period shall be considered sufficient to fulfill be in accordance with Table 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 or be capable of the requirement to verify the integrity of the reporting sys- demonstrating a 90 percent probability of immediately tem, if signal processing is automated so that 24-hour answering the incoming call. delinquencies shall be individually acknowledged by'super- [From NFPA 71,5-3.3.3 modified,and NFPA 72, vising station personnel. 8-7.3.3.3 modified) [From NFPA 71, 5-2.9,and NFPA 72, 8-7.2.9] .(a) Each supervised burglar alarm (open/close) or each suppressed guard tour transmitter shall reduce the allow- 4-2.3.2.1.11* If DACTs are programmed to call a.tele- able DACTs as follows: phone line (number) that is call forwarded to the line (number,) of the DACR, a means shall be implemented to 1. up to a 4-line hunt group, by 10 verify the integrity of the call forwarding feature every 4, 2. up to a 5-line hunt group, by 7 hours. [New paragraph] 3. up to a 6-line hunt group, by 6 4'. up to a 7:1ine hunt group, by 5 4-2.3.2.2 Digital Alarm Communicator Receiver (DACR). 5.' up to an 8-line hunt group, by 4. [From NFPA 71, 5-3,and NFPA 72, 8-7.3] (b) Each guard tour transmitter shall reduce the allow- able DACTs as follows: 4-2.3.2.2.1 Equipment. 1. up to a 4-line hunt group, by 30 [From NFPA 71,5-3.1,and NFPA 72,8-7.3.1] 2. up to a 5-line hunt group, by 21 4-2.3.2.2.1.1 Spare DACRs shall be provided in the 3. up to a 6-line hunt group, by 18 supervising or subsidiary station and shall be able to be 4, up to a 7-line hunt group, by 15 switched in place of a failed unit within 30 seconds after detection of failure. 5.• -up to an 8-line hunt group, by 12. [From NFPA 71,Table 5-3.3.3 modified] NOTE: One spare DACR shall be permitted to serve as a backup for up to five DACRs in use. 4-2.3.2.2.2.4* A signal shall be received on each individ- [From NFPA 71, 5-3.1.1-modified,and NFPA 72, ual incoming DACR line at least once every 24 hours. 8-7.3.1.1 modified] [From NFPA 71,5-3.3.4,and NFPA 72, 8-7.3.3.4] 4-2.3.2.2.1.2 The number of incoming telephone lines to 4-2.3.2.2.2.5 The failure to receive a test signal from the a DACR shall be limited to eight lines. protected premises shall be treated as a trouble signal. (See Exception: Where the signal receiving, processing, display, and 4-3.6.1.4.) recording equipment at the supervising or subsidiary station is [From NFPA 71,54.3.5 modified, and NFPA 72, duplicated and a switchover can be accomplished in less than 30 8-7.3.3.5 modified] 2-101 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 Number of Lines in Hunt Group 1 2 3 4 5to8 System Loading at the Supervising Station With DACR lines processed in parallel Number of initiating circuits N/A 5000 10,000 20,000 20,000 Number of DACTs* N/A 500 1500 3000 3000 With DACR lines processed serially(put on hold,then answered one at a time) Number of initiating circuits N/A 3000 5000 6000 6000 Number of DACTs* N/A 300 800 1000 1000 *Table 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 is based on an average distribution of calls and an average connected time of 30 seconds for a message.The loading figures in the table presume that the lines are in a hunting group(i.e.,DACT can access any available line).Note that a single-line DACR is NOT ACCEPTABLE(N/A)for any of the listed configurations. 4-2.3.2.3 Digital Alarm Radio System (DARS). some equivalent means of signal verification shall be used. [From NFPA 71,5-5] The DART shall comply with applicable FCC rules consis- tent with its operating frequency. 4-2.3.2.3.1 In the event that any DACT signal transmis- [From NFPA 71,5-6 modified] sion is unsuccessful, the information shall be transmitted by means of the digital alarm radio transmitter (DART). 4-2.3.2.5 Digital Alarm Radio Receiver(DARR). The DACT shall continue its normal transmission sequence [From NFPA 71,5-7] as required by 4-2.3.2.1.5. Exception: Simultaneous status change reporting by both the 4-2.3.2.5.1 Equipment. DACT and DART shall be permitted. [From NFPA 71, 5-7.1] [From NFPA 71,5-5.1 modified] 4-2.3.2.5.1.1 A spare DARR shall be provided in the 4-2.3.2.3.2 Failure of the telephone line at the protected supervising station and shall be able to be switched in place premises shall result in a trouble signal being transmitted of a failed unit within 30 seconds after detection of failure. to the supervising station by means of the DART within 4 [From NFPA 71,5-7.1.1] minutes of detection of the fault. [From NFPA 71,5-5.2 modified] 4-2-3.2.5.1.2 Facilities shall be provided at the supervis- ing station for the following supervisory and control func- 4-2.3.2.3.3 The DARS shall be capable of demonstrating a tions of subsidiary and repeater station radio receiving minimum of 90 percent probability of successfully complet- equipment. This shall be accomplished via a supervised ing each transmission sequence. circuit where the radio equipment is remotely located from [From NFPA 71,5-5.3] the supervising or subsidiary station.The following condi- tions shall be supervised at the supervising station: 4-2.3.2.3.4 Transmission sequences shall be repeated a (a) Failure of ac power supplying the radio equipment minimum of five times. The DART transmission shall be (b) Receiver malfunction permitted to be terminated in less than five sequences if the DACT successfully communicates to the DACR. (c) Antenna and interconnecting cable malfunction [From NFPA 71,5-5.4 modified] (d) Indication of automatic switchover of the DARR 4-2.3.2.3.5 Each DART shall automatically initiate and (e) Data transmission line between the DARR and the complete a test signal transmission sequence to its associ- supervising or subsidiary station. ated digital alarm radio receiver(DARR)at least once every [From NFPA 71, 5-7.1.2 modified] 24 hours. A successful DART signal transmission sequence 4-2.3.2.6 Derived Local Channel. of any other type within the same 24-hour period shall be considered sufficient to fulfill the requirement to test the 4-2.3.2.6.1 When a DACT is connected to a telephone integrity of the reporting system, signal processing is line(number) that is also supervised for adverse conditions automated so that 24-hour delinquencies must be individ- b derived local channel,a second telephone line ually acknowledged by supervising station personnel. Y p (number) [From NFPA 71,5-5.5] shall not be required. 4-2.3.2.6.2 Failure of the telephone line (number) at the 4-2.3.2.4 Digital Alarm Radio Transmitter (DART). A protected premises shall be automatically indicated and DART shall transmit a digital code or equivalent by use of recorded at the supervising station in accordance with radio transmission to its associated digital alarm radio 4-2.2.3. receiver (DARR). Signal repetition, digital parity check, or [New paragraphs and title] 2-102 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD.10-2 4-2.3.3 McCulloh Systems. 4-2.3.3.2.3 The circuits and devices shall be arranged to [From NFPA 71,Chap. 6] receive and record.a signal readily identifiable as to loca- tion of origin, and provisions shall be made for equally 4-2.3.3.1 Transmitters. identifiable transmission to the public fire service commu- [From NFPA 71,6-2.1] nication center. [From NFPA 71,6-3.3] 4-2.3.3.1.1 A coded alarm signal from a transmitter shall consist of not less than three complete rounds of the num- 4-2.3.3.2.4 Multipoint transmission channels between the ber or code transmitted. protected premises and the supervising or subsidiary sta- [From NFPA 71,6-2.1.1] tion and within the protected premises, consisting of one or more coded transmitters and associated system unit(s), 4-2.3.3.1.2* A coded fire alarm box shall produce not less shall meet the requirements of either 4-2.3.3.2.5 or than three signal impulses for each revolution of the coded 4-2.3.3.2.6. signal wheel or equivalent device. [From NFPA 71, 6-3.4 modified] [From NFPA 71,6-2.1.2 modified] 4-2.3.3.2.5 When end-to-end metallic continuity is 4-2.3.3.1.3 Circuit-adjusting means for emergency oper- Present, proper signals shall be received from other points ating shall be permitted to either be automatic or be pro- under any one of the following transmission channel fault vided through manual operation upon receipt of a trouble conditions at one point on the line: signal. (a) Open [From NFPA 71, 6-2.2 modified] (b) Ground 4-2.3.3.1.4 Equipment shall be provided at the supervis- (c)* Wire-to-wire short- ing or subsidiary station on all circuits extending from the (d) Open and ground. supervising or subsidiary station utilized for McCulloh sys- [From NFPA 71,6-3.4.1 modified] tems for making the following tests: (a) Current on each circuit under normal conditions 4-2.3.3.2.6 When end-to-end metallic continuity is not present, the nonmetallic portion of transmission channels (b).Current on each side of the circuit with the receiving equipment conditioned for an open circuit. shall meet all of the following requirements: (a) Two nonmetallic channels or one channel plus a NOTE: The current readings in test (a) above should be means for immediate transfer to a standby channel shall be compared with the normal readings to determine if a provided for each transmission channel, a maximum of change in the circuit condition has occurred.A zero current eight transmission channels being associated with each reading in test(b)above indicates that the circuit is clear of standby channel, or over one channel, provided service is a foreign ground. limited to one plant. [From NFPA 71, 6-2.3 modified] (b) The two nonmetallic channels (or one channel with 4-2.3.3.2 Transmission Channels. standby arrangement) for each transmission channel shall [From NFPA 71, 6-3 modified] be provided in one of the following ways, in descending order of preference: 4-2.3.3.2.1 Circuits between the protected premises and 1. Over separate facilities and separate routes the supervising or subsidiary station that are essential to 2. Over separate facilities in the same route the actuation or operation of devices initiating a signal indicative of fire shall be so arranged that the occurrence 3. Over the same facilities in the same route. of a single break or single ground fault will not prevent (c) Failure of a nonmetallic channel or any portion transmission of an alarm. thereof shall be indicated immediately and automatically in Exception No. 1: Circuits wholly within the supervising or sub- the supervising station. sidiary station. (d) Proper signals shall be received from other points Exception No. 2: Carrier system portion of circuits. under any one of the following fault conditions at one [From NFPA 71, 6-3.1 modified] point on the metallic portion of the transmission channel: 1. Open 4-2.3.3.2.2 The occurrence of a single break or a single 2. Ground ground fault on any circuit"shall not of itself cause a false signal that may be interpreted as an alarm of fire. Where 3. Wire-to-wire short. such single fault prevents the normal functioning of any [From NFPA 71, 6-3.4.2,modified] circuit, its occurrence shall be indicated automatically at the supervising station by a "trouble signal compelling 4-2.3.3.3 Loading Capacity of McCulloh Circuits. attention and readily distinguishable from signals other [From NFPA 71,6-4 modified] than those indicative of an abnormal condition of super- vised parts of a fire suppression system. 4-2.3.3.3.1 The number,of transmitters connected to any [From NFPA 71,6-3.2 modified] transmission channel shall be limited to avoid interference. 2-103 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE The total number of code wheels or equivalent connected 4-2.3.4 Two-Way RF Multiplex Systems. to a single transmission channel shall not exceed 250. [From NFPA 71,Chap. 7] Alarm signal transmission channels shall be reserved exclu- sively for fire alarm signal transmitting service, except as 4-2.3.4.1 The maximum end-to-end operating time provided in 4-2.3.3.3.4. parameters allowed for a two-way RF multiplex system are [From NFPA 71,6-4.1.1 modified] as follows: (a) The maximum allowable time lapse from the initia- 4-2.3.3.3.2 The number of waterflow switches permitted tion of a single fire alarm signal until it is recorded at the to be connected to actuate a single transmitter shall not supervising station shall not exceed 90 seconds. When any exceed five switches. number of subsequent fire alarm signals occur at any rate, [From NFPA 71,6-4.1.2] they shall be recorded at a rate no slower than one every additional 10 seconds. 4-2.3.3.3.3 The number of supervisory switches permit- (b) The maximum allowable time lapse from the occurrence ted to be connected to actuate a single transmitter shall not of an adverse condition in any transmission channel until exceed 20. recording of the adverse condition is started shall not exceed 90 [From NFPA 71,6-4.1.3] seconds for Type 4 and Type 5 systems.(See 4-2.3.4.4.) (c) In addition to the maximum operating time allowed for fire alarm signals, the requirements of one of the fol- 4-2.3.3.3.4 Combined alarm and supervisory transmis- lowing paragraphs shall be met: sion channels shall comply with the following: 1. System units having more than 500 initiating device circuits shall be able to record not less than 50 (a) Where both sprinkler supervisory signals and fire or simultaneous status changes in 90 seconds. waterflow alarm signals are transmitted over the same transmission channel, provision shall be made to obtain 2. System units having fewer than 500 initiating either alarm signal precedence or sufficient repetition of device circuits shall be able to record not less than 10 per- the alarm signal to prevent the loss of any alarm signal. cent of that total number of simultaneous status changes within 90 seconds. (b) Other signal transmitters (burglar, industrial pro- [From NFPA 71, 7-2.1.3 modified] cesses, etc.) on an alarm transmission channel shall not exceed five. 4-2.3.4.2 Facilities shall be provided at the supervising [From NFPA 71, 6-4.2 modified] station for the following supervisory and control functions of the supervising or subsidiary station, and repeater sta- 4-2.3.3.3.5• Where signals from manual fire alarm boxes tion radio transmitting and receiving equipment.This shall and waterflow alarm transmitters within a building are be accomplished via a supervised circuit where the radio transmitted over the same transmission channel and equipment is remotely located from the system unit. are operating at the same time, there shall be no interfer- (a) The following conditions shall be supervised at the ence with the fire box signals. Provision of the shunt supervising station: noninterfering method of operation is acceptable for this performance. 1. RF transmitter in use (radiating) [From NFPA 71, 6-4.3 modified] 2. Failure of ac power supplying the radio equipment 4-2.3.3.3.E One alarm transmission channel shall serve 3. RF receiver malfunction not more than 25 plants. A plant may consist of one or 4. Indication of automatic switchover. more buildings under the same ownership,and the circuit (b) Independent deactivation of either RF transmitter arrangement shall be such that an alarm signal will not be shall be controlled from the supervising station. received from more than one transmitter within a plant at [From NFPA 71,7-2.1.4 modified] a time. If such noninterfering is not provided, each build- ing shall be considered a plant. 4-2.3.4.3 Transmission Channel. [From NFPA 71,6-4.4 modified] [From NFPA 71, 7-3 modified] 4-2.3.3.3.7 One sprinkler supervisory transmission chan- 4-2.3.4.3.1, The RF multiplex transmission channel shall ter- nel circuit shall serve not more than 25 plants. A plant minate in a RF transmitter/receiver at the protected premises may consist of one or more buildings under the same and in a system unit at the supervising or subsidiary station. ownership. [From NFPA 71, 7-3.1 modified] [From NFPA 71,6-4.5 modified] 4-2.3.4.3.2 Operation of the transmission channel shall conform to the requirements of this code whether channels 4-2.3.3.3.8 Connections to a guard supervisory transmis- are private facilities, such as microwave, or leased facilities sion channel or to a combination manual fire alarm and furnished by a communication utility company. When pri- guard transmission channel shall be limited so that not vate signal transmission facilities are utilized, the equip- more than 60 scheduled guard report signals will be trans- ment necessary to transmit signals shall also comply with mitted in any 1-hour period. Patrol scheduling shall be requirements for duplicate equipment or replacement of such as to avoid interference between guard report signals. critical components, as described in 4-3.4.5. [From NFPA 71, 6-4.6 modified] [From NFPA 71, 7-3.1.1 modified] 2-104 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-2.3.4.4* Two-way RF multiplex systems are divided Table 4-2.3.4.5.1 into two categories based upon their ability to perform under adverse conditions. System classifications are of two System Type types. Type 4 Type 5 (a) A Type 4 system shall have two or more control sites A. Trunks configured as follows: 1. Each site shall have a RF receiver interconnected to Maximum number of fire alarm serv- the supervising or subsidiary station b a separate channel. ice initiating device circuits per pri- P g rY Y P mary trunk facility 5120 1280 2. The RF transmitter/receiver located at the pro- tected premises shall be within transmission range of at Maximum number of leg facilities for least two RF receiving sites. fire alarm service per primary trunk facility 512 128 3. The system shall contain two RF transmitters,either: Maximum number of leg facilities for (i) Located at one site with the capability of inter- all types of fire alarm service per rogating all of the RF transmitters/receivers on the pre- secondary trunk facility* 128 128 mises, or Maximum number of all types of initi- (ii) Dispersed with all of the RF transmitters/ ating device circuits per primary receivers on the premises having the capability to be inter- trunk facility in any combination 10,240 2560 rogated by two different RF transmitters. Maximum number of leg facilities for 4. Each RF transmitter shall maintain a status that types of fire alarm service per primary permits immediate use at all times. Facilities shall be pro trunk facility in any combination* 1024 256 vided in the supervising or subsidiary station to operate any off-line RF transmitter at least once every 8 hours. B. System Units at the Supervising Station 5. Any failure of one of the RF receivers shall in no Maximum number of all types of initi- way interfere with the operation of the system from the ating device circuits per system unit* 10,240** 10,240** other RF receiver. Failure of any receiver shall be annun- ciated at the supervising station. Maximum number of fire protected buildings and premises per system 6. A physically separate channel is required between unit 512** 512** each RF transmitter or RF receiver site, or both, and the system unit. Maximum number of fire alarm serv- ice initiating device circuits per sys- (b) A Type 5 system shall have a single control site con- tem 5120** 5120** figured as follows: 1. A minimum of one RF receivingsite C. Systems Emitting from Subsidiary s Station Same as B Same as B 2. A minimum of one RF transmitting site. 'Includes every initiating device circuit,i.e.,waterflow,fire alarm supervi- sory,NOTE: The sites above can be co-located. guard,burglary,hold up,etc. **Paragraph 4-2.3.4.5.2 applies. [From NFPA 71, 7-3.1.4 modified] [From NFPA 71,Table 7-4.1 modified] 4-2.3.4.5 Loading Capacities. 4-2.3.5 One-Way Private Radio Alarm Systems. [From NFPA 71,7-4 modified] [From NFPA 71,Chap. 8 modified] 4-2.3.4.5.1 The loading capacities of two-way RF multi- 4-2.3.5.1 The requirements of this section for a radio plex systems are based on the overall reliability of the sig- alarm repeater station receiver(RARSR)shall be satisfied if nal receiving, processing, display, and recording equip- signals from each radio alarm transmitter (RAT) are ment at the supervising or subsidiary station and the received and supervised, in accordance with this chapter, capability to transmit signals during adverse conditions of by at least two independently powered, independently the transmission channels.Table 4-2.3.4.5.1 establishes the operating, and separately located RARSR. allowable loading capacities. [From NFPA 71, 7-4.1 modified] 4-2.3.5.2* The end-to-end operating time parameters allowed for a one-way radio alarm system shall be as follows: 4-2.3.4.5.2 Exceptions to Loading Capacities Listed in (a) There shall be a 90 percent probability that the time Table 4-2.3.4.5.1. Where the signal receiving, processing, between the initiation of a single fire alarm signal until it display, and recording equipment is duplicated at [he is recorded at the supervising station shall not exceed 90 supervising station and a switch-over can be accomplished seconds. in not more than 30 seconds with no loss of signals dur- (b) There shall be a 99 percent probability that the time ing this period, the capacity of a system unit shall be between the initiation of a single fire alarm signal until it is unlimited. recorded at the supervising station shall not exceed 180 [New paragraph] seconds. 2-105 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 4-2.3.5.6 4-2.3.6.3 The occurrence of a single break or a single ground fault on any circuit shall not of itself cause a false System Type signal that may be interpreted as an alarm of fire. Type 6 Type 7 [From NFPA 72,4-2.2 modified] A. Radio Alarm Repeater Station 4-2.3.6.4 The requirements of 4-2.3.6.1 and 4-2.3.6.2 Receiver(RARSR) shall not apply to the following circuits: Maximum number of fire alarm serv- (a) Circuits wholly within the supervising station, ice initiating device circuits per RARSR 5120 5120 (b) Circuits wholly within the protected premises extending from one or more automatic fire detectors or Maximum number of RATs for fire 512 512 other noncoded initiating devices other than water flow Maximum number of all types of ini- devices to a transmitter or control unit, or tiating device circuits per RARSR (c) Power supply leads wholly within the building or in any combination* 10,240 10,240 buildings protected. Maximum number of RATS for all [From NFPA 72,8-6.3 modified] types of fire alarm service per RARSR in any combination*t 1024 1024 4-2.3.6.5 Loading Capacity of Circuits. B. System Units at the Supervising Station [From NFPA 72, 8-51 Maximum number of all types of ini- 4-2.3.6.5.1 The number of initiating devices connected to tiating device circuits per system any signaling circuit and the number of plants that shall be unit* 10,240** 10,240** permitted to be served by a signal circuit shall be deter- Maximum number of fire protected mined by the authority having jurisdiction and shall not buildings and premises per system exceed the limitations specified in 4-2.3.6.5. unit 512** 512** NOTE: A plant may consist of one or more buildings Maximum number of fire alarm serv- under the same ownership. ice initiating device circuits per sys- [From NFPA 72, 8-5.1 modified] tem unit 5120** 5120** 4-2.3.6.5.2 A single circuit shall not serve more than one *Includes every initiating device circuit,i.e.,waterflow,fire alarm,supervi' plant. sory,guard,burglary,hold-up,etc. **Paragraph 4-2.3.5.7 applies. [From NFPA 72,8-5.4 modified] tEach supervised BA(open/close)or each suppressed guard tour transmit- NOTE: Where a single plant involves more than one ate ter shall reduce the allowable RATS by 5. g g Each guard tour transmitter shall reduce the allowable RATS by 15. entrance or involves a number of buildings, separate cir- . Each two-way protected premises radio transmitter shall reduce the allow- cuits may be required so that the alarm to the supervising able RATS by 2. station will indicate the area to which the fire department [From NFPA 71,Table 8-4.1 modified] should be dispatched. [From NFPA 72, 8-5.9 modified] (b) These circuits shall be arranged so as to normally be 4-2.3.7 Private Microwave Radio Systems. isolated from ground (except for reference ground detec- [From NFPA 72,9-5 modified] tion)and so that a single ground fault will not prevent the transmission of an alarm signal. Circuits complying with 4-2.3.7.1 Where a private microwave radio is used as the this paragraph shall be provided with a ground reference transmission channel, appropriate supervised transmitting circuit so as to detect and indicate automatically the exist- and receiving equipment shall be provided at supervising, ence of a single ground fault, unless a multiple ground- subsidiary, and repeater stations. fault condition that would prevent alarm operation will be [From NFPA 72,9-5.1 modified] indicated by an alarm or by a trouble signal. [From NFPA 72,8-6.1 modified] 4-2.3.7.2 Where more than 5 protected buildings or pre- mises or 50 initiating devices or initiating device circuits 4-2.3.6.2 Circuits for transmission of supervisory signals are being serviced by a private radio carrier, the supervis- shall be separate from alarm circuits. These circuits within ing, subsidiary, and repeater station radio facilities shall the protected premises and between the protected pre- meet all of the following: mises and the supervising station shall be arranged as described in 4-2.3.6.1(a) or 4-2.3.6.1(b). (a) Dual supervised transmitters, arranged for auto- matic switching from one to the other in case of trouble, Exception: Where the reception of alarm signals and supervisory shall be installed. Where the transmitters are located where signals at the same supervising station is permitted by the author- someone is always on duty, switchboard facilities shall be ity having jurisdiction, the supervisory signals do not interfere permitted to be manually operated if the switching can be with the alarm signals, and alarm signals have priority, the same carried out within 30 seconds. Where the transmitters are circuit between the protected premises and the supervising station located where no one is normally on duty, the circuit shall be permitted to be used for alarm and supervisory signals. extending between the supervising station and the trans- [From NFPA 72,8-6.2 modified] mitters shall be a supervised circuit. 2-107 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (b)* Transmitters shall be operated on a two-to-one 4-2.4.3* Any method of recording and display or indica- time ratio basis within each 24 hours. tion of change of status signals shall be permitted, provid- (c) Dual receivers shall be installed with a means for ing all of the following conditions are met: selecting a usable output from one of the two receivers. (a) Each change of status signal requiring action to be The failure of one shall in no way interfere with the oper- taken by the operator shall result in an audible signal and ation of the other. Failure of either receiver shall be not less than two independent methods of identifying the annunciated. type, condition, and location of the status change. [From NFPA 72,9-5.2 modified] (b) Each change of status signal shall be automatically recorded.The record shall provide the type of signal,con- 4-2.3.7.3 Means shall be provided at the supervising sta- dition, and location as required by 4-2.4.1 in addition to tion for the supervision and control of supervising, subsid- the time and date the signal was received. iary, and repeater station radio transmitting and receiving (c) Failure of an operator to acknowledge or act upon a equipment. This shall be accomplished via a supervised change of status signal shall not prevent subsequent alarm sig- circuit when the radio equipment is remote from the nals from being received,indicated or displayed,and recorded. supervising station. (d) Change of status signals requiring action to be taken (a) The following conditions shall be supervised at the by the operator shall be displayed or indicated in a manner supervising station: that clearly differentiates them from those that have been 1. Transmitter in use (radiating) acted upon and acknowledged. 2. Failure of ac power supplying the radio equipment (e) Each incoming signal to a DACR or DARR shall cause an audible signal that persists until manually 3. Receiver malfunction acknowledged. 4. Indication of automatic switchover. Exception: Test signals (see 4-2.3.2.1.10) received at a DACR (b) It shall be possible to independently deactivate or DARR shall be permitted to be excepted from this requirement. either transmitter from the supervising station. [From NFPA 71,4-2.1.2 modified,5-3.2.2 modified, [From NFPA 72,9-5.3 modified] 5-7.2.2 modified,7-2.1.2 modified, 8-2.1.2 modified; and NFPA 72,8-7.3.2.2 modified] 4-2.4 Display and Recording. 4-2.5 Testing and Maintenance. Testing and mainte- nance of communication methods shall be in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 7. 4-2.4.1* Any status changes that occur in an initiating [New paragraph] device or in any interconnecting circuits or equipment from the location of the initiating device(s) to the supervis- 4-3 Fire Alarm Systems for Central Station Service. ing station shall be presented in a form to expedite prompt [From NFPA 711 operator interpretation. Status change signals shall provide the following information: NOTE: The requirement of Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and (a) Type of Signal. Identification of the type of signal to Section 4-2 shall apply to central station fire alarm systems show whether it is an alarm, supervisory, delinquency, or unless they conflict with the requirements of this section. trouble signal. [From NFPA 71, 1-2.5 modified] (b) Condition. Identification of the signal to differenti- 4-3.1 Scope. This section describes the general require- ate between an initiation of an alarm, supervisory, delin- ments and use of fire alarm systems to provide central sta- quency,or trouble signal,and a restoration to normal from tion service. one or more of these conditions. [From NFPA 71, 1-1.1 modified] (c) Location. Identification of the point of origin of each status change signal. 4-3.2 General. [From NFPA 71,4-2.1.1 modified,5-3.2.1 modified, [New title] 5-7.2.1 modified,7-2.1.1 modified, 8-2.1.1 modified; and NFPA 72,8-7.3.2.1 modified] 4-3.2.1 These systems include the central station physical plant,exterior communications channels, subsidiary stations, 4-2.4.2* If duplicate equipment for signal receiving, pro- and signaling equipment located at the protected premises. cessing, display, and recording is not provided, the installed [From NFPA 71, 1-1.2 modified] equipment shall be so-designed that any critical assembly can be replaced from on-premises spares and the system restored to service within 30 minutes. A critical assembly is one in 4-3.2.2* This section applies to central station service, which a malfunction will prevent the receipt and interpreta- which consists of the following elements: installation of fire tion of signals by the supervising station operator. alarm transmitters; alarm, guard, supervisory and trouble signal monitoring; retransmission; associated record keep- Exception: Proprietary and remote station systems. ing and reporting; testing and maintenance; and runner [From NFPA 71,4-1.2.3 modified,7-1.2.3 modified, service.These services shall be provided under contract to and 8-1.2.3 modified] a subscriber by one of the following: 2-108 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 (a) A listed central station that provides all of the ele- 4-3.3 Supervising Station Facilities. ments of central station service with its own facilities and [From NFPA 71, 1-7 modified] personnel. (b)'A listed central station that provides as a minimum 4-3.3.1 The central station building or that portion of a the signal monitoring, retransmission, and associated building occupied by a central station shall conform to the record keeping and reporting with its own facilities and construction, fire protection, restricted access, emergency personnel and that may subcontract all or any part of the lighting,and power facilities requirements of the latest edi- installation, testing and maintenance, and runner service. tion of ANSI/UL 827, Central Stations for Watchman, Fire Alarm and Supervisory Service. (c) A listed fire alarm service — local company that pro- [From NFPA.71, 1-6.2 modified] vides the installation, and testing and maintenance with its own facilities and personnel and that subcontracts the 4-3.3.2 Subsidiary station buildings or those portions of monitoring, retransmission,and associated record keeping buildings occupied by subsidiary stations shall conform to and reporting to a listed central station.The required run- the construction, fire protection, restricted access, emer- ner service shall be provided by the listed fire alarm service gency lighting,and power facilities requirements of the lat- - local company with its own personnel or the listed cen- est edition of ANSI/UL 827, Central Stations for Watchman, tral station with its own personnel. Fire Alarm and Supervisory Service. [From NFPA 71, 1-2.2 modified]_ 4-3.3.2.1 All intrusion, fire, power, and environmental 4.3.2.3 It shall be conspicuously indicated by the prime control systems for subsidiary station buildings shall be contractor that the fire alarm system providing service at a monitored by the central station in accordance with 4-3.3. protected premises complies with all the requirements of this code by providing'a means of third party verification, 4-3.3.2.2 The subsidiary facility shall be inspected at least as specified in 4-3.2.3.1 or 4-3.2.3.2. monthly by central station personnel for the purpose of verifying the operation of all. supervised equipment, all 4-3.2.3.1 The installation shall be.certificated. telephones,battery conditions,and all fluid levels of batter- ies and generators. 4-3.2.3.1.1 Fire alarm systems providing service that com- plies with all requirements of this code shall be certified by 4-3.3.2.3 In the event of the failure of equipment at the the organization that has listed the central station,and a doc- subsidiary station or the communication channel to the ument attesting to this certification shall be located on or near central station,a backup shall be operational within 90 sec- . the fire alarm system control unit or,if no control unit exists, onds. Restoration of a failed unit shall be accomplished on or near a fire alarm system component. within 5 days. 4-3.2.3.1.2 A central repository of issued certification doc- 4-3.3.2.4 There shall be continuous supervision of each uments, accessible to the authority having jurisdiction, communication channel between the subsidiary station and shall be maintained by the organization that has listed the the central station. central station. 4-3.3.2.5 When the communication channel between the 4-3.2.3.2 The installation shall be placarded. ' subsidiary station and the supervising station fails, the communication shall be switched to an alternate path. Pub- 4-3.2.3.2.1 Fire alarm systems providing service that com- lic switched telephone network facilities.sh•all-be used only plies with all requirements of this code shall be conspicuously as the alternate path. marked by the central station to indicate compliance. The marking shall be by one or more securely affixed placards 4-3.3.2.6 In the subsidiary station, there shall be either a that meet the requirements of the organization that has listed cellular telephone or an equivalent communication path the central station and requires the placard. that is independent of the telephone cable between the 4-3.2.3.2.2 The placard(s) shall be 20 sq in. (130 cms) or subsidiary station and the serving wire center. larger, shall be located on or near the fire alarm system 4-3.3.2.7 A plan of action to provide;for restoration of serv- control unit or, if no control unit exists, on or near a fire ices specified by this code shall exist for each subsidiary station. alarm system component, and shall identify the central sta- tion by name and telephone number. 4-3.3.2.7.1 This plan shall provide for restoration of serv- [From NFPA 71, 1-2.3.2] ices within 4 hours of any impairment causing loss of sig- nals from the subsidiary station to the central station._ 4-3.2.4• Fire alarm system service not complying with all requirements of Section 4-3 shall not be designated as cen- 4-3.3.2.7.2 There shall be an exercise to demonstrate the tral station service. adequacy of the plan at least once a year. [From NFPA 71, 1-2.4] 4-3.4 Equipment. 4-3.2.5' For the purpose of Section 4-3, the subscriber [New paragraphs and title] shall notify the prime contractor in writing of the identity of the authority(ies) having jurisdiction. 4-3.4.1 The central station and all subsidiary stations [From NFPA 71, 1-4.1 modified] shall be so equipped to receive and record all signals in 2-109 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE accordance with 4-2.4. Circuit-adjusting means for emer- 4-3.6.1.1 Alarm signals initiated by manual fire alarm gency operation shall be permitted to either be automatic boxes, automatic fire detectors, waterflow from the auto- or be provided through manual operation upon receipt of matic sprinkler system, or actuation of other fire suppres- a trouble signal. Computer aided alarm and supervisory sion systems or equipment shall be treated as fire alarms. signal processing hardware and software shall be listed for The central station shall: the specific application. [From NFPA 71, 1-7.1 modified] (a)* Immediately retransmit the alarm to the public fire service communication center 4-3.4.2 Power supplies shall comply with the require- (b) Dispatch a runner or technician to the protected ments of Chapter 1. premises to arrive within 1 hour after receipt of signal when equipment needs to be manually reset by the prime 4-3.4.3 Transmission means shall comply with the contractor requirements of Section 4-2. (c) Notify the subscriber by the quickest available [New paragraphs] method 4-3.4.4* Two independent means shall be provided to (d) Provide notice to the subscriber and/or authority retransmit a fire alarm signal to the appropriate public fire having jurisdiction, if required. service communication center. Exception: When the alarm signal results from a prearranged test, it is not necessary to take the actions required by (a) and(c). NOTE: The use of a universal emergency number 911 [From NFPA 71, 1-10.2.1 modified] (public safety answering point) does not meet the intent of this code for the principal means of retransmission. 4-3.6.1.2 Upon failure to receive a guard's regular signal [From NFPA 71, 1-7.2 modified] within a 15-minute maximum grace period,the central sta- tion shall: . 4-3.4.4.1 Where the principal means of retransmission is not equipped to permit the center to acknowledge receipt (a) Communicate without unreasonable delay with per- of each fire alarm report, both means shall be used to sonnel at the protected premises retransmit. (b) If communications cannot be established, dispatch a [From NFPA 71, 1-7.2.1 modified] runner to the protected premises to arrive within 30 min- utes of the delinquency 4-3.4.4.2* Where required by the authority having juris- (c) Report all delinquencies to the subscriber and/or diction, one of the means shall be supervised so that inter- authority having jurisdiction, if required. ruption of retransmission circuit (channel) communication [From NFPA 71, 1-10.2.2 modified) integrity will result in a trouble signal at the central station. [From NFPA 71, 1-7.2.2 modified] 4-3.6.1.2.1 Failure of the guard to follow a prescribed route in transmitting signals shall be handled as a delinquency. 4-3.4.4.3 The retransmission means shall be tested in [From NFPA 71, 1-10.2.2.11 accordance with Chapter 7. [From NFPA 71, 1-7.2.3 modified] 4-3.6.1.3* Upon receipt of a supervisory signal from a sprinkler system, other fire suppression system, or other 4-3.4.4.4 The retransmission signal and the time and date equipment, the central station shall: of retransmission shall be recorded at the central station. (a)* Communicate immediately with person(s) desig- [From NFPA 71, 1-7.2.41 nated by the subscriber 4-3.5 Personnel. (b) Dispatch a runner or maintenance person (arrival time not to exceed 1 hour) to investigate, unless abnormal [New title] condition is restored to normal in accordance with a sched- uled procedure determined by (a) above 4-3.5.1 The central station shall have sufficient personnel (c) Notify the fire department and/or law enforcement (a minimum of two persons) on duty at the central station at all times to ensure attention to signals received. agency, if required [From NFPA 71, 1-9.1 modified] (d) Notify the authority having jurisdiction when sprinkler systems or other fire suppression systems or equipment have 4-3.5.1.1 Operation and supervision shall be the primary been wholly or partially out of service for 8 hours functions of the operators, and no other interest or activity (e) When service has been restored, provide notice, if shall take precedence over the protective service. required, to the subscriber and/or the authority having [From NFPA 71, 1-9.1.2 modified] jurisdiction as to the nature of the signal, time of occur- rence,and restoration of service when equipment has been 4-3.6 Operations. out of service for 8 hours or more. [New tide] Exception: When the supervisory signal results from a prear- ranged test, it is not necessary to take the actions required by (a), 4-3.6.1 Disposition of Signals. (c), and (e). [From NFPA 71, 1-10.2] [From NFPA 71, 1-10.2.3 modified] 2-110 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-3.6.1.4 Upon receipt of trouble signals or other signals 4-4.2 General. pertaining solely to matters of equipment maintenance of [From NFPA 72,9-21 the fire alarm systems, the central station shall: * Communicate immediately with persons designated 4-4.2.1 Proprietary supervising stations shall be located at (a) Y w P g the protected property and operated by trained, compe- by the subscriber tent personnel in constant attendance who are responsible (b) If necessary, dispatch personnel to arrive within 4 to the owner of the protected property. (See 4-4.5.3.) hours to initiate maintenance (c) Provide notice, if required, to the subscriber and/or 4-4.2.2 The protected property shall be either a single property or noncontiguous properties under one ownership. the authority having jurisdiction as to the nature of the [New paragraphs] interruption, time of occurrence, and restoration of serv- ice, when the interruption is more than S hours. 4-4.2.3• Section 4-4 recognizes the interconnection of [From NFPA 71, 1-10.2.4 modified] other systems to make the premises safer in the event of fire or other emergencies indicative of hazards to life or 4-3.6.1.5 All test signals received shall be recorded to property. indicate date, time, and type. [From NFPA 72, 9-1 modified] (a) Test signals initiated by the subscriber, including 4-4.3 Supervising Station Facilities. those for the benefit of an authority having jurisdiction, shall be acknowledged by central station personnel when- [New title] ever the subscriber or authority inquires. 4-4.3.1 The proprietary supervising station shall be (b)* Any test signal not received by the central station located in a fire-resistive,detached building or in a suitable shall be investigated immediately and appropriate action cut-off room and shall not be near or exposed to the haz- taken to reestablish system integrity. ardous parts of the premises protected. (c) The central station shall dispatch personnel to arrive [From NFPA 72, 9-2.1 modified] within 1 hour when protected premises equipment must be manually reset after testing. 4-4.3.2 Access to the proprietary supervising station shall [From NFPA 71, 1-10.2.5 modified] be restricted to those persons directly concerned with the implementation and direction of emergency action and procedure. 4-3.6.2 Record Keeping and Reporting. [From NFPA 72,9-2.2 modified] [New title) 4-4.3.3 The proprietary supervising station, as well as 4-3.6.2.1 Complete records of all signals received shall be remotely located power rooms for batteries or engine- retained for at least 1 year. driven generators, shall be provided with portable fire [From NFPA 71, 1-4.5 modified] extinguishers that comply with the requirements of NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. 4-3.6.2.2 The central station shall make arrangements to furnish reports of signals received to the authority having 4.4.3.4 The proprietary supervising station shall be pro- jurisdiction in a form acceptable to it. vided with an automatic emergency lighting system. The [From NFPA 71, 1-10.1 modified] emergency source shall be independent of the primary lighting source. 4-3.7 Testing and Maintenance. Testing and mainte- [New paragraphs] nance for central station service shall be performed in 4-4.3.5 Where 25 or more protected buildings or pre- accordance with Chapter 7. mises are connected to a subsidiary station,both of the fol- [New paragraph] lowing shall be provided at the subsidiary station: 4-4 Proprietary Supervising Station Systems. (a) Automatic means for receiving and recording signals under emergency-staffing conditions NOTE: The requirements of Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and (b) A telephone. Section 4-2 shall apply to proprietary fire alarm systems, [From NFPA 72,9-6 modified] except where they conflict with the requirements of this section. 4-4.4 Equipment. [From NFPA 72,Chap. 9 modified] 4-4.4.1 This section shall apply to signal-receiving equip- 4-4.1 Scope. Section 4-4 describes the operational proce- ment in a proprietary supervising station. dures for the supervising facilities of proprietary fire alarm [From NFPA 72,9-7.1 modified] systems. It provides the minimum requirements for the facilities,equipment, personnel,operation,and testing and 4-4.4.2 Provision shall be made to designate the building maintenance of the proprietary supervising station. in which a signal originates. The floor, section, or other [New paragraph] subdivision of the building shall be designated at the pro- 2-111 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE prietary supervising station or at the building protected, acknowledgment or periodically repeated at intervals not except that the authority having jurisdiction shall be per- greater than 5 seconds, for durations of 2 seconds each, mitted to waive this detailed designation where the area, until manually acknowledged. Each new displayed status height,or special conditions of occupancy make it unessen- change shall be accompanied by an audible indication that tial. This detailed designation shall utilize indicating appli- shall persist until manual acknowledgment of the signal is ances acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. performed. [From NFPA 72,9-7.3 modified] There shall be a means provided for the operator to redisplay status of initiating device circuits that have been 4-4.4.3 The proprietary supervising station shall have, in acknowledged but not yet restored to a normal condition. addition to a recording device, two different means for If the system retains the signal on the visual display until alerting the operator when each signal is received indicat- manually acknowledged, subsequent recorded presenta- ing a change of state of any connected initiating device cir- tions shall not be inhibited upon failure to acknowledge. cuit. One of these shall be an audible signal and shall per- Fire alarm signals shall be segregated on a separate visual sist until manually acknowledged. This shall include the display in this configuration unless given priority status on receipt of alarm signals, supervisory signals, and trouble the common visual display. signals including signals indicating restoration to normal. [From NFPA 72, 9-8.2 modified] [From NFPA 72,9-8.1.1 modified] 4-4.4.7 The maximum elapsed time from sensing a fire 4-4.4.4 Where suitable means is provided in the propri- alarm at an initiating device or initiating device circuit until etary supervising station to readily identify the type of sig- it is recorded or displayed at the proprietary supervising nal received, a common audible indicating appliance shall station shall not exceed 90 seconds. be permitted to be used for alarm, supervisory, and trou- [From NFPA 72,9-8.3.1 modified] ble indication. [From NFPA 72,9-8.1.2 modified] 4-4.4.8 To facilitate the prompt receipt of fire alarm sig- 4-4.4.5 At a proprietary supervising station, an audible nals from systems handling other types of signals that may trouble signal shall be permitted to be silenced provided produce multiple simultaneous status changes,the require- the act of silencing it shall not prevent it from operating ments of either of the following shall be met: immediately upon receipt of a subsequent trouble signal. (a) In addition to the maximum processing time for a [From NFPA 72,9-8.1.3 modified] single alarm, the system shall record simultaneous status changes at a rate not slower than either a quantity of 50,or 4-4.4.6 All signals received by the proprietary supervising 10 percent of the total number of initiating device circuits station that show a change in status shall be automatically connected, within 90 seconds, whichever number is and permanently recorded, including time and date of smaller,without loss of any signal. occurrence. This record shall be in a form that will expe- (b) In addition to the maximum processing time, the dite operator interpretation in accordance with any one of system shall display or record fire alarm signals at a rate the following: not slower than one every 10 seconds, regardless of the (a) In the event that a visual display is used that auto- rate or number of status changes occurring,without loss of matically provides change of status information for each any signals. individual signal, including type and location of occur- Exception: Where fire alarm, waterffow alarm, sprinkler super- rence,any form of automatic permanent visual record shall visory signals,and their associated trouble signals are the only sig- be acceptable. The recorded information shall include the nals processed by the system, the rate of recording shall not be content described above.The visual display shall show stat- slower than one round of code every 30 seconds. us information content at all times and shall be distinctly different after the operator has manually acknowledged [From NFPA 72,9-8.3.2] each signal. Acknowledgment shall cause recorded infor- mation indicating time and date of acknowledgment. 4-4.4.9 Trouble signals required in 1-5.8 and their resto- ration to normal shall be automatically indicated and (b) In the event that a visual display is not provided, recorded at the proprietary supervising station within 200 signal content information shall be automatically recorded seconds. on duplicate permanent visual recording instruments. [From NFPA 72,9-8.3.3 modified] One recording instrument shall be used for recording all incoming signals, while the other shall be used for fire, 4-4.4.10 The recorded information for the occurrence supervisory, and trouble signals only. Failure to acknowl- of any trouble condition of signaling line circuit, leg facil- edge a signal shall not prevent subsequent signals from ity, or trunk facility that prevents receipt of alarm signals recording. Restoration of the signaling device to its prior at the proprietary supervising station shall be such that or normal condition shall be recorded. the operator is able to determine the presence of the trou- (c) In the event that a system combines the use of a ble condition. Trouble conditions in a leg facility shall sequential visual display and recorded permanent visual not affect or delay receipt of signals at the proprietary presentation, the signal content information shall be dis- supervising station from other leg facilities on the same played and recorded. The visual information component trunk facility. shall be either retained on the display until manual [From NFPA 72,9-9 modified] 2-112 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-4.5 Personnel. 4-4.6.7 Dispositions of Signals. [New title] [From NFPA 72,9-10 modified] 44.5.1 At least two operators,.one of whom shall be per- 4-4.6.7.1 Alarms. Upon receipt of a fire alarm signal, the mitted to be a runner, shall be on duty at all times. proprietary supervising station operator shall initiate Exception: Where the means for transmitting alarms to the fire action to: department is automatic, at least one operator shall be on duty at (a) Immediately notify the fire department, the plant all times. fire brigade,and such other parties as the authority having 1-4.5.2 When the runner is not in attendance at the pro- jurisdiction may require prietary supervising station, the runner shall establish two- (b) Promptly dispatch a runner to the alarm location way communications with the station at intervals not (Travel time shall not exceed 1 hour.) exceeding 15 minutes. (c) Restore the system to its normal operating condition [From NFPA 72,9-2.3 modified) as soon as possible after disposition of the cause of the 4-4.5.3 The primary duties of the operator(s) shall be to alarm signal. monitor signals, operate the system, and take such action [From NFPA 72,9-10.2 modified] as shall be required by the authority having jurisdiction. The operator(s) shall not be assigned any additional duties 4-4.6.7.2 Guard's Tour Delinquency. If a regular signal that would take precedence over the primary duties. is not received from a guard within a 15-minute maximum [From NFPA 72,9-2.4] grace period,or if a guard fails to follow a prescribed route in transmitting the signals (if a prescribed route has been . 4-4.6 Operations. established), it shall be treated as a delinquency signal. When a guard's tour delinquency occurs, the proprietary 4.4.6.1 All communication and transmission channels supervising station operator shall initiate action to: between the proprietary supervising station and the pro- tected premises master control unit (panel) shall be oper- ated manually or automatically once every 24 hours to ver- premises by telephone, radio, calling back over the system ify operation. circuit, or other means acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction 4-4.6.1.1 When a communication or transmission chan- (b) Dispatch a runner to investigate the delinquency, if nel fails to operate, the operator shall immediately notify communications with the guard cannot be promptly estab- the person(s) identified by the owner or authority having lished. (Travel time shall not exceed one-half hour.) jurisdiction. (From NFPA 72,9-10.3 modified) [New paragraphs and title] 4-4.6.7.3 Supervisory Signals. Upon receipt of sprinkler 4-4.6.2 All operator controls at the proprietary supervis- system and other supervisory signals, the proprietary ing station(s) designated by the authority having jurisdic- supervising station operator shall initiate action to: tion shall be operated at each change of shift. (From NFPA 72,9-4 modified) (a) Where required, communicate immediately with the designated person(s) to ascertain the reason for the signal 4-4.6.3 If operator controls fail, the operator shall imme- (b) Where required,dispatch a runner or maintenance per- diately notify the person(s) identified by the owner or son (travel time not to exceed 1 hour) to investigate, unless authority having jurisdiction. supervisory conditions are promptly restored to normal [New paragraph] (c) Where required, notify the fire department 4-4.6.4 Indication of a fire shall be promptly retransmit- (d) Where required,notify the authority having jurisdic- ted to the public fire service communications center or tion when sprinkler systems are wholly or partially out of other locations acceptable to the authority having jurisdic- service for 8 hours or more tion, indicating the building or group of buildings from (e) Where required, provide written notice to the which the alarm has been received. authority having jurisdiction as to the nature of the signal, [From NFPA 72,9-3.1] time of occurrence,and restoration of service, when equip- ment has been out of service for 8 hours or more. 4-4.6.5' The means of retransmission shall be acceptable [From NFPA 72,9-10.4 modified] to the authority having jurisdiction and shall be in accor- dance with Sections 4-3, 4-5, 4-6,or 4-7. 4-4.6.7.4 Trouble Signals. Upon receipt of trouble sig- Exception: Secondary power supply capacity shall be as required nals or other signals pertaining solely to matters of equip- in Chapter 1. ment maintenance of the fire alarm system,the proprietary [From NFPA 72,9-3.2 modified] supervising station operator shall initiate action to: 4-4.6.6• Retransmission by coded signals shall be con- (a) Where required, communicate immediately with the firmed by two-way voice communication indicating the designated person(s) to ascertain reason for the signal nature of the alarm. (b) Where required, dispatch a runner or maintenance [From NFPA 72,9-3.3 modified] person (travel time not to exceed I hour) to investigate 2-113 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (c) Where required, notify the fire department 4-5.2.3 The loading capacities of the remote supervising (d) Where required,notify the authority having jurisdic- station equipment for any approved method of transmis- tion when interruption of normal service will exist for 4 sion shall be as designated in Section 4-2. hours or more 4-5.3* Supervising Station Facilities. (e) Where required, provide written notice to the [New paragraph and title] authority having jurisdiction as to the nature of the signal, time of occurrence, and restoration of service, when equip- ment has been out of service for 8 hours or more. 4-5.3.1 Where a remote supervising station connection is [From NFPA 72, 9-3.4 modified and 9-10.5 used to transmit an alarm signal, the signal shall be modified] received at the public fire service communications center, at a fire station,or at the similar governmental agency that 4-4.6.8 Record Keeping and Reporting. has a public responsibility for taking prescribed action to [New title] ensure response upon receipt of a fire alarm signal. 4-4.6.8.1 Complete records of all signals received shall be Exception: Where such an agency is unwilling to receive alarm retained for at least 1 year. signals or will permit the acceptance of another location by the authority having jurisdiction, such alternate location shall have 4-4.6.8.21 The proprietary supervising station shall make personnel on duty at all times trained to receive the alarm signal arrangements to furnish reports of signals received to the and immediately retransmit it to the fire department. authority having jurisdiction,in a form acceptable to it. [From NFPA 72,8-2.2 modified] [From NFPA 72, 9-10.1 modified] 4-5.3.2 Supervisory and trouble signals shall be handled 4-4.7 Testing and Maintenance. Testing and mainte- at a constantly attended location having personnel on duty nance of proprietary fire alarm systems shall be performed trained to recognize the type of signal received and to take in accordance with Chapter 7. prescribed action. This shall be permitted to be a location [New paragraph] different from that at which alarm signals are received. 4-5 Remote Supervising Station Fire Alarm Systems. [From NFPA 72, 8-2.3 modified] NOTE: The requirements of Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 4-5.3.3 Where locations other than the public fire service Section 4-2 shall apply to remote supervising station fire communication center are used for the receipt of signals, alarm systems, except where they conflict with the require- access to receiving equipment shall be restricted in accor- ments of this section. dance with requirements of the authority having jurisdiction. [From NFPA 72,Chap. 8 modified] [From NFPA 72,8-2.4 modified] 4-51 Scope. This section describes the installation,main- 4-5.4 Equipment. tenance, testing, and use of a remote supervising station fire alarm system that serves properties under various ownership from a remote supervising station where f each Signal-receiving equipment shall indicate receipt o trained competent personnel are in constant attendance. It of each signal both audibly and visibly. covers the minimum requirements for the remote supervis- 4-5.4.1.1 Audible signals shall meet the requirements of ing station physical facilities,equipment, operating person- nel, response, retransmission, signals, reports, and testing. [From NFPA 72,8-1.1 modified] [New paragraphs and title] 4-5.2 General. 4-5.4.1.2 Means for silencing alarm, supervisory, and [From NFPA 72,8-2 modified] trouble signals shall be provided and shall be so arranged that subsequent signals shall re-sound. 4-5.2.1 Remote supervising station fire alarm systems [From NFPA 72,8-3.4 modified and 8-3.5 modified] provide an automatic audible and visible indication of alarm and, when required, of supervisory and trouble 4-5.4.1.3 A trouble signal shall be received when the sys- conditions at a location remote from the protected prem- tem or any portion of the system at the protected premises ises and a manual or automatic permanent record of these is placed in a bypass or test mode. conditions. [From NFPA 72,8-2.1 modified] 4-5.4.1.4 An audible and visible indication shall be pro- vided upon restoration from any off-normal condition. 4-5.2.2 This section does not require the use of audible [New paragraphs] signal notification appliances other than those required at the remote supervising station. If it is desired to provide fire alarm evacuation signals in the protected premises, the 4-5.4.1.5 Where suitable visible means are provided in alarm signals, circuits, and controls shall comply with the the remote supervising station to readily identify the type provisions of Chapter 3 and Chapter 6 in addition to the of signal received,a common audible notification appliance provisions of this section. shall be permitted to be .used. [From NFPA 72, 8-2.6 modified] [From NFPA 72, 8-3.4 modified and 8-3.6 modified] 2-114 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-5.4.2 Power supplies shall comply with the require- ity having jurisdiction.These records shall be permitted to ments of Chapter 1. be made by manual means. Exception: In a remote supervising station fire alarm system [New paragraph] where the alarm and supervisory signals are transmitted over a 4-5.6.4 All operator controls at the remote supervising listed supervised one-way radio system, 24 hours of secondary station shall be operated at the beginning of each shift or (standby)power shall be permitted in lieu of 60 hours, as required change in personnel, and the status of all off-normal con- in 1-5.2.5, at the radio alarm repeater station receivers(RARSR), ditions noted and recorded. provided that personnel are dispatched to arrive within 4 hours [From NFPA 72,8-4 modified] after detection of failure to initiate maintenance. 4-5.7 Testing and Maintenance. Testing and mainte- nance for remote supervising stations shall be performed requirements of Section 4-2. in accordance with Chapter 7. [New paragraphs] [New paragraph) 4-5.4.4 Retransmission of an alarm signal, where 4-6 Public Fire Alarm Reporting Systems. required,shall be by one of the following methods,listed in [From NFPA 1221,Chap.4 modified] descending order of preference: (a) A dedicated circuit that is independent of any 4-6.1 Scope. This section covers the general require- switched telephone network.This circuit shall be permitted ments and use of public fire alarm reporting systems. to be used for voice or data communication. These systems include the equipment necessary to effect (b) A one-way (outgoing only) telephone at the remote the transmission and reception of fire alarms or other supervising station that utilizes the public switched tele- emergency calls from the public. phone network.This telephone shall be used primarily for [New paragraph] voice transmission of alarms to a telephone at the public 4-6.2 General Fundamentals. fire service communications center, which cannot be used [From NFPA 1221,4-1.1 modified] for outgoing calls. (c) A private radio system using the fire department fre- 4-6.2.1 Where implemented at the option of the author- quency where permitted by the fire department. ity having jurisdiction, a public fire alarm reporting system (d) Other methods acceptable to the authority having shall be designed, installed, operated, and maintained to jurisdiction. provide the maximum practicable reliability for transmis- [From NFPA 72,8-3.2 modified] sion and receipt of fire alarms. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.1.1 modified] 4-5.5 Personnel. Sufficient personnel shall be available at all times to receive alarm signals at the remote supervis- 4-6.2.2 It shall be permissible for a public fire alarm ing station and to take immediate appropriate action. reporting system, as described herein, to be used for the Duties pertaining to other than operation of the remote transmission of other signals or calls of a public emergency supervising station receiving and retransmitting equip- nature, provided such transmission does not interfere with ment shall be permitted subject to the approval of the the transmission and receipt of fire alarms. authority having jurisdiction. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.1.3 modified] [From NFPA 72, 8-2.5 modified] 4-6.2.3 Alarm systems shall be Type A or Type B.A Type 4-5.6 Operations. A system shall be provided when the number of all alarms required to be transmitted over the dispatch circuits [New title] exceeds 2500 per year. 4-5.6.1 Where the remote supervising station is at a loca- NOTE: Where a Type A system is required, automatic tion other than the public fire service communication cen- transmission of alarms from boxes by use of electronic ter,alarm signals shall be immediately retransmitted to the equipment is permissible,only if the following requirements public fire service communications center. are satisfied: [From NFPA 72, 8-3.1 modified] (a) Reliable facilities are provided for the automatic receipt, storage, retrieval, and transmission of alarms in the order 4-5.6.2 Upon receipt of an alarm, supervisory, or trouble received;and signal by the remote supervising station other than the (b) Override capability is provided to the operator(s) so public fire service communications center, it shall be the that manual transmission and dispatch facilities are responsibility of the operator on duty to immediately notify instantly available. the owner or the owner's designated representative. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.1.4 modified] [From NFPA 72,8-3.3 modified] 4-6.2.4 Any portion(s) of a public fire alarm reporting 4-5.6.3 A permanent record of the time, date, and loca- system used to effect the auxiliarized protection of a struc- tion of.all signals and restorations received; the action ture or multiple of structures shall be listed as compliant taken thereon; and the results of all tests shall be main- with Chapter 3 and Section 4-7. tained for at least 1 year and made available to the author- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.1.5 modified] 2-115 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-6.3 Management and Maintenance. (See Chapter 7.) tion. Schools,hospitals, nursing homes,and places of pub- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.2 modified] lic assembly shall have a box located at or near the main entrance, as directed by the authority having jurisdiction. 4-6.4 Equipment and Installation. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.3 modified,4-1.4.3.1 [From NFPA 1221,4-1.3] modified,4-1.4.3.2 modified,and 4-1.4.3.3 modified] 4-6.4.1 Means for actuation of alarms by the public shall be conspicuous and readily accessible for easy operation. 4-6.7 Power Supply. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.3.4 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3] 4-6.4.2 Public fire alarm reporting systems as defined in 4-6.7.1 General. this chapter, shall, in their entirety, be subject to a com- [New title] plete operational acceptance test upon completion of sys- tem installation. Said test(s) shall be made in accordance 4-6.7.1.1 Batteries, motor-generators, or rectifiers shall with the requirements of the authority having jurisdiction. be sufficient to supply all connected circuits without However, in no case shall the operational functions tested exceeding the capacity of any battery or overloading be less than those stipulated in Chapter 7. Like tests shall any generator or rectifier, so that circuits developing be performed on any alarm reporting devices as identified grounds or crosses with other circuits each may be sup- in this chapter that are added subsequent to the installa- plied by an independent source to the extent required tion of the initial system. by 4-6.7.1.8(b). (From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.1.1 modified) 4-6.4.3 Publicly accessible boxes shall be recognizable as such. Boxes shall have operating instructions plainly 4-6.7.1.2 Provision shall be made in the operating room marked on the exterior surface. for supplying any circuit from any battery, generator, or [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.1 modified] rectifier. Enclosed fuses shall be provided at points where supplies for individual circuits are taken from common 4-6.4.4 The actuating device shall be readily available and leads. Necessary switches, testing, and signal transmitting of such design and so located as to make the method of its and receiving devices shall be provided to permit the isola- use apparent. tion,control,and test of each circuit, to at least 10 percent [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.2 modified] of the total number of box and dispatch circuits,but never less than 2 circuits. 4-6.4.5 Publicly accessible boxes shall be as conspicuous [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.1.2] as possible. Their color shall be distinctive. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.3] 4-6.7.1.3 If common-current source systems are grounded, the ground shall not exceed 10 percent of resis- 4-6.4.6 All publicly accessible boxes mounted on support tance of any connected circuit and be located at one side of poles shall be identified by a wide band of distinctive colors the battery. Visual and audible indicating devices shall be or adequate signs placed 8 ft (2.44 m) above the ground provided for each box and dispatch circuit to give immedi- and visible from all directions whenever possible. ate warning of ground leakage endangering operability. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.4 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.1.3] 4-6.4.7• Indicating lights of a distinctive color, visible for 4-6.7.1.4 Local circuits at communication centers shall at least 1500 ft (460 m), shall be installed over publicly be supplied either in common with box circuits or coded accessible boxes in mercantile and manufacturing areas. radio-receiving system circuits or by a separate power Equipping the street light nearest the box with a distinc- source. The source of power for local circuits required tively colored light shall be acceptable. to operate the essential features of the system shall be [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.5 modified] supervised. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.2] 4-6.4.8 Boxes shall be securely mounted on poles, pedes- tals,or structural surfaces as directed by the authority hav- 4-6.7.1.5 Visual and audible means to indicate a 15 per- ing jurisdiction. cent or greater reduction of normal power supply (rated [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.8] voltage) shall be provided. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.3] 4-6.4.9 Concurrent operation of at least four boxes shall not result in the loss of an alarm. 4-6.7.1.6 The forms and arrangements of power supply [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.4] shall be classified as described in the paragraphs below. 4-6.5 Design of Boxes. (See Chapter S.) NOTE: If the electrical service/capacity of the equipment required under NFPA 1221, Standard for the Installation, [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2 modified] Maintenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems,2-1.6,is adequate to satisfy the needs of equipment 4-6.6• Location of Boxes. Location of publicly accessible in Section 4.6,said equipment need not be duplicated. boxes shall be designated by the authority having jurisdic- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1 modified] 2-116 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-6.7.1.7 Form 2. These forms shall be permissible for 4-6.7.2.2 Complete, ready-to-use spare units or spare Type A systems only. Box circuits shall be served in multi- parts shall be available in reserve. ple by: [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4.2] (a)* Form 2A. A rectifier or motor-generator powered from a single source of alternating current, with a floating 4-6.7.2.3 One spare rectifier shall be provided for each storage battery having a 24-hour standby capacity. ten required for operation, but in no case less than one. (b)* Fonn 2B. A rectifier or motor-generator powered [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4.3] from two sources of alternating current, with a floating 4-6.7.2.4 Leads from rectifiers or motor-generators, with storage battery having a 4-hour standby capacity. storage battery floating, shall have fuses rated at not less (c)* Form 2C. A duplicate rectifier or motor-generator than 1 amp and not more than 200 percent of maximum powered from two sources of alternating current with connected load. Where not provided with battery floating, transfer facilities to apply power from the secondary source the fuse shall be not less than 3 amps. to the system within 30 seconds (see NFPA 1221, Standard [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4.4] for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems). Each rectifier or motor-generator 4-6.7.3 Engine-Driven Generator Sets. shall be capable of powering the entire system. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.51 NOTE: For Forms 2A, 213, and 2C, these arrangements 4-6.7.3.1 The provisions of 4-6.7.3 shall apply to genera- are permissible but are not recommended where circuits P pp Y g are wholly or partly open-wire because of the possibility of tors driven by internal combustion engines. trouble from multiple grounds. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.11 [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.1 modified] 4-6.7.3.2 The installation of such units shall conform to 4-6.7.1.8 Form 3. Each box circuit or coded radio receiv- the provisions of NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and ing system shall be served by: Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, and (a)* Form 3A. A rectifier or motor-generator powered NFPA 110,Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, from a single source of alternating current with a floating except as restricted by the provisions of 4-6.7.3. storage battery having a 60-hour standby capacity. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.2] (b)* Form 3B. A rectifier or motor-generator powered 4-6.7.3.3 The engine-driven generator shall be located in from two sources of alternating current with a floating stor- an adequately ventilated cutoff area of the building hous- age battery having a 24-hour standby capacity. ing the communication center equipment. The area hous- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.2 modified] ing the unit shall be used for no other purpose except 4-6.7.1.9 Form 4. Each box circuit or coded radio receiv- storage of spare parts or equipment. Exhaust fumes shall ing system shall be served by: be discharged directly outside the building. (a)* Form 4A. An inverter powered from a common [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.3] rectifier receiving power by a single source of alternating 4-6.7.3.4 Liquid fuel shall be stored in outside under- current with a floating storage battery having a 24-hour ground tanks and gravity feed shall not be used. Sufficient standby capacity. fuel shall be available for 24 hours of operation at full load (b)* Form 4B. An inverter powered from a common if a reliable source of fuel supply is available, at any time, rectifier receiving power from two sources of alternating on 2 hours notice. If a source of supply is not reliable or current with a floating storage battery having a 4-hour readily available, or if special arrangements must be made standby capacity. for refueling as necessary, a supply sufficient for 48 hours of operation at full load shall be maintained. NOTE: For Form 4A and Form 4B, it is permissible to [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.4 modified] distribute the system load between two or more common rectifiers and batteries. 4-6.7.3.5 Liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas instal- (c)* Form 4C. A rectifier, converter, or motor- lations shall meet the requirements of NFPA 54, National generator receiving power from two sources of alternating Fuel Gas Code, and NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and current with transfer facilities to apply power from the sec- Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. ondary source to the system within 30 seconds (see NFPA [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.5] 1221, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems). 4-6.7.3.6 The unit, as a minimum, shall be of sufficient [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.3 modified] capacity to supply power to operate all fire alarm facilities 4-6.7.2 Rectifiers, Converters, Inverters, and Motor- and emergency lighting of the operating rooms or commu- Generators. nication building. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.6] 4-6.7.2.1 Rectifiers shall be supplied through an isolating 4-6.7.3.7 A separate storage battery on automatic float transformer taking energy from a circuit not to exceed 250 charger shall be provided for starting the engine-driven volts. generator. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4.1] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.7] 2-117 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-6.7.3.8 Where more than one engine-driven generator 4-6.8.2 Cables. is provided,each shall be provided with a separate fuel line [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2] and transfer pump. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.81 4-6.8.2.1 General. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.11 4-6.7.4 Float-Charged Batteries. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.6 modified] 4-6.8.2.1.1 Cables that meet the requirements of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 310, for installation in 4-6.7.4.1 Batteries shall be of the storage type; primary wet locations shall be satisfactory for overhead or under- batteries(dry cells)shall not be used.All cells shall be of the ground installation, except that direct-burial cable shall be sealed type. Lead-acid batteries shall be in jars of glass or specifically approved for the purpose. other suitable transparent materials; other types of batter- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(a)] ies shall be in containers suitable for the purpose. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.6.1] 4-6.8.2.1.2 Paper or pressed pulp insulation shall not be considered satisfactory for an emergency service such as a 4-6.7.4.2 Batteries shall be located in the same building as fire alarm system,except that cables containing conductors the operating equipment, preferably on the same floor, with such insulation shall be acceptable if pressurized with readily accessible for maintenance and inspection.The bat- dry air or nitrogen. Loss of pressure in cables shall be indi- tery room shall be aboveground, except as permitted by cated by a visual or audible warning system located where NFPA 1221, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and someone who can interpret the pressure readings and who Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems, 2-1.1.2, and has authority to have the indicated abnormal condition shall be ventilated to prevent accumulation of explosive corrected is in constant attendance. gas mixtures; special ventilation is required only for [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(b)modified] unsealed cells. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.6.2 modified] 4-6.8.2.1.3 Natural rubber-sheathed cable shall not be used where it may be exposed to oil, grease, or other sub- 4-6.7.4.3 Batteries shall be mounted to provide effective stances or conditions that may tend to deteriorate the cable insulation from the ground and from other batteries. The sheath. Braided-sheathed cable shall be used only inside of mounting shall be suitably protected against deterioration, buildings where run in conduit or metal raceways. and consideration shall be given to stability, especially in [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(c)] geographic areas subject to seismic disturbance. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.5.6.3] 4-6.8.2.1.4 Other municipally controlled signal wires shall be permitted to be installed in the same cable with fire 4-6.8 Requirements for Metallic Systems and Metallic alarm wires. Cables controlled by or containing wires of Interconnections. private signaling organizations shall be permitted to be [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8] used for fire alarm purposes only by permission of the authority having jurisdiction. 4-6.8.1 Circuit Conductors. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(d) modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1 modified] 4-6.8.2.1.5 Signaling wires that, because of the source of 4-6.8.1.1 Wires shall be terminated so as to provide good current supply, might introduce a hazard shall be pro- electrical conductivity and to prevent breaking from vibra- tected and supplied as required for lighting circuits. tion or stress. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(e)modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1.11 4-6.8.2.1.6 All cables with all taps and splices made shall be 4-6.8.1.2 Circuit conductors on terminal racks shall be tested for insulation resistance when installed,but before con- identified and isolated from conductors of other systems nection to terminals. Such tests shall indicate an insulation whenever possible and shall be suitably protected from resistance of at least 200 megohms per mile between any one mechanical injury. conductor and all others, the sheath,and ground. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1.2 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(f)] 4-6.8.1.3 Except as otherwise provided herein, exterior 4-6.8.2.2 Underground Cables. cable and wire shall conform to International Municipal [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2] Signal Association specifications or their equivalent. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1.3] 4-6.8.2.2.1 Underground cables in duct or direct burial shall be brought aboveground only at points where liability 4-6.8.1.4 If a municipal box is installed inside a building, of mechanical injury or of disablement from heat incident it shall be placed as close as practical to the point of to fires in adjacent buildings is minimized. entrance of the circuit, and the exterior wire shall be [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2(a)modified] installed in conduit or electrical metallic tubing, in accor- dance with Chapter 3 of NFPA 70,National Electrical Code. 4-6.8.2.2.2 Cables shall be in duct systems and manholes Exception: This requirement shall not apply to coded radio box containing low-tension fire alarm system conductors only, systems. except low-tension secondary power cables shall be permit- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1.4] ted. If in duct systems or manholes containing power 2-118 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 circuit conductors in excess of 250 volts to ground, fire 4-6.8.2.3.4 Single wire shall meet International Municipal alarm cables shall be located as far as possible from such Signal Association specifications and shall not be smaller power cables and shall be separated from them by a non- than No. 10 Roebling gauge if of galvanized iron or steel, combustible barrier or by such other means as may be No. 10 AWG if of hard-drawn copper, No. 12 AWG if practicable to protect the fire alarm cables from injury. of approved copper-covered steel, or No. 6 AWG if of alu- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2(b)modified] minum. Span lengths shall not exceed manufacturers' recommendations. 4-6.8.2.2.3 All cables installed in manholes shall be prop- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.4 modified] erly racked and marked for identification. [From NFPA 1221, 4-1.8.2.2(c)] 4-6.8.2.3.5 Wires to buildings shall contact only intended supports and shall enter through an approved weather- 4-6.8.2.2.4 All conduits or ducts entering buildings from head or suitable sleeves slanting upward and inward. Drip underground duct systems shall be effectively sealed loops shall be formed on wires outside of buildings. against moisture or gases entering the building. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.5] [From NFPA 1221, 4-1.8.2.2(d)] 4-6.8.2.4 Leads Down Poles. 4-6.8.2.2.5 Cable joints shall be located only in manholes, [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.4] fire stations, and other locations where proper accessibility is provided and where there is little liability of injury to the 4-6.8.2.4.1 Leads down poles shall be protected against cable due to either falling walls or operations in the build- mechanical injury. Any metallic covering shall form a con- ings. Cable joints shall be made to provide and maintain tinuous conducting path to ground. Installation, in all conductivity, insulation, and protection at least equal to cases, shall prevent water from entering the conduit that afforded by the cables that are joined. Cable ends shall or box. be sealed against moisture. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.4.1 modified] [From NFPA 1221, 4-1.8.2.2(e)] 4-6.8.2.4.2 Leads to boxes shall have 600-volt insulation 4-6.8.2.2.6 Direct-burial cable, without enclosure in approved for wet locations, as defined in NFPA 70, ducts, shall be laid in grass plots, under sidewalks, or in National Electrical Code. other places where the ground is not apt to be opened for [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.4.21 other underground construction. If splices are made, such splices shall, where practicable, be accessible for inspection 4-6.8.2.5 Wiring Inside Buildings. and tests. Such cables shall be buried at least 18 in. (0.5 m) [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5] deep and, where crossing streets or other areas likely to be opened for other underground construction,shall be in duct 4-6.8.2.5.1 At the communication center, conductors or conduit or be covered by creosoted planking of at least 2 shall extend as directly as possible to the operating room in in. by 4 in. (50 mm by 100 mm) with half-round grooves, conduits, ducts, shafts, raceways, or overhead racks and spiked or banded together after the cable is installed. troughs of a type of construction affording protection [From NFPA 1221, 4-1.8.2.2(o] against fire and mechanical injury. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.1 modified] 4-6.8.2.3 Aerial Construction. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3] 4-6.8.2.5.2 All conductors inside buildings shall be in con- duit,electrical tubing, metal molding,or raceways. Installation 4-6.8.2.3.1 Fire alarm wires shall be run under all other shall be in accordance with NFPA 70,National Electrical Code. wires except communication wires. Suitable precautions [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.2 modified] shall be provided where passing through trees, under bridges,over railroads,and at other places where injury or 4-6.8.2.5.3 Conductors shall have an approved insula- deterioration is possible. Wires and cables shall not be tion; the insulation or other outer covering shall be flame- attached to a crossarm carrying electric light and power retardant and moisture-resistant. wires,except circuits carrying up to 220 volts for municipal [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.3] communication use. Such 220-volt circuits shall be tagged or otherwise identified. 4-6.8.2.5.4 Conductors shall be installed as far as possible [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.1 modified] without joints. Splices shall be permitted only in junction or terminal boxes. Wire terminals, splices, and joints shall 4-6.8.2.3.2 Aerial cable shall be supported by messenger conform to NFPA 70,National Electrical Code. wire of adequate tensile strength, except as permitted in [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.4 modified] 4-6.8.2.3.3. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.2 modified] 4-6.8.2.5.5 Conductors bunched together in a vertical run connecting two or more floors shall have a flame- 4-6.8.2.3.3 Two-conductor cable shall be messenger- retardant covering sufficient to prevent the carrying of fire supported unless it has conductors of No. 20 AWG or from floor to floor. This requirement shall not apply if the larger size and has mechanical strength equivalent to No. conductors are encased in a metallic conduit or located in 10 AWG hard-drawn copper. a fire-resistive shaft having fire stops at each floor. [From NFPA 1221, 4-1.8.3.31 [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.5] 2-119 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-6.8.2.5.6 Where cables or wiring are exposed to duit or electrical metallic tubing in accordance with Chap- unusual fire hazards, they shall be properly protected. ter 3 of NFPA 70,National Electrical Code. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.6] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.1 modified] 4-6.8.2.5.7 Cable terminals and cross-connecting facilities 4-6.9.1.2.2 Accessible and reliable means, available only shall be located in or adjacent to the operations room. to the authority having jurisdiction or the agency responsi- [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.71 ble for maintaining the public fire alarm reporting system, shall be provided for disconnecting the auxiliary loop to 4-6.8.2.5.8 Where signal conductors and electric light the box inside the building, and definite notification shall and power wires are run in the same shaft, they shall be be given to occupants of the building when the interior box separated by at least 20 in. (50 mm), or either system shall is not in service. be encased in a noncombustible enclosure. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.2 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.8] 4-6.9.1.3 Tie Circuits. 4-6.9 Facilities for Signal Transmission. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.3 and 4-4.1.31 [New title] 4-6.9.1.3.1 A separate tie circuit shall be provided from 4-6.9.1 Circuits. the communication center to each subsidiary communica- [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1] tion center. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.3.1 modified and 4-4.1.3.1 4-6.9.1.1 General, modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1] 4-6.9.1.3.2 The tie circuit between the communication 4-6.9.1.1.1 ANSI/IEEE C2, The National Electrical Safety center and the subsidiary communication center shall not Code,shall be used as a guide for the installation of outdoor be used for any other purpose. circuitry. [From NFPA 1221,4-4.1.3.2 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.1 modified,4-3.2.1 modified,4-4.1.1.1 modified,and 4-5.1.1.1 4-6.9.1.3.3 In a Type B wire system, where all boxes in modified) the system are of succession type, it shall be permissible to use the tie circuit as a dispatch circuit,to the extent permit- 4-6.9.1.1.2 In all installations, first consideration shall be ted by NFPA 1221,Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, given to continuity of service. Particular attention shall be and Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems. given to liability of mechanical injury; disablement from [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.3.2 modified] heat incident to a fire; injury by falling walls; and damage by floods,corrosive vapors, or other causes. 4-6.9.1.4* Circuit Protection. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.2 modified,4-3.2.1 [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2,4-4.2,and 4-5.2] modified,4-4.1.1.2 modified,and 4-5.1.1.2 modified] 4-6.9.1.4.1 General. 4-6.9.1.1.3 Open local circuits within single buildings are [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1,4-4.2.1,and 4-5.2.11 permitted in accordance with Chapter 3. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.3 modified,4-4.1.1.3 4-6.9.1.4.1.1 The protective devices shall be located close modified,and 4-5.1.1.3 modified] to or be combined with the cable terminals. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.1,4-4.2.1.1,and 4-6.9.1.1.4 All circuits shall be so routed as to permit 4-5.2.1.1] ready tracing of circuits for trouble. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1..1.4,4-4.1.1.4,and 4-6.9.1.4.1.2 Lightning arresters suitable for the purpose 4-5.1.1.4] shall be provided. Lightning arresters shall be marked with the name of the manufacturer and model designation. 4-6.9.1.1.5 Circuits shall not pass over, under, through, [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.2,4-4.2.1.2,and or be attached to buildings or property not owned by or 4-5.2.1.2] under the control of the authority having jurisdiction or the agency responsible for maintaining the system, except 4-6.9.1.4.1.3 All lightning arresters shall be connected to where the circuit is terminated in a box on the premises. a suitable ground in accordance with NFPA 70, National [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.5 modified,4-4.1.1.5 Electrical Code. modified,and 4-5.1.1.5 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.3,4-4.2.1.3,and 4-5.2.1.3] 4-6.9.1.2 Box Circuits. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2] 4-6.9.1.4.1.4 All fuses shall be plainly marked with their rated ampere capacity.All fuses rated over 2 amps shall be 4-6.9.1.2.1 If a box is installed inside a building, it shall of the enclosed type. be placed as close as is practical to the point of entrance of [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.4,4-4.2.1.4,and the circuit, and the exterior wire shall be installed in con- 4-5.2.1.4] 2-120 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-6.9.1.4.1.5 Circuit protection required at the communi- 4-6.10.1 Requirements for Constant-Current Systems. cation center shall be provided in every building housing [From NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1 and 4-4.3.11 communication center equipment. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.5,4-4.2.1.5,and 4-6.10.1.1 Means shall be provided for manually regulat- 4-5.2.1.5] ing current in box circuits so that operating current is maintained within 10 percent of normal throughout 4-6.9.1.4.1.6 Each conductor entering a fire station from changes in external circuit resistance from 20 percent partially or entirely aerial lines shall be protected by a above to 50 percent below normal. lightning arrester. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1.1 and 4-4.3.1.1] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.6,4-4.2.1.6,and 4-5.2.1.6] 4-6.10.1.2 The voltage supplied to maintain normal line current on box circuits shall not exceed 150 volts, mea- 4-6.9.1.4.2 Communication Center. sured under no-load conditions,and shall be such that the [From NFPA 1221,4-22.2 and 4-4.2.2] line current will not be reduced below safe operating value by the simultaneous operation of four boxes. 4-6.9.1.4.2.1 All conductors entering the communication [From NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1.2 and 4-4.3.1.2 center shall be protected by the following devices, in the modified] order named, starting from the exterior circuit: (a) A fuse rated at 3 amps minimum to 7 amps maxi- 4-6.10.1.3 Visual and audible means to indicate a 20 per- mum, and not less than 2000 volts cent or greater reduction in the normal current in any alarm circuit shall be provided. All devices connected (b) A lightning arrester in series with any alarm circuit shall function properly (c) A fuse or circuit breaker, rated at 1/2 amp. when the alarm circuit current is reduced to 70 percent [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.2.1,4-4.2.2.1,and 4-5.2.2 of normal. modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1.3 modified and 4-4.3.1.3 modified] 4-6.9.1.4.2.2 The 1/2-amp protection on the tie circuits shall be omitted at subsidiary communication centers. 4-6.10.1.4 Sufficient meters shall be provided to indicate [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.2.2 modified and 4-4.2.2.2 the current in any box circuit and the voltage of any power modified] source. Meters used in common for several circuits shall be provided with cut-in devices designed to reduce the prob- 4-6.9.1.4.3 Protection on Aerial Construction. ability of cross-connecting circuits. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.2.3,4-4.2.2.3,and [From NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1.4 and 4-4.3.1.4] 4-5.2.2.3] 4-6.11 Receiving Equipment — Facilities for Receipt of 4-6.9.1.4.3.1 At junction points of open aerial conductors Box Alarms. and cable,each conductor shall be protected by a lightning [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4] arrester of weatherproof type. There shall also be a con- nection between the lightning arrester ground, any metal- 4-6.11.1 General. lic sheath, and messenger wire. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4.3] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.3.1 modified,4-4.2.3.1 modified,and 4-5.2.3.1 modified] 4-6.11.1.1 Alarms from boxes shall be automatically received and recorded at the communication center. 4-6.9.1.4.3.2 Aerial open-wire and non-messenger- [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4.3.1 and 4-4.5.4] supported 2-conductor cable circuits shall be protected by a lightning arrester at intervals of approximately 2000 ft 4-6.11.1.2 A permanent visual record and an audible sig- (610 m). nal shall be required to indicate the receipt of an alarm. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.3.2,4-4.2.3.2,and The permanent record shall indicate the exact location 4-5.2.3.2] from which the alarm is being transmitted. 4-6.9.1.4.3.3 Lightning arresters, other than air-gap NOTE: The audible signal device may be common to sev- or self-restoring type, shall not be installed in fire alarm eral box circuits and arranged so that the fire alarm opera- circuits. for can manually silence the signal temporarily by a self- [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.3.3 modified,4-4.2.3.3 restoring switch. modified,and 4-5.2.3.3 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4.3.2 modified and 4-4.5.5 modified] 4-6.9.1.4.3.4 All protective devices shall be accessible for maintenance and inspection. 4-6.11.1.3 Facilities shall be provided that will automati- ' [From NFPA 1221,4-2.2.3.4,4-4.2.3.4,and cally record the date and time of receipt of each alarm, 4-5.2.3.4 modified] except that only the time need be automatically recorded in voice recordings. 4-6.10 Power. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4.3.3 modified,4-4.5.8 [From NFPA 1221,4-2.3 and 4-4.31 modified,and 4-5.5.8 modified] 2-121 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-6.11.2 Visual Recording Devices. disablement of any metallic box circuit shall cause a warn- [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4.1] ing signal in all other circuits,and,thereafter,the circuit or circuits not otherwise broken shall be automatically 4-6.11.2.1 A device for producing a permanent graphic restored to operative condition. recording of all alarm, supervisory, trouble, and test sig- [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.3] nals received and/or retransmitted shall be provided at each communication center for each alarm circuit and tie 4-6.13.2 Box circuits shall be sufficient in number and so circuit. If each circuit is served by a dedicated recording laid out that the areas that would be left without box pro- device, then the number of reserve recording devices tection in case of disruption of a circuit would not exceed required on site shall be equal to at least 5 percent of the that covered by 20 properly spaced boxes where all or any circuits in service and in no case less than 1 percent. If two part of the circuit is of aerial open-wire, or 30 properly or more circuits are served by a common recording device, spaced boxes where the circuit is entirely in underground then a reserve recording device shall be available on site or messenger-supported cable. for each circuit connected to a common recorder. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.4] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4.1.1 modified] 4-6.13.3 Where all boxes on any individual circuit and 4-6.11.2.2 In a Type B wire system, one such device shall associated equipment are designed and installed to provide be installed in each fire station and at least one in the com- for receipt of alarms through the ground in event of a munication center. break in the circuit,it is permissible for the circuit to serve [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4.1.2 modified] twice the above figures for aerial open-wire and cable cir- cuits, respectively. 4-6.12 Supervision. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.5 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.5,4-3.7,4-4.7,and 4-5.7] 4-6.13.4 The installation of additional boxes in an area 4-6.12.1 To ensure reliability, wired circuits upon which served by the number of properly spaced boxes indicated transmission and receipt of alarms depend shall be under above shall not constitute geographical overloading of a constant electrical supervision to give prompt warning of circuit. conditions adversely affecting reliability. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.6] [From NFPA 1221,4-2.5.1 and 4-4.7.1] 4-6.13.5 Sounding devices for signals shall be provided 4-6.12.2 The power supplied to all required circuits and for box circuits. devices of the system shall be supervised. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.5.2,4-3.7.2,4-4.7.2,and NOTE 1: In a Type A system, it is satisfactory to use a 4-5.7.1] common sounding device for more than one circuit,and it should be installed at the communication center. 4-6.12.3 Trouble signals shall actuate a sounding device NOTE 2: In a Type B system,a sounding device is to be located where there is always a responsible person on duty. installed in each fire station at the same location as the [From NFPA 1221,4-2.5.3,4-3.7.3,4-4.7.3,and recording device for that circuit,except that at the commu- 4-5.7.2] nication center,a common sounding device is permitted. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.4.2.1] 4-6.12.4 Trouble signals shall be distinct from alarm sig- nals and shall be indicated by both a visual light and an 4-6.14 Coded Radio Reporting Systems. audible signal. [From NFPA 1221,4-31 NOTE 1: The audible signal may be common to several 4-6.14.1 Radio Box Channel (Frequency). supervised circuits. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.1] NOTE 2: A switch for silencing the audible trouble signal is permitted if the visual signal remains operated until the 4-6.14.1.1 The number of boxes permitted on a single silencing switch is restored to its normal position. frequency shall be governed by the following: [From NFPA 1221,4-2.5.4, 4-3.7.4,4-4.7.4, and 4-5.7.3] (a) For systems utilizing one-way transmission in which the individual box automatically initiates the required mes- 4-6.12.5 The audible signal shall be responsive to faults sage (see 4-6.14.1.4) using circuitry integral to the boxes, on any other circuits that may occur prior to restoration of not more than 500 boxes shall be permitted on a single the silencing switch to normal. frequency. [From NFPA 1221,4-2.5.5,4-3.7.5,4-4.7.5, and (b) For systems utilizing a two-way concept in which 4-5.7.4] interrogation signals (see 4-6.14.1.4) are transmitted to the individual boxes from the communication center on the 4-6.13 Coded Wired Reporting Systems. same frequency used for receipt of alarms, not more than 250 boxes shall be permitted on a single frequency. If 4-6.13.1 For a Type B system, the effectiveness of nonin- interrogation signals are transmitted on a frequency differ- terference and succession functions between box circuits ent from that used for receipt of alarms,not more than 500 shall be no less than between boxes in any one circuit.The boxes shall be permitted on a single frequency. 2-122 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 (c) A specific frequency shall be designated for both fire automatic switchover and operational continuity in the and other fire-related or public safety alarm signals, and event of failure of either device. supervisory signals (test and tamper). All acknowledgment [From NFPA 1221,4-3.4.2.2 modified] and other signals shall utilize a separate frequency. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.1.1 modified] 4-6.14.3.1.3 Test signals from boxes shall not be required to include the date as part of their permanent recording, 4-6.14.1.2 Where box message signals to the communica- providing that the date is automatically printed on the tion center or acknowledgment of message receipt signals recording tape at the beginning of each calendar day. from the communication center to the box are repeated, [From NFPA 1221,4-3.4.2.3] associated repeating facilities shall conform to the require- ments indicated in NFPA 1221, Standard for the Installation, 4-6.14.3.2 Type B System. Maintenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communication [From NFPA 1221,4-3.4.3] Systems, 3-4.1.2. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.1.2 modified] 4-6.14.3.2.1 For each frequency used, a single complete receiving network shall be permitted in each fire station, 4-6.14.1.3 All coded radio box systems shall provide con- providing the communication center conforms to scant monitoring of the frequency in use. Both an audible 4-6.14.3.1.1. If the jurisdiction maintains in operation two and visual indication of any sustained carrier signal (when or more alarm reception points, one receiving network in excess of 15 seconds' duration) shall be provided for shall be permitted to be at each alarm reception point. each receiving system at the communication center. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.4.3.1 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-3.1.3 modified] 4-6.14.3.2.2 If alarm signals are transmitted to a fire station 4-6.14.1.4 Each coded radio box shall automatically from the communication center using the coded radio type transmit a message at least once during each 24-hour receiving equipment in the fire station to receive and record period. the alarm message, a second receiving network conforming to 4-6.14.3.2.1 shall be prcvided at each fire station,and that [From NFPA 1221,4-3.6.1 modified] receiving network shall employ a frequency other than that used for the receipt of box messages. 4-6.14.2 Metallic Interconnections. Accessible and reli- [From NFPA 1221,4-3.4.3.2 modified] able means, available only to the agency responsible for maintaining the public fire alarm reporting system,shall be 4-6.14.4 Power. Power shall be provided in accordance provided for disconnecting the auxiliary,loop to the box with 4-6.7. inside the building, and definite notification shall be given [From NFPA 1221,4-3.5 modified] to occupants of the building when the interior box is not in service. 4-6.14.5 Testing. (See Chapter 7.) [From NFPA 1221,4-3.2.2 modified] [New title] 4-6.14.3 Receiving Equipment — Facilities for Receipt of 4-6.14.6 Supervision. Radio repeaters upon which Box Alarms. receipt of alarms depend shall be provided with dual [From NFPA 1221,4-3.4] receivers and transmitters. Failure of the primary transmit- ter or receiver shall cause an automatic switchover to the 4-6.14.3.1 Type A System. secondary receiver and transmitter. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.4.2] Exception: If the repeater controls are located where someone is always on duty, manual switchover shall be permitted if it can be 4-6.14.3.1.1* For each frequency used, two separate completed within 30 seconds. receiving networks, each including an antenna, audible [From NFPA 1221,4-3.7.1 modified] alerting device, receiver, power supply, signal processing equipment, a means of providing a permanent graphic 4-6.15 Telephone (Series)Reporting Systems. recording of the incoming message that is both timed and [From NFPA 1221,4-4) dated, and other associated equipment shall be provided and shall be installed at the communication center. Facili- 4-6.15.1 A permanent visual recording device installed in ties shall be so arranged that a failure of either receiving the communication center shall be provided to record all network will not affect the receipt of messages from boxes. incoming box signals. A spare recording device shall be [From NFPA 1221,4-3.4.2.1 modified] provided for five or more box circuits. [From NFPA 1221,4-4.5.1] 4-6.14.3.1.2 Where the system configuration is such that a polling device is incorporated into the receiving network 4-6.15.2 A second visual means of identifying the calling to allow remote/selective initiation of box tests (see Chapter box shall be provided. 7), a separate such device shall be included in each of the [From NFPA 1221,4-4.5.2] two required receiving networks. Further, the polling devices shall be configured for automatic cycle initiation in 4-6.15.3 Audible signals shall indicate all incoming calls their primary operating mode, capable of continuous self- from box circuits. monitoring, and integrated into the network(s) to provide [From NFPA 1221,4-4.5.3] 2-123 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-6.15.4 All voice transmissions from boxes for emer- NOTE: These tie circuits are not to be used for any other gencies shall be recorded with the capability of instant purpose or function. playback. [From NFPA 1221,4-5.1.3 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-4.5.6] 4-6.16.1.5 Power shall be provided in accordance with 4-6.15.5 A voice recording facility shall be provided for Section 4-6.7 each operator handling incoming alarms to eliminate the [From NFPA 1221,4-5.3 modified] possibility of interference. [From NFPA 1221,4-4.5.7] 4-6.16.2 Receiving Equipment —Facilities for Receipt of Box Alarms. 4-6.15.6 Box circuits shall be sufficient in number and so [From NFPA 1221,4-5.5] laid out that the areas that would be left without box pro- tection in case of disruption of a circuit would not exceed 4-6.16.2.1 The box circuits shall be terminated: that covered by 20 properly spaced boxes where all or any (a) Directly on a console or switchboard located in the part of the circuit is of aerial open-wire, or 30 properly communication center, or spaced boxes where the circuit is entirely in underground or messenger-supported cable. (b) In concentrator-identifier equipment located in a [From NFPA 1221,4-4.1.2.1 modified] subsidiary communication center. NOTE: The audible signal device may be common to sev- 4-6.15.7 Where all boxes on any individual circuit and eral box circuits and arranged so that the operator can associated equipment are designed and installed to provide manually silence the signal temporarily with a self-restoring for receipt of alarms through the ground in event of a switch. break in the circuit,it shall be permissible for the circuit to [From NFPA 1221,4-5.5.1 modified] serve twice the above figures for aerial open-wire and cable circuits, respectively. 4-6.16.2.2 All voice transmissions from boxes for emer- [From NFPA 1221,4-4.1.2.2] gencies shall be recorded with the capability of instant playback. 4-6.15.8 The installation of additional boxes in an area [From NFPA 1221,4-5.5.61 served by the number of properly spaced boxes indicated above shall not constitute geographical overloading of a 4-6.16.2.3 A means of voice recording shall be provided circuit. for each operator handling incoming alarms to eliminate [From NFPA 1221,4-4.1.2.3] the possibility of interference. [From NFPA 1221,4-5.5.7 modified] 4-6.16 Telephone(Parallel)Reporting Systems. [From NFPA 1221,4-5] 4-6.16.2.4 Either a continuous line test or periodic (up to 6 minutes) automatic line tests shall detect an open, short, 4-6.16.1 Box Circuits. ground, or leakage condition. If one of these conditions [From NFPA 1221,4-5.1.21 occurs,a visual and audible trouble signal shall be actuated where there is an operator on duty. 4-6.16.1.1 If a municipal box is installed inside a build- [From NFPA 1221,4-5.7.5] ing, it shall be placed as close as practical to the point of entrance of the circuit, and the exterior wire shall be 4-7 Auxiliary Fire Alarm Systems. installed in conduit or electrical metallic tubing, in accor- dance with Chapter 3 of NFPA 70,National Electrical Code. NOTE: The requirements of Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and [From NFPA 1221,4-5.1.2.1] Section 4-2 shall apply to auxiliary fire alarm systems, except where they conflict with the requirements of this section. 4-6.16.1.2 Accessible and reliable means, available only to [From NFPA 72,Chap. 7 modified] the authority having jurisdiction or the agency responsible for maintaining the public fire alarm reporting system, shall 4-7.1 Scope. This section describes the equipment and be provided for disconnecting the box inside the building, circuits necessary to connect a protected premises (see and definite notification shall be given to occupants of the Chapter 3) to a public fire alarm reporting system (see Sec- building when the interior box is not in service. tion 4-6). [From NFPA 1221,4-5.1.2.2 modified] [From NFPA 72, 7-1 modified] 4-6.16.1.3 A separate circuit shall be provided for each box. 4-7.2 General. [From NFPA 1221,4-5.1.2.31 [From NFPA 72,7-2] 4-6.16.1.4 Where a concentrator-identifier or similar 4-7.2.1 An auxiliary fire alarm system shall be used only device is employed, at least two tie circuits for the first 40 in connection with a public fire alarm reporting system boxes connected shall be provided to the communication that is suitable for the service. A system satisfactory to the center.A tie circuit shall be provided for each 40 additional authority having jurisdiction shall be considered as meet- boxes, or fraction thereof, connected to the concentrator- ing this requirement. identifier. [From NFPA 72,7-2.3] 2-124 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 4-7.2.2 Permission for the connection of an auxiliary fire cuit indication will be given at the communications center. alarm system to a public fire alarm reporting system and If a public fire alarm reporting system circuit is open when acceptance of the type of auxiliary transmitter,its actuating a connected shunt type system is operated, the transmit- mechanism, circuits, and components connected thereto, ting device will not trip until the public fire alarm report- shall be obtained from the authority having jurisdiction. ing system circuit returns to normal, at which time the [From NFPA 72, 7-2.4 modified] alarm will be transmitted unless the auxiliary circuit is first returned to a normal condition. 4-7.2.3 An auxiliary fire alarm system shall be maintained A local system made into an auxiliary system by the addi- and supervised by a responsible person or corporation. tion of a relay whose coil is energized by a local power sup- [From NFPA 72, 7-2.5 modified] ply and whose normally closed contacts trip a shunt type master box shall not be permitted [Figure A-4-7.4.1(b)(2)]. 4-7.2.4 Section 4-7 does not require the use of audible [From NFPA 72,7-3(b)modified] alarm signals other than those necessary to operate the auxiliary fire alarm system. If it is desired to provide fire 1. Shunt systems shall be noncoded with respect to alarm evacuation signals in the protected property, any remote electrical tripping or actuating devices. the alarms,circuits,and controls shall comply with the pro- [From NFPA 72, 7-6.1.1 modified] visions of Chapter 3, in addition to the provisions of Sec- 2. All conductors of the shunt circuit shall be tion 4-7. installed in accordance with Article 346, for rigid conduit, [From NFPA 72, 7-2.6 modified] or Article 348, for electrical metallic tubing, of NFPA 70, 4.7.3 Communication Center Facilities. The communi- National Electrical Code. cation center facilities shall be in accordance with the [From NFPA 72,7-6.1.2] requirements of Section 4-6. 3. Both sides of the shunt circuit shall be in the same conduit. 4.7.4 Equipment. [From NFPA 72, 7-6.1.3] [New paragraph and title] 4. Where an auxiliary transmitter is located within a 4-7.4.1 Types of Systems. There are three types of aux- private premise, it shall be installed in accordance with iliary fire alarm systems in use, and these are described in 4-6.9.1. [From NFPA 72, 7-6.1.4 modified] (a), (b), and (c)below. [From NFPA 72,7-3] 5. Where a shunt loop is used, it shall not exceed a length of 750 ft (230 m) and shall be in conduit. (a)* The local energy type [Figure A-4-7.4.1(a)(1)] is [From NFPA 72,7-6.1.5] electrically isolated from the public fire alarm reporting system and has its own power supply. The tripping of the 6. Conductors of the shunt circuits shall not be transmitting device does not depend on the current in the smaller than No. 14 AWG and shall be insulated as pre- system. In a wired circuit, whether or not the alarm will be scribed in NFPA 70,National Electrical Code,Article 310. received by the communication center if the circuit is acci- [From NFPA 72,7-6.1.6] dently opened depends on the design of the transmitting 7. The power for shunt-type systems shall be pro- device and the associated communication center equip- vided by the public fire alarm reporting system. ment, i.e., whether or not the system is designed to receive [From NFPA 72,7-6.1.7 modified] alarms through manual or automatic ground operational facilities. In a radio box type system, whether or not the 8. Additional design restrictions for shunt systems alarm will be received by the communication center shall be found in laws or ordinances. depends on the proper operation of the radio transmitting [From NFPA 72,7-6.1.8 modified] and receiving equipment. (c)* A parallel telephone type system [Figure A-4- [From NFPA 72, 7-3(a)modified] 7.4.1(c)] is a system in which alarms are transmitted over a 1. Local energy systems shall be permitted to be of circuit directly connected to the annunciating switchboard coded or noncoded type. at the public fire service communication center and termi- [From NFPA 72,7-6.2.1 modified] nated at the protected property by an end-of-line device. 2. Power supply sources for local energy systems Such auxiliary systems are for connection to public fire shall conform to Chapter 1. alarm reporting systems of the type in which each alarm [From NFPA 72,7-6.2.2 modified] box annunciates at the communication center by individual circuit. (b)* The shunt type [Figure A-4-7.4.1(b)(1)] is electri- cally connected to and is an integral part of the public fire NOTE: The essential difference between the local energy alarm reporting system. A ground fault on the auxiliary or parallel telephone types and the shunt-type system is circuit is a fault on the public fire alarm reporting system that accidental opening of the alarm initiating circuits will circuit, and an accidental opening of the auxiliary circuit cause an alarm on the shunt type system only. will send a needless (or false) alarm to the communication [From NFPA 72, 7-3(c)modified] center. An open circuit in the transmitting device trip coil 1. Parallel telephone systems shall be noncoded with will not be indicated either at the protected property or at respect to any remote electrical tripping or actuating the communication center; also, if an initiating device is devices. operated,an alarm will not be transmitted but an open cir- [From NFPA 72, 7-6.3.1 modified] 2-125 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 2. Two methods of parallel telephone systems shall 4-7.4.4.3 The same box shall be permitted to be used as a be permitted to be used: public fire alarm reporting system box and as a transmitting (i) The circuits are extended beyond the entrance device for an auxiliary system where permitted by the author- termination point to actuating devices with the supervisory ity having jurisdiction,provided that the box is located at the device beyond the last actuating device in the circuit; or outside of the entrance to the protected property. (ii) The supervisory device for the circuit is located NOTE: The fire department may require the box to be at the entrance termination point.The tripping relay shall equipped with a signal light to differentiate between auto- be located immediately adjacent to the supervisory device matic and manual operation, unless local outside alarms at and shall be connected thereto with conductors not smaller the protected property would serve the same purpose. than No. 14 AWG in conduit. [From NFPA 72, 7-4.2.3 modified] [From NFPA 72,7-6.3.2] 4-7.4.4.4 The transmitting device shall be located as 3. Nonvoice circuits connected to a parallel tele- required by the authority having jurisdiction. phone system shall be indicated with distinctive and differ- [From NFPA 72, 7-4.2.4 modified] ent color from voice circuits and shall be grouped in a reserved separate section of the receiving equipment with 4-7.4.4.5 The system shall be so designed and arranged adequate written warning that no voice is to be expected that a single fault on the auxiliary system shall not jeopar- on these alarms and that the fire department must be dis- dize operation of the public fire alarm reporting system patched on alarm light indications. and shall not, in case of a single fault on either the auxil- [From NFPA 72, 7-6.3.3 modified] iary or public fire alarm reporting system, transmit a false 4-7.4.2 The interface of the three types of auxiliary fire alarm alarm on either system. systems with the four types of public fire alarm reporting sys- Exception: Shunt systems. [See 4-7.4.1(b)j tems shall be in accordance with Table 4-7.4.2. [From NFPA 72, 7-4.7 modified] Table 4-7.4.2 4-7.5 Personnel. Personnel necessary to receive and act on signals from auxiliary fire alarm systems shall be in Local accordance with the requirements of Section 4-6 and NFPA Energy-Type Shunt-Type Parallel-Type 1221, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Coded Wired Yes Yes No Public Fire Service Communication Systems. Coded Radio Yes No No 4-7.6 Operations. Operations for auxiliary fire alarm sys- Telephone Series Yes No No Telephone Parallel No No Yes. tems shall be in accordance with the requirements of Sec- tion 4-6 and NFPA 1221,Standard for the Installation, Main- 4-7.4.3 The application of the three types of auxiliary fire tenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems. alarm systems shall be limited to the initiating devices spec- 4-7.7 Testing and Maintenance. Testing and mainte- ified in Table 4-7.4.3. nance of auxiliary fire alarm systems shall be in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 7. Table 4-7.4.3 [New paragraphs] Local Parallel- Energy-Type Shunt-Type Type Chapter 5 Initiating Devices Manual Fire Alarm Yes Yes Yes Waterflow or Actuation of Extinguishing System Yes Yes Yes 5-1 General. Automatic Detection Devices Yes No Yes 5-1.1 Scope. This chapter covers minimum requirements for performance,selection,use,and location of automatic fire [New paragraphs and tables] detection devices, sprinkler waterflow detectors, manually activated fire alarm stations,and supervisory signal initiating 4-7.4.4 Location of Transmitting Devices. devices,including guard tour reporting used to ensure timely [From NFPA 72, 7-4.21 warning for the purposes of life safety and the protection of a 4-7.4.4.1 Auxiliary systems shall be arranged so that one building, space,structure,area,or object. auxiliary transmitter does not serve more than 100,000 sq NOTE: For detector requirements in a household system, ft (9290 m) total area, unless otherwise permitted by the refer to Chapter 2. authority having jurisdiction. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 1-1 and 1-2.1 modified) [From NFPA 72,7-4.2.1 modified] 5-1.2 Application. 4-7.4.4.2 A separate auxiliary transmitter shall be pro- vided for each building or where permitted by the author- 5-1.2.1 The material in this chapter is intended for use by ity having jurisdiction for each group of buildings of single persons knowledgeable in the application of fire detection ownership or occupancy. and fire alarm systems/services. [From NFPA 72, 7-4.2.2 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 1-1.2 modified] 2-126 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 5-1.2.2 Automatic and manual initiating devices contrib- (c) The openings constitute at least 70 percent of the area of ute to life safety,fire protection,and property conservation the ceiling material. only when used in conjunction with other equipment. The Exception No. 3: Concealed, accessible spaces above suspended interconnection of these devices with control equipment ceilings, used as a return air plenum meeting the requirements of configurations, and power supplies or with output systems NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and responding to external actuation is detailed elsewhere in Ventilating Systems, where equipped with smoke detection at each this code and others. connection from the plenum to the central air handling system. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 1-2.2 and 1-2.3 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 2-7.4 modified] 5-1.3 Installation and Required Location of Detection Devices. 5-1.3.5' Detectors shall be required underneath open [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-7 modified] loading docks or platforms and their covers, and for acces- sible underfloor spaces of buildings without basements. 5-1.3.1 Where subject to mechanical damage, detectors Exception: By permission of the authority having jurisdiction, shall be protected. detectors may be omitted when all of the following conditions prevail: [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-7.1] (a) The space is not accessible for storage purposes or entrance 5-1.3.2 In all cases, detectors shall be supported inde- of unauthorized persons and is protected against accumulation of pendently of their attachment to the circuit conductors. windborne debris. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 2-7.2] (b) The space contains no equipment such as steam pipes, elec- tric wiring, shafting, or conveyors. 5-1.3.3 Detectors shall not be recessed in any way into (c) The floor over the space is tight. the mounting surface, unless they have been tested and listed for such recessed mounting. (d) No flammable liquids are processed, handled, or stored on the floor above. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-7.3] [NFPA 72E- 1990, 2-7.5] 5-1.3.4 Detectors shall be installed in all areas where required by the appropriate NFPA standard or the author- 5-1.3.6 Where codes, standards, laws, or authorities hav- ity having jurisdiction. Each installed detector shall be ing jurisdiction require the protection of selected areas accessible for periodic maintenance and testing. Where only, the specified areas shall be protected in accordance total coverage is required, this shall include all rooms, with this code. halls, storage areas, basements, attics, lofts, spaces above [From 72E,2-7.6] suspended ceilings, and other subdivisions and accessible spaces,and inside all closets,elevator shafts,enclosed stair- 5-1.4' Connection to the Fire Alarm System. ways, dumbwaiter shafts, and chutes. Inaccessible areas [New title] shall not be required to be protected by detectors unless they contain combustible material, in which case they shall 5-1.4.1 Duplicate terminals or leads, or equivalent, shall be made accessible and be protected by detector(s). be provided on each initiating device for the express pur- Exception No. 1: Detectors may be omitted from combustible pose of connecting into the fire alarm system to provide blind spaces where any of the following conditions prevail: supervision of the connections. Such terminals or leads are necessary to ensure that the wire run is broken and that (a) Where the ceiling is attached directly to the underside of the individual connections are made to the incoming and the supporting beams of a combustible roof or floor deck. outgoing leads or other terminals for signaling and power. (b) Where the concealed space is entirely filled with a noncom- Exception: Initiating devices that provide equivalent supervision. bustible insulation. In solid joist construction, the insulation need [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 2-7.71 fill only the space from the ceiling to the bottom edge of the joist of the roof or floor deck. 5-2 Heat-Sensing Fire Detectors. (c) Where there are small concealed spaces over rooms,�iro- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Chap.31 vided any space in question does not exceed 50 sq ft (4.6 m) in area. 5-2.1 Fire detectors that sense heat produced by burning . (d) In spaces formed by sets of facing studs or solid joists in substances are usually referred to as heat detectors. Heat is walls, floors, or ceilings where the distance between the facing both the added energy that causes substances to rise in studs or solid joists is less than 6 in. (150 mm). temperature as well as the energy produced by a burning Exception No. 2: Detectors may be omitted from below open grid substance. ceilings where all of the following conditions prevail: [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-1, 3-1.1.1 modified] (a) The openings of the grid are 114 in. (6.4 mm)or larger in 5-2.2 Heat detectors shall be installed in all areas where the least dimension. required either by the appropriate NFPA standard or the (b) The thickness of the material does not exceed the least authority having jurisdiction. dimension. [From NFPA 72E, 3-1.1.2] 2-127 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-2.3 Operating Principles. balanced in such a way that on a slow rate of temperature [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-2] rise, there is more time for heat to penetrate to the inner element, which inhibits contact closure until the total 5-2.3.1 Fixed Temperature Detector. device has been heated to its rated temperature level. [From NFPA 72E - 1990,3-2.1] However,on a fast rate of temperature rise,there is not as much time for heat to penetrate to the inner element, 5-2.3.1.1 A fixed temperature detector is a device that which exerts less of an inhibiting effect so that contact clo- will respond when its operating element becomes heated to sure is obtained when the total device has been heated to a a predetermined level, lower level.This, in effect, compensates for thermal lag. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.1.1] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-2.2.2] 5-2.3.1.2 Thermal Lag. Where a fixed temperature 5-2.3.3 Rate-of-Rise Detector. device operates, the temperature of the surrounding air [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 3-2.3] will always be higher than the operating temperature of 5-2.3.3.1 A rate-of-rise detector is a device that will the device itself. This difference between the operating respond when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a temperature of the device and the actual air temperature is predetermined amount. commonly referred to as thermal lag and is proportional to [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-2.3.1] the rate at which the temperature is rising. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 3-2.1.2] 5-2.3.3.2 Typical examples are: 5-2.3.1.3 Typical examples of fixed temperature-sensing (a) Pneumatic Rate-of-Rise Tubing. A line-type detector elements are: comprising small diameter tubing, usually copper, that is installed on the ceiling or high on the walls throughout the (a) Bimetallic. A sensing element comprised of two met- protected area.The tubing is terminated in a detector unit als having different coefficients of thermal expansion containing diaphragms and associated contacts set to actu- arranged so that the effect will be deflection in one direc- ate at a predetermined pressure. The system is sealed tion when heated and in the opposite direction when except for calibrated vents that compensate for normal cooled. changes in temperature. (b) Electrical Conductivity. A line-type or spot-type sens- (b) Spot-Type Pneumatic Rate-of-Rise Detector. A device ing element whose resistance varies as a function of tem- consisting of an air chamber, diaphragm, contacts, and perature. compensating vent in a single enclosure. The principle of (c) Fusible Alloy. A sensing element of a special compo- operation is the same as that described in 5-2.3.3.2(a). sition (eutectic) metal, which melts rapidly at the rated (c) Thermoelectric Effect Detector. A device whose sensing temperature. element comprises a thermocouple or thermopile unit that (d) Heat-Sensitive Cable. A line-type device whose sens- produces an increase in electric potential in response to an ing element comprises, in one type, two current-carrying increase in temperature. This potential is monitored by wires separated by heat-sensitive insulation that softens at associated control equipment, and an alarm is initiated the rated temperature, thus allowing the wires to make when the potential increases at an abnormal rate. electrical contact. In another type,a single wire is centered (d) Electrical Conductivity Rate-of-Change Detector. A line- in a metallic tube, and the intervening space filled with a type or spot-type sensing element whose resistance substance that, at a critical temperature, becomes conduc- changes due to a change in temperature. The rate of tive, thus establishing electrical contact between the tube change of resistance is monitored by associated control and the wire. equipment,and an alarm is initiated when the rate of tem- (e) Liquid Expansion. A sensing element comprising a perature increase exceeds a preset value. liquid capable of marked expansion in volume in response [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-2.3.2 modified] to temperature increase. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-2.1.3] 5-2.4 Classification and Sensitivity. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-3 modified] 5-2.3.2 Rate Compensation Detector. 5-2.4.1 Heat detectors of the fixed-temperature or rate- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-2.2] compensated spot-pattern type shall be classified as to the temperature of operation and marked with the appropri- 5-2.3.2.1 A rate compensation detector is a device that ate color code. (See Table 5-2.4.1.) will respond when the temperature of the air surrounding [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-3.1] the device reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate of temperature rise. 5-2.4.1.1 Where the overall color of a detector is the same [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 3-2.2.1] as the color code marking required for that detector,either one of the following arrangements,applied in a contrasting 5-2.3.2.2 A typical example is a spot-type detector with a color and visible after installation, shall be employed: tubular casing of a metal that tends to expand lengthwise as it is heated and an associated contact mechanism that (a) A ring on the surface of the detector will close at a certain point in the elongation. A second (b) The temperature rating in numerals at least 3/8 in. metallic element inside the tube exerts an opposing force (9.5 mm) high. on the contacts,tending to hold them open.The forces are [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-3.1.1] 2-128 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 5-2.4.1 Temperature Temp.Rating Temp.Rating Max.Ceiling Max.Ceiling Color Classification Range*F Range°C Temp.*F Temp.°C Code Low* 100 to 134 39 to 57 20 below'" 11 Uncolored Ordinary 135 to 174 58 to 79 100 38 Uncolored Intermediate 175 to 249 80 to 121 150 66 White High 250 to 324 122 to 162 225 107 Blue Extra High 325 to 399 163 to 204 300 149 Red Very Extra High 400 to 499 205 to 259 375 191 Green Ultra High 500 to 575 260 to 302 475 246 Orange For SI Units: C = �9(F-32). *Intended only for installation in controlled ambient areas.Units shall be marked to indicate maximum ambient installation temperature. "Maximum ceiling temperature has to be 207(11"C)or more below detector rated temperature. NOTE: The difference between the rated temperature and the maximum ambient should be as small as possible to minimize the response time. [From NFPA 72E-1990,3-3.1 modified] 5-2.4.2* A heat detector integrally mounted on a smoke (b) All points on the ceiling shall have a detector within detector shall be listed or approved for not less than 50-ft a distance equal to 0.7 times the listed spacing(0.7S).This (15-m) spacing. will be useful in calculating locations in corridors or irreg- [From NFPA 74- 1990,4-3 modified] ular areas. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-5.1] 5.2.5 Location. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 3-41 5-2.7.1.1* Irregular Areas. For irregularly shaped areas, the spacing between detectors may be greater than the 5-2.5.1* Spot-type heat detectors shall be located on the listed spacing, provided the maximum spacing from a ceiling not less than 4 in. (100 mm) from the side wall or detector to the furthest point of a side wall or corner within on the side walls between 4 in. (100 mm) and 12 in. its zone of protection is not greater than 0.7 times the listed (300 mm) from the ceiling. (See Figure A-5-2.5.1.) spacing. (See Figure A-5-2.7.1.1.) Exception No. 1: In the case of solid open joist construction, [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-5.1.1) detectors shall be mounted at the bottom of the joists. 5-2.7.1.2* High Ceilings. On ceilings 10 ft(3 m) to 30 ft Exception No. 2: In the case of beam construction where beams (9.1 m) high, heat detector linear spacing shall be reduced are less than 12 in. (300 mm)in depth and less than 8 ft(2.4 m) in accordance with Table 5-2.7.1.2. on center, detectors may be installed on the bottom of beams. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-5.1.2] [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 3-4.1] Table 5-2.7.1.2 5-2.5.2 Line-type heat detectors shall be located on the ceiling or on the side walls not more than 20 in. (500 mm) Ceiling Height Percent of from the ceiling. Above(ft) Up to Listed Spacing Exception No. 1: In the case of solid open joist construction, 0 10 100 detectors shall be mounted at the bottom of the joists. 10 12 91 Exception No. 2: In the case of beam construction where beams 14 16 77 are less than 12 in. (300 mm)in depth and less than 8 ft(2.4 m) 16 18 71 on center, detectors may be installed on the bottom of beams. 18 20 64 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-4.2 modified] 20 22 58 22 24 52 5-2.6* Temperature. Detectors having fixed-temperature 24 26 46 or rate-compensated elements shall be selected in accordance 26 28 40 with Table 5-2.4.1 for the maximum ceiling temperature that 28 30 34 can be expected. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-4.31 5-2.7* Spacing. Exception: Table 5-2.7.1.2 does not apply to the following detec- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-51 tors, which rely on the integration effect: 5-2.7.1* Smooth CeilingSpacing. One of the following (a) Line-type electrical conductivity detectors. [See p g g 5-2.3.1.3(b).] rules shall apply: (b) Pneumatic rate-of--rise tubing. [See 5-2.3.3.2(a).] (a) The distance between detectors shall not exceed (c) Series connected thermoelectric effect detectors. [See their listed spacing, and there shall be detectors within a distance of one-half the listed spacing, measured at a right 5-2.3.3.2(c).J angle,from all walls or partitions extending to within 18 in. In these cases, the manufacturer's recommendations.shall be fol- (460 mm)of the ceiling; or lowed for appropriate alarm point and spacing. 2-129 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE NOTE: Table 5-2.7.1.2 provides for spacing modifications 5-3.1.2 Section 5-3 covers general area application of to take into account different ceiling heights for generalized smoke detectors in ordinary indoor locations. fire conditions. An alternative design method that allows a [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-1.2] designer to take into account ceiling height, fire size, and ambient temperature is provided in Appendix B. 5-3.1.3 For information on use of smoke detectors for [From NFPA 72E,Table 3-5.1.2] control of smoke spread, refer to Section 5-11. 5-2.7.2* Solid Joist Construction. The spacing of heat [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-1.2.1 modified] detectors, where measured at right angles to the solid 5-3.1.4 For additional guidance in the application of joists, shall not exceed 50 percent of the smooth ceiling smoke detectors for flaming fires of various sizes and spacing allowable under 5-2.7.1 and 5-2.7.1.1. (See Figure growth rates in areas of various ceiling heights, refer to A-5-2.7.2.) Appendix B. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 3-5.2] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-1.2.2] 5-2.7.3* Beam Construction. A ceiling shall be treated as 5-3.2* Smoke detectors shall be installed in all areas a smooth ceiling if the beams project no more than 4 in. where required either by the appropriate NFPA standard (100 mm)below the ceiling. If the beams project more than or by the authority having jurisdiction. 4 in. (100 mm) below the ceiling, the spacing of spot-type [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-1.3] heat detectors at right angles to the direction of beam travel shall be not more than two-thirds the smooth ceiling 5-3.3 Principles of Detection. spacing allowable under 5-2.7.1 and 5-2.7.1.1.If the beams [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-21 project more than 18 in. (460 mm) below the ceiling and are more than 8 ft (2.4 m) on center, each bay formed by 5-3.3.1 Ionization Smoke Detection. Ionization smoke the beams shall be treated as a separate area. detection is based on the principle of using a small amount [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-5.3] of radioactive material to ionize the air between two differ- entially charged electrodes.This gives the sensing chamber 5-2.7.4 Sloped Ceilings. an effective measurable electrical conductance. Where [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 3-5.4] smoke particles enter the ionization volume, they decrease the conductance of the air by reducing ion mobility. The 5-2.7.4.1* Peaked. A row of detectors shall first be conductance signal is processed and used to convey an spaced and located at or within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the peak of alarm condition where the signal meets preset criteria. the ceiling, measured horizontally. The number and spac- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2.1 modified] ing of additional detectors, if any, shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceiling in accordance with the 5-3.3.1.1 Ionization detection is more responsive to invis- type of ceiling construction. (See Figure A-5-2.7.4.1.) ible (less than one micron in size) particles produced by [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-5.4.1] most flaming fires. It is somewhat less responsive to the larger particles typical of most smoldering fires. 5-2.7.4.2* Shed. Sloped ceilings having a rise greater [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2.1.1] than 1 ft in 8 ft(1 in in 8 m) horizontally shall have a row of detectors located on the ceiling within 3 ft (0.9 m)of the 5.3.3.1.2 Smoke detectors utilizing the ionization princi- high side of the ceiling measured horizontally, spaced in ple are usually of the spot type. accordance with the type of construction. Remaining detec- [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 4-2.1.2] tors, if any, shall then be located in the remaining area on the basis of the horizontal projection of the ceiling. (See 5-3.3.2* Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke Detection. Figure A-5-2.7.4.2.) Photoelectric light-scattering smoke detection is based on the [From NFPA 72E- 1990,3-5.4.2] principle of a light source and a photosensitive sensor arranged so that the principal portion of rays from the light 5-2.7.4.3 For a roof slope of less than 30 degrees, all source do not normally fall on the photosensitive sensor. detectors shall be spaced utilizing the height at the peak. Where smoke particles enter the light path, some of the light For a roof slope of greater than 30 degrees, the average is scattered by reflection and refraction onto the sensor.The slope height shall be used for all detectors other than those scattered light signal is processed and used to convey an located in the peak. alarm condition where the signal meets preset criteria. [From NFPA 72E,3-5.4.3] [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 4-2.2 modified] 5-3 Smoke-Sensing Fire Detectors. 5-3.3.2.1 Photoelectric light-scattering detection is more [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Chap.4] responsive to visible (more than one micron in size) parti- cles produced by most smoldering fires. It is somewhat less 5.3.1 General. responsive to the smaller particles typical of most flaming [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-1) fires. It is also less responsive to black smoke than to lighter colored smoke. 5-3.1.1* The purpose of Section 5-3 is to provide infor- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2.2.1 modified] mation to assist in design and installation of reliable early warning smoke detection systems for protection of life and 5-3.3.2.2 Smoke detectors utilizing the light-scattering property. principle are usually of the spot type. [From NFPA 72E - 1990,4-1.1] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2.2.21 2-130 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 5-3.3.3* Photoelectric Light Obscuration Smoke Detec- material present, ventilation, and the ambient environ- tion. Photoelectric light obscuration smoke detection is ment are some of the conditions that shall be considered. based on the principle of reduction of light transmission [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.1 modified] between a light source and a photosensitive sensor onto which the principal portion of the source emissions are 5-3.5.1.1 Where the intent is to protect against a specific focused. Where smoke particles enter the light path, some hazard, the detector(s) shall be permitted to be installed of the light is scattered and some absorbed, thereby reduc- closer to the hazard in a position where the detector will ing the light reaching the receiving sensor. The receiving readily intercept the smoke. sensor signal is processed and used to convey an alarm condition where the signal meets preset criteria. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.1.1] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2.3 modified] 5-3.5.1.2* Stratification. The possible effect of smoke 5-3.3.3.1 The response of photoelectric light obscuration stratification at levels below the ceiling shall be considered. smoke detectors is usually not affected by the color of [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 4-4.1.2] smoke. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2.3.1] 5-3.5.2* Spot-Type Smoke Detectors. Spot-type smoke detectors shall be located on the ceiling not less than 5-3.3.3.2 Smoke detectors utilizing the light obscuration 4 in. (100 mm)from a sidewall to the near edge or, if on a principle are usually of the line type. These detectors are sidewall, between 4 in. (100 mm) and 12 in. (300 mm) commonly called projected beam smoke detectors. down from the ceiling to the top of the detector. (See Fig- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2.3.2] ure A-5-2.1.) Exception No. 1: See 5-3.5.1.2. 5-3.3.4 Cloud Chamber Smoke Detection. Cloud cham- Exception No. 2: See 5-3.5.1. ber smoke detection is usually of the sampling type. An 6. air sample is drawn from the protected areas into a Exception No. 3: See 5-3.5.7. high humidity chamber within the detector. After the [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.2] humidity of the sample has been raised, the pressure is lowered slightly. If smoke particles are present, the mois- 5-3.5.2.1* To minimize dust contamination of smoke ture in the air condenses on them, forming a cloud in the detectors where installed under raised room floors and chamber. The density of this cloud is then measured by a similar spaces,they shall only be mounted in an orientation photoelectric principle.The density signal is processed and for which they have been listed. (See Figure A-5-3.5.2.1.) used to convey an alarm condition where the signal meets [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.2.1 preset criteria. ] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2.4 modified] 5-3.5.3 Projected Beam-Type Smoke Detectors. Pro- 5-3.4 Sensitivity. jected beam-type smoke detectors (see 5-3.3.3.1) shall nor- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-2 modified] mally be located with their projected beams parallel to the ceiling and in accordance with the manufacturer's docu- 5-3.4.1 Smoke detectors shall be marked with their nor- mented instructions. mal production sensitivity (percent per foot obscuration), Exception No. 1: See 5-3.5.1.2. measured as required by the listing.The production toler- Exception No. 2: Beams may be installed vertically or at any ance around the normal sensitivity shall also be indicated. angle needed to afford protection of the hazard involved. (Exam- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-3.1 modified] ple: Vertical beams through the open shaft area of a stairwell where there is a clear vertical space inside the handrails.) 5-3.4.2 Smoke detectors that have provision for field [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.3 modified] adjustment of sensitivity shall have an adjustment range of not less than 0.6 percent per ft obscuration. If the means 5-3.5.3.1 The beam length shall not exceed the maxi- of adjustment is on the detector, a method shall be avail- mum permitted by the equipment listing. able to restore the detector to its factory calibration. Detec- tors that have provision for program controlled adjustment [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4 4.3.1] of sensitivity shall be permitted to only be marked with their programmable sensitivity range. 5-3.5.3.1.1 Where mirrors are used with projected [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-3.1.1 modified] beams, they shall be installed in accordance with the man- ufacturer's documented instructions. 5-3.5 Location and Spacing. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.3.1.1 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-41 5-3.5.4 Sampling-Type Smoke Detector. Each sampling 5-3.5.1* General. The location and spacing of smoke port of a sampling-type smoke detector shall be treated as detectors shall result from an evaluation based on the a spot-type detector for the purpose of location and spac- guidelines detailed in this code and on engineering judg- ing. Maximum air sample transport time from the farthest ment.Ceiling shape and surfaces,ceiling height,configura- sampling point shall not exceed 120 seconds. tion of contents, burning characteristics of combustible [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.4 modified] 2-131 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-3.5.5 Smooth Ceiling Spacing. 5-3.5.7.4* If the beams exceed 18 in. (460 mm) in depth [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.5] and are more than 8 ft(2.4 m)on center, each bay shall be treated as a separate area requiring at least one spot-type 5-3.5.5.1 Spot-Type Detectors. On smooth ceilings,spacing or projected beam-type detector. of 30 ft(9.1 m)shall be permitted to be used as a guide. In all [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.7.4] cases,the manufacturer's documented instructions shall be fol- lowed.Other spacing shall be permitted to be used depending 5-3.5.8 Sloped Ceilings. on ceiling height, different conditions, or response require- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.8] ments.(See Appendix B for detection of flaming fires.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.5.1 modified] 5-3.5.8.1 Peaked. Detectors shall first be spaced and located within 3 ft (0.9 m)of the peak, measured horizon- 5-3.5.5.1.1* For smooth ceilings, all points on the ceiling tally. The number and spacing of additional detectors, if shall have a detector within a distance equal to 0.7 times any, shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceil- the selected spacing. ing. (See Figure A-5-2.7.4.1.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.5.1.1 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.8.1] 5-3.5.5.2* Projected Beam-Type Detectors. For location 5-3.5.8.2 Shed. Detectors shall first be spaced and and spacing of projected beam-type detectors, the manu- located within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the high side of the ceiling, facturer's documented installation instructions shall be fol- measured horizontally. The number and spacing of addi- lowed. (See Figure A-5-3.5.5.2.) tional detectors, if any, shall be based on the horizontal [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.5.2 modified] projection of the ceiling. (See Figure A-5-2.7.4.2.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.8.2) 5-3.5.6* Solid Joist Construction. 5-3.5.9 Raised Floors and Suspended Ceilings. In [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.6] under-floor spaces and above-ceiling spaces that are not 5-3.5.6.1 Ceiling construction where joists are 8 in. HVAC plenums, detector spacing shall be in accordance (200 mm)or less in depth shall be considered equivalent to with Section 5-3.5. a smooth ceiling. Spot-type detectors shall be mounted on [From NFPA 72E 1990,4-4.9) the bottom of the joists. (See also 5-3.5.1.2.) 5-3.5.10 Partitions. Where partitions extend upward to [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.6.1] within 18 in. (460 mm) of the ceiling, they will not influ- ence the spacing. Where the partition extends to within 5-3.5.6.2 If joists exceed 8 in. (200 mm) in depth, the less than 18 in. (460 mm)of the ceiling, the effect of smoke spacing of spot-type detectors in the direction perpendicu- travel shall be considered in reduction of spacing. lar to the joists shall be reduced by one third. If the pro- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.10] jected light beams of line-type detectors run perpendicular to the joists, no spacing reduction shall be necessary; how- 5-3.6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning ever, if the projected light beams are parallel to the joists, (HVAC). the spacing between light beams shall be reduced. Spot- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-5] type detectors shall be mounted on the bottom of the joists. (See also 5-3.5.1.2.) 5-3.6.1* In spaces served by air-handling systems, detec- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.6.2] tors shall not be located where air from supply diffusers could dilute smoke before it reaches the detectors. Detec- 5-3.5.7 Beam Construction. tors shall be located to intercept the air flow toward the [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.7] return air opening(s). This may require additional detec- tors, since placing detectors only near return air openings 5-3.5.7.1 Ceiling construction where beams are 8 in. may leave the balance of the area with inadequate protec- (200 mm)or less in depth shall be considered equivalent to tion when the air-handling system is shut down. a smooth ceiling. (See also 5-3.5.1.2.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-5.1 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.7.11 5-3.6.2 In under-floor spaces and above-ceiling spaces 5-3.5.7.2 If beams are over 8 in. (200 mm) in depth, the that are used as HVAC plenums, detectors shall be listed spacing of spot-type detectors in the direction perpendicu- for the anticipated environment. (See 5-3.7.1.1.) Detector lar to the beams shall be reduced.The spacing of projected spacings and locations shall be selected based upon antici- light beam detectors run perpendicular to the ceiling pated airflow patterns and fire type. beams need not be reduced; however,if the projected light [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-5.2 modified] beams are run parallel to the ceiling beams, the spacing shall be reduced. (See also 5-3.5.1.2.) 5-3.6.2.1 Detectors placed in environmental air ducts or [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.7.2] plenums shall not be used as a substitute for open area detectors. (See Section 5-11, Table A-5-3.7.1.1,A-5-11.1, and 5-3.5.7.3 If beams are less than 12 in. (305 mm)in depth A-5-11.2.) Where open area protection is required, 5-3.5 and less than 8 ft (2.4 m) on center, spot-type detectors shall apply. shall be permitted to be installed on the bottom of beams. Smoke may not be drawn into the duct or plenums [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-4.7.3] when the ventilating system is shut down. Further, when 2-132 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 the ventilating system is operating, the detector(s) may be 5-3.7.3.1 Projected beam-type detectors and mirrors shall less responsive to a fire condition in the room of fire origin be firmly mounted on stable surfaces so as to prevent false due to dilution by clean air. or erratic operation due to movement. The beam shall be [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-5.2.1 modified] so designed that small angular movements of the light source or receiver do not prevent operation due to smoke 5-3.7 Special Considerations. and do not cause nuisance alarms. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.3.1 modified] 5-3.7.1 The selection and placement of smoke detectors 5-3.7.3.2 Since the projected beam-type unit will shall take into consideration both the performance charac- not operate for alarm [but will give a trouble signal (see teristics of the detector and the areas into which the detec- A-5-3.3.3)] where the light path to the receiver is abruptly tors will be installed to prevent nuisance alarm or nonop- interrupted or obscured, the light path shall be kept clear eration after installation. Some of the considerations are as of opaque obstacles at all times. follows. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.3.2] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.1 modified] 5.3.7.4 Air Sampling-Type Detectors. 5-3.7.1.1* The installation of smoke detectors shall take into consideration the range of environmental conditions 5-3.7.4.1* To ensure proper performance, a sampling present. Smoke detectors shall be intended for installation pipe network shall be designed to include details of the in areas where the normal ambient conditions are not sampling network based on and supported by sound fluid likely to exceed the following: dynamic principles and calculations showing flow charac- (a) A temperature of 100°F (38°C), or fall below 32°F teristics of the pipe network and for each sampling point. (0°C); or 5-3.7.4.2* Air sampling detectors shall give a trouble sig- (b) A relative humidity of 93 percent; or nal where the air flow is outside the manufacturer's speci- fied range. The sampling ports and inline filter (if used) (c) An air velocity of 300 fpm (1.5 mps). shall be kept clear in accordance with manufacturer's doc- Exception: Detectors specifically designed for use in ambients umented instructions. exceeding the limits of(a) through (c)and listed for the tempera- 5-3.7.4.3 Air sampling network piping and fittings shall ture, humidity, and air velocity conditions expected. be airtight and permanently fixed. Sampling piping shall [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.1.1 modified] be conspicuously identified as"SMOKE DETECTOR SAM- PLING PIPE," with a warning not to disturb or alter. 5-3.7.1.2* To avoid nuisance alarms, the location of [New paragraphs and title] smoke detectors shall take into consideration normal sources of smoke,moisture,dust or fumes,and electrical or 5-3.7.5* High Rack Storage. [See Figures A-5-3.7.5(a)and mechanical influences. From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.1.2 modified (b).] Detection systems are often installed in addition to [ ] suppression systems. Where smoke detectors are installed for early warning in high rack storage areas, it shall be 5-3.7.1.3 Detectors shall not be installed until after the necessary to consider installing detectors at several levels in construction clean-up of all trades is complete and final. the racks to ensure quicker response to smoke. Where Exception: Where required by the authority having jurisdiction detectors are installed to actuate a suppression system, see for protection during construction. NFPA 231C, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.41 Detectors that have been installed prior to final clean-up by all trades shall be cleaned or replaced per Chapter 7. 5-3.7.6 High Air Movement Areas. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.1.3] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.5] 5-3.7.2 Spot-Type Detectors. 5-3.7.6.1 General. The purpose and scope of 5-3.7.6 are 5-3.7.2.1 Smoke detectors having a fixed temperature to provide location and spacing guidance for smoke detec- element as part of the unit shall be selected in accordance tors in high air movement areas for early warning of fire. with Table 5-2.4.1 for the maximum ceiling temperature Exception: Detectors provided for the control of smoke spread are that can be expected in service. covered by the requirements of Section 5-11. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.2.1] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.5.11 5-3.7.2.2* Holes in the back of a detector shall be covered 5-3.7.6.2 Location. Smoke detectors shall not be located by a gasket,sealant,or equivalent,and the detector shall be directly in the air stream of supply registers. mounted so that air flow from inside or around the hous- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.5.3] ing will not prevent the entry of smoke during a fire or test condition. 5-3.7.6.3 Spacing. Smoke detector spacing depends upon [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.2.2 modified] the movement of air within the room (including both sup- plied and recirculated air), which can be designated as min- 5-3.7.3 Projected Beam-Type Detectors. utes per air change or air changes per hour.Spacing shall be [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.3] in accordance with Table 5-3.7.6.3 and Figure 5-3.7.6.3. 2-133 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Exception: Air sampling or projected beam smoke detectors installed 5-4.1.1.1 Flame Detectors. (See 5-4.2.1,definition of Flame in accordance with the manufacturer's documented instructions. Detectors.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.5.4 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.1.3.11 Table 5-3.7.6.3 54.1.1.2 Spark/Ember Detectors. (See 5-4.2.1,definition of Spark/Ember Detectors.) Minutes/Air Change Air Changes/Hour Sq Ft/Detector [From NFPA 72E- 1990,2-2.1.3.2] 1 60 125 5-4.1.2 Radiant Energy. For the purpose of this code, 2 30 250 radiant energy includes the electromagnetic radiation 3 20 375 emitted as a by-product of the combustion reaction, which 4 15 500 obeys the laws of optics. This includes radiation in the 5 12 625 750 ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrum emitted b 7 18.8 875 flames or glowing embers. These portions of the spectrum 8 7.5 900 are distinguished by wavelengths as follows: 9 6.7 900 10 6 900 Ultraviolet 0.1 to 0.35 microns Visible 0.36 to 0.75 microns For sI units: I sq ft = 0.0929 m. Infrared 0.76 to 220 microns [From NFPA 72E- 1990,4-6.5.4(b)] (1.0 micron = 1000 nanometers = 10,000 Angstroms) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-1.1 modified] 900 5-4.2 Definitions and Operating Principles. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 5-2] 800 5-4.2.1 Definitions. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.1] 70o Ember.* A particle of solid material that emits radiant energy due either to its temperature or the process of com- bustion on its surface. (See definition of Spark.) 600 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.1.1 modified] Field of View. The solid cone extending out from the a 500 detector within which the effective sensitivity of the detector is 41 at least 50 percent of its on-axis,listed,or approved sensitivity. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.1.2] m to 400 Flame. A body or stream of gaseous material involved in the combustion process and emitting radiant energy at specific wavelength bands determined by the combustion 300 chemistry of the fuel. In most cases, some portion of the emitted radiant energy is visible to the human eye. [From NFPA 72E - 1990,5-2.1.3] 200 Flame Detector Sensitivity. The distance along the optical axis of the detector at which the detector will detect 100 a fire of specified size and fuel within a given time frame. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.1.5 modified] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Flame Detectors. Radiant energy fire detectors that are Air changes per hour intended to detect flames and are designed to operate in envi- Figure 5-3.7.6.3 High air movement areas(not to be used for under-floor ronments where sunlight or other ambient lighting is assumed. or above-ceiling spaces). [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.1.4 modified] [From NFPA 72E-1990,4-6.5.4(a)modified] Spark.* A moving ember. 5-4 Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.1.6] 5-4.1 General. Spark/Ember Detector Sensitivity. The number of 5-4.1.1 The purpose and scope of Section 5-4 are to pro- watts (or fractions of watts) of radiant power from a point vide standards for the selection, location, and spacing of source radiator applied as a unit step signal at the wave- fire detectors that sense the radiant energy produced by length of maximum detector sensitivity, necessary to pro- burning substances. These detectors are categorized as duce an alarm signal from the detector within the specified flame detectors and spark/ember detectors. response time. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 5-1.2 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.1.8] 2-134 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Spark/Ember Detectors. Radiant energy fire detectors 5-4.3 Fire Characteristics and Detector Selection. that are designed to detect sparks or embers, or both. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-3) These devices are normally intended to operate in dark environments and in the infrared part of the spectrum. 5-4.3.1* The type and quantity of radiant energy-sensing [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.1.7] fire detectors shall be determined based upon an analysis of the hazard, including the burning characteristics of the Wavelength.* The distance between the peaks of a fuel, the fire growth rate, the environment, the ambient sinusoidal wave. All radiant energy can be described as a conditions, and the capabilities of the extinguishing media wave having a wavelength.Wavelength serves as the unit of and equipment. measure for distinguishing between different parts of the [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-3.1 modified] spectrum. Wavelengths are measured in microns (uM), nanometers (nM),or angstroms (A). 5-4.3.2 The selection of the radiant energy-sensing detec- [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 5-2.1.9 modified] tors shall be based upon: (a) The matching of the spectral response of the detec- 5-4.2.2 Operating Principles of Flame Detectors. for to the spectral emissions of the fire or fires to be [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.2] detected; and (b) Minimizing the possibility of spurious nuisance 5-4.2.2.1 Ultraviolet flame detectors typically use a vac- alarms from nonfire sources inherent to the hazard area. uum photodiode Geiger-Muller tube to detect the ultravi- (See A-5-4.3.1.) olet radiation that is produced by a flame.The photodiode [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-6.1 modified] allows a burst of current to flow for each ultraviolet photon that hits the active area of the tube. When the number of 5-4.4 Spacing Considerations. current bursts per unit time reaches a predetermined level, [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-41 the detector initiates an alarm. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.2.1 modified] 5-4.4.1 General Rules. [From NFPA 72E - 1990, 5-4.11 5-4.2.2.2 A single wavelength infrared flame detector 5-4.4.1.1* Radiant energy-sensing fire detectors shall be uses one of several different photocell types to detect the employed consistent with the listing or approval and the infrared emissions in a single wavelength band that inverse square law, which defines the fire size vs. distance are produced by a flame. These detectors generally in- curve for the detector. clude provisions to minimize alarms from commonly occurring infrared sources such as incandescent lighting [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.1.1J or sunlight. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.2.2 modified] 5-4.4.1.2 Detectors shall be used in sufficient quantity and positioned so that no point requiring detection in the hazard area is obstructed or outside the field of view of at 5-4.2.2.3 An ultraviolet/infrared (UVAR) flame detector least one detector. senses ultraviolet radiation with a vacuum photodiode tube [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.1.2] and a selected wavelength of infrared radiation with a pho- tocell and uses the combined signal to indicate a fire.These 5-4.4.2 Spacing Considerations for Flame Detectors. detectors require both types of radiation to be present [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.21 before an alarm signal is initiated. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 5-2.2.3 modified] 5-4.4.2.1* The location and spacing of detectors shall be the result of an engineering evaluation, taking into consideration: 5-4.2.2.4 A multiple wavelength infrared (IRAR) flame (a) The size of the fire that is to be detected detector senses radiation at two or more narrow bands of wavelengths in the infrared spectrum. These detectors (b) The fuel involved electronically compare the emissions between the band and (c) The sensitivity of the detector initiate a signal where the relationship between the two (d) The field of view of the detector bands indicates a fire. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.2.4 modified] (e) The distance between the fire and the detector (f) The radiant energy absorption of the atmosphere 5-4.2.3 Operating Principles of Spark/Ember Detectors. (g) The presence of extraneous sources of radiant emissions A spark/ember-sensing detector usually uses a solid state (h) The purpose of the detection system photodiode or phototransistor to sense the radiant energy emitted by embers, typically between 0.5 and 2.0 microns (i) The response time required. in normally dark environments. These detectors can be [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.2.1 modified] made extremely sensitive (microwatts), and their response times can be made very short (microseconds). 5-4.4.2.2 The system design shall specify the size of the [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-2.3 and 5-2.3.1 flaming fire of given fuel that is to be detected. modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.2.2 modified] 2-135 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-4.4.2.3* In applications where the fire to be detected atmospheric absorption and the absorption of nonburning could occur in an area not on the optical axis of the detector, fuel suspended in the air in accordance with the manufac- the distance shall be reduced or detectors added to compen- turer's documented instructions. (See A-5-4.4.1.1.) sate for the angular displacement of the fire in accordance [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.3.4 modified) with the manufacturer's documented instructions. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.2.3 modified] 54.5.5* In applications where the sparks to be detected could occur in an area not on the optical axis of the detector, 5-4.4.2.4* In applications in which the fire to be detected the distance shall be reduced or detectors added to compen- is of a fuel different than the test fuel used in the process sate for the angular displacement of the fire in accordance of listing or approval, the distance between the detector with the manufacturer's documented instructions. and the fire shall be adjusted consistent with the fuel spec- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.3.5 modified] ificity of the detector as established by the manufacturer. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.2.4] 5-4.5.6* Provisions shall be made to sustain the detector window clarity in applications where airborne particulates 5-4.4.2.5 Since flame detectors are essentially line of sight and aerosols coat the detector window and affect sensitivity. devices,special care shall be taken to ensure that their abil- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.3.6 modified) ity to respond to the required area of fire in the zone that is to be protected will not be compromised by the presence 5-4.6 Other Considerations. of intervening structural members or other opaque objects [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-61 or materials. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.2.5 and 5-5.1] 54.6.1 Radiant energy-sensing detectors shall be pro- tected either by way of design or installation to ensure that 5-4.4.2.6* Provisions shall be made to sustain detector optical performance is not compromised. window clarity in applications where airborne particulates [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-6.2 modified) and aerosols coat the detector window between mainte- nance intervals and affect sensitivity. 54.6.2 Where necessary, radiant energy-sensing detec- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.2.6 modified) tors shall be shielded or otherwise arranged to prevent action from unwanted radiant energy. 5-4.5 Spacing Considerations for Spark/Ember Detectors. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-6.31 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.3] 5-4.6.3 Where used in outdoor applications, radiant 5-4.5.1* The location and spacing of detectors shall be the energy-sensing detectors shall be shielded or otherwise result of an engineering evaluation,taking into consideration: arranged in a fashion to prevent diminishing sensitivity by rain, snow, etc., and yet allow a clear field of vision of the (a) The size of the spark or ember that is to be detected hazard area. (b) The fuel involved' [From NFPA 72E - 1990,5-6.4 modified] (c) The sensitivity of the detector 5-5 Gas-Sensing Fire Detectors. (d) The field of view of the detector [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Chap.6] (e) The distance between the fire and the detector (f) The radiant energy absorption of the atmosphere 5-5.1* The purpose of Section 5-5 is to provide informa- tion to assist in application and installation of fire detectors (g) The presence of extraneous sources of radiant emissions that sense gases produced by burning substances. These (h) The purpose of the detection systems detectors are hereafter referred to as fire-gas detectors. (i) The response time required. This section covers general area application of fire-gas detectors in ordinary indoor locations. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.3.1 modified] [New paragraph] 54.5.2* The system design shall specify the size of the 5-5.2 Fire-gas detectors shall be installed in all areas spark or ember of given fuel that the detection system is to where required either by the appropriate NFPA standard detect. or by the authority having jurisdiction. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.3.2 modified) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-1.1.31 5-4.5.3 Spark detectors shall be positioned so that all 5-5.3 Fire-gas detectors shall respond to one or more of points within the cross section of the conveyance duct,con- the gases produced by a fire. Gases are molecules without veyor, or chute where the detectors are located are within cohesion that are produced by a burning substance and are the field of view of at least one detector as defined in subject to oxidation or reduction. 5-4.2.1. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-1.1.4] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,5-4.3.3] 5-5.4 Although some fire-gas detectors are capable of 5-4.5.4 The location and spacing of the detectors shall be detecting combustible gases or vapors prior to ignition, adjusted using the inverse square law, modified for the such applications are not within the scope of this code. 2-136 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 5-5.5 Operating Principles. 5.5.6.4 Smooth Ceiling Spacing. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-2) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.41 5-5.5.1 Semiconductor. Fire-gas detectors of the semi- 5-5.6.4.1 Spot-Type Detectors. On smooth ceilings,spac- conductor type respond to either oxidizing or reducing ing of 30 ft(9.1 m)shall be permitted to be used as a guide. gases by creating electrical changes in the semiconductor. In all cases, the manufacturer's recommendations shall be The subsequent conductivity change of the semiconductor followed. Other spacing shall be permitted to be used causes actuation. depending on ceiling height, varying conditions, or [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-2.1j response requirements. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.4.Ij 5-5.5.2 Catalytic Element. Fire-gas detectors of the cata- 5-5.6.5 Solid Joist Construction. (See A-5-3.5.6.) lytic element type contain a material that remains [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.5] unchanged, but accelerates the oxidation of combustible gases.The resulting temperature rise of the element causes 5-5.6.5.1 Ceiling construction in which joists are 8 in. actuation. (200 mm)or less in depth shall be considered equivalent to [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-2.2] a smooth ceiling. (See also A-5-3.5.1.2.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.5.1] 5-5.6 Location and Spacing. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3] 5-5.6.5.2 If joists exceed 8 in. (200 mm) in depth, the spacing of spot-type detectors in the direction perpendicu- lar to the joists shall be reduced. (See also A-5-3.5.1.2.) 5-5.6.1* General. The location and spacing of fire- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.5.2] gas detectors shall result from an evaluation based on the guidelines detailed in this code and on engineering 5.5.6.6 Beam Construction. judgment. Ceiling shape and surfaces, ceiling height, configuration of contents, burning characteristics of [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.6] combustible material present, ventilation, and the ambient environment are some of the conditions that shall be 5-5.6.6.1. Ceiling construction where beams are 8 in.(200 considered. mm) or less in depth shall be considered equivalent to a [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.1 modified] smooth ceiling. (See also A-5-3.5.1.2.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.6.1] 5-5.6.1.1 Where the intent is to provide protection from 5-5.6.6.2 If beams are over 8 in. (200 mm) in depth, the a specific hazard, the detector(s) may be installed closer to spacing of spot-type detectors in the direction perpendicu- the hazard in a position where the detector will readily lar to the beams shall be reduced. (See also A-5-3.5.1.2.) intercept the fire gases. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.6.2] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.1.1] 5-5.6.6.3* If the beams exceed 18 in. (460 mm) in depth 5-5.6.1.2 Stratification. The possible effect of gas stratifi- and are more than 8 ft(2.4 m)on center,each bay shall be cation at levels below the ceiling shall also be considered. treated as a separate area requiring at least one spot-type (See A-5-3.5.1.2.) detector. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.1.2] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.6.3] 5-5.6.2 Spot-type fire-gas detectors shall be located on 5-5.6.7 Sloped Ceilings. the ceiling not less than 4 in. (100 mm) from a sidewall to [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.7] the near edge or, if on a sidewall, between 4 in. (100 mm) 5-5.6.7.1 Peaked. Detectors shall first be spaced and and 12 in. (300 mm) down from the ceiling to the top of located within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the peak, measured horizon- the detector. (See Figure A-5-2.5.1.) tally. The number and spacing of additional detectors, if Exception No. 1: See 5-5.6.1.2. any, shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceil- Exception No. 2: In the case of solid joist construction, detectors ing. (See Figure A-5-2.7.4.1.) shall be mounted at the bottom of the joists. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.7.1] Exception No. 3: In the case of beam construction where beams 5-5.6.7.2 Shed. Detectors shall first be spaced and located are less than 12 in. (300 mm)in depth and less than 8 ft(2.4 m) within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the high side of the ceiling, measured on center, detectors may be installed on the bottom of beams. horizontally. The number and spacing of additional detec- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.2) tors,if any,shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceiling. (See Figure A-5-2.7.4.2.) 5-5.6.3* Each sampling port of a sampling-type fire-gas [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.7.2] detector shall be treated as a spot-type detector for the purpose of location and spacing. 5-5.6.8 Suspended Ceilings. (See 5-5.6.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-3.3] [From NFPA 72E- 1990.6-3.8] 2-137 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-5.6.9 Partitions. Where partitions extend upward to area(s). (See Table A-5-3.7.1.1.) Fire-gas detectors are within 18 in. (460 mm) of the ceiling, they will not influ- intended for installation in areas where the normal ambi- ence the spacing. Where the partition extends to within ent conditions are not likely to exceed the following: less than 18 in. (460 mm) of the ceiling, the effect on gas (a) A temperature of 100°F (38°C), or fall below 32°F travel shall be considered in reduction of spacing. (0°C); or [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 6-3.91 (b) A relative humidity outside the range of 10 to 93 5-5.7 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning percent; or (HVAC). (c) An air velocity of 300 fpm (1.5 mps). [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-4J Exception: Detectors specifically designed for use in ambients 5-5.7.1* In spaces served by air-handling systems, detec- exceeding the limits of(a) through (c)and listed for the tempera- tors shall not be located where air from supply diffusers ture, humidity,and air velocity conditions expected. could dilute fire gases before they reach the detectors. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-5.1.3] Detectors shall be located to intercept the airflow toward the return air opening(s). 5-6 Other Fire Detectors. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-4.1] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Chap.7] 5-5.7.2 In under-floor spaces and above-ceiling spaces 5-6.1 Detectors in the classification of"Other Fire Detec- used as HVAC plenums, detectors shall be listed for the tors" are those that operate on principles different from anticipated environment. (See 5-3.7.1.1.) Detector spacings those described in 5-2.3, 5-3.3, 5-4.3, and 5-5.5. Such and locations shall be selected based on anticipated air-flow detectors shall be installed in all areas where they are patterns and fire types. required either by the appropriate NFPA standard or by [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-4.2] the authority having jurisdiction. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 7-1] 5-5.7.2.1 Detectors placed in environmental air ducts or plenums shall not be used as a substitute for open area 5-6.2 Facilities for testing or metering or instrumentation to detectors. (See Section 5-11 and associated appendix material ensure adequate initial sensitivity and adequate retention for related information.) Where open area protection is thereof, relative to the protected hazard, shall be provided. required, 5-5.6 shall apply. These facilities shall be employed at regular intervals. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-4.2.1 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 7-1.1.2] 5-5.8 Special Considerations. 5-6.3 These detectors shall operate where subjected to [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 6-5) the abnormal concentration of combustion effects that occur during a fire,such as water vapor,ionized molecules, 5-5.8.1 The selection and placement of fire-gas detectors or other phenomena for which they are designed. Detec- shall take into consideration both the performance charac- tion is dependent upon the size and intensity of fire to teristics of the detector and the areas into which the detec- provide the necessary amount of required products and tors will be installed to prevent nuisance alarm or nonop- related thermal lift, circulation, or diffusion for adequate eration after installation. Some of the considerations are as operation. follows. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,7-2.11 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-5.1] 5-6.4 Room sizes and contours, airflow patterns,obstruc- 5-5.8.1.1 Fire-gas detectors may alarm in nonfire situa- tions, and other characteristics of the protected hazard tions due to certain human activities. The use of some shall be taken into account. aerosol sprays and hydrocarbon solvents are examples. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,7-2.2] Accordingly, considerable care shall be employed when installing fire-gas detectors. They shall not be installed 5-6.5 Location and Spacing. where, under normal conditions, concentrations of detect- able gases may be present. A garage is not a place to use [From NFPA 72E- 1990,7-31 fire-gas detectors for fire alarm purposes because the con- centration of carbon monoxide may be high enough to 5-6.5.1 The location and spacing of detectors shall be trigger an alarm. based on the principle of operation and an engineering [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-5.1.1) survey of the conditions anticipated in service. The manu- facturer's technical bulletin shall be consulted for recom- 5-5.8.1.2 Fire-gas detectors having a fixed temperature mended detector uses and locations. element as part of the unit shall be selected in accordance [From NFPA 72E- 1990,7-3.1] with Table 5-2.4.1 for the maximum ceiling temperature that can be expected in service. 5.6.5.2 Detectors shall not be spaced beyond their listed [From NFPA 72E- 1990,6-5.1.2] or approved maximums. Closer spacing shall be utilized where the structural or other characteristics of the pro- 5-5.8.1.3* The installation of fire-gas detectors shall take tected hazard warrant. into consideration the environmental condition of the [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 7-3.2] 2-138 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 5-6.5.3 Consideration shall be given to all factors with bear- alarm box shall be not less than 31/2 ft (1.1 m) and not ing on the location and sensitivity of the detectors,including more than 41/2 ft (1.37 m) above floor level. structural features such as sizes and shapes of rooms and [From NFPA 72, 3-2.2,and NFPA 71,3-4.1.1 bays, their occupancies and uses,ceiling heights,ceiling and modified] other obstructions, ventilation, ambient environment, stock piles, files,and fire hazard locations. 5-9.1.2 Distribution. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 7-3.3] distributed throughout the protected area so that they are unobstructed, readily accessible,and located in the normal 5-6.5.4 The overall situation shall be reviewed frequently path of exit from the area as follows: to ensure that changes in structural or usage conditions (a) At least one manual fire alarm box shall be provided t� that could interfere with fire detection are remedied. on each floor. t [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 7-3.4] (b) Additional manual fire alarm boxes shall be pro- 5-6.6 Special Considerations. The .selection and place- vided so that travel distance to the nearest fire alarm box ment of detectors shall take into corisideration both the will not be in excess of 200 ft(61 m)measured horizontally performance characteristics of the detector and the areas on the same floor. into which the detectors will be installed to prevent nui- (c) For systems employing automatic fire detectors or sance alarm or nonoperation after installation. waterflow detection devices,at least one manual fire alarm [New paragraph] box shall be provided to initiate a fire alarm signal. This manual fire alarm box shall be located where required by 5-7 Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm-Initiating Devices. the authority having jurisdiction. [From NFPA 72-1990,3-2.3 modified and 3-2.4] 5-7.1 The provisions of Section 5-7 apply to devices that ini- tiate an alarm indicating a flow of water in a sprinkler system. 5-9.1.3* A coded manual fire alarm box shall produce at [From NFPA 72,3-4.1.1 modified] least three repetitions of the coded signal, each repetition to consist of at least three impulses. 5-7.2* Provisions shall be made to indicate the flow of [From NFPA 72,2-4.3 modified] water in a sprinkler system by an alarm signal within 90 seconds after flow of water at the alarm-initiating device 5-9.2 Publicly Accessible Fire Service Boxes (Street equal to or greater than that from a single sprinkler of the Boxes). smallest orifice size installed in the system. Movement of [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4 modified] water due to waste, surges, or variable pressure shall not be indicated. 5-9.2.1 Street boxes, when in an abnormal condition, [From NFPA 72,3-4.1.2 modified] shall leave the circuit usable. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.1 modified] 5-7.3 Piping between the sprinkler system and a pressure actuated alarm-initiating device shall be galvanized or of 5-9.2.2 Street boxes shall be designed so that recycling nonferrous metal or other approved corrosion resistant will not occur if a box actuating device is held in the actu- material, not less than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) nominal pipe size. ating position and so that they will be ready to accept a new [From NFPA 71, 3-4.2.1 modified] signal as soon as the actuating device is released. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.2 modified] 5-8 Detection of the Operation of Other Automatic Extin- guishing Systems. 5-9.2.3 Street boxes, when actuated, shall give a visible or [From NFPA 71,3-4.3 modified] audible indication to the user that the box is operating or that the signal has been transmitted to the communication center. 5-8.1* Provision shall be made to detect the operation of NOTE: Where the operating mechanism of a box creates an automatic extinguishing system by means appropriate sufficient sound to be heard by the user, the requirements to the system, such as agent flow or agent pressure, by are satisfied. alarm-initiating devices installed in accordance with their [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.3 modified] individual listings. [From NFPA 71, 3-4.3.1 modified] 5-9.2.4 The street box housing shall protect the internal components from the weather. 5-9 Manually Actuated Alarm-Initiating Devices. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.5 modified] 5-9.1 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be used only for fire 5-9.2.5 Doors on street boxes shall remain operable under alarm-initiating purposes.However,combination manual fire adverse climatic conditions,including icing and salt spray. alarm boxes and guard's signaling stations shall be permitted. [From NFPA 1221,4.1.4.2.6 modified] [From NFPA 71,3-1.1.1,and NFPA 72,3-2.1 modified] 5-9.2.6 Street boxes shall be recognizable as such. Street boxes shall have instructions for use plainly marked on 5-9.1.1 Mounting. Each manual fire alarm box shall be their exterior surfaces. securely mounted. The operable part of each manual fire [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.1 modified] 2-139 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-9.2.7 Street boxes shall be securely mounted on poles, 5-9.2.12.5 Multifunction coded radio street boxes shall be pedestals, or structural surfaces as directed by the author- so designed as to prevent the loss of supplemental or con- ity having jurisdiction. currently actuated messages. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.8 modified] [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.4 modified) 5-9.2.8 Street boxes shall be as conspicuous as possible. 5-9.2.12.6 An actuating device held or locked in the acti- Their color shall be distinctive, and they shall be visible vating position shall not prevent the activation and trans- from as many directions as possible.A wide band of distinc- mission of other messages. tive colors visible over the tops of parked cars or adequate [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.5 modified] signs completely visible from all directions shall be applied to supporting poles. 5-9.2.13 Power Source. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.3 and 4-1.4.1.4 [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3 modified) modified] 5-9.2.13.1 Box primary power shall be permitted to be 5-9.2.9* Location-designating lights of distinctive color, from a utility distribution system,a photovoltaic power sys- visible for at least 1500 ft (460 m) in all directions,shall be tem, user power, or be self-powered using either an inte- installed over street boxes. The street light nearest the gral battery or other stored energy source, as approved by street box, where equipped with a distinctively colored the authority having jurisdiction. light, shall be acceptable. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.1] [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.5 modified] 5-9.2.13.2 Self-powered boxes shall have power for unin- 5-9.2.10 Street box cases and parts at any time accessible to users shall be of insulating materials or permanently and terrupted operation for not less than a period of 6 months. effectively grounded. All ground connections to street Self-powered boxes shall transmit a low power warning mes- sage to the communication center for at least 15 days prior to boxes shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code,Article 250. the time the power source will fail to operate the box. This message shall be part of all subsequent transmissions. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.6 and 4-1.4.1.7 modified] Use of a charger to extend the life of a self-powered box shall be permitted if the charger does not interfere with 5-9.2.11 If a street box is installed inside a structure, it box operation. The box shall be capable of operation for shall be placed as close as is practical to the point of not less than 6 months with the charger disconnected. entrance of the circuit, and the exterior wire shall be [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.2] installed in conduit or electrical metallic tubing in accor- dance with Chapter 3 of NFPA 70,National Electrical Code. 5-9.2.13.3 Boxes powered by a utility distribution system [From NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.1 modified] shall have an integral standby, sealed, rechargeable battery capable of powering box functions for at least 60 hours in the 5-9.2.12 Coded Radio Street Boxes. event of primary power failure. Transfer to standby battery [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3] power shall be automatic and without interruption to box operation. Where operating from primary power, the box 5-9.2.12.1 Coded radio street boxes shall be designed shall be capable of operation with a dead or disconnected and operated in compliance with all applicable rules and battery.A local trouble indication shall activate upon primary regulations of the FCC, as well as with the requirements power failure.A battery charger shall be provided in compli- established herein. ance with 1-5.2.11.2,except as modified herein. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.1 modified] Where the primary power has failed, boxes shall trans- mit a power failure message to the communication center 5-9.2.12.2 Coded radio street boxes shall provide no less as part of subsequent test messages until primary power is than three specific and individually identifiable functions restored.A low battery message shall be transmitted to the to the communication center in addition to the street box communication center where the remaining battery number, and they shall be "test," "tamper," and "fire." standby time is less than 54 hours. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.1] [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.31 5-9.2.12.3* Coded radio street boxes shall transmit to the 5-9.2.13.4 Photovoltaic power systems shall provide box communication center no less than one repetition for operation for not less than 6 months. "test,"no less than one repetition for"tamper,"and no less Photovoltaic power systems shall be supervised.The bat- than three repetitions for"fire." tery shall have power to sustain operation for a minimum [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.2 modified] period of 15 days without recharging.The box shall trans- mit a trouble message to the communication center when 5-9.2.12.4 Where multifunction coded radio street boxes the charger has failed for more than 24 hours. This mes- are used to transmit to the communication center sage shall be part of all subsequent transmissions. Where request(s) for emergency service or assistance in addition the remaining battery standby duration is less than 10 to those stipulated in 5-9.2.12.2,each such additional mes- days, a low battery message shall be transmitted to the sage function shall be individually identifiable. communication center. [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.3] [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.41 ' 2-140 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 5-9.2.13.5 User-powered boxes shall have an automatic 5-10.3 Water Level Supervisory Signal-Initiating Device. self-test feature. Two separate and distinct signals shall be initiated: one [From NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.51 indicating that the required water level has been lowered or raised, and the other indicating restoration to the nor- 5-9.2.14 Design of Telephone Street Boxes (Series or mal level. Parallel). (a) A pressure tank signal-initiating device shall indicate [From NFPA 1221,4-4.4 and 4-5.4 modified] both high and low level conditions. A signal shall be obtained where the water level is lowered or raised 3 in. 5-9.2.14.1 If a handset is used,the caps on the transmitter (76 mm) from the normal level. and receiver shall be secured to reduce the probability of the (b) A supervisory signal-initiating device for other than telephone street box being disabled due to vandalism. pressure tanks shall initiate a low level signal where the water [From NFPA 1221,4-4.4.1 and 4-5.4.2 modified] level is lowered 12 in. (300 mm)below the normal level. [From NFPA 71, 3-4.4.4,and NFPA 72,3-4.2.7 5-9.2.14.2 Telephone street boxes shall be designed to modified] permit the communication center operator to determine whether or not the telephone street box has been restored 5-10.4 Water Temperature Supervisory Signal-Initiating to normal condition after use. Device. A temperature supervisory device for a water [From NFPA 1221,4-4.4.2 and 4-5.4.1 modified] storage container exposed to freezing conditions shall ini- tiate two separate and distinctive signals. One signal shall 5-10 Supervisory Signal-Initiating Devices. indicate that the temperature of the water has dropped to [From NFPA 71,3-4.4,and NFPA 72,3-41 40°F (4.4°C), and the other indicating restoration to a proper temperature. 5-10.1 Control Valve Supervisory Signal-Initiating [From NFPA 71, 3-4.4.5,and NFPA 72, 3-4.2.8 Device. Two separate and distinct signals shall be initi- modified] ated:one indicating movement of the valve from its normal position, and the other indicating restoration of the valve 5-10.5 Room Temperature Supervisory Signal-Initiating to its normal position. The off-normal signal shall be initi- Device. A room temperature supervisory device shall ated during the first two revolutions of the hand wheel or indicate the decrease in room temperature to 40°F (4.4°C) during one-fifth of the travel distance of the valve control and its restoration to above 40°F (4.4°C). apparatus from its normal position. The off normal signal [From NFPA 71,3-4.4.7 modified] shall not be restored at any valve position except normal. [From NFPA 71,3-4.4.2,and NFPA 72,3-4.2.5 5-11 Smoke Detectors for Control of Smoke Spread. modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Chap.9] 5-10.2 Pressure Supervisory Signal-Initiating Device. Two NOTE: See NFPA 1010 Life Safety Code® for definition of separate and distinct signals shall be initiated: one indicat- smoke compartment;NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation ing that the required pressure has increased or decreased, of Air Conditioning and ventilating Systems, for definition of and the other indicating restoration of the pressure to its duct systems; and NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for normal value. Smoke-Control Systems,for definition of smoke zone. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-1 modified] (a) A pressure tank supervisory signal-initiating device for a pressurized limited water supply, such as a pressure 5-11.1* Section 5-11 covers installation and use of all tank,shall indicate both high and low pressure conditions. types of smoke detectors to prevent smoke spread by initi- A signal shall be initiated where the required pressure is ating control of fans, dampers, doors, and other equip- increased or decreased 10 psi (70 kPa) from the normal ment. Detectors for this use shall be classified as: pressure. (b) A pressure supervisory signal-initiating device for a (a) Area detectors that are installed in the related smoke compartments dry-pipe sprinkler system shall indicate both high and low pressure conditions. A signal shall be initiated where the (b) Detectors that are installed in the air duct systems. pressure is increased or decreased 10 psi(70 kPa)from the [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-1.11 normal pressure. (c) A steam pressure supervisory signal-initiating device 5-11.2* Detectors that are installed in the air duct system shall indicate a low pressure condition. A signal shall be per 5-11.1(b)shall not be used as a substitute for open area initiated where the pressure reaches or exceeds 110 per- protection. Where open area protection is required, 5-3.5 cent of the minimum operating pressure of the steam- shall apply. operated equipment supplied. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-1.2 modified] (d) An initiating device for supervising the pressure of sources other than those specified in (a) through (c) shall be 5-11.3 Smoke detectors in the related smoke compart- provided as required by the authority having jurisdiction. ment for open area protection are the preferred means to [From NFPA 71,3-4.4.3,and NFPA 72, 3-4.2.6 initiate control of smoke spread. modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-1.3] 2-141 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-11.4 Purposes. Exception No. 2: Additional smoke detectors are not required to [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-2] be installed in ducts where the air duct system passes through other smoke compartments not served by the duct. 5-11.4.1 The purposes to which smoke detectors may be [From NFPA 72E - 1990,9-3.2.1 modified] applied in order to initiate control of smoke spread are: 5-11.5.2.2" Return Air System. Where the detection -of (a) Prevention of the recirculation of dangerous quanti- smoke in the return air system is required by other NFPA ties of smoke within a building standards, detector(s) listed for the air velocity present (b) Selective operation of equipment to exhaust smoke shall be located at every return air opening within the from a building smoke compartment,where the air leaves each smoke com- (c) Selective operation of equipment to pressurize partment, or in the duct system before the air enters the smoke compartments return air system common to more than one smoke com- partment. [See Figures A-5-11.5.2.2(a), (b), and(c).] (d) Operation of doors and dampers to close the open- Exception No. 1: Where complete smoke detection is installed in ings in smoke compartments. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-2.1 modified] the smoke compartment, installation of air duct detectors in the return air system is not necessary if their function can be accom- 5-11.4.2 To prevent the recirculation of dangerous quan- plished by the design of the area detection system. tities of smoke, a detector approved for air duct use shall Exception No. 2: Additional smoke detectors are not required to be installed on the supply side of air handling systems in be installed in ducts where the air duct system passes through other accordance with NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of smoke compartments not served by the duct. Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, and 5-11.5.2.1. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-3.2.2] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-2.21 5-11.6 Location and Installation of Detectors in Air Duct 5-11.4.3 To selectively initiate the operation of equip- Systems. ment to control smoke spread, the requirements of [From NFPA 72E 1990,9 4) 5-11.5.2.2 shall apply. 5-11.6.1 Detectors shall be listed for the purpose. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 9-2.3] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-4.11 5-11.4.4 Where detectors are used to initiate the opera- 5-11.6.2' Air duct detectors shall be securely installed in tion of smoke doors, the requirements of 5-11.7 shall such a way as to obtain a representative sample of the air apply stream. This shall be permitted to be achieved by any of [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-2.4 modified] the following methods: 5-11.4.5 Where duct detectors are used to initiate the (a) Rigidly mounted within the duct operation of smoke dampers within ducts, the require- (b) Rigidly mounted to the wall of the duct with the ments of 5-11.6 shall apply. sensing element protruding into the duct [New paragraph] (c) Outside the duct with rigidly mounted sampling tubes protruding into the duct 5-11.5 Application. (d) Through the duct with projected light beam. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-3] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-4.2 modified] 5-11.5.1 Area Detectors Within Smoke Compartments. 5-11.6.3 Detectors shall be readily accessible for cleaning Area smoke detectors located within a smoke compartment and shall be mounted in accordance with the manufactur- for complete area coverage shall be permitted to be used to er's recommendations. If necessary, access doors or panels initiate control of smoke spread by operating doors,damp- shall be provided. ers,and other equipment where appropriate in the overall [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-4.31 fire safety plan. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 9-3.11 5-11.6.4 The location of all detectors in air duct systems shall be permanently and clearly identified and recorded. 5-11.5.2 Smoke Detection for the Air Duct System. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-4.4] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-3.2] 5-11.6.5 , Detectors mounted outside of a duct employing 5-11.5.2.1 Supply Air System. Where the detection of sampling tubes for transporting smoke from inside the smoke in the supply air system is required by other NFPA duct to the detector shall be designed and installed to per- standards,detector(s)listed for the air velocity present and mit verification of airflow from the duct to the detector. located in the supply air duct downstream of both the fan [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-4.5 modified] and the filters shall be installed. 5-11.6.6 Detectors shall be listed for proper operation Exception No. 1: Where complete smoke detection is installed in over the complete range of air velocities, temperature,and the smoke compartment, installation of air duct detectors in the humidity expected at the detector when the air handling supply air system is not necessary if their function can be accom- system is operating. plished by the design of the area detection system. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-4.6 modified] 2-142 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 5-11.6.7 All penetrations of a return air duct in the vicin- Depth of wall Door frame Ceiling mounted ity of detectors installed on or in an air duct shall be sealed section above mounted to prevent entrance of outside air and possible dilution or door redirection of smoke within the duct. Smoke detector Smoke detector listed for frame ceiling mounted [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-4.7] "d" mounting or as part of closer 5-11.7 Smoke Detectors for Door Release Service. assembly A B [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 9-5] T 0-24' d=24" M LA 5-11.7.1 Smoke door release not initiated by a fire alarm on both system that includes smoke detectors protecting the areas sides of Max.of 5' on both sides of the door affected shall be accomplished by doorway Detector or min."d'but smoke detectors applied as specified in 5-11.7. detector closer not less than 12' From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.1 mounted on [ ] either side One detector mounted on either side 5-11.7.2 Smoke detectors listed or approved exclusively C D `�Max'5'— for door release service shall not be used for open area 2 protection. T A smoke detector used concurrently for door release sere- oon"one4 d,=20' dz=3o d,T 20 d2=30' ice and open area protection shall be acceptable if listed or side only _� approved for open area protection and installed in accor- Detector or dance with 5-3.5. detector closer From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.2 mounted on [ ] either side One detector mounted on either side 5-11.7.3 Smoke detectors shall be of the photoelectric, E F Max.5' Max.5' ionization, or other approved type. min.=d� min.=d—' [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.3] 1 L Over 24' d��z4, o both 5-11.7.4 Number of Detectors Required. sides [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4] Detector or detector closer mounted on 5-11.7.4.1 Where doors are to be closed in response to either side Two detectors required smoke flowing in either direction, the following rules shall apply. Over 60" May require additional detectors [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.1] For Sl Units: I in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.305 m. 5-11.7.4.1.1 Where the depth of wall section above the Figure 5-11.7.4.1.1 door is 24 in.(610 mm)or less,one ceiling-mounted detec- [From NFPA 72E-1990,9-5.4.1.11 for shall be required on one side of the doorway only. (See Figure 5-11..7.4.1.1,parts B and C.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.1.1] 5-11.7.4.2 Where door release is intended to prevent smoke transmission from one space to another in one 5-11.7.4.1.2 Where the depth of wall section above the direction only, one detector located in the space to which door is greater than 24 in. (610 mm), two ceiling-mounted smoke is to be confined shall suffice regardless of the depth detectors shall be required, one on each side of the door- of wall section above the door. Alternatively, a smoke way. (See Figure 5-11.7.4.1.1, part F.) detector conforming with 5-11.7.4.1.4 shall be used. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.1.2] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.2] 5-11.7.4.1.3 Where the depth of wall section above the 5-11.7.4.3 Where there are multiple doorways,additional door is 60 in. (1520 mm) or greater, additional detectors ceili ng-mounted detectors shall be required as follows. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.3] may be required as indicated by an engineering evaluation. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.1.3] 5-11.7.4.3.1 Where the separation between doorways exceeds 24 in. (610 mm), each doorway shall be treated 5-11.7.4.1.4 Where a detector is specifically listed for separately. (See Figure 5-11.7.4.3.1.) door frame mounting or where a listed combination or [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.3.1] integral detector-door closer assembly is used, only one detector shall be required where installed in the manner 5-11.7.4.3.2* Each group of three doorway openings recommended by the manufacturer. shall be treated separately. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.1.4] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.3.2] 2-143 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Detector(s) Chapter 6 Notification Appliances for Fire Alarm location Systems A Single door On center line of i doorway 6-1 Scope. 6-1.1 Minimum Requirements. This chapter covers min- B Door offset from On center line of imum requirements for the performance, location, and i center line of hall doorway mounting required for notification appliances for fire alarm systems for the purpose of evacuation or relocation of the occupants. C Double door On center line of [From NFPA 72G, 1-2.1 modified] � doorway 6-1.2 Intended Use. These requirements are intended to be used with other NFPA standards that deal specifically D a=24"or less On center line of with fire alarm, extinguishment,or control systems. Notifi- j,r--a separation cation appliances for fire alarm systems add to fire protec- q tion by providing stimuli for initiating emergency action. [From NFPA 72G, 1-2.2 modified) E a=More than 24" On center line of each ►I a N- doorway 6-1.3 All notification appliances or combinations thereof installed in conformity with this chapter shall be listed for For St Units: 1 in. = 25.4 mm. the purpose for which they are used. Figure 5-11.7.4.3.1 [From NFPA 72G,3-4.2 modified) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.3.1] 6-1.4 These requirements are intended to address the 5-11.7.4.3.3• Each group of doorway openings that reception of a notification signal and not its information exceeds 20 ft (6 m) in width measured at its overall content. extremes shall be treated separately. [From NFPA 72G,Chap.2 modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.3.3) 6-1.5 Interconnection of Appliances. The interconnec- 5-11.7.4.4 Where there are multiple doorways and listed tion of appliances, the control configurations, the power door frame-mounted detectors or where listed combination supply, and the use of the information provided by notifi- or integral detector-door closer assemblies are used, there cation appliances for fire alarm systems are described in shall be one detector for each single or double doorway. Chapter 1 and Chapter 3. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 9-5.4.4] [From NFPA 72G, 1-2.3 modified] 5-11.7A.4.1 A double doorway is a single opening that 6-2 General. has no intervening wall space or door trim separating the two doors. (See Figure 5-11.7.4.3.1.) [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.4.4.1] 6-2.1 Definitions. [New title] 5-11.7.5 Location. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.5] Classification of Notification Signals. For the purpose of this chapter, notification signals for fire alarm systems 5-11.7.5.1 Where ceiling-mounted smoke detectors are to are classified as listed below: be installed on a smooth ceiling for a single or double [From NFPA 72G,2-1.11 doorway, they shall be located as follows. (See Figure 5-11.7.4.3.1.) Coded. An audible or,visible signal conveying several (a) On the centerline of the doorway, and discrete bits or units of information. Notification signal examples are numbered strokes of an impact-type appli- (b) No more than 5 ft (1.5 m) measured along the ceil- ance and numbered flashes of a visible appliance. ing and perpendicular to the doorway (see Figure [From NFPA 72G,2-1.1.2] 5-11.7.4.1.1), and (c) No closer than shown in Figure 5-11.7.4.1.1,parts B, Noncoded. An audible or visible signal conveying D, and F. one discrete bit of information. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.5.1 modified] [From NFPA 72G,2-1.1.1] 5-11.7.5.2 Where ceiling-mounted detectors are to be Noncoded Perceptually Constant. The continuous installed in conditions other than those outlined in operation of a notification appliance (for example, a bell, 5-11.7.5.1, engineering judgment is required. horn,siren,or light) that is energized continuously. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,9-5.5.11 [From NFPA 72G, 2-1.1.1.2] 2-144 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Noncoded Perceptually Repetitious. The inter- (supplied with the appliance) that include the parameters rupted operation of a notification appliance (for example, in accordance with 6-4.2.1. a bell, horn, siren, or-light) that is energized at a continu- ous uniform rate. 6-2.3 Physical Construction. All material for audible, [From NFPA 72G,2-1.1.1.3] textual,and visible appliances shall be moisture-,fire-,and climate-resistant in accordance with the stated purpose and Noncoded Single Event. One stroke of an impact- shall be designed and fabricated to render them damage- type appliance or one flash of a strobe flash appliance.This and tamper-resistant. should not be used for fire alarm purposes. [From NFPA 72G,4-3.1,5-3.1,7-3.1 modified,and [From NFPA 72G,2-1.1.1.1] NFPA 72- 1990,2-4.8.3 modified] Textual. An audible or visible signal conveying a 6-2.4 Where subject to obvious mechanical damage, stream of information. An example of an audible textual appliances shall be suitably protected. signal is a voice message. [From NFPA 72G, 3-5.1] [From NFPA 72G,2-1.1.3] 6-2.5 Appliances shall be supported,in all cases,indepen- General Audible. Labeled ratings are in accordance dently of their attachments to the circuit conductors. with ANSI S12.31, Precision Methods for the Determination of [From NFPA 72G, 3-5.2] Sound Power Levels of Broad Band Noise Sources in Reverbera- tion Rooms,and ANSI S12.32,Precision Methods for the Deter- 6-3 Audible Characteristics. mina.tion of Sound Power Levels of Discrete Frequency and Nar- row Band Noise Sources in Reverberation Rooms, unless 6-3.1" Public Mode. otherwise noted. [From NFPA 72G,2-2.1] 6-3.1.1 Audible signals intended for operation in the pub- General/Notification. Audible or visible signals used lic mode shall have a sound level of not less than 75 dBA at for alerting the general public or specific individuals 10 ft(3 m)or more than 130 dBA at the minimum hearing responsible for implementation and direction of emer- distance from the audible appliance. gency action. [From NFPA 72G,3-1.1.1] [From NFPA 72G, 2-2.3 modified] 6-3.1.2 To ensure that audible public mode signals are General Visible. Definitions are in accordance with clearly heard, it shall be required that their sound level be IES RP-16, Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating at least 15 dBA above the average ambient sound level or Engineering, unless otherwise noted. 5 dBA above the maximum sound level having a duration [From NFPA 72G,2-2.2] of at least 60 seconds (whichever is greater), measured 5 ft (1.5 m)above the floor in the occupiable area. Operating Mode, Private. Audible or visible signaling [From NFPA 72G,4-2-11 only to those persons directly concerned with the imple- mentation and direction of emergency action initiation and 6-3.1.3 Temporary sound sources not normally found procedure in the area protected by the fire alarm system. continuously in the occupied area need not be considered [From NFPA 72G,2-3.2] in measuring maximum sound level.The average ambient sound level is the root mean square, A-weighted sound Operating Mode, Public. Audible or visible signaling pressure measured over a 24-hour period. to occupants or inhabitants of the area protected by the fire alarm system. 6-3.1.4 An average sound level greater than 115 dBA [From NFPA 72G, 2-3.1] shall require the use of a visible signal appliance(s) in accordance with Section 6-4. 6-2.2 Nameplates. [From NFPA 72G, 2-4] 6-3.1.5 Each section of a floor divided by a required 2-hour rated fire wall shall be considered as a separate area. 6-2.2.1 The notification appliances shall include on their [From NFPA 72 - 1990,A-10-4.6.2 modified] nameplates reference to electrical requirements and rated audible or visible performance, or both, as defined by the NOTE: The typical average ambient sound level should listing authority. be considered. [From NFPA 72G,2-4.11 6.3.2 Private Mode. Audible signals intended for opera- 6.2.2.2 The audible appliances shall include on their tion in the private mode shall have a sound level of not less nameplates reference to their parameters or reference to than 45 dBA at 10 ft(3 m)or more than 130 dBA at the min- installation documents (supplied with the appliance) that imum hearing distance from the audible appliance.An aver- include the parameters in accordance with 6-3.1. The visi- age sound level greater than 115 dBA requires the use of a ble appliances shall include on their nameplates reference visible signal appliance(s)in accordance with Section 6-4. to their parameters or reference to installation documents [From NFPA 72G,3-1.1.2] 2-145 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 6-3.3 Audibility. The sound level of an installed audible 6-4.2 Light Pulse Characteristics. The flash rate shall signal shall be adequate to perform its intended function not exceed three flashes per second nor be less than one and shall meet the requirements of the authority having flash every three seconds. jurisdiction or other applicable standards. [From NFPA 72G,3-2.3.1] [From NPFA 72G,3-1.1.3] 6-4.2.1 A maximum pulse duration shall be 0.2 sec with a 6-3.4 Mechanical Equipment Rooms. Where audible maximum duty cycle of 40 percent. The pulse duration is appliances are installed in mechanical equipment rooms, defined as the time interval between initial and final points the average ambient sound level that shall be used for of 10 percent of maximum signal. design guidance is at least 85 dBA for all occupancies. [From NFPA 72G,3-2.3.2] [From NFPA 72G,3-1.1.4] 6-4.2.2 The light source color shall be clear or nominal white and shall not exceed 1000 candela (cd) (effective 6-3.5 Sleeping Areas. intensity). [From NFPA 72G,3-2.3.3) 6-3.5.1 Where audible appliances are installed to signal sleeping areas, the maximum of 15 dBA above the aver- 64.3 Appliance Photometrics. Visible notification appli- age ambient sound or a minimum of 70 dBA shall be ances used in the public mode shall be located so that the provided. operating effect of the appliance can be seen by the intended viewers and shall be of a type,size, intensity,and 6-3.5.2 Sound level measurements at any point within the number so that the viewer can discern when they have sleeping areas shall be the maximum of 15 dbA above the been illuminated, regardless of the viewer's orientation. average ambient sound or a minimum of 70 dbA. [From NFPA 72G,3-2.4.1] 6-3.6 Noncoded Audible Signal Appliances. The pur- 6-4.4 Appliance Location. Wall-mounted appliances pose and scope of 6-3.6 is to provide requirements for loca- shall have their bottoms at heights above the finished floor tion and spacing of noncoded audible appliances. of not less than 80 in. (2-m) and no greater than 96 in. [From NFPA 72G,4-1.1] (2.4 m). Ceiling-mounted appliances shall be installed per Table 6-4.4.1(b). [From NFPA 72G,5-2.1.1] 6-3.7 Location of Audible Signal Appliances. Where ceiling heights permit, wall-mounted appliances shall have Exception: Appliances installed in sleeping areas shall comply their tops at heights above the finished floors of not less with 6-4.4.3. than 90 in. (2.30 m)and below the finished ceilings of not [New paragraph] less than 6 in. (0.15 m). This shall not preclude ceiling- mounted or recessed appliances. 6-4.4.1* Spacing Allocation for Rooms. [From NFPA 72G,4-4.1] Exception: Combination audible/visible appliances installed in 6-4.4.1.1 Spacing shall be in accordance with Figure sleeping areas shall comply with 6-4.4.3. 6-4.4.1 and Tables 6-4.4.1(a) and (b). A maximum separa- tion between appliances shall not exceed 100 ft(30 m). 6-3.7.1 Where combination audible/visible appliances are installed, the location of the installed appliance shall be 6-4.4.1.2 If a room configuration is not square, the determined by the requirements of 6-4.4. square room size that will entirely encompass the room or Exception: Where the combination audible/visible appliance subdivide the room into multiple squares shall be used. serves as an integral part of a smoke detector, the mounting loca- tion shall be in accordance with Chapter 2. [New paragraphs] 6-4.4.2* Spacing Allocation for Corridors. 6-4 Visible Characteristics, Public Mode. 6-4.4.2.1 Table 6-4.4.2 applies to corridors not exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m)wide. For corridors greater than 20 ft(6.1 m) 6-4.1 There are two methods of visible signaling. These wide, refer to Figure 6-4.4.1 and Tables 6-4.4.1(a)and (b). are methods in which the message of notification of an In a corridor application, visible appliances shall be rated emergency condition is conveyed by direct viewing of the not less than 15 cd. illuminating appliance or by means of illumination of the surrounding area. 6-4.4.2.2 The visible appliances shall be located no more [From NFPA 72G, 3-2.1.1 and 3-2.1.2] than 15 ft (4.57 m) from the end of the corridor with a separation no greater than 100 ft (30.4 m) between appli- NOTE: One method of determining compliance with Sec- ances. Where there is an interruption of the concentrated tion 6-4 is that the product be listed in accordance with UL viewing path, such as a fire door, an elevation change, or 1971,Signaling Applications for the Hearing Impaired. any other obstruction, the area shall be considered as a [New paragraph] separate corridor. 2-146 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 6-4.4.1(b) Room Spacing Allocation for Ceiling-Mounted Visible Visible Appliances appliance 20' Minimum Required Light Output,Candels(cd) — 30' (Effective Intensity) 40' Maximum Maximum Ceiling 50' Room Size Height One Light(cd) 20' x 20' 10, 15 — — 30' x 30' 10, 30 40' x 40' 10, 60 — — — 50' x 50' 10, 95 JL 20' x 20' 20' 30 - - - - - 30' x 30' 20' 45 40' x 40' 20' 80 �— 20' 50' x 50' 20' 115 20' x 20' 30' 55 f• 30'— ►j 30' x 30' 30' 75 40' x 40' 30' 115 f.-- 40' 50' x 50' 30' 150 NOTE 1: Where ceiling heights exceed 30 ft,visible signaling appliances 50, shall be suspended at or below 30 ft or wall-mounted in accordance with Table 6-4.4.1(a). Figure 6-4.4.1 Room spacing allocation for wall-mounted visible appliances. NOTE 2: The above is based on locating the visible signaling appliance at the center of the room. Where it is not located at the center of the room, Note: The above is based on locating the visible signaling appliance at the the effective intensity (cd) shall be determined by doubling the distance halfway distance of the longest wall.In square rooms with appliances not cen- from the appliance to the farthest wall to obtain the maximum room size. tered or nonsquare rooms,the effective intensity(cd)from one visible signal- ing appliance shall be determined by maximum room size dimensions obtained either by the distance to the farthest wall or by double the distance to the far- thest adjacent wall,whichever is greater,as shown in Table 64.4.1(a). Table 6-4.4.2 Corridor Spacing Allocation for Wall-Mounted Visible Appliances Table 6-4.4.1(a) Room Spacing Allocation for Wall-Mounted Minimum Number of 15-cd Visible Appliances Corridor Length(ft) Visible Appliances Required Minimum Required Light Output,Candela(cd) 0- 30 1 (Effective Intensity) 31 - 130 2 131 -230 3 Two Lights per Four Lights 231 -330 4 Room(Located per Room 331 -430 5 Maximum One Light on Opposite One Light 431 -530 6 Room Size Per Room(cd) Walls)(cd) per Wall)(cd) 20' x 20' 15 - 30' x 30' 30 15 - 40' x 40' 60 30 15 Table 6.4.4.3 Effective Intensity Requirements for Sleeping 50' x 50' 95 60 30 Area 60' x 60' 135 95 30 70' x 70' 185 110 60 Visible Notification Appliance 80' x 80' - 140 60 Distance from Ceiling to Top of Lens Intensity 90' x 90' 180 95 100' x 100' - 98 greater than or equal to 24" 110 cd 110' x 110' 135 less than 24" 177 cd 120' x 120' 160 130' x 130' - 185 6-4.4.4 Where visible appliances are required, a mini- mum of one appliance shall be installed in the concen- 6-4.4.3* Sleeping Areas. trated viewing path such as might be experienced in such areas as classrooms, theater stages, etc. 6-4.4.3.1 Smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance [From NFPA 72G,5-2.1.4] with the applicable requirements of Chapter 2 and Chapter 5. 6-4.4.3.2 Table 6-4.4.3 applies to sleeping areas having 6-5 Visible Characteristics,Private Mode. Visible signals no linear dimension greater than 16 ft(4.87 m). For larger used in the private mode shall be adequate for their rooms, the visible notification appliance shall be located intended purpose. within 16 ft (4.87 m) of the pillow. [From NFPA 72G,3-3.1] 2-147 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 6-6 Supplementary Visible Signaling Method. A supple- 6-9.1.1 The alphanumeric display shall have an equiva- mentary visible appliance is intended to augment an audi- lent minimum 7 by 5 matrix character definition, a mini- ble or visible signal. mum grey scale contrast as defined by 10 shades of grey, [From NFPA 72G,3-2.2.1] and a character retentivity from 1/2 minute to 5 minutes. [From NFPA 72G, 8-2.1.1) 6-6.1 A supplementary visible appliance shall comply with its marked rated performance. 6-9.1.2 The pictorial display shall have a minimum of 250 [From NFPA 72G,3-2.2.2] line scan per frame, a minimum of 250 points per line scan, each arranged on a scale of 10 shades of grey, and 6-6.2 Supplementary visible notification appliances shall shall have 30 frames per second.The display shall have an be permitted to be located less than 80 in. (2 m) above the aspect ratio of 1:1.33. floor. [From NFPA 72G, 8-2.1.2] [From NFPA 72G,5-2.1.5] 6-7 Coded Appliance Characteristics. All requirements 6-9.1.3 The permanent textual visible appliance shall be a for noncoded appliances shall be met. In addition,the appli- storage display that produces retrieved alphanumerics or ances shall differentiate several bits or units of information retrieved pictorial images defined in accordance with 6-9.1. from all other information conveyed by that appliance. The retrieval time for the permanent textual visible appli- [From NFPA 72G,6-1.1] ance shall be not less than 1 year. [From NFPA 72G,8-2.2] 6-8 Textual Audible Appliances. 6-9.2 Location. All textual visible appliances in the pri- 6-8.1 Performance. The textual appliance shall repro- vate mode shall be located in rooms accessible only to those duce normal voice frequencies. persons directly concerned with the implementation and direction of emergency action initiation and procedure in 6-8.2 Loudspeaker Appliance. The sound level in dBA the areas protected by the fire alarm system. of the loudspeaker appliance evacuation tone signals of the [From NFPA 72G,8-4.1] particular mode installed shall comply with all the require- ments in 6-3.1. Exception: In the lobby of a building where required by the [From NFPA 72G, 7-2.1.1] authority having jurisdiction. [From NFPA 72G,8-4.1 Exception] 6-8.3 Location of Loudspeaker Appliances. Where ceil- ing heights permit, wall-mounted loudspeaker appliances shall have their tops at heights above the finished floors of Chapter 7 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance not less than 90 in.(2.30 in)and below the finished ceilings P p of not less than 6 in. (0.15 m). This does not preclude ceiling-mounted or recessed appliances. 7-1 General. [From NFPA 72G, 7-4.1] 7-1.1 This chapter covers the requirements for the 6-8.3.1 Where loudspeaker/visible appliances are inspection, testing, and maintenance of the fire alarm sys- installed, the height of the installed appliance shall comply tems described in Chapters 3 and 4 and for their initiation with 6-4.4. and notification components described in Chapters 5 and 6. The testing and maintenance requirements for house- Exception: Combination loudspeaker/visible appliances installed hold fire warning equipment are located in Chapter 2. in sleeping areas shall comply with 6-4.4.3. [New paragraph] [New paragraphs] 7-1.1.1 Inspection, testing, and maintenance programs 6-8.4 Telephone Appliance. The telephone appliance shall satisfy the requirements of this code and the equip- shall be in accordance with EIA Tr 41.3, Telephones. ment manufacturer's instructions. 6-8.5 Location of Telephone Appliances. Wall-mounted [From NFPA 72E,8-1.2 modified] telephone appliances or related jacks shall be of convenient heights not to exceed 66 in. (1.7 m), except that where 7-1.1.2 Nothing in this chapter is intended to prevent the use accessible to the general public, one telephone appliance of other test methods or testing devices, provided these other per location should be no higher than 54 in. (1.37 m) with methods or devices are equivalent in effectiveness• and safety clear access to the wall at least 30 in. (0.76 m) wide. and meet the intent of the requirements of this chapter. [From NFPA 72G,74.2] [From NFPA 72, 1-3.2,and NFPA 72H, 1-1.3 modified] 6-9 Textual Visible Appliances. [New title] 7-1.2 The owner or his designated representative shall be responsible for inspection, testing, and maintenance of the 6-9.1 The temporary textual visible appliance shall be a system and alterations or additions to this system. Delegation nonstorage display that produces either visible alphanu- of responsibility shall be in writing,with a copy of such dele- merics subtending a character angle to the observing eye of gation made available to the authority having jurisdiction. not less than 10 minutes of arc or visible pictorial images. [From NFPA 72E,8-1.3,8-1.3.1;and NFPA 72, [From NFPA 72G,8-2.1] 2-5.4 modified] 2-148 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 7.1.2.1 Inspection, testing, or maintenance shall be per- hazards equipment, testing shall include verification of the mitted to be done by a person or organization other than simulated release of the extinguishing agent or activation the owner when conducted under a written contract. Del- of the fire pump controls. egation of responsibility shall be in writing, with a copy of such delegation made available to the authority having 7-1.5.3 Only qualified service personnel familiar with the jurisdiction. special hazards system and equipment used shall be per- [From NFPA 72,2-5.4,and NFPA 1221,2-1.11.2 mitted to perform the required tests. modified] 7-1.6 System Reacceptance Testing. Reacceptance test 7-1.2.2 Service personnel shall be qualified and experi- shall be performed after system components are added or enced in the inspection, testing, and maintenance of fire deleted; after any modification, repair, or adjustment to alarm systems. Examples of qualified personnel shall be system hardware or wiring; or after any change to soft- permitted to include but are not limited to: ware. All components, circuits, system operations, or soft- ware functions known to be affected by the change or iden- (a) Factory trained and certified tified by a means that indicates the system operational (b) National Institute for Certification in Engineering changes shall be 100 percent tested. In addition, 10 per- Technologies Fire Alarm certified cent of initiating devices that are not directly affected by (c) International Municipal Signaling Association Fire the change, up to a maximum of 50 devices, shall also be Alarm certified tested and proper system operation verified. (d) Certified by state or local authority 7-2 Test Methods. (e) Trained and qualified personnel employed by an organization listed by a national testing laboratory for the 7-2.1* Central Stations. The installation shall be servicing of fire alarm systems. inspected at the request of the authority having jurisdiction [From NFPA 72, 2-5.4; NFPA 72E,8-1.3.2 and for complete information regarding the system, including A-8-1.3.2 modified] specifications, wiring diagrams, and floor plans having been submitted for approval prior to installation of equip- 7-1.3 Before proceeding with any testing, all persons and ment and wiring. facilities who would receive an alarm, supervisory,or trou- ble signal,and building occupants, shall be notified to pre- vent unnecessary response. At the conclusion of testing, 7-2.1.1 The installation shall be inspected to ensure all those previously notified (and others necessary) shall be devices, combinations of devices, and equipment con- further notified that testing has been concluded. structed and installed shall be approved for the purpose [From NFPA 71, 1-9.5(a), (h),(i); NFPA 72H, 2-2.1, for which they are intended. 4-1; NFPA 72G,9-1.3;and NFPA 72E,8-1.4 [From NFPA 71, 1-4.2] modified] 7-2.2* Fire alarm systems and other systems and equip- 7-1.3.1 The owner or his designated representative and ment that may be associated with fire alarm systems and service personnel shall coordinate system testing to pre- accessory equipment shall be tested according to Table 7-2.2. vent interruption of critical building systems or equipment. [From NFPA 72H,4-1 modified] [New paragraph] 7-3 Inspection and Testing Frequency. 7-1.4 Prior to system maintenance or testing, the system certificate and the information regarding the system and sys- 7-3.1 Visual Inspection. tem alterations including specifications,wiring diagrams,and floor plans shall be made available by the owner or desig- 7-3.1.1 Visual inspection shall be performed in accor- nated representative to the service personnel. dance with the schedules in this chapter or more fre- [From NFPA 72,2-2.1 and 2-2.2 modified] quently where required by the authority having jurisdic- tion. The visual inspection shall be made to ensure that 7-1.5 Special Hazards Systems and Equipment. Special there are no changes that would affect equipment perfor- hazards systems and equipment shall include but not be mance, such as building modifications,occupancy hazards, limited to preaction and deluge sprinkler systems, Halon and environmental effects. systems, carbon dioxide systems, dry chemical systems, Exception: Items in areas that are inaccessible for safety consid- foam systems, and fire pump controllers. erations due to continuous process operations, energized electrical equipment,etc.,shall be inspected during each scheduled shutdown 7.1.5.1 Where a special hazards system has its own con- but not more than every 18 months. trol unit that is connected to and monitored by a protected premises fire alarm system, testing shall be limited to the 7-3.1.2 Where automatic testing is performed at a fre- point of interface. quency of not less than weekly by a remotely monitored fire alarm control unit specifically listed for this applica- 7-1.5.2 Where the special hazards system does not have tion, the visual inspection frequency shall be permitted to its own control unit and the protected premises fire alarm be extended to annually. (See Table 7-3.1.) system is used to provide complete control of the special [From NFPA 72E,8-3.2 modified] 2-149 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 7.2.2 Test Methods DEVICE METHOD 1. Control Equipment: a. Functions All functions of the system,including operation of the system in various alarm and trouble modes for which it is designed (e.g.,open circuit,grounded circuits,power outage,etc.),shall be tested in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. [From NFPA 72, 2-5.1,and NFPA 72H,7-1.3 modified] b. Fuses Remove fuse and verify rating and supervision. [From NFPA 72H,4-11 c. Interfaced Equipment Integrity of single or multiple circuits providing interface between two or more con- trol panels shall be verified. Interfaced equipment connections shall be tested by operating or simulating opera- tion of the equipment being supervised. Signals required to be transmitted shall be verified at the control panel. [New paragraphs] d. Lamps and LEDs Lamps and LEDs shall be illuminated. e. Primary(Main) Power Supply All secondary(standby)power shall be disconnected and tested under maximum load,including all alarm appliances requiring simultaneous operation.All secondary (standby)power shall be reconnected at end of test. For redundant power supplies, each shall be tested separately. [From NFPA 72H,4-1] 2. Engine-Driven Generator If an engine-driven generator dedicated to the fire alarm system is used as a required power source,operation of the generator shall be verified in accordance with NFPA 110,Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, by the building owner. [From NFPA 72, 2-5.2.3 modified] 3. Secondary(Standby)Power Supply Disconnect all primary(main)power supplies and verify that required trouble indi- cation for loss of primary power occurs. Measure or verify system's standby and alarm current demand and, using manufacturer's data,verify whether batteries are adequate to meet standby and alarm requirements.Operate general alarm systems for a minimum of five minutes and emergency voice communication systems for a minimum of fifteen minutes. Reconnect primary(main)power supply at end of test. [From NFPA 72H,4-1,and NFPA 72,5-3.3] 4. Uninterrupted Power Supply(UPS) If a UPS system dedicated to the fire alarm system is used as a required power source, verify the operation of the UPS system in accordance with NFPA 111,Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems,by the building owner. [From NFPA 71,2-2.3.7 modified] 5. Batteries—General Tests: a. Visual Inspection Inspect batteries for corrosion or leakage. Check and ensure tightness of connec- tions. If necessary,clean and coat the battery terminals or connections.Visually inspect electrolyte level in lead acid batteries. b. Battery Replacement Batteries shall be replaced in accordance with the recommendations of the alarm equipment manufacturer,or when the recharged battery voltage or current falls below the manufacturer's recommendations. c. Charger Test Check operation of battery charger in accordance with charger test for the specific type of battery. [From NFPA 72H,4-1 modified] d. Discharge Test With the battery charger disconnected,load test the batteries following the manufac- turer's recommendations.The voltage level shall not fall below the levels specified. [From NFPA 71,2-2.3.7 modified] Exception: An artificial load equal to the full fire alarm load connected to the battery shall be permitted to be utilized in conducting this test. [New paragraph] 2-150 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 7-2.2 Test Methods(cons.) DEVICE METHOD e. Load Voltage Test With the battery charger disconnected, measure the terminal voltage while supplying the maximum load required by its application. [From NFPA 71,2-2.5.3,and NFPA 72H 4-1 modified] The voltage level shall not fall below the levels specified for the specific type of bat- tery. If the voltage falls below the level specified,corrective action shall be taken and the batteries retested. [From NFPA 71, 2-2.5.3 modified] Exception: An artificial load equal to the full fire alarm load connected to the battery shall be permitted to be utilized in conducting this test. [New paragraph] f. Open Circuit Voltage With the battery charger disconnected,measure the open circuit voltage of the battery. [From NFPA 72H,4-1 modified] 6. Battery Tests(Specific Types): a. Primary Batteries: 1. Load Voltage Test* The maximum load for a No. 6 primary battery shall not be more than 2 amperes per cell.An individual (1.5-volt)cell shall be replaced when a load of I ohm reduces the voltage below I volt.A 6-volt assembly shall be replaced where a test load of 4 ohms reduces the voltage below 4 volts. [From NFPA 71,A-2-2.5] b. Lead-Acid Type: 1. Charger Test With the batteries fully charged and connected to the charger, measure the voltage across the batteries with a voltmeter.The voltage shall be 2.30 volts per cell +/- .02 volts(at 25°C)or as specified by the equipment manufacturer. [New paragraph] 2. Load Voltage Test* Under load,the battery shall not fall below 2.05 volts per cell. [From NFPA 71,2-2.3.7 modified] 3. Specific Gravity The specific gravity of the liquid in the pilot cell or all of the cells shall be measured as required.The specific gravity shall be within the range specified by the manufacturer. Although the specified specific gravity may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer,a range of 1.205- 1.220 is typical for regular lead acid batteries,while 1.240- 1.260 is typical for high performance batteries.A hydrometer that only shows a pass or fail con- dition of the battery and does not indicate the specific gravity shall not be used since such a reading does not give a true indication of the battery condition. c. Nickel-Cadmium Type: 1. Charger Test With the batteries fully charged and connected to the charger, place an amp meter in series with the battery under charge.The charging current shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations for the type of battery used. In the absence of specific information,this usually is 1/30 to 1/25 of the battery rating. (Example:4000mAh x 1/25 = 160ma charging current at 25°C.) [New paragraphs] 2. Load Voltage Test' Under load,the float voltage for the entire battery shall be 1.42 volts per cell nomi- nal. If possible,cells shall be measured individually. [From NFPA 1221,2-1.10.2.2,3-1.5.3.2,and 4-1.6.2.3 modified] d. Sealed Lead-Acid Type: 1. Charger Test With the batteries fully charged and connected to the charger, measure the voltage across the batteries with a voltmeter.The voltage should be 2.30 volts per cell +/- .02 volts(at 25°C)or as specified by the equipment manufacturer. [New paragraph] 2. Load Voltage Test* Under load,the float voltage shall not fall below 2.05 volts per cell. [From NFPA,71, 2-2.3.7; NFPA 1221,2-1.10.2.2 and 3-1.5.3.2 modified] 7. Public Reporting System Tests In addition to the tests and inspection required above,the following requirements shall apply. Manual tests of the power supply for public reporting circuits shall be made and recorded atleast once during each 24-hour period.Such tests shall include: (a)Current strength of each circuit.Changes in current of any circuit,amounting to 10 percent of normal current,shall be investigated immediately. 2-151 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 7-2.2 Test Methods(cont.) DEVICE METHOD (b)Voltage across terminals of each circuit,inside of terminals of protective devices. Changes in voltage of any circuit,amounting to 10 percent of normal voltage,shall be investigated immediately. (c)Voltage between ground and circuits.Where this test shows a reading in excess of 50 percent of that shown in test(b)above,the trouble shall be immediately located and cleared;readings in excess of 25 percent shall be given early attention.These readings shall be taken with a voltmeter of not more than 100-ohms resistance per volt. NOTE 1: The voltmeter sensitivity has been changed from 1000 ohms per volt to 100 ohms per volt so that false ground readings(caused by induced voltages)will be minimized. NOTE 2: Systems in which each circuit is supplied by an independent current source(Forms 3 and 4)will require tests between ground and each side of each cir- cuit.Common current source systems(Form 2)will require voltage tests between ground and each terminal of each battery and other current source. (d)A ground current reading shall be acceptable in lieu of(c)above.When this method of testing is used,all grounds showing a current reading in excess of 5 per- cent of the normal line current shall given immediate attention. (e)Voltage across terminals of common battery,on switchboard side of fuses. (f)Voltage between common battery terminals and ground.Abnormal ground read- ings shall be investigated immediately. NOTE: Tests(e)and(f)apply only to those systems using a common battery. If more than one common battery is used,each common battery is to be tested. 8. Transient Suppressors Lightning protection equipment shall be inspected and maintained per manufactur- er's specifications. Additional inspections shall be required after any lightning strikes. Equipment located in moderate to severe areas outlined in NFPA 780,Lightning Protec- tion Code,Appendix 1,shall be inspected semi-annually and after any lightning strikes. 9. Control Panel Trouble Signals: a. Audible and Visual Verify operation of panel trouble signals and ring back feature for systems using a trouble silencing switch that requires resetting. b. Disconnect Switches When control unit(panel)has disconnect or isolating switches,verify that each switch performs its intended function and a trouble signal is received when a super- vised function is disconnected. c. Ground-Fault Monitoring Circuit When system has ground detection feature,verify that a ground fault indication is given whenever any installation conductor is grounded. d. Transmission of Signals to Actuate an appropriate initiating device and verify that alarm signal is received at Off-Premises Location the off-premises location. Create a trouble condition and verify that a trouble signal is received at the off- premises location. [New paragraphs] Actuate a supervisory device and verify that a supervisory signal is received at the off-premises location. If transmission carrier is capable of operation under a single or multiple fault condition,activate an initiating device during such fault condition and verify that a trouble signal is received at the off-premises location in addition to the alarm signal. 10. Remote Annunciators Verify for proper operation and confirm proper identification. Where provided,ver- ify proper operation under a fault condition. 11. Conductors/Metallic: a. Stray Voltage All installation conductors shall be tested with a volt/ohm meter to verify that there are no stray(unwanted)voltages between installation conductors or between installa- tion conductors and ground. Unless a different threshold is specified in the system manufacturer's documentation,the maximum allowable stray voltage shall not exceed 1 volt ac/dc. [From NFPA 72H, 2-2.2] b. Ground Faults All installation conductors other than those intentionally and permanently grounded shall be tested for isolation from ground per the manufacturer's recommendations. [From NFPA 72H,2-2.31 2-152 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 7-2.2 Test Methods(coat.) DEVICE METHOD c. Short Circuit Faults All installation conductors other than those intentionally connected together shall be tested for conductor-to-conductor isolation per the manufacturer's recommenda- tions.These same circuits shall be tested conductor-to-ground,also. [From NFPA 72H,2-2.4] d. Loop Resistance With each initiating and indicating circuit installation conductor pair short-circuited at the far end,measure and record the resistance of each circuit.Verify that the loop resistance does not exceed the manufacturer's specified limits. [From NFPA 72H,2-2.51 12. Conductors/Non-Metallic: a. Circuits' Integrity Test each initiating device,indicating appliance,and signaling line circuit to confirm that the integrity of installation conductors are being properly supervised. b. Fiber Optics The fiber optic transmission line shall be tested in accordance with the manufactur- er's instructions or by the use of an optical power meter,or an optical time domain reflectometer to measure the relative power lost of the line.This relative figure for each fiber optic line shall be recorded in the fire alarm control panel. If the power level drops 2 percent or more from the figure recorded during the initial acceptance test,the transmission line,section thereof,or connectors shall be repaired and/or replaced by a qualified technician to bring the line back into compliance with an accepted transmission level per manufacturer's recommendations. c. Supervision Introduction of a fault in any supervised circuit shall result in a suitable trouble indi- cation at the control unit. One connection shall be opened at no less than 10 percent of the initiating device,indicating appliance,and signaling line circuits. [From NFPA 72H, 2-3.2 modified] Test each initiating device,indicating appliance,and signaling line circuit for proper alarm response. [From NFPA 72H,2-3.2] 13. Initiating Devices: NOTE: See Table 3-6.1 for description of circuit performance and capacity. a. Electromechanical Releasing Device: 1. Nonrestorable-Type Link Remove the fusible link and operate the associated device to ensure proper opera- tion.Lubricate any moving parts as necessary. 2. Restorable-Type Link Remove the fusible link and operate the associated device to ensure proper opera- tion. Lubricate any moving parts as necessary. [New paragraphs] NOTE: Fusible thermal link detectors are commonly used to close fire doors and fire dampers.They can be actuated by the presence of external heat,which causes a solder element in the link to fuse,and by an electric thermal device which,when energized, generates heat within the body of the link,causing the link to fuse and separate. b. Extinguishing System Alarm Switch Mechanically or electrically operate the switch and verify receipt of signal by the con- trol panel. [From NFPA 72H,4-1] c. Fire-Gas and Other Detectors Fire-gas detectors and other fire detectors shall be tested as prescribed by the manu- facturer and as necessary for the application. d. Heat Detectors: [From NFPA 72E,8-3.6] I. Fixed-Temperature and/or Rate- Heat test with a heat source per manufacturer's recommendations for response of-Rise or Rate-of-Compensation, within 1 minute. Precaution should be taken to avoid damage to the nonrestorable Restorable Line or Spot Type fixed-temperature element of a combination rate-of-rise/fixed-temperature element. (Except Pneumatic Tube) 2. Fixed-Temperature,Non- Do not heat test.Test mechanically and electrically for function. Measure and record restorable Line Type loop resistance. Investigate changes from acceptance test. 3. Fixed-Temperature, Non- After 15 years,replace all devices or laboratory test two detectors per 100.Replace the restorable Spot Type two detectors with new devices.If a failure occurs on any of the detectors removed, additional detectors shall be removed and tested to determine either a general problem involving faulty detectors or a localized problem involving one or two defective detec- tors. [From NFPA 72E,8-3.3.1 modified] 4. Nonrestorable(General) Do not heat test.Test mechanically and electrically for function. 5. Restorable Line Type, Heat source (where test chambers are in circuit)or pressure pump. Pneumatic Tube Only [From NFPA 72H,4-1,and NFPA 72E, 8-2.31 2-153 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 7.2.2 Test Methods(cont.) DEVICE METHOD e. Fire Alarm Boxes Operate per manufacturer's instruction. For key operated pre-signal fire alarm boxes,test both pre-signal and general alarm circuit. f. Radiant Energy Fire Detectors Flame detectors and spark/ember detectors shall be tested in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions to determine that each detector is operative. [From NFPA 72E,8-3.5.1] Flame detector and spark/ember detector sensitivity shall be determined using either: (a)A calibrated test method,or (b)The manufacturer's calibrated sensitivity test instrument,or (c) Listed control panel arranged for the purpose,or (d)Other calibrated sensitivity test method acceptable to the authority having juris- diction that is directly proportional to the input signal from a fire consistent with the detector listing or approval. Detectors found to be outside of the approved range of sensitivity shall be replaced or adjusted to bring them into the approved range if designed to be field adjustable. Flame detector and spark/ember detector sensitivity shall not be determined using a light source that administers an unmeasured quantity of radiation at an undefined distance from the detector. [From NFPA 72E,8-3.5.2] g. Smoke Detectors: 1. All Types The detectors shall be tested in place to ensure smoke entry into the sensing cham- ber and an alarm response. Testing with smoke or listed aerosol acceptable to the manufacturer,or other means acceptable to the detector manufacturer shall be per- mitted as one acceptable test method. [From NFPA 72E,8-2.4.1.1] Ensure that each smoke detector is within its listed and marked sensitivity range by testing using either: (a)A calibrated test method,or (b)The manufacturer's calibrated sensitivity test instrument,or (c)Listed control equipment arranged for the purpose,or (d)Other calibrated sensitivity test method acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. NOTE: The detector sensitivity cannot be tested or measured using any spray device that administers an unmeasured concentration of aerosol into the detector. [From NFPA 72E, 8-2.4.2] 2. Air Sampling: Wilson Cloud Chamber Per manufacturer's recommended test methods,including verification of sampling from each method. Photoelectric-Type Verify detector alarm response through the end sampling port on each pipe run,as well as verifying air flow through all other ports. 3. Duct-Type Air duct detectors shall be tested or inspected to ensure that the device will sample the air stream.The test shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. [From NFPA 72E, 8-3.4.3 modified] 4. Projected Beam-Type The detector shall be tested by introducing smoke,other aerosol,or an optical filter into the beam path. [From NFPA 72E,8-2.4.1.2] 5. Smoke Detector with Built-in Operate both portions of the detector independently as described for the respective Thermal Element devices. [New paragraph] 6. Smoke Detectors with When individual fire detectors are used to control the operation of equipment as Control Output Functions permitted by 3-7.1,the control capability shall remain operable even if all of the ini- tiating devices connected to the sameinitiating circuit are in an alarm state. h. Initiating Devices, Supervisory: 1. Control Valve Switch Operate valve and verify signal receipt within the first two revolutions of the hand wheel or within one-fifth of the travel distance,or manufacturer's specifications. 2. High or Low Air Pressure Switch Operate switch and verify that receipt of signal is obtained where the required pres- sure is increased or decreased 10 psi from the required pressure level. [From NFPA 71, 3-4.4.3 modified] 2-154 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 7-2.2 Test Methods(cont.) DEVICE METHOD 3. Room Temperature Switch Operate switch and verify receipt of signal to indicate the decrease in room tempera- ture to 40°F(4.4°C)and its restoration to above 40°F(4.4°C). [From NFPA 71,3-4.4.7 modified] 4. Water Level Switch Operate switch and verify the receipt of signal indicating the water level raised or low- ered 3 in.(76.2 mm)from the required level within a pressure tank,or 12 in.(305 mm) from the required level of a nonpressure tank,and its restoral to required level. [From NFPA 71, 3-4.4.4 modified] 5. Water Temperature Switch Operate switch and verify receipt of signal to indicate the decrease in water tempera- ture to 40°F(4.4°C)and its restoration to above 40°F(4.4°C). [From NFPA 71,3-4.4.7 modified] i. Waterflow Device: 1. Mechanical, Electrosonic, Flow water through an inspector's test connection indicating the flow of water equal or Pressure Type to that from a single sprinkler of the smallest orifice size installed in the system for wet-pipe systems,or an alarm test bypass connection for dry-pipe,pre-action,or del- uge systems in accordance with NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems. [From NFPA 71, 1-9.5 and 3-4.2.1; NFPA 72,2-5.3 and 3-4.1.2 modified] 14. Alarm Notification Appliances: a. Audible Measure sound pressure level with sound level meter meeting ANSI S-1.4a,Sound Level Meters,Type 2 requirements.Measure and record levels throughout protected area. [From NFPA 72G,9-2.1 modified] b. Speakers Measure sound pressure level with sound level meter meeting ANSI S-1.4a,Sound Level Meters,Type 2 requirements.Measure and record levels throughout protected area. [From NFPA 72G,9-1.2 modified] Verify voice clarity. [From NFPA 72H,4-1] c. Visible Test in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Verify device locations are per approved layout and confirm that no floor plan changes affect the approved layout. [From NFPA 72G,9-2.2 modified] 15. Special Hazard Equipment: a. Abort Switch (IRI-Type) Operate abort switch. Verify correct sequence and operation. b. Abort Switch (Recycle-Type) Operate abort switch. Verify correct matrix develops with each sensor operated. c. Abort Switch(Special-Type) Operate abort switch.Verify correct sequence and operation in accordance with author- ity having jurisdiction.Note sequence on as-built drawings or in owner's manual. d. Cross Zone Detection Circuit Operate one sensor or detector on each zone. Verify that correct sequence occurs with operation of first zone and then with operation of second zone. e. Matrix Type Circuit Operate all sensors in system.Verify correct matrix develops with each sensor operated. f. Release Solenoid Circuit Use solenoid with equal current requirements. Verify operation of solenoid. g. Squibb Release Circuit Use AGI flashbulb or other test light acceptable to the manufacturer. Verify opera- tion of flashbulb or light. h. Verified,Sequential,or Operate required sensors at a minimum of four locations in circuit. Verify correct Counting Zone Circuit sequence with both the first and second detector in alarm. i. All Above Devices and/or Circuits Verify supervision of circuits by creating an open circuit.Note specific trouble indications. 16. Transmission and Receiving Equipment, Off Premises: a. All Equipment Verify all system functions and features in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Remove primary power,actuate an initiating device,and verify that the initiating device signal is received at the monitoring station.On completion of test,restore sys- tem to normal. Where test jacks are used,the first and last tests shall be made without the use of the test jack. b. Transmitters—Digital Alarm Communi- Verify that the failure of the primary transmission path at the protected premises cator Systems(DACS) shall result in a trouble signal being transmitted via the secondary path to the moni- toring station within 4 minutes of the detection of the fault. 2-155 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 7-2.2 Test Methods(cont.) DEVICE METHOD 1. DACT See 7-4.4.1. Verify the DACT is connected to two separate lines(numbers)at the protected premises. In turn, disconnect each telephone line at the protected premises and verify local annunciation and that trouble signals are transmitted to the monitoring station over the other line(number).Transmission shall be initiated within 4 minutes of the detection of the fault. 2. DACR Verify that the DACR equipment is connected to a minimum of two separate incom- ing telephone lines(numbers). Verify that if the lines(numbers)are in a single hunt group,they are individually accessible. Use 7-4.4.2(b). Use 7-4.4.2(c). Use 7-4.4.2(d). 3. DARR Verify supervision of the following conditions at the monitoring station: (a) Failure of ac power supplying the radio equipment (b) Receiver malfunction (c)Antenna and interconnecting cable malfunction (d) Indication of automatic switchover of the DARR (e) Data transmission line between the DARR and the monitoring station. 4. McCulloh Systems Verify that signals are received during one of the following signaling line fault conditions: (a)Open (b)Ground (c)Wire-to-wire short (d)Open and ground. 17. Emergency Communication Equipment: a. Amplifier/Tone Generators Verification of proper switching and operation of backup equipment. b. Call-in Signal Silence Operate function and verify receipt of proper visual and audible signals at control panel. c. Off-hook Indicator(Ring Down) Install phone set or remove phone from hook and verify receipt of signal at control panel. d. Phone jacks Visual inspection and initiate communication path through jack. e. Phone Set Activate each phone set and verify proper operation. f. System Performance Operate system with a minimum of any five handsets simultaneously. Verify accept- able voice quality and clarity. [New paragraphs] 18. Interface Equipment Interface equipment connections shall be tested by operating or simulating the equip- ment being supervised.Signals required to be transmitted shall be verified at the con- trol panel.Test frequency for interface equipment shall be the same as the frequency required by the applicable NFPA standard(s)for the equipment being supervised. 19. Guard's Tour Equipment Test the device in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. 20. Special Procedures: a. Alarm Verification Verify time delay and alarm response for smoke detector circuits identified as having alarm verification. [From NFPA 72H,5-1.1 modified] b. Multiplex Systems Verify communication between sending and receiving units under both normal and standby power. [From NFPA 72H,6-1.1 modified] Verify communication between sending and receiving units under open circuit and short-circuit trouble conditions. [From NFPA 72H,6-1.2 modified] Verify communication between sending and receiving units in all directions when multiple communication pathways are provided. [From NFPA 72H,6-1.6 modified] When redundant central control equipment is provided, verify switchover and all required functions and operations of secondary control equipment. [From NFPA 72H,6-1.6.2 modified] Verify all system functions and features in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. [From NFPA 72H,6-1.7 modified] 2-156 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 7-3.1 Visual Inspection Frequencies Init./Reaccpt. Monthly Quarterly Semiann. Ann. 1. Alarm Indicating Appliances — Supervised X X 2. Batteries a.Lead-Acid X X b. Nickel-Cadmium X X c. Primary(Dry Cell) X X d.Sealed Lead-Acid X X 3. Control Equipment:Fire Alarm Systems Monitored for Alarm,Supervisory,Trouble Signals a. Fuses X X b. Interfaced Equipment X X c. Lamps and LEDs X X d. Primary(Main)Power Supply X X 4. Control Equipment:Fire Alarm Systems Unmonitored for Alarm,Supervisory,Trouble Signals a. Fuses X X b. Interfaced Equipment X X c.Lamps and LEDs X X d. Primary(Main) Power Supply X X 5. Control Panel Trouble Signals X X 6. Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications Equipment X X 7. Fiber Optic Cable Connections X X 8. Guard's Tour Equipment X X 9. Initiating Devices a.Air Sampling X X b. Duct Detectors X X c. Electromechanical Releasing Device X X d. Extinguishing System Switches X X e. Fire Alarm Boxes X X f. Heat Detectors X X g.Radiant Energy Fire Detectors X X h.Smoke Detectors X X i. Supervisory Signal Devices X X j. Waterflow Devices X X 10. Interface Equipment X X 11. Remote Annunciators X X 12. Special Procedures X X 13. Transient Suppressors X X 14. Transmission and Receiving Equipment—Off Premises a.All Equipment X X b.DACT—Telephone Line X X c. DACR—Telephone Line X X d. DACR —Signal Receipt X(DAILY) 2-157 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 7-3.2* Testing. Testing hall be performed in accordance 7-4.2 Any accumulation of dust and dirt may adversely with the schedules in this chapter or more frequently where effect device and appliance performance.The frequency of required by the authority having jurisdiction. Where auto- cleaning will depend on the type of equipment and the matic testing is performed at least weekly by a remotely mon- local ambient conditions. itored fire alarm control unit specifically listed for the appli- [From NFPA 72E,8-4.1,and NFPA 72G,9-4.1 cation,the manual testing frequency shall be permitted to be modified] extended to annually. (See Table 7-3.2.) [From NFPA 72H,4-1 modified] 7-4.3 All apparatus requiring rewinding or resetting to Exception: Devices in areas that are inaccessible for safety con- maintain normal operation shall be restored to normal as siderations, such as continuous process operations, shall be tested promptly as possible after each test and alarm and kept in during scheduled shutdowns at intervals approved by the author- normal condition for operation. All test signals received ity having jurisdiction. shall be recorded to indicate date, time, and type. [New] [From NFPA 71, 1-5.4] 7-3.2.1* Detector sensitivity shall be checked within 1 7-4.4 The retransmission means as defined in Section 4-3 year after installation and every alternate year thereafter. shall be tested at intervals of not more than 12 hours. The After the second required calibration test, if sensitivity tests retransmission signal and the time and date of the retrans- indicate that the detector has remained within its listed and mission shall be recorded in the central station. marked sensitivity range, the length of time between cali- bration tests shall be permitted to be extended not to Exception: Where the retransmission means is the public switched exceed 5 years. If the frequency is extended, records of telephone network, it need only be tested weekly to confirm its oper- detector-caused unwanted alarms and subsequent trends ation to each public fire service communications center. of these alarms shall be maintained. In zone or in areas [From NFPA 71, 1-7.2.4] where unwanted alarms show any increase over the previ- ous year, calibration tests shall be performed. 7-4.4.1 Digital Alarm Communicator Transmitter(DACT). To ensure that each smoke detector is within its listed [New] and marked sensitivity range,it shall be tested using either: (a) Verify the DACT is capable of seizing the telephone line (a) A calibrated test method,or (going off-hook) at the protected premises, disconnecting an (b) The manufacturer's calibrated sensitivity test instru- outgoing or incoming telephone call,and preventing its use for ment, or outgoing calls until signal transmission is completed. (c) Listed control equipment arranged for the purpose,or [From NFPA 71,5-1] (d) A smoke detector/control unit arrangement whereby (b) Verify the DACT has the means to satisfactorily the detector causes a signal at the control unit where its obtain an available dial tone, dial the number(s) of the sensitivity is outside its acceptable sensitivity range, or DACR, obtain verification that the DACR is ready to (e) Other calibrated sensitivitytest method acceptable to receive signals, transmit the signal, and receive acknowl- p edgment that the DACR has accepted the signal. In no the authority having jurisdiction. event shall the time from going off hook to on-hook exceed Detectors found to have a sensitivity outside the listed 90 seconds per attempt. and marked sensitivity range shall be cleaned and recali- (c) Verify the DACT has a suitable means to reset and brated or replaced. retry if the first attempt to complete a signal transmission Exception: Detectors listed as field adjustable may be either sequence is unsuccessful. A failure to complete connection adjusted within the listed and marked sensitivity range, cleaned, shall not prevent subsequent attempts to transmit an alarm and recalibrated, or replaced. if such alarm is generated from any other initiating device circuit. Additional attempts shall be made until the signal The detector sensitivity shall not be tested or measured transmission sequence has been completed to a minimum using any device that administers an unmeasured concen- of five and a maximum of ten attempts. tration of smoke or other aerosol into the detector. (d) If the maximum number of attempts to complete the 7-3.2.2 Test frequency of interfaced equipment shall be sequence is reached, an indication of the failure shall be the same as specified by the applicable NFPA standards for made at the premises. the equipment being supervised. (e) Verify the DACT is connected to two separate lines 7-3.3 Single-station smoke detectors shall be inspected, (numbers) at the protected premise by disconnecting the tested, and maintained as specified by Chapter 2. primary phone line of the DACT. The DACT trouble sig- [New] nal shall be transmitted within the time specified in accor- dance with 7-4.4.1(a). Operate an initiating device to test 7-3.4 Test of all circuits extending from the central sta- the secondary transmission of the DACT. The DACT shall tion shall be made at intervals of not more than 24 hours. be capable of selecting the operable line (number) in the 7-4 Maintenance. event of failure in either (line number). [From NFPA 72H,4-I] (f) Failure of either of the telephone lines(numbers)at the protected premises shall be annunciated at the protected pre- 7.4.1 Fire alarm system equipment shall be periodically mises,and a trouble signal shall be transmitted to the central maintained in accordance with manufacturer's instruc- station over the other line (number). Transmission shall be tions. The frequency of maintenance will depend on the initiated within 4 minutes of the detection of the fault. type of equipment and the local ambient conditions. [New paragraphs] 2-158 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table 7-3.2 Testing Frequencies Table 7-2.2 Init./Reaccpt. Monthly Quarterly Semiann. Ann. Reference 1. Alarm Notification Appliances 14 a. Audible Devices X X b. Speakers X X c. Visible Devices X X 2. Batteries-Central Station Facilities a. Lead-Acid Type 6b 1. Charger Test X X (Replace battery as needed.) 2. Discharge Test(30 min.) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X 4. Specific Gravity X X b. Nickel-Cadmium Type 6c 1. Charger Test X X (Replace battery as needed.) 2. Discharge Test(30 min.) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X c. Sealed Lead-Acid Type X X 6d 1. Charger Test X X (Replace battery as needed.) 2. Discharge Test(30 min.) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X 3. Batteries- Fire Alarm Systems a. Lead-Acid Type 6b I. Charger Test X X (Replace battery as needed.) 2. Discharge Test(30 min.) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X 4. Specific Gravity X X b. Nickel-Cadmium Type 6c 1. Charger Test X X (Replace battery as needed.) 2. Discharge Test(30 min.) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X c. Primary Type(Dry Cell) 6a 1. Load Voltage Test X X d. Sealed Lead-Acid Type 6d 1. Charger Test X X (Replace battery every 4 years.) 2. Discharge Test(30 min.) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X 4. Batteries - Public Fire Alarm Reporting Systems X(DAILY) Voltage tests in accordance with Table 7-2.2, Public Reporting System Tests,paragraphs(a)-(f). a. Lead-Acid Type 6b 1. Charger Test X X (Replace battery as needed.) 2. Discharge Test(2 hours) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X 4. Specific Gravity X X b. Nickel-Cadmium Type 6c 1. Charger Test X X (Replace battery as needed.) 2. Discharge Test(2 hours) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X c. Sealed Lead-Acid Type 6d 1. Charger Test X X (Replace battery as needed.) 2. Discharge Test(2 hours) X X 3. Load Voltage Test X X 5. Conductors/Metallic X 11 6. Conductors/Nonmetallic X 12 2-159 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 7-3.2 Testing Frequencies(cont.) Table 7-2.2 Init./Reaccpt. Monthly Quarterly Semiann. Ann. Reference 7. Control Equipment:Fire Alarm Systems Monitored for Alarm,Supervisory,Trouble Signals I,7 and 16 a. Functions X X b. Fuses X X c. Interfaced Equipment X X d. Lamps and LEDs X X e. Primary(Main)Power Supply X X f. Transponders X X 8. Control Equipment:Fire Alarm Systems Unmonitored for Alarm,Supervisory,Trouble Signals 1 a. Functions X X b. Fuses X X c. Interfaced Equipment X X d. Lamps and LEDs X X e. Primary(Main) Power Supply X X f. Transponders X X 9. Control Unit Trouble Signals X X 9 10. Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications Equipment X X 17 11. Engine-Driven Generator X(WEEKLY) 12. Fiber Optic Cable Power X X 19 E� 13. Guard's Tour Equipment X X 14. Initiating Devices 13 a. Duct Detectors X X b. Electromechanical Releasing Device X X c. Extinguishing System Switches X X d. Fire-Gas and Other Detectors X X e. Heat Detectors X X f. Fire Alarm Boxes X X g. Radiant Energy Fire Detectors X X h. Smoke Detectors- Functional X X i. Smoke Detectors-Sensitivity (See 7-3.2.1.) j. Supervisory Signal Devices X X k. Waterflow Devices X X 15. Interface Equipment X X 18 16. Off-Premises Transmission Equipment X X 17. Remote Annunciators X X 10 18. Retransmission Equipment X(See 7-3.4.) 19. Special Hazard Equipment X X 15 20. Special Procedures X X 20 21. System and Receiving Equipment—Off-Premises 16 a. Operational 1. Functional —All X X 2.Transmitters —WF&Supervisory X X 3.Transmitters —All Others X . X 4. Receivers X X b. Standby Loading—All Receivers X X c. Standby Power 1.Receivers—All X X 2.Transmitters —All X X d. Telephone Line —All Receivers X X e. Telephone Line —All Transmitters X X NOTE: For testing addressable and analog described devices,which are normally affixed to either a single molded assembly or twist lock type affixed to a base,TESTING SHALL BE DONE UTILIZING THE SIGNALING STYLE CIRCUITS(Styles 0.5 through 7).The addressable term was determined by the Technical Committee in Formal Interpretation 79-8 on NFPA 72D and Formal Interpretation 87-1 on NFPA 72A. Analog type detectors shall be tested with the same criteria. [From NFPA 72H,4-1 modified] 2-160 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 7-4.4.2 Digital Alarm Communicator Receiver(DACR). 7-5 Records. (a) Verify that at least two separate incoming telephone lines [From NFPA 71, 1-10 modified] are in a hunt group and are individually accessible.These lines shall be used for no other purpose than receiving signals from 7-5.1 Record of Inspection. A permanent record of all DACTs.These lines(numbers)shall be unlisted. inspections, testing, and maintenance shall be provided, (b) The failure of any telephone line. (number) con- Which includes the following information of periodic tests nected to the DACR due to loss of line voltage shall be and all the applicable information requested in Figure annunciated visually and audibly in the central station. 7-5.1. (c) The loading capacity for hunt group shall be in (a) Date accordance to Table 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 or be capable of demon- (b) Test frequency strating a 90 percent probability of immediately answering (c) Name of property the incoming call. (d) Verify a signal is received on each individual incom- ing DARC line at least once every 24 hours. (e) Name of person performing inspection, mainte- (e) The verification of the 24-hour DARC line test nance, and/or tests, affiliation, business address, and tele- should be done early enough in the day to allow repairs to phone number be made by the telephone company. (0 Approving agency's(ies') name, address, and repre- sentative 7-4.4.3 Digital Alarm Radio System (DARS). (g) Designation of the detector(s) tested ("Tests per- (a) When DARS is used,verify that when any DACT sig- formed in accordance with Section ") nal transmission is unsuccessful, the information is trans- (h) Functional test of detectors mitted by means of the DART. The DACT shall continue (i) Check of all smoke detectors its normal transmission as required. (b) The failure of the telephone line at the protected 0) Loop resistance for all fixed temperature line type premises shall result in a trouble signal being transmitted heat detectors to the central station by means of the DART within 4 min- (k) Other tests as required by equipment manufacturers utes of the detection of the fault. (1) Other tests as required by the authority having juris- (c) Each DART shall automatically initiate and complete a diction test transmission sequence to its associated DARR at least once (m) Signatures of tester and approved authority repre- every 24 hours. A successful DART signal transmission sentative. sequence of any other type shall be considered sufficient to ful- [New paragraphs] fill the requirement to test integrity of the reporting system,if signal processing is automated so that 24-hour delinquencies must be acknowledged by central station personnel. 7-5.2 Permanent Records. After successful completion of [From NFPA 71,5-5) acceptance tests satisfactory to the authority having juris- diction, a set of reproducible as-built installation drawings, 7-4.4.3.1 Digital Alarm Radio Receiver (DARR). operation and maintenance manuals, and a written sequence of operation shall be provided to the building Verify supervision in the central station of the following owner or his designated representative. In addition, conditions: inspection, testing, and maintenance reports shall be pro- (a) Failure of ac power supplying the radio equipment vided for the owner or a designated representative. It shall be the responsibility of the owner to maintain these records (b) Receiver malfunction for the life of system and to keep them available for exam- (c) Antenna and interconnecting cable malfunction ination by any authority having jurisdiction. Paper or elec- (d) Indication of automatic switchover of the DARR tronic media shall be acceptable. [From NFPA 72, 10-2.4,and NFPA 72H,2-1 (e) Data transmission line between the DARR and the modified] central station. [From NFPA 71,5-7] 7-5.3 Where off-premise monitoring is provided, records 7-4.4.3.2 McCulloh Systems. of signals,tests,and operations recorded at the monitoring center shall be maintained for not less than 12 months. Verify that when end-to-end metallic continuity is Upon request, a hardcopy record shall be available for present,proper signals shall be received From other points examination by the authority having jurisdiction. Paper or under one of the following signaling line fault conditions at electronic media shall be acceptable. one point in the line: [From NFPA 71, 1-4.5 modified] (a) Open (b) Ground 7-5.4 Where the operation of a device, circuit, control panel function, or special hazard system interface is simu- (c) Wire-to-wire short lated, it shall be noted on the certificate that the operation (d) Open group. was simulated and who it was simulated by. (From NFPA 71,6-1) [New paragraph] 2-161 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE INSPECTION AND TESTING FORM DATE: TIME: SERVICE ORGANIZATION PROPERTY NAME (USER) NAME: NAME: ADDRESS: ADDRESS: REPRESENTATIVE: OWNER CONTRACT: LICENSE NO.: TELEPHONE: TELEPHONE: MONITORING ENTITY APPROVING AGENCY CONTACT: CONTACT: TELEPHONE: TELEPHONE: MONITORING ACCOUNT REF. NO.: TYPE TRANSMISSION SERVICE [ ] - McCulloh [ ] - Weekly [ ] - Multiplex [ ] - Monthly [ ] - Digital [ ] - Quarterly [ ] - Reverse Priority [ ] - Semi-Annually [ ] - RF [ ] -Annually [ ] -Other(Specify) [ ] - Other (Specify) PANEL MANUFACTURE: MODEL NO.: CIRCUIT STYLES: NO. OF CIRCUITS: SOFTWARE REV.: LAST DATE SYSTEM HAD ANY SERVICE PERFORMED: LAST DATE THAT ANY SOFTWARE OR CONFIGURATION WAS REVISED: ALARM INITIATING DEVICES AND CIRCUIT INFORMATION QTY OF CIRCUIT STYLE MANUAL STATIONS ION DETECTORS PHOTO DETECTORS DUCT DETECTORS HEAT DETECTORS WATERFLOW SWITCHES SUPERVISORY SWITCHES OTHER: (SPECIFY) Figure 7-5.1 Inspection and Testing Form. [New figure] 2-162 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 ALARM INDICATING APPLIANCES AND CIRCUIT INFORMATION QTY OF CIRCUIT STYLE BELLS HORNS CHIMES STROBES SPEAKERS OTHER: (SPECIFY) NO. OF ALARM INDICATING CIRCUITS: ARE CIRCUITS SUPERVISED? [ ] YES [ ] NO SUPERVISORY SIGNAL INITIATING DEVICES AND CIRCUIT INFORMATION QTY OF CIRCUIT STYLE BUILDING TEMP. SITE WATER TEMP. SITE WATER LEVEL FIRE PUMP POWER FIRE PUMP RUNNING FIRE PUMP AUTO POSITION FIRE PUMP OR PUMP CONTROLLER TROUBLE FIRE PUMP RUNNING GENERATOR IN AUTO POSITION GENERATOR OR CONTROLLER TROUBLE SWITCH TRANSFER GENERATOR ENGINE RUNNING OTHER: SIGNALING LINE CIRCUITS Quantity and style (See NFPA 72,Table 3-6.1) of signaling line circuits connected to system: Quantity Style(s) SYSTEM POWER SUPPLIES a. Primary (Main): Nominal Voltage , Amps Overcurrent Protection: Type Amps Location (Panel Number): Disconnecting Means Location: Figure 7-5.1 Inspection and Testing Form.(cont.) [New figure] 2-163 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE b. Secondary (Standby): Storage Battery: Amp-Hr. Rating Calculated capacity to operate system, in hours: 24 60 Engine-driven generator dedicated to fire alarm system: Location of fuel storage: TYPE BATTERY [ ] Dry Cell [ j Nickel Cadmium [ ] Sealed Lead-Acid [ ] Lead-Acid [ ] Other(Specify) c. Emergency or standby system used as a backup to primary power supply, instead of using a secondary power supply: Emergency system described in NFPA 70,Article 700 Legally required standby described in NFPA 70,Article 701 Optional standby system described in NFPA 70,Article 702, which also meets the performance require- ments of Article 700 or 701. PRIOR TO ANY TESTING NOTIFICATIONS ARE MADE: YES NO WHO TIME MONITORING ENTITY [ ] [ ] BUILDING OCCUPANTS [ ] [ ] BUILDING MANAGEMENT OTHER(SPECIFY) [ ] [ J AHJ (NOTIFIED) OF ANY IMPAIRMENTS [ ] [ ] SYSTEM TESTS AND INSPECTIONS TYPE VISUAL FUNCTIONAL COMMENTS CONTROL PANEL [ ] [ ] INTERFACE EQ. ( ) [ ] LAMPS/LEDS ( ] [ ] FUSES [ ] [ ] PRIMARY POWER SUPPLY [ ] [ ] TROUBLE SIGNALS [ ] [ ] DISCONNECT SWITCHES [ ] [ ] GROUND FAULT MONITORING [ ] [ ] SECONDARY POWER TYPE VISUAL FUNCTIONAL COMMENTS BATTERY CONDITION [ ] LOAD VOLTAGE [ ] DISCHARGE TEST [ ] CHARGER TEST [ ] SPECIFIC GRAVITY [ ] Figure 7-5.1 Inspection and Testing Form.(cont.) [New figure] 2-164 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 TRANSIENT SUPPRESSORS [ ] REMOTE ANNUNCIATORS ( ] [ J NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES AUDIBLE [ ] [ ] VISUAL [ J [ ] SPEAKERS [ ) [ ] VOICE CLARITY [ ] INITIATING AND SUPERVISORY DEVICE TESTS AND INSPECTIONS DEVICE VISUAL FUNCTIONAL FACTORY MEAS. LOC. & S/N TYPE CHECK TEST SETTING SETTING PASS FAIL COMMENTS: VISUAL FUNCTIONAL COMMENTS EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT PHONE SET [ ) [ ] PHONE JACKS [ ] [ ] OFF-HOOK INDICATOR [ ] [ ] AMPLIFIER(S) [ ] [ ] TONE GENERATOR(S) [ ] [ ] CALL IN SIGNAL [ ] [ ] SYSTEM PERFORMANCE [ ] [ ] DEVICE SIMULATED VISUAL OPERATION OPERATION INTERFACE EQUIPMENT (SPECIFY) [ ] [ ] [ ] (SPECIFY) [ ] [ ] [ ] (SPECIFY) [ ] [ ) [ ) SPECIAL HAZARD SYSTEMS (SPECIFY) [ ] [ ] [ ] (SPECIFY) [ ] [ ] [ ) (SPECIFY) [ J [ ] [ ] Figure 7.5.1 Inspection and Testing Form.(cont.) [New figure] 2-165 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE SPECIAL PROCEDURES: COMMENTS: ON/OFF PREMISES MONITORING: YES NO TIME COMMENTS ALARM SIGNAL [ ] [ ) ALARM RESTORAL [ ] [ ] TROUBLE SIGNAL [ ] [ ) SUPERVISORY SIGNAL [ ] [ ) SUPERVISORY RESTORAL [ ] [ ] NOTIFICATIONS THAT TESTING IS COMPLETE: YES NO WHO TIME BUILDING MANAGEMENT [ ] [ ) MONITORING AGENCY [ ] [ ] BUILDING OCCUPANTS [ ] [ ] OTHER (SPECIFY) [ ] [ J THE FOLLOWING DID NOT OPERATE CORRECTLY: SYSTEM RESTORED TO NORMAL OPERATION: DATE TIME THIS TESTING WAS PERFORMED IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE NFPA STANDARDS. NAME OF INSPECTOR: DATE: TIME: SIGNATURE: NAME OF OWNER OR REPRESENTATIVE: DATE: TIME: SIGNATURE: Figure 7-5.1 Inspection and Testing Form.(cons.) [New figure] 2-166 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Chapter 8 Referenced Publications NFPA 780, Lightning Protection Code,1992 edition. NFPA 1221, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and 8-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems, 1991 edition. erenced within this code and should be considered part of the requirements of this document. The edition indicated 8-1.2 ANSI Publications. American National Standards for each reference is the current edition as of the date of Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10036. the NFPA issuance of this document. 8-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- ANSI A-58.1-1982, Building Code Requirements for Mini- ciation, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA mum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures. 02269-9101. ANSI S-1.4a-1985, Specifications for Sound Level Meters. NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire.Extinguishers, 1990 ANSI S3.41-1990,Audible Emergency Evacuation Signals. edition. ANSI S12.31-1980,Precision Methods for the Determination NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, of Sound Power Levels of Broad Band Noise Sources in Rever- 1991 edition. beration Rooms. NFPA 131),Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems ANSI S12.32-1980,Precision Methods for the Determination in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Mobile Homes, 1991 of Sound Power Levels of Discrete Frequency and Narrow Band edition. Noise Sources in Reverberation Rooms. NFPA 13R,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems ANSI/ASME A17.1,Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. in Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Four Stories in Height, 1991 edition. ANSI/IEEE C2, The National Electrical Safety Code. NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire ANSI/UL 217, Single and Multiple Station Smoke Detectors, Pumps, 1993 edition. Third Edition. NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Mainte- ANSI/UL 268, Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling nance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 1992 edition. Systems, Second Edition. NFPA 37,Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary ANSI/UL 827-1988, Central Stations for Watchman, Fire Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, 1990 edition. Alarm and Supervisory Service. NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code, 1992 edition. N 8-1.3 EIA Publication. Electronic Industries Association, NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Lique- 2001 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006. fied Petroleum Gases, 1992 edition. NFPA 70,National Electrical Code, 1993 edition. EIA Tr 41.3, Telephones. NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, 1993 edition. 8-1.4 IES Publication. Illuminating Engineering Society NFPA 110,Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Sys- of North America, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017. tems, 1993 edition. NFPA 601, Standard on Guard Service in Fire Loss Preven- IES RP-16-1987, Nomenclature and Definitions for Illumi- lion, 1992 edition. nating Engineering. 2-167 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Appendix A Explanatory Material age level caused by constant current charging below the system discharge rate. In some applications of nickel-cadmium batteries(for exam- but is included for This Appendix r tot a part oju:information purposes only.e requirements of this NFPA document'but battery-powered shavers) a memory characteristic also exists. Specifically, if the battery is discharged for 1 minute a A-1-2.1 In determining the performance criteria of cir- day,day after day, followed by a recharge, an attempt to have cuits,consult the performance and capacity tables in Chap- it operate for 5 minutes will not result in obtaining the rated ters 3 and 4. On modifying an existing system, the system ampere-hour output.The reason for this is that the battery has should be tested to determine the style of each circuit for developed a 1-minute discharge memory. the proper description and understanding of the system. (c) Sealed Lead-Acid Battery. In a sealed lead-acid bat- [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-1-2.1 modified] tery, the electrolyte is totally absorbed by the separators, and no venting normally occurs. Gas evolved during A-1-5.2.6(c) An engine-driven generator without standby recharge is internally recombined, resulting in minimal battery supplement is not assumed to be capable of reliable loss of capacity life. A high-pressure vent, however, is pro- power transfer within 30 seconds of a primary power loss. vided to avoid damage under abnormal conditions. Other battery characteristics are comparable to those described [From NFPA 71,A-2 2.1.6(c)] under A-1-5.2.11(a). A-1-5.2.6.1 UPS equipment often contains an internal [From NFPA 71,A-2-2.3] bypass arrangement to supply the load directly from the A-1-5.2.9.2(d) Batteries are trickle charged if they are off-line line. These internal bypass arrangements are a potential and waiting to be put under load in the event of a loss of power. source of failure. UPS equipment also requires periodic Float-charge batteries are fully charged and connected maintenance. It is therefore necessary to provide a means across the output of the rectifiers to smooth the output and of promptly and safely bypassing and isolating the UPS serve as a standby source of power in the event of a loss of equipment from all power sources whiJe maintaining con- line power. tinuity of power supply to the equipment normally sup- [From NFPA 71,A-2-2.3.4(d)] plied by the UPS. [From NFPA 71,A-2-2.1.8] A-1-5.2.11 Maximum Load. The maximum normal load of a No. 6 primary battery should not be more than 2 A-1-5.2.9 Rechargeable-(Storage-)Type Batteries. The amperes per cell. No. 6 batteries should be replaced under the following conditions: following newer types of rechargeable batteries are nor- mally used in protected premises applications: (a) An individual primary battery cell rated 1 volt should be replaced when a test load of 1 ohm reduces the (a) Vented Lead-Acid, Gelled, or Starved Electrolyte Battery. potential below 1 volt. This rechargeable-type battery is generally used in place of primary batteries in applications having a relatively high (b) A unit assembly of primary battery cells rated 6 volts P y pP g y g should be replaced when a test load of 4 ohms reduces the current drain or requiring extended standby capability of P i i l much lower currents. Nominal voltage of a single cell is 2 potential of the unit below 4 volts. volts, and the battery is available in multiples of 2 volts (2, [From NFPA 71,A-2-2.5] 4, 6, 12,etc.). Batteries should be stored according to man- A-1-5.4.2.1 Coded Alarm Signal Designations. The fol- ufacturer's recommendations. lowing suggested coded signal assignment for buildings having (b) Nickel-Cadmium Battery. The sealed-type nickel- four floors and multiple basements is provided as a guide: cadmium battery generally used in applications where the battery current drain during a power outage is low to moder- Location Coded Signal ate (typically up to a few hundred milliamperes) and is fairly 4th floor 2-4 constant. Nickel-cadmium batteries are also available in much 3rd Floor 2-3 larger capacities for other applications. The nominal voltage 2nd Floor 2-2 per cell is 1.42 volts(12.78,25.56,etc.). Batteries in storage can 1st Floor 2-1 be stored in any state of charge for indefinite periods.However, Basement 3-1 a battery in storage will lose capacity(will self-discharge)accord- Sub-Basement 3-2 ing to storage time and temperature.Typically,batteries stored [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-2-4.3] more than 1 month will require an 8-to 14-hour charge period A-1-5.4.7(b) A tamper switch, low pressure switch, or to restore capacity. In service,the battery should receive a con- other device intended to cause a supervisory signal when tinuous constant charging current sufficient to keep it fully actuated should not be connected in series with the end- charged (typically, the charge rate equals '/io to t/20 of the of-line supervisory device of initiating device circuits unless a ampere-hour rating of the battery).Because batteries are made distinctive signal,different from a trouble signal,is indicated. up of individual cells connected in series, the possibility exists [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-2-4.I0(b)] that during deep discharge one or more cells that may be low in capacity will reach complete discharge prior to other cells. A-1-5.5.1(a) This requirement does not preclude transfer to The cells with remaining life tend to charge the depleted cells, secondary supply at less than 85 percent of nominal primary causing a polarity reversal resulting in permanent battery dam- voltage as long as the requirements of 1-5.2.6 are met. age.This condition can be determined by measuring the open [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-2-3.1(a)] cell voltage of a fully charged battery(voltage should be a min- imum of 1.28 volts per cell multiplied by the number of cells). A-1-5.5.4 Wiring and Equipment. The installation of all Voltage depression effect is a minor change in discharge volt- fire alarm system wiring should take into account the fire alarm 2-168 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 system manufacturer's published installation instructions and 1. Minimizing fire hazards the limitations of the applicable product listings or approvals. 2. Providing a fire warning system [From NFPA 72 - 1990,A-2-1.41 3. Having and practicing an escape plan. A-1-5.8.5.1 Backup amplifying and evacuation signal- generating equipment is recommended with automatic (c) Minimizing Life Safely Hazards. This code cannot pro- transfer upon primary equipment failure to ensure prompt tect all persons at all times. For instance,the application of this restoration of service in the event of equipment failure. code may not protect against the three traditional fire killers: A-1-7.2.1 The requirements of Chapter 7 should be used to 1. Smoking in bed perform the installation wiring and operational acceptance tests 2. Leaving children home alone required when completing the certificate of compliance. 3. Cleaning with flammable liquids such as gasoline. [From NFPA 72,A-2-2.2 modified] But Chapter 2 can lead to reasonable safety from fire A-1-7.2.2(a) The owner's manual and installation instruc- when the three items under A-2(b) are observed. tions should include the following: (d) Fire Warning System. There are two extremes of fire to (a) A detailed narrative description of the system inputs, which household fire warning equipment must respond.One is evacuation signaling, ancillary functions, annunciation, the rapidly developing, high heat fire. The other is the slow, intended sequence of operations, expansion capability, smoldering fire. Either can produce smoke and toxic gases. application considerations, and limitations. Household fires are especially dangerous at night when (b) Operator instructions for basic system operations, the occupants are asleep. Fires produce smoke and deadly including alarm acknowledgment, system reset, interpret- gases that can overcome occupants while they are asleep. ing system output (LEDs, CRT display, and printout), Further,dense smoke reduces visibility. Most fire casualties operation of manual evacuation signaling and ancillary are victims of smoke and gas inhalation rather than burns. function controls,changing printer paper, etc. To warn against a fire,Chapter 2 requires smoke detectors (c) A detailed description of routine maintenance and in accordance with 2-2.1.1.1 and recommends heat or testing as required and recommended and as.would be smoke detectors in all other major areas. (See 2-2.1.1.1.) provided under a maintenance contract, including testing (e) Family Escape Plan. There often may be very little and maintenance instructions for each type of device time between detection of a fire and the time it becomes installed. This information should include the following: deadly. This interval may be as little as 1 or 2 minutes. 1. A listing of the individual system components that Thus, this code requires detection means to give a family require periodic testing and maintenance some advance warning of the development of conditions 2. Step-by-step instructions detailing the requisite that will become dangerous to life within a short period of testing and maintenance procedures and the intervals at time.Such warning,however,may be wasted unless the fam- which those procedures shall be performed, for each type ily has planned in advance for rapid exit from their resi- of device installed dence.Therefore, in addition to the fire warning system,this 3. A schedule that correlates the testing and mainte- code requires exit plan information to be furnished. nance procedures required by paragraph (2) above with Planning and practicing for fire conditions with focus on the listing required by paragraph (1) above. rapid exit from the residence are important. Drills should be (d) Detailed troubleshooting instructions for each trou- held so that all family members know what to do. Each person ble condition generated from the monitored field wiring, should plan for the possibility that exit out of the bedroom win- including opens, grounds,loop failures,etc.These instruc- dow may be necessary. An exit out of the residence without tions should include a list of all trouble signals annunciated requiring the opening of a bedroom door is essential. by the system, a description of the condition(s) that will (0 Special Provisions for the Disabled. For special circum•• cause those trouble signals, and step-by-step instructions stances where life safety of some occupant(s)depends upon describing how to isolate those problems and correct them prompt rescue by others, the fire warning system should (or call for service, as appropriate). include means of prompt, automatic notification to those (e) A service directory, including a list of names and who are to be depended upon for rescue. telephone numbers for those who should be called to obtain [From NFPA 74- 1989,Appendix C) service on the system. [From NFPA 72 - 1990,A-2-2.3(a)] A-2-1.1 Chapter 2 does not attempt to cover all equipment, A-2 Household Fire Warning Protection. methods,and requirements that may be necessary or advanta- (a) Fire Danger in the Home. Fire is the third leading geous for the protection of lives and property from fire. cause of accidental death. Residential occupancies account This is what is known as a "minimum code" and it pro- for most fire fatalities, and most of these deaths occur at vides a number of requirements related to household fire night during the sleeping hours. warning equipment that are deemed to be the practical Most fire injuries also occur in the home. Of the 300,000 and necessary minimum for average conditions at the .Americans who are injured by fire every year, nearly present state-of-the-art. 50,000 lie in hospitals for a period ranging from 6 weeks to [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-1-1) 2 years. Many never resume normal lives. A-2-2.1.1 Experience has shown that all hostile fires in family The chances are that the average family will experience living units generate smoke to a greater or lesser degree.The one serious fire every generation. same statement can be made with respect to heat buildup from (b) Fire Safely in the Home. This code is intended to pro- fires. But the results of full-scale experiments conducted over vide reasonable fire safety for persons in family living units. the past several years in the U.S., using typical fires in family Reasonable fire safety can be produced through a three- living units,indicate that detectable quantities of smoke precede point program: detectable levels of heat in nearly all cases. In addition,slowly 2-169 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE developing, smoldering fires may produce smoke and toxic 10 percent followed by an "off'phase(b)lasting 0.5 second gases without a significant increase in the room's temperature. ± 10 percent, for three successive "on" periods, which is Again,the results of experiments indicate that detectable quan- then followed by an "off' phase (c) lasting 1.5 seconds ± titles of smoke precede the development of hazardous atmo- 10 percent. [See Figures A-2-2.2.2(a) and (b).] The signal spheres in nearly all cases. should be repeated for a period appropriate for the pur- For the above reasons, the required protection in this code poses of evacuation of the building, but for not less than utilizes smoke detectors as the primary life safety equipment 180 seconds.A single-stroke bell or chime sounded at"on" that provides a reasonable level of protection against fire. intervals lasting I second ± 10 percent,with a 2-second ± Of course, it is possible to install a lesser number of 10 percent "off' interval after each third "on" stroke, is detectors than required in this code. It may be argued that acceptable. [See Figure A-2-2.2.2(c).] the installation of only one fire detector, be it a smoke or The minimum repetition time may be manually interrupted. heat detector,offers some life-saving potential.While this is [New paragraphs] true, it is the opinion of the committee that developed Chapter 2 that the smoke detector requirements as stated in 2-2.1.1 are the minimum that should be considered. ® OO The installation of additional detectors of either the smoke or heat type should result in a higher degree of Bedroom Hall Bedroom protection. Adding detectors to rooms that are normally closed off from the required detectors will increase the escape time because the fire need not build to a higher Living room FjJ®Optional level needed to force smoke out of the closed room to the required detector. As a consequence, it is recommended ® Recreation room that the householder consider the installation of additional fire protection devices. But it should be understood that Basement Chapter 2 does not require additional detectors over and above those called for in 2-2.1.1. ®Indicates required smoke detector A-2-2.2 At times,depending upon conditions,the audibil- Figure A-2.2.1.1.2 Split level arrangement.Smoke detectors are required ity of detection devices may be seriously impaired to occu- where shown. Smoke detectors are optional if door is not provided pants within the bedroom area. For instance, there may be between living and recreation rooms. a noisy window air conditioner or room humidifier that [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-2-1.1] may generate an ambient noise level of 55 dBA or higher. On The detection devices' alarms must be able to penetrate through the closed doors and be heard over the bedroom's noise levels with sufficient intensity to awaken sleeping pry _F /`- occupants therein.Test data indicate that detection devices (a) (b) (a)I (b) I (a) (c) (a) having sound pressure ratings of 85 dBA of 10 ft(3 m)and Cycle Time,s installed outside the bedrooms can produce about 15 dBA over ambient noise levels of 55 dBA in the bedrooms. This should be sufficient to awaken the average sleeping person. Key: Detectors located remote from the bedroom area may Phase(a)signal is"on"for 0.5 s±10% Phase(b)signal is"off"for 0.5 s±10% not be loud enough to awaken the average person. In such Phase(c)signal is"off"for 1.5 s±10%[(c)_(a)+2(b)] cases, it is recommended that detectors be interconnected Total cycle lasts for 4 s±10% in such a way that the operation of the remote detector will cause an alarm of sufficient intensity to penetrate the bed- Figure A-2-2.2.2(a) Temporal pattern parameters. rooms. The interconnection may be accomplished by the [From NFPA 72- 1990,Figure A-2-4.10(a)(1)] installation of a fire detection system, by the wiring On together of multiple station alarm devices,or by the use of line carrier or radio frequency transmitters/receivers. [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-2-21 Off A-2-2.2.2 The use of the distinctive three-pulse temporal 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time,s pattern fire alarm evacuation signal required by 3-7.2(a) had previously been recommended for this purpose by this Figure A-2-2.2.2(b) Temporal pattern imposed on signaling appliances code since 1979. It has since been adopted as both an that emit a continuous signal while energized. American National Standard (ANSI S3.41, Audible Emer- [From NFPA 72 - 1990, Figure A-2-4.10(a)(2)] gency Evacuation Signal) and an International Standard On (ISO 8201,Audible Emergency Evacuation Signal). Copies of both of these standards are available from the Standards Secretariat, Acoustical Society of America, 335 Offer East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017-3483. Telephone i 212-661-9404 ext. 562. 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time,s The standard fire alarm evacuation signal is a three- Figure A-2-2.2.2(c) Temporal pattern imposed on a single stroke bell or pulse temporal pattern using any appropriate sound. The chime. pattern consists of an "on" phase (a) lasting 0.5 second ± [From NFPA 72- 1990, Figure A-2-4.10(a)(3)] 2-170 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 A-2-4.3 The linear space rating is the maximum allowable the upper level. The basement smoke detector should be distance between heat detectors. The linear space rating is installed in close proximity to the stairway leading to the also a measure of their response time to a standard test fire floor above. If installed on an open foisted ceiling, the when tested at the same distance. The higher the rating, detector should be placed on the bottom of the joists. The the faster the response time. This code recognizes only detector should be positioned relative to the stairway so as those heat detectors with ratings of 50 ft (15 m) or more. to intercept smoke coming from a fire in the basement [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-4-3] before the smoke enters the stairway. A-2-4.3.1 A heat detector with a temperature rating [From NFPA 74- 1989, B-21 somewhat in excess of the highest normally expected ambi- ent temperature is specified in order to avoid the possibil- ity of premature operation of the heat detector- to nonfire Dining Kitchen Bedroom Bedroom conditions. room Some areas or rooms of the family living unit can expe- rience ambient temperatures considerably higher than in the normally occupied living spaces. Examples are unfin- ished attics, the space near hot air registers, and some fur- nace rooms.This fact should be considered in the selection of the appropriate temperature rating for fixed tempera- Living room Bedroom ture heat detectors to be installed in these areas or rooms. [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-4-3.I] A-2-5.1.2.1 One of the common problems associated with residential smoke detectors is the unwanted alarms that are Figure A and t A smoke detector should be located between the sleeping arreaea and the rest of the family living unit. usually triggered by products of combustion from cooking, [From NFPA 74, Figure B-2.1.11 smoking, or other household particulates. While an alarm for such a condition would be anticipated and tolerated by the occupant of a family living unit through routine living (b) Where to Locate the Required Smoke Detectors in New experience, the alarm would not be acceptable if it also Construction. All of the smoke detectors specified in (a)for sounded alarms in other family living units or in common existing construction are required, and, in addition, a use spaces. Unwanted alarms from cooking are a very com- smoke detector is required in each bedroom. mon occurrence, and inspection authorities should be aware of the ramifications that could result if the coverage is extended beyond the limits of the family living unit. Dining room Kitchen 0 Bedroom [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-5-1.2.11 TV A-2-5.2 One of the most critical factors of any fire alarm room system is the location of the fire detecting devices. This Living room appendix is not a technical study. It is an attempt to state ® z) Bedroom some fundamentals on detector location. For simplicity, only those types of detectors recognized by Chapter 2, i.e., Bedroom smoke and heat detectors, will be discussed. In addition, special problems requiring engineering judgment, such as locations in attics and in rooms with high ceilings, will not Figure A•2.5.2.1(b) In family living units with more than one sleeping be covered. area,a smoke detector should be provided to protect each sleeping area in [From NFPA 74 - 1989, B-1.1] addition to detectors required in bedrooms. A-2-5.2.1 Smoke Detection. [From NFPA 74, Figure B-2.1.21 (a) Where to Locate the Required Smoke Detectors in Existing Construction. The major threat from fire in a family living (c) Are More Smoke Detectors Desirable? The required unit is at night when everyone is asleep. The principal number of smoke detectors may not provide reliable early threat to persons in sleeping areas comes from fires in the warning protection for those areas separated by a door remainder of the unit; therefore, smoke detector(s) are from the areas protected by the required smoke detectors. best located between the bedroom areas and the rest of the For this reason, it is recommended that the householder unit. In units with only one bedr-oorn area on one floor,the consider the use of additional smoke detectors for those smoke detector should be located as shown in Figure areas for increased protection. The additional areas A-2-5.2.I(a). include: basement,bedrooms, dining room, furnace room, In family living units with more than one bedroom area utility room, and hallways not protected by the required or with bedrooms on more than one floor, more than one smoke detectors. The installation of smoke detectors in smoke detector will be needed, as shown in Figure kitchens,attics(finished or unfinished),or in garages is not A-2.5.2.I(b). normally recommended,as these locations occasionally expe- In addition to smoke detectors outside of the sleeping rience conditions that may result in improper operation. areas, Chapter 2 requires the installation of a smoke detec- tor on each additional story of the family living unit, A-2-5.2.1.6 Smoke Detector Mounting— Dead Air Space. including the basement. These installations are shown in The smoke from a fire generally rises to the ceiling, Figure A-2-5.2.1(c).The living area smoke detector should spreads out across the ceiling surface, and begins to bank be installed in the living room and/or near the stairway to down from the ceiling. The corner where the ceiling and 2-171 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE ommended that the householder consider the use of addi- tional heat detectors for the same reasons presented under A-2-5.2.1(c). The additional areas lending themselves to protection with heat detectors are: kitchen, dining room, attic (finished or unfinished), furnace room, utility room, basement, and integral or attached garage. For bedrooms, O the installation of a smoke detector is preferable to the installation of a heat detector for protection of the occu- Bedroom Hall Bedroom pants from fires in their bedrooms. (b) Heat Detector Mounting— Dead Air Space. Heat from a fire rises to the ceiling,spreads out across the ceiling sur- face,and begins to bank down from the ceiling.The corner where the ceiling and the wall meet is an air space into Living Dining which heat has difficulty in penetrating. In most fires, this room room dead air space measures about 4 in. (0.1 m) along the ceil- ing from the corner and 4 in. (0.1 m) down the wall as. 0 shown in Figure A-2-5.2.2(b). Heat detectors should not be placed in this dead air space. The placement of the detector is critical if maximum Basement speed of fire detection is desired. Thus, a logical location for a detector is the center of the ceiling. At this location, Figure A-2.5.2.1(c) A smoke detector should be located on each story. the detector is closest to all areas of the room. [From NFPA 74, Figure B-2.1.3] If the detector cannot be located in the center of the wall meet-is an air space into which the smoke may have ceiling,an off-center location may be used on the ceiling. difficulty penetrating. In most fires, this dead air space The next logical location for mounting detectors is on measures about 4 in. (0.1 m) along the ceiling from the the side wall. Any detector _mounted on the side wall corner and about 4 in. (0.1 m) down the wall as shown in should be located as near as possible to the ceiling.A detec- Figure A-2-5.2.2(b). Detectors should not be placed in this for mounted on the side wall should have the top of the dead air space. detector between 4 in. and 12 in. (0.1 in and 0.3 m) from [From NFPA 74 - 1989, B-2] the ceiling. Smoke and heat detectors should be installed in those locations recommended by the manufacturer, except in 4 inj those cases where the space above the ceiling is open to the Ceiling (0.1 m outside and little or no insulation is present over the ceil- ing. Such cases result in the ceiling being excessively cold ; T in the winter or excessively hot in the summer. Where the - 4 in. ceiling is significantly different in temperature from the air Acceptable here (0.1 m) space below, smoke and heat has difficulty reaching the Minimum ceiling and a detector that may be placed there. In this sit Never here —� uation, placement of the detector on a side wall, with the 12 in. to 4 in. to 12 in. 0.1 m to 0.3 m from the ceiling, is re- Top of detector p ( ) p acceptable here ;",R (0.3 m) ferred. 1i Maximum The situation described above for uninsulated or poorly insulated ceilings may also exist,but to a lesser extent,with ; outside walls. While the recommendation is to place the smoke detector on a side wall, if the side wall is an exterior wall with little or no insulation, then an interior wall should be selected. It should be recognized that the condi- tion of inadequately insulated ceilings and walls can exist in Side multifamily housing (apartments), single-family housing, wall and mobile homes. b'` In those family living units employing radiant heating in fi the ceiling,the wall location is the preferred location. Radi- ant heating in the ceiling can create a hot-air, boundary NOTE: Measurements shown are to the closest edge of the detector. layer along the ceiling surface, which can seriously restrict Figure A-2.5.2.2(b) Example of proper mounting for detectors. the movement of smoke and heat to a ceiling-mounted [From NFPA 74, Figure B-3.2.1] detector. [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-5-2.1.6] (c) The Spacing or Detectors. In a room too large for pro- tection by a single detector, several detectors should be A-2-5.2.2 Heat Detection. used. It is important that they be properly located so all (a) General. While Chapter 2 does not require heat parts of the room are covered. For further information on detectors as part of the basic protection scheme, it is rec- the spacing of detectors see Chapter 5. 2-172 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 (d) When the Distance Between Detectors Should Be Further which the fire occurs.The concern is maintaining the oper- Reduced. The distance between detectors is based on data ability of the system in areas beyond, but threatened by, obtained from the spread of heat across a smooth ceiling. the fire. If the ceiling is not smooth, then the placement of the Conformance to this requirement may entail that: detector will have to be tailored to the situation. For instance, with open wood joists heat travels freely (a) Where common risers or trunk circuits are used: down the joist channels so that the maximum distance 1. Separately routed, redundant risers or trunk cir- between detectors [50 ft (15 m)] can be used. Heat, how- cuits be provided, arranged so that one or more circuit ever,has trouble spreading across the joists,so the distance faults on one riser or trunk circuit causes the system to in this direction should be one-half the distance allowed automatically switch over to its associated, alternate circuit between detectors, as shown in Figure A-2-5.2.2(d), and without loss of function. This capability should permit full the distance to the wall is reduced to 121/2 ft (3.8 m). Since system operation with a damaged or severed riser or trunk 1/2 X 50 ft (15 m) is 25 ft (7.6 m), the distance between circuit. detectors across open wood joists should not exceed 25 ft (7.6 m), as shown in Figure A-2-5.2.2(d), and the distance 2• Primary and alternate conductors for redundant to the wall is reduced[1/2 x 25 ft(7.6 m)] to 12.5 ft(3.8 m). circuits be separated by 2-hour fire resistive construction. Paragraph 2-5.2.2.4 requires that detectors be mounted on (b) Where multiple individual circuits are routed in a the bottom of the joists and not up in joist channels. common riser, conduit, raceway, cable, bundle of conduc- Walls, partitions, doorways, ceiling beams, and open tors,or other arrangement resulting in close physical prox- joists interrupt the normal flow of heat, thus creating new imity and resultant susceptibility to common misfortune, areas to be protected. such circuits be Class A, capable of full operation over a [From NFPA 74- 1989, B-3] single open or single ground fault. 25 ft (c) Where Class A circuits are required, that they be 12}ft (7.6 m) installed so that the supply and return conductors are (3.8 m) 50 ft(15) routed separately. Supply and return risers should be sep- 25 ft arated by at least 2-hour rated fire construction. (7.6 m) [New paragraphs] A-3-4.1 Class A and Class B circuit designations have been added to this edition of the code because they are still preferred by some specifiers and authorities having juris- diction to the style designations introduced into the code in the late 1970s.The committee had discontinued the use of the Class A and Class B designations because, with the introduction of signaling line circuits, they were no longer adequate for describing the required performance of new Figure A-2.5.2.2(d) Open joists,attics,and extra high ceilings are some technology systems under all fault conditions. of the areas that require special knowledge for installation. Class A circuits are considered more reliable than Class [From NFPA 74, Figure B-3.4.21 B circuits because they remain fully operational during the occurrence of a single open or a single ground fault,while A-2-5.2.2.3 The same comments apply here as under Class B circuits only remain operational up to the location A-2-5.2.1.6. of an open fault. However, neither Class A nor Class B cir- [From NFPA 74 - 1989,A-5-2.2.3] cuits remain operational during a wire-to-wire short. For both Class A and Class B initiating device circuits, a A-2-5.2.2.5 In addition to the special requirements for wire-to-wire short was permitted to cause an alarm on the heat detectors installed on ceilings with exposed joists, system on the rationale that a wire-to-wire short was the reduced spacing may also be required due to other strut- result of a double fault (e.g., both circuit conductors have tural characteristics of the protected area, possible drafts, to become grounded), while the code only considered the or other conditions that may affect detector operation. consequences of single faults. For many applications, an [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-5-2.2.5] alarm caused by a wire-to-wire short is unacceptable and being limited to a simple Class A designation was not ade- A-2-6.1 Good fire protection requires that the equipment quate. Introducing the style designation made it possible to be periodically maintained. If the householder is unable to specify the exact performance required during a variety of perform the required maintenance, a maintenance agree- possible fault conditions. ment should be considered. A more serious problem existed for signaling line cir- [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-6-1] cuits. Though a Class A signaling line circuit remains fully operational during the occurrence of a single open or sin- A-2-6.2 It is a good practice to establish a specific sched- gle ground fault, a wire-to-wire short disables the entire ule for these tests. circuit. The risk of such a catastrophic failure was not [From NFPA 74- 1989,A-6-2] acceptable to many system designers,users,and authorities having jurisdiction. Here again, introducing the style des- A-3-2.4 This requirement is intended to limit damage to ignation made it possible to specify either full system oper- a fire alarm system, resulting from a fire, to the area in ation during a wire-to-wire short(Style 7),or performance 2-173 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE in between that of a Style 7 and a minimum function Class trouble and alarm signals received at the control unit for A circuit (Style 2). the specified abnormal conditions. As revised, the specifier now can simply specify a circuit (g) The overall system reliability is considered to be as either Class A or Class B where system performance equal from style to style when the capacities are at the during wire-to-wire shorts is of no concern, or by the maximum allowed. appropriate style designation where the system perfor- mance during awire-to-wire short and other multiple fault (h) Upon determining the style of the system, the tables conditions is of concern. indicate the maximum number of devices,equipment, pro- tected buildings, etc., allowed to be incorporated into an A-34.2 Where installed within the protected premises, actual installation for a protected premises fire alarm the integrity and reliability of the interconnecting signaling system. paths (circuits) are influenced by the following: (i) The number of automatic fire detectors connected to (a) The transmission media utilized an initiating device circuit is limited by good engineering practice. If a large number of detectors are connected to (b) The length of the circuit conductors one initiating device circuit covering a widespread area, (c) The total building area covered by and the quantity pinpointing the source of alarm becomes difficult and time of initiating devices and notification appliances connected consuming. to a single circuit On certain types of detectors,a trouble signal results from (d) The nature of the hazard present within the pro- faults in the detector. Where this occurs with a large number tected premises of detectors on an initiating device circuit, locating the faulty detector also becomes difficult and time consuming. (e) The functional requirements of the system necessary [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-2-6.2 and A-2-7.2 to provide the level of protection desired by the system. modified] A-3-5.1 and A-3-6.1 Using Tables 3-5.1 and 3-6.1: A-3-7.2(a) The use of the distinctive three-pulse temporal (a) Determine whether the initiating devices are: pattern fire alarm evacuation signal required by 3-7.2(a) 1. Directly connected to the initiating device circuit had previously been recommended for this purpose by this code since 1979. It has since been adopted as both an 2. Directly connected to a signaling line circuit inter- American National Standard (ANSI S3.41, Audible Emer- face on a signaling line circuit gency Evacuation Signal) and an International Standard 3. Directly connected to an initiating device circuit, (ISO 8201,Audible Emergency Evacuation Signal). which in turn is connected to a signaling line circuit inter- Copies of both of these standards are available from the face on a signaling line circuit. Standards Secretariat, Acoustical Society of America, 335 (b) Determine the style of signaling performance East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017-3483. Telephone required. The columns marked A through Ea in Table 212-661-9404 ext. 562. 3-5.1, and 0.5 through 7a in Table 3-6.1 are arranged in ascending order of performance and capacities. The standard fire alarm evacuation signal is a three- pulse temporal pattern using any appropriate sound. The (c) Upon determining the style of the system, the charts pattern consists of an "on" phase (a) lasting 0.5 second ± singularly or together will specify the maximum number of 10 percent followed by an"off'phase(b)lasting 0.5 second devices, equipment, premises, and buildings allowed to be ± 10 percent, for three successive "on" periods, which is incorporated into an actual protected premises installation. then followed by an "off" phase (c) lasting 1.5 seconds ± (d) In contrast, where the number of devices, equip- 10 percent. [See Figures A-3-7.2(a)(1) and (2).] The signal ment, premises, and buildings (in addition to signaling should be repeated for a period appropriate for the pur- ability) in an installation is known, a required system style poses of evacuation of the building, but for not less than can be determined. 180 seconds.A single-stroke bell or chime sounded at "on" (e) The prime purpose of the tables is to enable identi- intervals lasting 1 second ± 10 percent, with a 2-second ± fication of minimum performance for styles of initiating 10 percent "off' interval after each third "on" stroke, is device circuits and signaling line circuits. It is not the acceptable. [See Figure A-3-7.2(a)(3).] intention that the styles be construed as grades. That is, a The minimum repetition time may be manually interrupted. Style 3 system is not better than a Style 2, or vice versa. In [New paragraphs] fact, a particular style may better provide adequate and reliable signaling for an installation than a more complex A-3-8.2.3 The alarm verification feature should not be style number. The quantities tabulated under each style used as a substitute for proper detector location/applications do, unfortunately, tend to imply that one style is better or regular system maintenance. Alarm verification features than the one to its left. The increased quantities for the are intended to reduce the frequency of false alarms caused higher style numbers are based on the ability to signal an by transient conditions.They are not intended to compensate alarm during an abnormal condition in addition to signal- for design errors or lack of maintenance. ing the same abnormal condition. (f) The tables allow users,designers,manufacturers,and A-3-8.3.4 The bypass means is intended to enable auto- the authority having jurisdiction to identify minimum per- matic or manual day/night/weekend operation. formance of present and future systems by determining the [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-3-3.6.5] 2-174 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 On Power failure Phase reversal Engine-driven: Off 1 �— Running (alarm or supervisory) (a) (b) I (a) I (b) I (a) (c) (a) Failure to start Cycle Time,s Controller off"automatic" Trouble(low oil, high temperature,overspeed,etc.) Steam turbine: Key: Running(alarm or supervisory) Phase(a)signal is"on"for 0.5 s±10% Phase(b)signal is"off"for 0.5 s±10% Steam pressure Phase(c)signal is"off"for 1.5 s±10%[(c)=(a)+2(b)] Steam control valves Total cycle lasts for 4 s±10% (f) Fire suppression systems appropriate to the system Figure A-3-7.2(a)(1) Temporal pattern parameters. employed. [From NFPA 72- 1990, Figure A-2-4.10(a)(1)] [New paragraphs] On A-3-8.11.2 Sealing or locking such a valve in the open position or removing the handle from the valve does not meet the intent of this requirement. Off lu A-3-8.14.1 The provisions of this section apply to the 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time,s types of equipment used in common for fire alarm systems (such as fire alarm, sprinkler supervisory, or guard's tour Figure A-3-7.2(a)(2) Temporal pattern imposed on signaling appliances service) and for other systems (such as burglar alarm or that emit a continuous signal while energized. coded paging systems) and to methods of circuit wiring [From NFPA 72- 1990, Figure A-2-4.10(a)(2)] common to both types of systems. On [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-3-4.3.2] A-3-8.15.1 Dedicated fire alarm system control units are Off/ required for elevator recall by 3-8.15.1 in order that the elevator recall systems be monitored for integrity and have 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time,s primary and secondary power meeting the requirements of this code. Figure A-3-7.2(a)(3) Temporal pattern imposed on a single stroke bell or The control unit used for this purpose should be located chime. [From NFPA 72- 1990, Figure A-2-4.10(a)(3)] in an area that is normally occupied and should have audi- ble and visible indicators to annunciate supervisory (eleva- A-3-8.4 Embossed plastic tape, pencil, ink, crayon, etc., for recall) and trouble conditions; however, no form of should not be considered a permanently attached placard. general occupant notification or evacuation signal is [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-3-3.7] required or intended by 3-8.15.1. [New paragraph] A-3-8.7.2 Supervisory systems are not intended to pro- vide indication of design, installation, or functional defects A-3-8.15.4 It is recommended that the installation be in in the supervised systems or system components and are accordance with the following figures. Use Figure A-3- not a substitute for regular testing of those systems in 8.15.4(a) when the elevator is installed at the same time as accordance with the applicable standard. the building fire alarm system. Use Figure A-3-8.15.4(b) Supervised conditions should include but not be limited to: when the elevator is installed after the building fire alarm system. (a) Control valves 11/2 in. (38.1 mm) or larger [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-3-7.3.5(a)and (b)] (b) Pressure: Dry pipe system air A-3-8.16.1 A lower response time index is intended to Pressure tank air provide detector response prior to the sprinkler, since a Preaction system supervisory air lower temperature rating alone may not provide earlier Stearn for flooding systems response. The listed spacing rating of the heat detector Public water should be 25 ft (7.6 m) or greater. (c) Water tanks: A-3-8.16.3 Care should be taken to ensure that elevator Level power will not be interrupted due to water pressure surges Temperature in the sprinkler system. (d) Building temperature (including valve closet, fire A-3-10.6 Automatic fire suppression systems referred to pump house, etc.) in 3-10.6 include,but are not limited to, preaction and del- (e) Fire pumps: uge sprinkler systems, carbon dioxide systems, halon sys- Electric: terns, and dry chemical systems. Running (alarm or supervisory) [New paragraphs] 2-175 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE To elevator group's A-3-12.4.1 It is not the intention that emergency voice/ I I ( machine room(s) alarm communications service be limited to English- through fire alarm speaking populations. Emergency messages should be pro- data gathering points vided in the language of the predominant building I I One fire alarm zone population. Where there is a possibility of isolated groups I I I Two fire alarm zones that do not speak the predominant language, multilingual I g a g messages should be provided. It is expected that small Elevator I ( groups of transients unfamiliar with the predominant ]an- One I I Fire alarm data guage will be picked up in the traffic flow in the time of gathering point emergency,and are not likely to be in an isolated situation. IElevatorl Typical floor area [From NFPA 72- 1990,A-10-4.1] lobby Typical smoke detector A-3-12.4.6.2 Placement of loudspeakers should give con- sideration to interference with normal use of emergency I I I telephones and microphones in the area. To fire alarm A-3-12.6.3 Consideration should be given to the type of fire I I I system control fighters'telephone handset used in areas where high ambient noise levels exist or areas where high noise levels may exist Figure A-3-8.15.4(a) Elevator zone — elevator and fire alarm system during a fire condition. Push-to-talk handsets, handsets con- installed at same time. taining directional microphones, or handsets containing [From NFPA 72- 1990, Figure A-3-7.3.5(a)] other suitable noise-canceling features may be used. To elevator group's A-3-13 Special Requirements for Low Power Radio machine room(s)through I (Wireless) Systems.new automatic initiating To existing fire alarm data I I devices for elevator (a) The term "wireless" has been replaced with "low firefighters service gathering points power radio" to eliminate potential confusion with other I I New smoke detector similar transmission media such as optical fiber cables. to and replacing existing I I I smoke detector with added (b) Low power radio devices are required to comply auxiliary contacts _ — with the applicable low power requirements of Title 47, g g g Code of Federal Regulations, Part 15. ) E I Typical [New paragraphs] Elevator, a s I floor Existing fire hoistwY area alarm data A-4-2.3.1.2 Where derived channels are used, normal Elevator I gathering point lobby I Typical existing operating conditions of the telephone equipment will not _smoke detector_ _ _ inhibit or impair the successful transmission of signals. I I I These normal conditions include, but are not limited to, I I I To existing the following: fire alarm (a) Intraoffice calls with a transponder on the originat- I I I system control ing end I I I I (b) Intraofl'ice calls with a transponder on the terminat- ing end I I I To new automatic initiating (c) Intraoffice calls with transponders on both ends devices for elevator I firefighter's service (d) Receipt and origination of long-distance calls (e) Calls to announcement circuits Figure A-3-8.15.4(b) Elevator zone —elevator installed after fire alarm system. (fl Permanent signal receiver off hook tone [From NFPA 72- 1990, Figure A-3-7.3.5(b)] (g) Ringing with no answer, with transponder on either A-3-11 This code contemplates field installations inter- the originating or the receiving end connecting two or more listed control units, possibly from (h) Calls to tone circuits, i.e., service tone, test tone, different manufacturers, which together fulfill the require- busy, and/or reorder ments of this code. (i) Simultaneous with voice source Such an arrangement should preserve the reliability, 6) Simultaneous with data source adequacy,and integrity of all alarm, supervisory,and trou- ble signals and interconnecting circuits intended to be in (k) Tip and ring reversal accordance with the provisions of this code. (1) Cable identification equipment. Where interconnected control units are in separate [From NFPA 71,A-4-3.11 buildings, consideration should be given to protecting the interconnecting wiring from electrical and radio frequency A-4-2.3.1.2.3(b) Derived channel systems comprise Type interference. 1 and Type 2 systems only. [New paragraphs] [From NFPA 71,A-4-2.1.3(b)] 2-176 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 A-4-2.3.2.1.3 In order to give the DACT the ability to dis- disclosed that will extend DACR connect time so as to connect an incoming call to the protected premises, tele- increase the average connect time, this will dictate that the phone service must be of the type that provides for timed- alternate method of determining system loading be used. release disconnect.In some telephone systems (step-by-step Higher (or possibly lower) loadings may be appropriate in offices), timed-release disconnect may not be provided. some applications. Some factors that may increase (or [From NFPA 71,A-5-2.3,and NFPA 72,A-8-7.2.3] decrease) the capacity of a hunt group are listed below. A-4-2.3.2.1.5 A DACT may be programmed to originate (a) Shorter(or longer)average message transmission time. calls to the DACR telephone lines (numbers) in any alter- (b) The use of audio monitoring (listen-in) slow scan nating sequence. The sequence can consist of single or video or other similar equipment may significantly increase multiple calls to one DACR telephone line (number), fol- the connected time for a signal and reduce effective hunt lowed by single or multiple calls to a second DACR tele- group capacity. phone line (number), or any combination thereof that is (c) The clustering of active burglar alarm signals may consistent with the minimum/maximum attempt require- generate high peak loads at certain hours. ments in 4-2.3.2.1.5. [From NFPA 71,A-5-2.5 modified,and NFPA 72, (d) Inappropriate scheduling of 24-hour test signals may generate excessive peak loads. A-8-7.2.5 modified] Demonstration of a 90-percent probability of incoming may be line availability can be accomplished by the following A-4-2.3.2.1.7 Most failures of a telephone line detected by supervising the presence of the telephone line in-service monitoring of line activity: voltage. A loss of voltage indicates failure. Where the tele- 1. Incoming lines are assigned to telephone hunt phone line is also used for telephone communication, the groups. When a DACT calls the main number of a hunt voltage will drop when the telephone is in use. The pres- group, it can connect to any currently available line in that ence of current will also indicate a normal line condition hunt group. during this period. 2. The receiver continuously monitors the "avail- [From NFPA 71,A-5-2.7,and NFPA 72,A-8-7.2.7] able"status of each line.A line is available if it is waiting for an incoming call.A line is unavailable for any of the follow- A-4-2.3.2.1.11 Since call forwarding requires equipment ing reasons: at a telephone company central office that might occasion- ally interrupt the call forwarding feature, a signal should (►) Currently processing a call be initiated whereby the integrity of the forwarded tele- (ii) Line in trouble phone line (number) that is being called by DACTs is veri- (iii) Audio monitoring (listen-in) in progress fied every 4 hours. This may be accomplished by a single DACT either in service or used solely for verification that (iv) Any other condition that makes the line input automatically initiates and completes a transmission unable to accept calls. sequence to its associated DACR every 4 hours. A success- 3. The receiver monitors the"available"status of the ful signal transmission sequence of any other type within hunt group. A hunt group is available if any line in it is the same 4-hour period should be considered sufficient to available. fulfill this requirement. 4. A message is emitted by the receiver if a hunt group Call forwarding should not be confused with WATS or is unavailable for more than 1 minute in 10. This message 800 service. The latter, differentiated by dialing the 800 references the hunt group and the degree of overload. prefix, is a dedicated service used mainly for its toll-free [From NFPA 71,A-5-3.3.3 modified,and NFPA 72, feature; all calls are pre-determined to terminate at a fixed A-8-7.3.3.3 modified] telephone line (number) or to a dedicated line. [New paragraphs] A-4-2.3.2.2.2.4 The verification of the 24-hour DACR line test should be done early enough in the day to allow A-4-2.3.2.2.2.1 The timed-release disconnect consider- repairs to be made by the telephone company. ations as outlined in A-4-2.3.2.1.3 apply to the telephone lines [From NFPA 71,A-5-3.3.4,and NFPA 72, (numbers)connected to a DACR at the supervising station. A-8-7.3.3.4] It may be necessary to consult with appropriate tele- A-4-2.3.3.1.2 The following suggested coded signal phone service personnel to ensure that numbers assigned assignments for a building having four floors and base- to the DACR can be individually accessed even though they ments are provided as a guide: may be connected in rotary (a hunt group). [From NFPA 71,A-5-3.3.1 modified,and NFPA 72, Location Coded Signal A-8-7.3.3.1 modified] A-4-2.3.2.2.2.3 In determiningstem loading, Table 4th Floor 2-4 system g� 3rd Floor 2-3 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 may be used, or it may be demonstrated that 2nd Floor 2-2 there is a 90 percent probability of incoming line availabil- 1st Floor 2-1 ity. Table 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 is based on an average distribution Basement 3-1 of calls and an average connected time of 30 seconds for a Sub-Basement 3-2 message. Therefore, when it is proposed to use Table [From NFPA 71,A-6-2.1.2,and NFPA 72,A-2-4.3 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 to determine system loading,if any factors are modified] 2-177 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE A-4-2.3.3.2.5(c) Though rare, it is understood that the delayed by the security signaling traffic such as opening occurrence of a wire-to-wire short on the primary trunk and closing signals. Such an enhanced system would be facility near the supervising station could disable the trans- one that, upon receipt of signal would: mission system without immediate detection. [From NFPA 71,A-6-3.4.1(c)modified) (a) Automatically process the signals, differentiating between those that require immediate response by super- A-4-2.3.3.2.6(d)(3) Though rare, it is understood that the vising station personnel and those that need only be logged occurrence of a wire-to-wire short on the primary trunk (b) Automatically provide relevant subscriber informa- facility near the supervising station could disable the trans- tion to assist supervising station personnel in their mission system without immediate detection. response [From NFPA 71,A-6-3.4.2(d)(3) modified] (c) Maintain a timed, unalterable log of the signals received and the response of supervising station personnel A-4-2.3.3.3.5 Verify by test at time of system acceptance. to such signals. [From NFPA 71,A-6-4.3.1] [From NFPA 71,A-1-7.1 modified] A-4-2.3.4.4 The intent of the plurality of control sites is to safeguard against damage caused by lightning and to min- imize the effect of interference on the receipt of signals. A-4-3.2.2 There are related types of contract service that [From NFPA 71,A-7-3.1.4] often are provided from or controlled by a central station, but that are neither anticipated by nor consistent with the A-4-2.3.5.2 It is intended that each RAT communicate provisions of 4-3.2.2. Although 4-3.2.2 does not preclude with two or more independently located RARSRs. The such arrangements, a central station company is expected location of such RARSRs should be such that they do not to recognize,provide for,and preserve the reliability,ade- share common facilities. quacy, and integrity of those supervisory and alarm ser- vices intended to be in accordance with the provisions of NOTE: All probability calculations required for the pur- 4-3.2.2. poses of Chapter 4 should be made in accordance with [From NFPA 71,A-1-2.2 modified] established communications procedures,should assume the maximum channel loading parameters specified, and should further assume that 25 RATs are actively in alarm and are being received by each RARSR. [From NFPA 71,A-8-1.2.3 modified] A-4-3.2.4 It is the responsibility of the prime contractor to remove all compliance markings (certification markings A-4-2.3.7.2(b) Transmitters should be operated alter- or placards) when a service contract goes into effect that nately, 16 hours on, 16 hours off. conflicts in any way with the requirements of 4-3.2.4. [From NFPA 72,A-9-5.2(b)] [From NFPA 71,A-1-2.4 modified] A-4-2.4.1 The signal information may be provided in A-4-3.2.5 The prime contractor should be aware of stat- coded form. Records may be used to interpret these codes. utes, public agency regulations, or certifications regarding [From NFPA 71,A-5-3.2.1,and NFPA 72, fire alarm systems that may be binding on the subscriber. A-8-7.3.2.I The prime contractor should identify for the subscriber which agencies could be an authority having jurisdiction A-4-2.4.2 In order to expedite repairs, it is recommended and, where possible, advise the subscriber of any require- that spare modules, such as printed circuit boards, CRT dis- ments or approvals being mandated by these agencies. plays,printers,etc.,be stocked at the supervising station. The subscriber has the responsibility for notifying the [From NFPA 71,A-4-1.2.3 modified and A-7-1.2.3 prime contractor of those private organizations that are modified] being designated as an authority having jurisdiction. The subscriber also has the responsibility to notify the prime A-4-2.4.3 For all forms of transmission,the maximum time contractor of changes in the authority having jurisdiction, to process an alarm signal should be 90 seconds. The maxi- such as where there is a change in insurance companies. mum time to process a supervisory signal should be 4 min- Although the responsibility is primarily the subscriber's, utes. The time to process an alarm or supervisory signal is the prime contractor should also take responsibility to seek defined as that time from which a signal is received to the out these"private" authorities having jurisdiction through time that retransmission or subscriber contact is initiated. the subscriber.The prime contractor has the responsibility for maintaining current records on the authority(ies) hav- When the level of traffic in a supervising station system ing jurisdiction for each protected premises. reaches a magnitude such that delayed response is posei- The most prevalent public agency involved as an author- ble, even though the loading tables or loading formulas of ity having jurisdiction with regard to fire alarm systems is this code are not exceeded, it is envisioned that it will be the local fire department or fire prevention bureau.These necessary to employ an enhanced method of processing. are normally city or county agencies with statutory author- For example, in a system where a single DACR instru- ity and may be required to approve fire alarm system ment provided fire and burglar alarm service is connected installations. At the state level, the fire marshal's office to multiple telephone lines, it is conceivable that during would be most likely to serve as the public regulatory certain periods of the day, fire alarm signals may be agency. 2-178 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 The most prevalent private organizations involved as A-4-3.6.1.3(a) Use of the term "immediately" in this con- authorities having jurisdiction are insurance companies. text is intended to mean "without unreasonable delay." Others include insurance rating bureaus, insurance bro- Routine handling should take a maximum of 4 minutes kers and agents,and private consultants. It is important to from receipt of a supervisory signal by the central station note that these organizations have no statutory authority until initiation of communication with person(s)designated and become authorities having jurisdiction only when des- by the subscriber. ignated by the subscriber. [New paragraph] With both public and private concerns to satisfy, it is not uncommon to find multiple authorities having jurisdiction A-4-3.6.1.4(a) Use of the term "immediately" in this con- involved with a particular protected premises. It is neces- text is intended to mean "without unreasonable delay." sary to identify all authorities having jurisdiction in order Routine handling should take a maximum of 4 minutes to obtain all the necessary approvals for a central station from receipt of a trouble signal by the central station until fire alarm system's installation. initiation of the investigation by telephone. [From NFPA 71,A-1-4.1 modified] [New paragraph] A-4-3.4.4 Two telephone lines at the central station con- nected to the public switched telephone network,each having A-4-3.6.1.5(b) Use of the term "immediately" in this con- its own telephone instrument connected,and two telephone text is intended to mean "without unreasonable delay." numbers available at the public fire service communication Routine handling should take a maximum of 4 minutes center to which a central station operator may retransmit an from receipt of a trouble signal by the central station until alarm meets the intent of this requirement. initiation of the investigation by telephone. [New paragraph] [From NFPA 71,A-1-10.2.5(b)modified] A-4-3.4.4.2 The following methods have been used suc- cessfully for supervising retransmission circuits (channels): A-4-4.2.3 The following functions are in Appendix A to a) An electrical) supervised circuit channel provided provide guidelines for utilizing building systems and ( Y P (channel) P equipment in addition to proprietary fire alarm equipment with suitable code sending and automatic recording to provide life safety and property protection. equipment. Building functions that may be initiated or controlled (b) A supervised circuit (channel) providing suitable during a fire alarm condition include, but are not limited voice transmitting, receiving, and automatic recording to, the following: equipment.The circuit may be a telephone circuit that: (a) Elevator operation consistent with ANSI A17.1, 1. Cannot be used for any other purpose; Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators, and Moving 2. Is provided with a two-way ring down feature for Walks. supervision between the fire department communications (b) Unlocking stairwell and exit doors. Refer to NFPA center and the central station; 80,Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows,and NFPA 101, 3. Is provided with terminal equipment located on Life Safety Code. the premises at each end; and (c) Release of fire and smoke dampers. Refer to NFPA 4. is provided with 24-hour standby power provided. 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and remises circuits need not be supervised.ervised. Ven- Exce tion: Local tilating Systems,and NFPA 90B,Standard for the Installation of 1' p p Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Systems. (c) Radio facilities using transmissions over a supervised (d) Monitoring and initiating of self-contained auto- channel with supervised transmitting and receiving equip- matic fire extinguishing systems and equipment. Refer to ment. Circuit continuity ensured at intervals not exceeding NFPA 11, Standard for Low Expansion Foam and Combined 8 hours by any means is satisfactory. Agent Systems; NFPA 11A, Standard for Medium- and High- [From NFPA 71,A-1-7.2.2 modified] Expansion Foam Systems; NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Diox- A-4-3.6.1.1(a) Use of the term "immediately" in this con- ide Extinguishing Systems;NFPA 12A,Standard on Halon 1301 text is intended to mean "without unreasonable delay." Fire Extinguishing Systems; NFPA 12B, Standard on Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems; NFPA 13, Standard for the Routine handling should take a maximum of 90 seconds r t Installation of Sprinkler Systems; NFPA 14, Standard for the from receipt of alarm signal the central station until Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems; NFPA 15,Standard the initiation of retransmission to the public fire service for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection; and NFPA communication center. [New paragraph] 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems. (e) Lighting control necessary to provide essential illu- A-4-3.6.1.3 It is anticipated that the central station will mination during fire alarm conditions. Refer to NFPA 70, first attempt to notify designated personnel at the pro- National Electrical Code, and NFPA 101,Life Safety Code. tected premises. When such notification cannot be made,it may be appropriate to notify law enforcement and/or the (0 Emergency shutoff of hazardous gas. fire department. For example, if a valve supervisory signal (g) Control of building environmental heating, ventilat- is received where protected premises are not occupied, it ing,and air conditioning equipment to provide smoke con- may be appropriate to notify police. trol. Refer to NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air [From NFPA 71,A-1-10.2.3 modified] Conditioning and Ventilating Systems. 2-179 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (h) Control of process, data processing, and similar o. Box circuit#1 equipment as necessary during fire alarm conditions. Utility Box circuit#2 [From NFPA 72,A-9-1] distribution AC Rectifier + Alarm system or or - 24-Hour circuit#1 A-4-4.6.5 It is the intent of this code that the operator engine-driven motor-gen. battery Box circuit#1 within the proprietary supervising station should have a generator Box circuit#2 secure means of immediately retransmitting any signal UAlarm indicative of a fire to the public fire department communi- cation center.Automatic retransmission using an approved Figure A4-6.7.1.7(a) Form 2A. method installed in accordance with Sections 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.1(a)] 4-6, and 4-7 is no doubt the best method for proper retransmission. However, a manual means may be used, consisting of either a manual connection following the requirements of Sections 4-3, 4-5, and 4-7, or, for propri- Utility Box circuit#1 etary supervising stations serving only contiguous proper- distribution Box circuit#2 ties, in the form of a municipal fire alarm box installed system AC Rectifier + Alarm within 50 ft(15 m)of the proprietary supervising station in or = circuit#1 accordance with Section 4-6. Engine-driven motor-gen. - Box circuit#1 Hour [From NFPA 72,A-9-3.2] generator Box circuit#2 Manual or ba 4-Httery Alarm automatic circuit#t A-4-4.6.6 No matter what type of retransmission facility is transfer used, telephone communication between the proprietary supervising station and the fire department should be Figure A4-6.7.1.7(b)(1) Form 2B-1. available at all times and should not depend on a switch- [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.1(b)(1)] board operator. [From NFPA 72,A-9-3.3] Engine-driven o. Box circuit#1 A-4.5.3 As a minimum,the room or rooms containing the generator Box circuit#2 remote supervising station equipment should have a i AC Rectifier + Alarm 1-hour fire rating, and the entire structure should be pro- or = circuit#1 tected b an alarms stem complyingwith Cha ter 3. motor-gen. - Box circuit#1 Y Y P Engine-driven 4-Hour [New paragraph] generator Manual or battery Box circuit#2 automatic Alarm A-4-6.4.7 Indicating Lights. transfer circuit#1 (a) Current supply for designating lamps at street boxes Figure A-4-6.7.1.7(b)(2) Form 2B-2. should preferably be secured at lamp locations from the [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.1(b)(2)] local electric utility company. (b) Alternating current power may be superimposed on Utility metallic fire alarm circuits for supplying designating lamps ff- Automatic Box circuit#1 or for control or actuation of equipment devices for fire distribution Box circuit#2 system or alarm or other emergency signals, provided: engine-driven AC Alarm generator circuit#1 1. Voltages between any wire and ground or between one wire and any other wire of the system shall not exceed 150 volts; the total resultant current in any line Engine-driven Box circuit#1 circuit shall not exceed 1/4 am , generator P Box circuit#2 2. Coupling capacitors, transformers, chokes, coils, R transfer Alarm etc.,shall be rated for 600-volt working voltage and have a Engine-driven \ circuit#1 breakdown voltage of at least twice the working voltage generator Automatic g g g transfer plus 1000 volts. 3. There is not interference with fire alarm service Figure A4-6.7.1.7(c) Form 2C. under any conditions. [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.1(c)] [From NFPA 1221 - 1991,A-4-1.4.1.5 modified] A-4-6.6 If the intent is for complete coverage, then it will not be necessary.to travel in excess of one block or 500 ft (150 m) to reach a box. In residential areas, it will not be A-4-6.9.1.4 All requirements for circuit protection do not necessary to travel in excess of 2 blocks or 800 ft (240 m) apply to coded radio reporting systems. These systems do to reach a box. not use metallic circuits. [From NFPA 1221,4-1.4.3.2 modified] [New paragraph] 2-180 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Utility _ Utility distribution AC Rectifier + _ 60 Hour To box distribution .AC Rectifier +__ 24-Hour system or or — battery circuit#1 system orbattery engine-driven motor-gen. — engine-driven motor-gen. — generator generator Rectifier + To box IN or _ 60-Hour battery attery circuit#2 Inverter + or To box circuit#1 Rectifier converter _ or + _ 60 Hour To alarm circuit A motor-gen. _ battery Inverter + Figure A-4-6.7.1.8(a) Form 3A. or To box circuit#2 [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.2(a)] converter — Inverter + l Utility or 1 To alarm circuit#1 distribution converter system Rectifier + AC °r _ 24-Hour To box _ battery circuit#1 Figure A-4-6.7.1.9(a) Form 4A. motor-gen. Manual or� [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.3(a)] automatic transfer Rectifier 1 + _ 24-Hour l To box or — battery J(circuit#2 Engine-driven motor-gen. — generator Rectifier +---L 24-Hour 1l To alarm or — battery f circuit#1 motor-gen. — I �' ))J Utility distribution Figure A-4.6.7.1.8(b)(1) Form 3B-1. system AC Rectifier +Or _ 4-Hour [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.2(b)(1)] motor-gen. battery Manual or� automatic transfer Engine-driven Engine-driven generator 24-Hour To box generator AC Rectifier Inverter + To box + _ 1 or — battery batt circuit#1 or circuit#1 j motor-gen. Manual or — converter� automatic transfer Rectifieror + Inverter + 24-Hour 1 To box i or To box Engine-driven motor-gen. _ battery J(circuit#2 converter — J circuit#2 generator Rectifier Inverter + + _ 24-Hour To alarm l To alarm motor-gen. _ I battery circuit#1 converter _ J circuit#1 Figure A-4-6.7.1.8(b)(2) Form 3B-2. Figure A-4-6.7.1.9(b)(1) Form 4111-1. [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.2(b)(2)] [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.3(b)(1)] 2-181 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Poling required for transpondence(two-way)type systems only. Engine-driven generator LAC Rectifier + - 4-Hour Poling Poling or motor-gen. _ battery device device Manual or� automatic System No.1 System No.2 transfer Antenna na Engine-driven generator + Receiver or g;Z Inverter To box transceiver or } converter circuit#1 _ Signal Signal Inverter + processing processing i To box equipment equipment or J circuit#2 converter - Graphic Graphic Inverter + recording recording 1 Tio alarm or J circuit#1 converter - Power EPower Figure A-4-6.7.1.9(b)(2) Form 4B-2. Supply Supply [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.3(b)(2) To power source Figure A-4-6.14.3.1.1 Utility Automatic Rectifier transfer + [From NFPA 1221,Figure B-4-3.4.2.1] distribution 1 To box system or r- _ J circuit#1 motor-gen. Radio or municipal circuit engine-driven AC generator Auto 1 Rectifier + To box or j circuit#2 Manual Engine-driven motor-gen. - generator Trouble relay Rectifier + l Trouble To alarm f circuit Engine-driven °f }circuit#1 Signal Trip motor gen. - contacts coil - + generator Automatic Local transfer energy Figure A-4-6.7.1.9(c) Form 4C. Figure A-4-7.4.1(a)(1) [From NFPA 1221, Figure B-4-1.5.3.1.3(c)] [From NFPA 72,Figure A-7-3(a)(1)] 2-182 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Radio or municipal circuit Alarm signal Alarm Supply Alarm circuit signal Parallel telephone terminal strip relay relay \1.1 Supervisory C Ungrounded resistor Leased M Cn i,� Trouble relay] < .0 2 C T -7- 1 �? Lu circuits Trouble circuit Automatic Manual Signal Trip Trouble 7� contacts coil + Trouble circuit signal Local Municipal energy communication center Protected premises Figure A-4-7.4.1(a)(2) Alarm Parallel telephone [From NFPA 72, Figure A-7-3(a)(2)] signal terminal strip Ungrounded Leased Supervised circuit of local energy circuits /alarm system Trouble Normally open relay �j Municipal circuit signal Supervisory 30 ohms resistor Auto Municipal #14 (waterflow only) communication center Protected premises Figure A-4-7.4.1(c) _11\Manual [From NFPA 72,Figure A-7-3(c)] A-5-1.3.5 Detectors may be required under large benches, shelves, or tables, and inside cupboards or other Signal Trip enclosures. contacts coil [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 2-7.5] Figure A-4-7.4.1(b)(1) A-5-1.4 Refer to Figures A-5-1.4(a) and (b) for proper [From NFPA 72, Figure A-7-3(b)(1)] connections of automatic fire detectors to fire alarm sys- tems initiating device circuits and power supply circuits. (From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-2-7.7] A-5-2.4.2 The linear space rating is the maximum allow- able distance between heat detectors. The linear space rat- ing is also a measure of the heat detector response time to a standard test fire where tested at the same distance. The higher the rating, the faster the response time. This code Radio or municipal circuit Alarm signal recognizes only those heat detectors with ratings of 50 ft Alarm circuit (15 m) or more. relay ~^ [From NFPA 74,A-4-3] A-5-2.6 A heat detector with a temperature rating some- 6.-V; C - what in excess of the highest normally expected ambient tem- < ca th perature is specified in order to avoid the possibility of pre- Trouble relay S,L".-1 mature operation of the heat detector to nonfire conditions. Trouble [From NFPA 74,A-4-3.I] circuit Signal Trip A-5-2.7 In addition to the special requirements for heat contacts coil - + detectors installed on ceilings with exposed joists, reduced Local (Not permitted) energy spacing may also be required due to other structural char- acteristics of the protected area, possible drafts, or other Figure A-4-7.4.I(b)(2) conditions that may affect detector operation. [From NFPA 72, Figure A-7-3(b)(2)] [From NFPA 74,A-5-2.2.5] 2-183 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Duplicate Single terminal Duplicate leads notched clamping plate Duplicate terminals :::Iterminals End-of-line Control unit resistor initiating device circuit Splices Correct wiring method—Two wire detectors End-of-line Control unit resistor initiating device circuit O Circuit wiring One splice lead Circuit wire bent Circuit wire looped looped under connected,other back on itself and under terminal. one terminal. taped and not used. secured in one notch. Wire run not broken. Incorrect wiring method—Two wire detectors In Out In Out In Out Incorrect Correct—Separate incoming and outgoing conductors Figure A-5-1.4(a) Correct wiring methods—four-wire detectors with separate power supply. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-2-7.7(a)) 2-184 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 End-of-line device Control unit initiating device D o D O D O D _ circuit Power supervisory Outgoing power relay Detector supply leads power supply Incoming power supply leads D=Detector Illustrates 4-wire smoke detector employing a 3-wire connecting arrangement.One side of power supply is connected to one side of initiating device circuit.Wire run broken at each connection to smoke detector to provide supervision. End-of-line device Control unit D D D D _ / initiating device t( circuit Outgoing power Power supervisory supply leads relay Detector power supply Incoming power supply leads D=Detector Illustrates 4-wire smoke detector employing a 4-wire connecting arrangement.Incoming and outgoing leads or terminals for both initiating device and power supply connections.Wire run broken at each connection to provide supervision. Figure A•5-1.4(b) [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-2-7.7(b)) 4 in. Ceiling (0.1 m) 4 in. Acceptable here (0.1 m) Minimum Never here —� Top of detector 12 in. acceptable here (0.3 m) Maximum Side wall NOTE: Measurements shorn are to the closest edge of the detector. Figure A-5-2.5.1 Example of Proper mounting for detectors. 2-185 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE gular in shape. The pattern of heat spread from a fire .73 Z ,7,7S� source, however, is not rectangular in shape. On a smooth s 1 S ( l r—S—►O S ( j k S ceiling, heat will spread out in all directions, in an ever- 2' —'� �-- —'�/ 2 expanding circle.Thus, the coverage of a detector is not in } fact a square, but rather a circle whose radius is the linear spacing multiplied by 0.7. S This is graphically illustrated in Figure A-5-2.7.1(b). With the detector as the center, by rotating the square, an O O O infinite number of squares can be laid out, the corners of which will plot a circle whose radius is 0.7 times the listed spacing. The detector will cover any of these squares and, S consequently, any point within the confines of the circle. So far this explanation has considered squares and cir- cles. In practical applications,very few areas turn out to be 1 1 j 1 exactly square, and circular areas are rare indeed. Design- ers deal generally with rectangles of odd dimensions and corners of rooms or areas formed by wall intercepts,where S spacing to one wall is less than one-half the listed spacing. To simplify the rest of this explanation,consider the use of a detector with a listed spacing of 30 ft by 30 ft (9.1 m by j O O O 9.1 m).The principles derived will be equally applicable to S other types. 2 Figure A-5-2.7.1(c) illustrates the derivation of this con- cept. A detector is placed in the center of a circle with a OHeat detector radius of 21 ft (0.7 x 30 ft) [6.4 m (0.7 x 9.1 m)].A series of rectangles with one dimension less than the permissible S Spacing between detectors maximum of 30 ft (9.1 m) is constructed within the circle. The following conclusions can be drawn: Figure A•5-2.7.1(a) Spot-type heat detectors. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-3-4.1] (a) As the smaller dimension decreases, the longer dimension can be increased beyond the linear maximum A-5-2.7.1 Maximum linear spacings on smooth ceilings spacing of the detector with no loss in detection efficiency. for spot-type heat detectors are determined by full-scale (b) A single detector will cover any area that will fit fire tests. These tests assume that the detectors are to be within the circle. For a rectangle, a single properly located installed in a pattern of one or more squares, each side of detector will suffice if the diagonal of the rectangle does which equals the maximum spacing as determined in the not exceed the diameter of the circle. test.This is illustrated in Figure A-5-2.7.I(a).The detectors (c) Relative detector efficiency will actually be increased, to be tested are placed at one corner of the square, which because the area coverage in sq ft is always less than the is the furthest distance it can be from the fire while still 900 sq ft (83.6 m 2) permissible if the full 30 ft by 30 ft (9.1 within the square. Thus the distance from the detector m by 9.1 m) square were to be utilized.The principle illus- ("D") to the fire ("F") is always the test spacing multiplied trated here allows equal linear spacing between the detec- by 0.7 and can be set up in the following tables: for and the fire, with no recognition for the effect of reflec- tion from walls or partitions, which in narrow rooms or Maximum corridors will be of additional benefit. For detectors that Test Distance from are not centered, the longer dimension should always be Test Spacing Fire to Detector(0.7 x D) used in laying out the radius of coverage. 50 x 50 ft 35 ft 40 x 40 ft 28 ft Areas so large that they exceed the rectangular dimen- 30 x 30 ft 21 ft sions given in Figure A-5-2.7.I(c) require additional detec- 25 x 25 ft 17.5 ft tors.Often proper placement of detectors can be facilitated 20 x 20 ft 14 ft by breaking down the area into multiple rectangles of 15 x 15 ft 10.5 ft the dimensions that fit most appropriately. [See Figure For s1 Units: 1 ft = 0.305 tit. A-5-2.7.1(d).] For example,see Figure A-5-2.7.1(c).A corri- dor 10 ft (3 m) wide and up to 82 ft (25 m) long can be Once the correct maximum test distance has been deter- covered with two 30-ft (9.1-m) detectors. An area 40 ft mined,then it is valid to interchange the positions of the fire (12.2 m) wide and up to 74 ft(22.6 m) long can be covered ("F")and the detector("D").The detector is now in the mid- with four detectors. Irregular areas will take more careful dle of the square,and what the listing actually says is that the planning to make sure that no spot on the ceiling is more detector is adequate to detect a fire that occurs anywhere than 21 ft(6.4 m)away from a detector.These points can be within that square — even out to the farthest corner. determined by striking arcs from the remote corner. Where In laying out detector installations, designers speak in any part of the area lies beyond the circle with a radius of 0.7 terms of rectangles, as building areas are generally rectan- times the listed spacings,additional detectors are required. 2-186 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Rt R 4 B \7 2 �7S \7 2 �7S A C C A B B '-2-► A C Line-type detector s C B A 2 Figure A-5-2.7.1(d) A detector will cover any square laid out in the con- Figure A-5-2.7.1(b) Line-type detectors—spacing layouts,smooth ceiling. fines of a circle whose radius is 0.7 times the listed spacing. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-3-5.1] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-3-5.1(b)] B A 10, A B ll )- - - - - - - 50'- - - - - - -� D C 20' 4�__kD 25' Listed nl -- - - - - -40'- - - - - 1 I 30' 'spacing 1 - 20' 10 � I I I 41 37' 30' 39' 34' �I S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D' D' C' C B' A A B, Legend F -Test fire,denatured alcohol,190-proof.Pan located Rectangle A=10'x 41'=410 sq ft approximately 3 ft(0.9 m)above floor. B=15'x 39'=585 sq It -Indicates normal sprinkler spacings on 10-ft(3-m) C=20'x 37'=740 sq It (I) schedules. D-25'x 34'=850 sq It -Indicates normal heat detector spacing on various spacing Listed spacing =30'x 30'=900 sq It schedules. For SI Units: I It = 0.305 m. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m. Figure A-5-2.7.1(c) Fire test layout. Figure A-5-2.7.1(e) Detector spacing,rectangular areas. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-3-5.1(a)] [From NFPA 72E - 1990, Figure A-3-5.1(c)] 2-187 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 30 25 x 25 20 20 20 x 20 20 20 x 29.1 N21.2 15x23.9 15x32 1018.7 10 10x26.4 10 10x33.9 x 20.6 5x27.8 5x35 p p 28.3 p 35.4 15 25 20 30 25 35 15'Detector curve 20'Detector curve 25'Detector curve 50 50 x 50 45 x 54.5 40 40 x 40 40 40 x 58.3 35x44.4 35x61.4 30 30 30 x 30 30 7 30 x 47.9 30 x 64 25x34.2 25x50.7 25x66.1 20 20 x 37.9 20 20 x 52.9 20 20 x 67.8 15x40.9 15x54.5 15x69.1 10 10x41.2 10 10x55.6 10 10x70 5x42.1 5x56.2 5x70.5 0 42.4 0 56.6 p 70.7 30 40 40 50 50 60 70 30'Detector curve 40'Detector curve 50'Detector curve For Sl Units: I ft = 0.305 m. Figure A-5-2.7.1(f) Typical rectangles for detector curves of 15-50 ft. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-3-5.1(d)] 2-188 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 I 21' •—Solid joists yZS 21' IQ r2l' Detectors on bottom of S joists 212r '/ z1. 11 hs f 10, S=Listed spacing Figure A-5-2.7.2 Detector spacing layout,solid joist construction. j [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-3-5.2] 40' 20' 18.5'—►�•— 37' —18.5' �l OO O Anywhere in this area 10, 74' 3' 3' 10' OO OO I 20.6—•1• 41' ►lam-20.5' [� 82'- -I I I For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m. Figure A-5.2.7.1.1 Detector spacing layout,irregular areas. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-3-5.1.1] I I I I I I I I I S I I I S A-5-2.7.1.2 Both 5-2.7.1.2 and Table 5-2.7.1.2 are con- I' 2—'I'--5- 'I` S 'f'- structed to provide essentially the equivalent detector per- formance on higher ceilings [to 30 ft(9.1 m) high)] as that S-Detector spacing which would exist with detectors on a 10-ft (3-m) ceiling. Q-Heat detector The Fire Detection Institute Fire Test Report (see refer- For st units: I ft = 0.305 m. ences in Appendix C),used as a basis for Table 5-2.7.1.2,does Figure A-5-2.7.4.1 Detector spacing layout, sloped ceilings (peaked not include data on integration-type detectors. Pending type)' development of such data, the manufacturer's recommen- dations provide guidance. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-3-5.1.21 A-5-3.1.1 The addition of a heat detector to a smoke detector does not enhance its performance as an early A-5-2.7.3 Location and spacing of heat detectors should warning device. consider beam depth, ceiling height, beam spacing, and [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-1.11 fire size. (a) If the ratio of beam depth (D) to ceiling height (H) A-5-3.2 The person designing an installation should keep (D/H) is greater than 0.10 and the ratio of beam spacing in mind that in order for a smoke detector to respond, the (W) to ceiling height (H) (W/H) is greater than 0.40, heat smoke must travel from the point of origin to the detector. detectors should be located in each beam pocket. In evaluating any particular building or location, likely fire locations should first be determined. From each of these (b) If either the ratio of beam depth to ceiling height points of origin, paths of smoke travel should be deter- (D/H) is less than 0.10 or the ratio of beam spacing to ceil- mined. Wherever practical,actual field tests should be con- ing height(W/H)is less than 0.40,heat detectors should be ducted. The most desired location for smoke detectors installed on the bottom of the beams. would be the common points of intersection of smoke [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-3-5.3] travel from fire locations throughout the building. 2-189 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE or burning material and, becoming less dense than sur- rounding cooler air, rises until it reaches a level at which 1 there is no longer a difference in temperature between it and the surrounding air. i I Stratification may also occur when evaporative coolers I I are used, because moisture introduced by these devices j I I may condense on smoke,causing it to fall toward the floor. I I I Therefore, to ensure rapid response, smoke detectors may 1 I I I I need to be installed on sidewalls or at locations below the l I I I I I ceiling. I I I I I I In installations where detection of smoldering or small I I I I I I fires is desired and where the possibility of stratification exists, consideration should be given to mounting a por- tion of the detectors below the,ceiling. In high ceiling I I I I I I areas, projected beam-type or air sampling-type detectors zi�-S- ►�-S- ►�--S-►�-S-►�-S-► at different levels should also be considered. 3' [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-4.1.2] S -Detector spacing Max. @-Heat detector Smoke detectors at ceiling For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m. Figure A-5-2.7.4.2 Detector spacing layout,sloped ceilings(shed type). • O • O • %O • [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-3-5.4.2] NOTE: This is one of the reasons that specific spacing is O • O • O • O not assigned to smoke detectors by the testing laboratories. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-1.3] • O • O • O • A-5-3.3.2 Most light-scattering detectors use a high inten- sity pulsed light source with silicon photodiode or pho- totransistor light sensors,resulting in excellent response to FA- o • o • o • o -A-, most smoldering fires and good response to most flaming fires. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-2.2] Smoke detectors below ceiling A-5-3.3.3 Projected beam detectors respond to the sum of the smoke obscuration in the beam path along its entire 3'Minimum length between the transmitting unit and the receiving unit. A reduction in the received light initiates an alarm High ceiling area Section AA signal. A total and sudden loss of received light initiates a For S► Units: I ft = 0.305 m. trouble signal indicating beam blockage or the need for Figure A-5-3.5.1.2 Smoke detector layout accounting for stratification. service. Some projected beam detectors have signal- [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-4-4.1.2] processing circuits to compensate for transient conditions and the effect of dust on sensitivity. A-5-3.5.2 In high ceiling areas, such as atriums, where [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-2.3] spot-type smoke detectors are not accessible for periodic maintenance and testing, projected beam-type or air A-5-3.5.1 For operation, all types of smoke detectors sampling-type detectors should be considered where access depend on smoke entering the sensing chamber or light can be provided. beam. Where sufficient concentration is present, operation [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-4.2] is obtained. Since the detectors are usually mounted on the ceiling, response time depends on the nature of the fire. A A-5-3.5.5.1.1 This will be useful in calculating locations in hot fire will rapidly drive the smoke up to the ceiling. A corridors or irregular areas. (See A-5-2.7.1 and Figure A-5- smoldering fire, such as in a sofa, produces little heat; 2.7.1.1.) For irregularly shaped areas, the spacing between therefore, the time for smoke to reach the detector will be detectors may be greater than the selected spacing, pro- increased. vided the maximum spacing from a detector to the farthest [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-4.1] point of a sidewall or corner within its zone of protection is not greater than 0.7 times the selected spacing (0.7S). (See A-5-3.5.1.2 Stratification. Stratification of air in a room Figure A-5-2.7.1.1.) may hinder air containing smoke particles or gaseous com- [New paragraph] bustion products from reaching ceiling-mounted smoke or fire-gas detectors. A-5-3.5.5.2 On smooth ceilings, a spacing of not more Stratification occurs when air containing smoke particles than 60 ft(18.3 m)between projected beams and not more or gaseous combustion products is heated by smoldering than one-half that spacing between a projected beam and a 2-190 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Raised floor Steel angle or Junction box secured panel channel support at floor support `—Smoke detector O O EMT - FMC or Clamp FMC or EMT EMT Permitted Raised floor panel Smoke detector 1 FMC or EMT Q FMC or FMC or EMT O EMT O Not permitted Figure A-5-3.5.2.1 Mounting installations,permitted(top)and not permitted(bottom). [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-4-4.3.1.11 sidewall (wall parallel to the beam travel) may be used as a guide. Other spacing may be determined depending on ,12 S Receiver ceiling height, airflow characteristics, and response Projector requirements. i In some cases, the light beam projector will be mounted Q on one end wall, with the light beam receiver mounted on the opposite wall. However, it is also permissible to sus- pend the projector and receiver from the ceiling at a dis- '/4 S '/4 S tance from the end walls not exceeding one-quarter the 4 10 S selected spacing. For an illustration of this, see Figure A-5-3.5.5.2. [From NFPA 72E - 1990,A-4-4.5.2] A-5-3.5.6 Detectors are placed at reduced spacings at 0 —� —♦ `10 right angles to joists or beams in an attempt to ensure that detection time is equivalent to that which would be experi- Projector '/z S Receiver enced on a flat ceiling. It takes longer for the combustion products (smoke or heat) to travel at right angles to beams or joists, because of the phenomenon wherein a plume from a relatively hot fire with significant thermal lift tends Figure A-5-3.5.5.2 Maximum distance that ceiling-suspended light to fill the pocket between each beam or joist before moving sproj porgand receiver may be positioned from end wall is y4 selected spacing to the next one. g( ) [From NFPA 72E - 1990, Figure A-4-4.5.21 Though it is true that this phenomenon may not be sig- nificant in a small smoldering fire where there is only that detection time is equivalent to that which would exist enough thermal lift to cause stratification at the bottom of on a flat ceiling, even in the hotter type of fire. the joists, reduced spacing is still recommended to ensure [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-4.6] 2-191 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE A-5-3.5.7.4 To detect flaming fires (strong plumes), detectors should operate reliably under such common detectors should be installed as follows: environmental conditions as mechanical vibration, electri- (a) If the ratio of the beam depth (D) to ceiling height cal interference,and other environmental influences.Tests (H) (D/H) is greater than 0.10 and the ratio of beam spac- for these conditions are also conducted by the testing labo- ing (W) to ceiling height (H) (W/H) is greater than 0.40, ratories in their listing program. In those cases in which detectors should be located in each beam pocket. environmental conditions approach the limits shown in Table A-5-3.7.1.1, consult the detector manufacturer for (b) If either the ratio of beam depth to ceiling height additional information and recommendations. (D/H) is less than 0.10 or the ratio of beam spacing to ceil- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-6.1.1) ing height (W/H) is less than 0.40, detectors should be installed on the bottom of the beams. A-5-3.7.1.2 Smoke detectors may be affected by electrical To detect smoldering fires (weak or no plumes), detec- and mechanical influences and by aerosols and particulate tors should be installed as follows: matter found in protected spaces. Location of detectors should be such that the influences of aerosols and (a) If air mixing into beam pockets is good (e.g.,air-flow particulate matter from sources such as those in Table parallel to long beams) and condition (a) exists as above, A-5-3.7.1.2(a) are minimized. Similarly, the influences of detector should be located in each beam pocket. electrical and mechanical factors shown in Table A-5- (b) If air mixing into beam pockets is limited or condi- 3.7.1.2(b) should be minimized. While it may not be possi- tion (b) exists as above, detectors should be located on the ble to totally isolate environmental factors, an awareness of bottom of the beams. these factors during system layout and design will favor- ably affect detector performance. Research on plumes and ceiling jets indicates that the [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-6.1.2] radius of a plume where it impinges on the ceiling is approximately 20 percent of the ceiling height above the A-5-3.7.2.2 Airflow through holes in the rear of a smoke fire source (p. 2H) and the minimum depth of the ceiling detector may interfere with smoke entry to the sensing jet (at its turning point) is approximately 10 percent of the chamber. Similarly, air from the conduit system may flow ceiling height above the fire source (y. 0.1OH). For ceilings around the outside edges of the detector and again inter- with beams deeper than the jet depth and spaced wider fere with smoke reaching the sensing chamber. Addition- than the plume width, detectors will respond faster in the ally, holes in the rear of a detector provide a means for beam pocket because they will be in either the plume or entry of dust,dirt,and insects,each of which can adversely ceiling jet. For ceilings with beams of less depth than ceil- affect the detector's performance. ing jet or spaced closer than the plume width, detector [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-6.2.21 response will not be enhanced by placing detectors in each beam pocket,and the detectors may perform better on (for A-5-3.7.4.1 Aix Sampling-Type Detectors. A single pipe spot-type detectors) or below (for beam detectors) the bot- network has a shorter transport time than a multiple pipe tom of the beams. network of similar length pipe; however, a multiple pipe Where plumes are weak, ventilation and mixing into the system provides a faster smoke transport time than a single beam pockets will determine detector response. Where pipe system of the same total length. As the number of beams are closely spaced and airflow is perpendicular to the sampling holes in a pipe increases, the smoke transport beam, mixing into the beam pocket is limited and detectors time increases. Where practical, pipe run lengths in a mul- will perform better on or below the bottom of the beams. tiple pipe system should be nearly equal or the system [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-4.7.41 should be otherwise pneumatically balanced. A-5-3.6.1 Detectors should not be located in a direct air-flow A-5-3.7.4.2 The air sampling-type detector system should nor closer than 3 ft(900 mm)from an air supply diffuser. be able to withstand dusty environments by either air filter- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-5.1] ing or electronic discrimination of particle size.The detec- tor should be capable of providing optimal time delays of A-5-3.7.1.1 Product-listing standards include tests for alarm outputs to eliminate nuisance alarms due to tran- temporary excursions beyond normal limits. In addition to sient smoke conditions. The detector should also provide temperature, humidity, and velocity variations, smoke facilities for the connection of monitoring equipment for Table A-5-3.7.1.1 Environmental Conditions that Influence Detector Response Detection Air Velocity Atm.Pressure >3000'Humidity Temp. <32T Color of Protection >3007min Above Sea Level >93% >100°F Smoke Ion X X X X O Photo O O X X X Beam O O X X O Air Sampling O O X X O X = May affect detector response. O = Generally does not affect detector response. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Table A-4-6.1.4] 2-192 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table A-5-3.7.1.2(a) Common Sources of Aerosols and Particulate Matter Moisture Moisture Live steam Excessive tobacco smoke Steam tables Heat treating Showers Corrosive atmospheres Humidifiers Dust or lint Slop sink Linen/bedding handling Humid outside air Sawing,drilling,and grinding Water spray Pneumatic transport Textile and agricultural processing Combustion Products and Fumes Cooking equipment Engine Exhaust Ovens Dryers Gasoline forklift trucks j Fireplaces Diesel trucks and locomotives Exhaust hoods Engines not vented to the outside Cutting,welding,and brazing Heating element with abnormal conditions Machining Paint spray Dust accumulations Curing Improper exhaust Chemical fumes Incomplete combustion Cleaning fluids [From NFPA 72E,Table A-4-6.1.5(a)] Table A-5-3.7.1.2(b) Sources of Electrical and Mechanical Influences on Smoke Detectors Electrical Noise and Transients Airflow Vibration or shock Gusts Radiation Excessive velocity Radio frequency Power supply Elevation Intense light Lightning Electrostatic discharge [From NFPA 72E,Table A-4-6.1.5(b)] the recording of background smoke level information nec essary in setting alert and alarm levels and delays. [New paragraphs] O O A-5-3.7.5 High Rack Storage. For most effective detec- tion of fire in high rack storage areas, detectors should be located on the ceiling above each aisle and at intermediate levels in the racks. This is necessary to detect smoke that O O may be trapped in the racks at an early stage of fire devel- Plan opment, when insufficient thermal energy is released to carry the smoke to the ceiling. Earliest detection of smoke is achieved by locating the intermediate level detectors O O adjacent to alternate pallet sections as shown in Figures A-5-3.7.5(a) and (b). Detector manufacturer's recommen- dations and engineering judgment should be followed for specific installations. O O A protected beam-type detector may be used in lieu of a single row of individual spot-type smoke detectors. O Detectors on ceiling [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-4-6.4] 0 Detectors on racks (upper intermediate level) Sampling ports of an air sampling-type detector may be I Detectors on racks located above each aisle to provide coverage equivalent to (lower intermediate level) the location of spot-type detectors. Manufacturer's recom- mendations and engineering judgment should be followed Figure longitudinal For solid storage(closed nextrack in which transverse g g j g and longitudinal flue spaces are irregular or nonexistent,as for slatted or for specific installation. solid shelved storage. [New paragraph] [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-4-6.1.8(a)] 2-193 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE flame and the combustion chemistry producing the flame. Specific sub-atomic, atomic, and molecular events yield radiant energy of specific wavelengths. For example, ultra- violet photons are emitted as the result of the complete loss of electrons or very large changes in electron energy levels. During combustion, molecules are violently torn apart by Elevation the chemical reactivity of oxygen, and electrons are released in the process, recombining at drastically lower energy levels, thus giving rise to ultraviolet radiation. Visi- ble radiation is generally the result of smaller changes in electron energy levels within the molecules of fuel, flame intermediates, and products of combustion. Infrared radi- ation comes from the vibration of molecules or parts of molecules when they are in the superheated state associ- ated with combustion. Each chemical compound exhibits a O O group of wavelengths at which it is resonant. These wave- lengths constitute the chemical's infrared spectrum, which is usually unique to that chemical. O O This interrelationship between wavelength and combus- tion chemistry affects the relative performance of various Plan types of detectors to various fires. O O [From NFPA 72E - 1990,A-5-2.1.9] A-5-4.3.1 The radiant energy from a flame or spark/ O O ember is comprised of emissions in various bands of the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared portions of the spectrum. O O The relative quantities of radiation emitted in each part of the spectrum are determined by the fuel chemistry, the O O temperature, and the rate of combustion. The detector should be matched to the characteristics of the fire. O Detectors on ceiling Almost all materials that participate in flaming combus- • Detectors in racks at upper tion will emit ultraviolet radiation to some degree during intermediate level flaming combustion, whereas only carbon-containing fuels 1 0 Detectors in racks at lower will emit significant radiation at the 4.35 micron (carbon intermediate level dioxide) band used by many detector types to detect a Figure A-5-3.7.5(b) For palletized storage(open rack)or no shelved stor- flame. age in which regular transverse and longitudinal flue spaces are main- tained. Ultra- Visible Infrared [From NFPA 72E- 1990, Figure A-4-6.1.8(b)] violet C-C H2O/CO2 A-5-4.2.1 Ember. Class A and Class D combustibles will CO2 burn as embers under conditions where the typical flame associated with fire does not necessarily exist.This glowing •N combustion yields radiant emissions in radically different a) C-H parts of the radiant energy spectrum than flaming combus- CO tion. Specialized detectors, specifically designed to detect .> d � those emission, should be used in applications where this W N0,NO2,N20 type of combustion is expected. In general,flame detectors cr are not intended for the detection of embers. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-2.1.1] A-5-4.2.1 Spark. The overwhelming majority of applica- tions involving the detection of Class A and Class D com- 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 bustibles with radiant energy-sensing detectors involves the Wavelength,in microns,u transport of particulate solid materials through pneumatic conveyor ducts or mechanical conveyors. It is common in Figure A-54.3.1 Spectrum of a"typical"flame(free burning gasoline). the industries that include such hazards to call a moving [New] piece of burning material a "spark" and systems for the detection of such fires "spark detection systems." The radiant energy emitted from an ember is deter- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-2.1.6] mined primarily by the fuel temperature (Plank's Law Emissions) and the emissivity of the fuel. Radiant energy A-5-4.2.1 Wavelength. The concept of wavelength is from an ember is primarily infrared and, to a lesser extremely important in selecting the proper detector for a degree, visible in wavelength. In general, embers do not particular application. There is a precise interrelation emit ultraviolet energy in significant quantities(0.1 percent between the wavelength of light being emitted from a of total emissions) until the ember achieves temperatures 2-194 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 of 2000°K (1727°C or 3240°F). In most cases,the emissions e = Naperian logarithm base (2.7183) will be included in the band of 0.8 to 2.0 microns, corre- i = the extinction coefficient of air sponding to temperatures of approximately 750°F (398°C) d = the distance between the fire and the detector to 1830OF (10000C). S = radiant power reaching the detector. Most radiant energy detectors have some form of quali- The sensitivity (S) would typically be measured in nano- fication circuitry within them that uses time to help distin- watts.This equation yields a family of curves similar to the guish between spurious, transient signals and legitimate one shown in Figure A-5-4.4.1.1. fire alarms. These circuits become very important when one considers the anticipated fire scenario and the ability of the detector to respond to that anticipated fire. For 16 example, a detector that utilizes an integration circuit or a 15 timing circuit to respond to the flickering light from a fire may not respond well to a deflagration resulting from the 14 ignition of accumulated combustible vapors and gases, or where the fire is a spark that is traveling up to 100 meters 13 per second past the detector. Under these circumstances,a 12 detector that has a high speed response capability would be most appropriate. On the other hand, in applications 11 where the development of the fire will be slower, a detec- tor that utilizes time for the confirmation of repetitive sig- N 10 Distance/size nals would be appropriate. Consequently, the fire growth m 9 criteria for application rate should be considered in selecting the detector. The should fall in shaded detector performance should be selected to respond to the N 8 area. anticipated fire. 7 The radiant emissions are not the only criteria to be c considered. The medium between the anticipated fire and Z 6 the detector is also very important. Different wavelengths of radiant energy are absorbed with varying degrees of 5 efficiency by materials suspended in the air or that may 4 accumulate on the optical surfaces of the detector. Gener- ally, aerosols and surface deposits reduce the sensitivity of 3 the detector.The detection technology utilized should take 2 into account those normally occurring aerosols and surface deposits to minimize the reduction of system response t between maintenance intervals. Note that the smoke evolved from the combustion of middle and heavy fraction petroleum distillates is highly absorptive in the ultraviolet 1 2 3 4 5 end of the spectrum. Where using this type of detection, Normalized distance between detector and fire the system should be designed to minimize the interfer- ence of smoke on the response of the detection system. Figure A-54.4.1.1 Generalized fire size vs.distance. The environment and ambient conditions anticipated in [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.1.11 the area to be protected will impact on the choice of detec- tor. All detectors have limitations on the range of ambient The curve defines the maximum distance at which the temperatures over which they will respond,consistent with detector consistently detects a fire of defined size and fuel. their tested or approved sensitivities.The designer should Detectors should only be employed in the shaded area make certain that the detector is compatible with the range beneath the curve. of ambient temperatures anticipated in the area in which it Under the best of conditions, with no atmospheric is installed. In addition, rain, snow, and ice will attenuate absorption, the radiant power reaching the detector is both ultraviolet and infrared radiation to varying degrees. reduced by a factor of four if the distance between the Where anticipated, provisions should be made to protect detector and the fire is doubled. For the consumption of the detector from accumulations of these materials on the the atmospheric extinction, the exponential term, Zeta (s) optical surfaces. is added to the equation. Zeta is a measure of the clarity of [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-3.1 modified] the air at the wavelength under consideration. Zeta will be affected by humidity, dust, and any other contaminants in A-5-4.4.1.1 All optical detectors respond according to the the air that are absorbent at the wavelength in question. following theoretical equation: Zeta generally has values between-.001 and-.1 for normal ambient air. S Kpez d [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.1.1 modified] = d2 A-5-4.4.2.1 The types of application for which flame Where: detectors are suitable are: k = proportionality constant for the detector (a) High ceiling, open spaced buildings such as ware- p = radiant power emitted by the fire houses and aircraft hangers 2-195 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (b) Outdoor or semi-outdoor areas where winds or conditions,a fire of given surface area but of different fuels draughts may prevent smoke reaching a heat or smoke will burn at different rates (joules/second or watts) and detector emit varying levels of radiation in each of the major por- (c) Risks where rapidly developing flaming fires may tions of the spectrum. Most radiant energy detectors occur, such as aircraft hangers, petrochemical production, designed to detect flame are qualified based upon a storage and transfer areas, natural gas installations, paint defined fire under specific conditions. Where employing shops, solvent areas, etc. these detectors for fuels other than the defined fire, the designer should make certain that the appropriate adjust- (d) Spot protection of high fire risk machinery or instal- ments to the maximum distance between the detector and lations, often coupled with an automatic gas extinguishing the fire are made consistent with the fuel specificity of the system detector. (e) Environments that are unsuitable for other types of [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.2.4] detectors. A-5-4.4.2.6 The means by which this requirement has Some extraneous sources of radiant emissions that have been satisfied include: been identified as interfering with the stability of flame detectors include: (a) Lens clarity monitoring and cleaning where a con- taminated lens signal is rendered (a) Sunlight (b) Lens air purge. (b) Lightning [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.2.6] (c) X-rays (d) Gamma rays A-5-4.5.1 Spark/ember detectors are installed primarily (e) Cosmic rays to detect sparks and embers that may, if allowed to con- tinue to burn, precipitate a much larger fire or explosion. (f) Ultraviolet radiation from arc welding Spark/ember detectors are typically mounted on some (g) Electromagnetic interference (EMI, RFI) form of duct or conveyor, monitoring the fuel as it passes (h) Hot objects by. Usually, it is necessary to enclose the portion of the conveyor where the detectors are located as these devices (i) Artificial lighting. generally require a dark environment. Extraneous sources [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.2.1 modified] of radiant emissions that have been identified as interfer- ing with the stability of spark/ember detectors include: A-5-4.4.2.3 The greater the angular displacement of the (a) Ambient light fire from the optical axis of the detector, the larger the fire must become before it is detected.This phenomenon estab- (b) Electromagnetic interference (EMI, RFI) lishes the field of view of the detector. Figure A-5-4.4.2.3 (c) Electrostatic discharge in the fuel stream. shows an example of the effective sensitivity versus angular [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.3.1 modified] displacement of a flame detector. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.2.3 modified] A-5-4.5.2 There is a minimum ignition power (watts) for (Normal) all combustible dusts. If the spark or ember is incapable of Angle of incidence delivering that quantity of power to the adjacent combusti- 15 0 15 with radiant ble material (dust), an expanding dust fire will not occur. 30 30 power constant The minimum ignition power is determined by the fuel chemistry, fuel particle size, fuel concentration in air, and 45 45 ambient conditions such as temperature and humidity. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.3.2] 60 60 A-5-4.5.5 The greater the displacement of the fire from the optical axis of the detector, the larger the fire must become before it is detected.This phenomenon establishes the field of view of the detector. Figure A-5-4.4.2.3 shows 1.0 .75 .50 .25 .25 .50 .75 1.0 an example of the effective sensitivity versus angular dis- Normalized distance placement of a flame detector. from detector [From NFPA 72E-1990,A-5-4.3.5] Figure A-54.4.2.3 Normalized sensitivity vs.angular displacement. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.2.3] A-5-4.5.6 The means by which this requirement has been satisfied include: A-54.4.2.4 Virtually all radiant energy-sensing detectors (a) Lens clarity monitoring and cleaning where a con- exhibit some kind of fuel specificity. Different fuels when taminated lens signal is rendered burned at uniform rates (joules/second or watts) will emit different levels of radiant power in the ultraviolet, visible, (b) Lens air purge. and infrared portions of the spectrum. Under free-burn [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-5-4.3.6] 2-196 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 A-5-5.1 Many gases may be produced by a fire. Fire-gas A-5-5.8.1.3 Product-listing standards include tests for detectors are instruments that are triggered into alarm by temporary excursions beyond normal limits. In addition to one or more fire gases. Fire-gas detectors need not be able temperature, humidity, and velocity variations, fire-gas to differentiate among the various fire gases. Depending detectors should operate reliably under such common on the material being burned and the oxygen supply avail- environmental conditions as mechanical vibration, electri- able, the quantity and composition of gases given off can cal interference, and other environmental influences. vary greatly. These conditions are also included in tests conducted by If ordinary cellulosic material such as wood or paper is the listing agencies. burned with an abundance of oxygen, the gases given off [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-6-5.1.3] are primarily carbon dioxide and water vapor. If, however, the same material is burned or smolders with a limited A-5-7.2 The waterflow device should be field adjusted so supply of oxygen,a host of additional gases will be evolved. that an alarm will be initiated in no more than 90 seconds [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-6-1.1.1] after a sustained flow of at least 10 gpm (40 L/min). Features that should be investigated to minimize alarm A-5.5.6.1 Fire-gas detectors depend on fire gases reach- response time include elimination of trapped air in the ing the sensing element. Where sufficient concentration is sprinkler system piping, use of an excess pressure pump, present,operation is obtained. Since the detectors are usu-ally mounted on or near the ceiling, response time use of pressure drop alarm-initiating devices, or a combi- depends on the nature of the fire.A hot fire will drive fire nation thereof. gases up to the ceiling more rapidly. A smoldering fire Care should be taken when choosing waterflow alarm- produces little heat, and, therefore, the detection time will initiating devices for hydraulically calculated looped sys- be increased. tems and those systems using small orifice sprinklers. Such [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-6-3.1] systems may incorporate a single point flow significantly less than 10 gpm (40 L/min). In such cases, additional A-5-5.6.3 Gas transport to the sensor of a fire-gas detec-. waterflow alarm-initiating devices or use of pressure drop- tor may occur by diffusion where migration results from type waterflow alarm-initiating devices may be necessary. concentration gradients or by sampling if pumps, fans, or Care should be taken, where choosing waterflow alarm aspirators are employed. initiating devices for sprinklers utilizing on-off sprinklers, [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-6-3.31 to ensure that an alarm will be initiated in the event of a waterflow condition. On-off sprinklers open at a predeter- A-5-5.6.6.3 Location and spacing of fire-gas detectors mined temperature and close when the temperature should consider beam depth, ceiling height, beam spacing, reaches a predetermined lower temperature. With certain and anticipated fire type and location. For ceiling configu- types of fires, waterflow may occur in a series of short rations where mixing of air into beam pockets is inhibited bursts of 10 to 30 seconds' duration each. An alarm- by ventilation systems, detectors will perform better if initiating device with retard may not detect waterflow installed on the bottom of beams. under these conditions. It is recommended that an excess To detect flaming fires(strong plumes),detectors should pressure system or one that operates on pressure drop be be installed as follows: considered to facilitate waterflow detection on sprinkler (a) If the ratio of the beam depth (D) to ceiling height systems utilizing on-off sprinklers. (H) (D/H) is greater than 0.10 and the ratio of beam spac- Excess pressure systems may be used with or without ing (W) to ceiling height (H) (W/H) is greater than 0.40, alarm valves. The following is a description of one type of detectors should be located in each beam pocket. excess pressure system with an alarm valve. (b) If either ratio of beam depth to ceiling height(D/H) An excess pressure system with an alarm valve consists of is less than 0.10 or the ratio of beam spacing to ceiling an excess pressure pump with pressure switches to control height(W/H)is less than 0.40,detectors should be installed the operation of the pump. The inlet of the pump is con- on the bottom of the beams. nected to the supply side of the alarm valve,and the outlet is connected to the sprinkler system. The pump control To detect smoldering fires (weak or no plumes), detec- pressure switch is of the differential type, maintaining the tors should be installed as follows: sprinkler system pressure above the main pressure by a (a) If air mixing into beam pockets is good (e.g., air-flow constant amount. Another switch monitors low sprinkler parallel to long beams) and condition (a) exists as above, a system pressure to initiate a supervisory signal in the event detector should be located in each beam pocket. of a failure of the pump or other malfunction. An addi- tional pressure switch may be used to stop pump operation (b) If air mixing into beam pockets is limited or condi- in the event of a deficiency in water supply. Another pres- tion (b) exists as above, detectors should be located on the sure switch is connected to the alarm outlet of the alarm bottom of the beams. valve to initiate a waterflow alarm signal when waterflow [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-6-3.6.3] exists. This type of system also inherently prevents false alarms due to water surges. The sprinkler retard chamber A-5-5.7.1 Detectors should not be located in a direct air- should be eliminated to enhance the detection capability of flow nor closer than 3 ft (900 mm) from an air supply the system for short duration flows. diffuser. [From NFPA 72,A-3-4.1.2,and NFPA 71,A-3-4.2.1 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-6-4.I) modified] 2-197 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE A-5-8.1 Appropriate means may involve: appreciable smoke in the air duct at the detector location. (a) Foam systems: Flow of water Smoke may not be drawn from open areas where air condi- tioning systems or ventilating systems are shut down. (b) Pump activation [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-1.2(a)and (b)] (c) Differential pressure detectors A-5-11.5.2.2 Detectors listed for the air velocity present (d) Halon: Pressure detector may be installed at the opening where the return air enters (e) Carbon dioxide: Pressure detector. the common return air system. The detectors should be installed up to 12 in. (0.3 m) in front of or behind the In any case, an alarm that activates the extinguishing opening and spaced according to the following opening system may be initiated from the detection system. dimensions [see Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(a)]: [From NFPA 71,A-3-4.31 (a) Width. A-5-9.1.3 Coded Signal Designations. The following 1. Up to 36 in. (914 mm) — One detector centered suggested coded signal assignment for buildings having in opening four floors and multiple basements is provided as a guide: 2. Up to 72 in. (1829 mm) Two detectors located Location Coded Signal at the 1/4-points of the opening 4th Floor 2-4 3. Over 72 in. (1829 mm) —One additional detector 3rd Floor 2-3 for each full 24 in. of opening. 2nd Floor 2-2 (b) Depth. The number and spacing of the detector(s) 1st Floor 2-1 in the depth (vertical) of the opening should be the same Basement 3-1 Sub-Basement 3-2 as those given for the width (horizontal)above. [New paragraph and table] (c) Orientation. Detectors should be oriented in the most favorable position for smoke entry with respect to the A-5-9.2.9 Current supply for location-designating lights direction of air flow. The path of a projected beam-type at street boxes should preferably be secured at lamp loca- detector across the return air openings should be considered tions from the local electric utility company. equivalent in coverage to a row of individual detectors. Alternating current power may be superimposed on [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-3.2.21 metallic fire alarm circuits for supplying designating lamps, or for control or actuation of equipment devices for fire Width Width alarm or other emergency signals, provided: r— up" up" 36" t (a) Voltage between any wire and ground or between w/21 w/41 r w/4 one wire and any other wire of the system shall not exceed Depth 150 volts. The total resultant current in any line circuit i_C up to {Q_f X?U shall not exceed 1/4 amp. d 36" 2 (b) Coupling capacitors,transformers,choke,coils,etc.,shall be rated for 600-volt working voltage and have a breakdown voltage of at least twice the working voltage plus 1000 volts. (c) There is no interference with fire alarm service 72"�-24 under any conditions. 181. Detectors One detector [From NFPA 1221,A-4-1.4.1.5] Depth max. evenly spaced for each full up to -Ti _J i_0_S _�_� 24 in.of A-5-9.2.12.3 FCC Rules and Regulations, Vol. V, Part 90, 36" additional I March 1979: "Except for test purposes,each transmission d/2 [_max. opening width must be limited to a maximum of 2 seconds and may be automatically repeated not more than two times at spaced _�.f Duct detector intervals within the following 30 seconds; thereafter, the authorized cycle may not be reactivated for 1 minute." [From NFPA 1221,A-4-3.3.2.2 modified] Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(a) Location of smoke detector(s) in return air sys. tems for selective operation of equipment. A-5-11.1 Smoke detectors located in the open area(s) are [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-3.2.2(a)] preferred to duct-type detectors because of the dilution A-5-11.6.2 Where duct detectors are used to initiate the effect in air ducts. Active smoke management systems operation of smoke dampers, they should be located so installed in accordance with NFPA 92A, Recommended Prac- that the detector is between the last inlet or outlet tice for Smoke-Control Systems, or NFPA 9213, Guide for Smoke upstream of the damper and the first inlet or outlet down- Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and large Areas, should stream of the damper. be controlled by total coverage open area detection. In order to obtain a representative sample,stratification [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-1.1 modified] and dead air space should be avoided. Such conditions may be caused by return duct openings, sharp turns or A-5-11.2 Dilution of smoke-laden air by clean air from connections, as well as by long, uninterrupted straight other parts of the building or dilution by outside air intakes runs. For this reason, duct smoke detectors should be may allow high densities of smoke in a single room with no located in the zone between 6 and 10 duct equivalent 2-198 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 diameters of straight, uninterrupted run. In return air sys- tems, the requirements of 5-11.5.2.2 take precedence over these considerations. [See Figure A-5-11.6.2(b).] Bend or other [New paragraph] obstruction Smoke detector(s)here-see Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(a)or Paragraph 5-11.6.2 6 duct widths minimum Nonducted return Ceiling air system Return air inlet D Smoke detector Ducted return \' anywhere here air system Smoke barrier ��_ 6 duct widths minimum Figure A-5-11.6.2(b) Typical duct detector placement. Common return air system serving more than one smoke [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-4.8(b) modified] compartment Tube support hole only for /ducts more than 3 It wide Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(b) Location of smoke detector(s) in return air sys- tems for selective operation of equipment. 10 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-3.2.2(b)and A-9-3.2.2] Airflow direction Duct width Preferred location of the detector in the duct; more than one detector location is not required. Lo Insert rubber plug this end of inlet tube. - Expected airflow Ceiling direction Smoke Smoke Smoke Return tube compartment 1 compartment 2 compartment 3 slant cut face Smoke barrier oriented downstream . . Inlet tube of airflow. Common return holes face DoDo not insert ream o air sytem rubber plug. Acceptable location for a smoke airflow. detector in an air duct Figure A-5-11.6.2(c) Inlet tube orientation. Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(c) Detector location in a duct that passes through [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-4.8(c)] smoke compartments not served by the duct. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-3.2.2(c)] Detector location Air duct a=24" On or less center Conduit I a 3 openings line of w=20' center A or less opening Electrical box • j*A Detector a=24" Treat as or less two or B More than more a ►� 3 openings groups or For SI Units: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.305 m. Figure A-5-11.6.2(a) Pendant mounting air duct installation. Figure A-5-11.7.4.3.2 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-4.8(a)] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-5.4.3.2] 2-199 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE I•-10—►I a=24" Treat as — — — — — — — — — � or less two or 1 w=more more than 20' groups 1 W 1 40' 1 Correct For SI Units: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.305 m. I Figure A-5-11.7.4.3.3 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,A-9-5.4.3.3] 1 1 1 A-6-3.1 The typical average ambient sound level for the following occupancies are intended only for design guid- - - - - - ance purposes: Average Ambient Locations Sound Level Business occupancies 55 dBA Educational occupancies 45 dBA — — — — — — — — — Industrial occupancies 80 dBA 1 Incorrect Institutional occupancies 50 dBA 40' 1 Mercantile occupancies 40 dBA 1 Piers and water-surrounded structures 40 dBA 1 30' Places of assembly 55 dBA i Residential occupancies 35 dBA 1 Storage occupancies 30 dBA 1 Thoroughfares,high density urban 70 dBA 1 Thoroughfares, medium density urban 55 dBA I —' Thoroughfares,rural and suburban 40 dBA 22' Tower occupancies 35 dBA 30'—�- Underground structures and windowless buildings 40 dBA Vehicles and vessels 50 dBA [From NFPA 72G, 3-1.1.4] Figure A-64A.1(a) The typical average ambient sound levels noted should not be used in lieu of actual sound level measurements. A-6-4.4.1 Areas so large that they exceed the rectangular dimensions given in Figures A-6-4.4.1(a), (b), and (c) require additional appliances. Often, proper,placement of appliances can be facilated by breaking down the area into multiple squares and dimensions that fit most appropri- 40' 60 cd ately. [See Figures A-6-4.4.1(a), (b), (c), and (d).) An area 40 ft (12.2 m) wide and 74 ft (22.6 m) long can be covered with two 60-cd appliances. Irregular areas will take more careful planning to make sure that at least one 15-cd appli- ance is installed per 20 ft by 20 ft(6.09 m by 6.09 m)room. [New paragraph] A-6-4.4.3 Effective intensity is the conventional method of equating the brightness of a flashing light to that of a steady burning light as seen by a human observer. The units of effective intensity are expressed in candelas. For 40' 60 cd — example, a flashing light that has an effective intensity of 1 15 candelas has the same apparent brightness to an observer as a 15-candela steady burning light source. 15 cd 1 1 A-7-2.1 Where the authority having jurisdiction strongly 15 cd 1 suspects significant deterioration or otherwise improper 40'�� 20'--►� operation by a central station, a surprise inspection to test 74' the operation of the central station may be made but requires extreme precaution. This test will be conducted NOTE: Dashed lines represent imaginary walls. without advising the central station,but the public fire serv- Figure A-6-4.4.1(b) Room spacing allocation for ceiling-mounted visible ice communication center must definitely be contacted appliances. 2-200 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 T 20' 100, 20L- Visible appliance (typical) ;. 50' 30 cd Visible Figure A-6-4.4.1(c) Room spacing allocation—correct. appliance�. Visible appliance improperly located 15 Visible appliance 30 cd Visible appliance U U_ M t 20' U U 30' I_CO ` cc a a 50 Figure A•6-4.4.2 Corridor and elevator area spacing allocation. m All of the following initiating device circuits are illustra- tive of either alarm or supervisory signaling. Alarm and supervisory initiating devices are not permitted on the same initiating device circuit. In addition to losing its ability to receive an alarm from Visible appliance 30 cd an initiating device located beyond an open fault,a Style A 30 (Class(Class B) initiating device circuit also loses its ability to 50 receive an alarm when a single ground fault is present. NOTE: see Table 6-4.4.1(a)for correction. Style C and Style E(Class B and Class A)initiating device Figure A-6-4.4.1(d) Room spacing allocation—incorrect. circuits can discriminate between an alarm condition and a wire-to-wire short. In these circuits, a wire-to-wire short when manual, waterflow alarms, or automatic fire detec- provides a trouble indication. However, a wire-to-wire tion systems are tested so that the fire department will not short will prevent alarm operation. Shorting-type initiating respond. In addition, persons normally receiving calls for devices cannot be used without an additional current or supervisory alarms should be notified when gate valves, voltage limiting element. pump power, etc., are tested. Confirmation of the authen- Directly connected system smoke detectors, commonly ticity of the test procedure is recommended and should be referred to as two-wire detectors, should be listed as being a matter for resolution between plant management and the electrically and functionally compatible with the control central station. unit and the specific subunit or module to which they are [From NFPA 71, 1-9.5) connected. If the detectors and the units or modules are not compatible, it is possible that, during an alarm condi- A-7-2.2 Test Methods. The following wiring diagrams tion, the detector's visible indicator will illuminate, but no are representative of typical circuits encountered in the change of state to the alarm condition will occur at the field and are not intended to be all-inclusive. control unit. Incompatibility can also prevent proper sys- The noted styles are as indicated in Table 3-5.1, 3-6.1, tem operation at extremes of operating voltage, tempera- 3-7.1, and 4-2.3.2.2.2.3. ture,and other environmental conditions. The noted systems are as indicated in NFPA 170, Stan- If two or more two-wire detectors with integral relays lard for Firesafety Symbols. are connected to a single initiating device circuit and their relay contacts are used to control essential building func- Since ground-fault detection is not required for all cir- tions(e.g., fan shutdown, elevator recall,etc.),it should be cuits, tests for ground-fault detection should be limited to clearly noted that the circuit may be capable of supplying those circuits equipped with ground-fault detection. only enough energy to support one detector/relay combi- An individual point-identifying (addressable) initiating nation in an alarm mode. If control of more than one device operates on a signaling line circuit and not on a building function is required,each detector/relay combina- Style A, B,C, D,or E(Class B and Class A)initiating device tion used to control separate functions should be con- :ircuit. nected to separate initiating device circuits,or they should 2-201 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE be connected to an initiating device circuit that will provide adequate power to permit all the detectors connected to U (EOL at the circuit to be in the alarm mode simultaneously. During LL 2 2 2 last device) acceptance and reacceptance testing, this feature should always be tested and verified. Operational Nonoperational A speaker is an alarm indicating appliance, and, when used in the following diagrams, the principle of operation 2 g g and supervision is the same as for other audible alarm indi- LL cating appliances (e.g., bells, horns, etc.). (EOL within Wiring Diagrams. the panel) Remove smoke detector if installed with plug-in base or disconnect conductor NOTE: Where testing circuits, verify the correct wiring beyond first device from control unit.Activate smoke detector per manufactur- size, insulation type, and conductor fill in accordance with er's recommendations between control unit and circuit break.Restore detector the requirements in NFPA 70,National Electrical Code. and/or circuit. Control unit should indicate trouble where fault occurs and alarm where detectors are activated between the break and the control unit. Figure A-7-2.2(c) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-4 modified] Operational --- Operational U $ 2 2 U (EOL at LL u< 2 2 2 last device) Disconnect conductor at a smoke detector or remove if installed with a plug-in Operational - Nonoperational base mid-point in the circuit.Operate a device on either side of device with the fault.Reset control unit and reconnect conductor or detector.Repeat test with a ground applied to either conductor in place of the disconnected conductor U Z $ Z or removed device.Both operations should indicate audible and visual trouble, LL then alarm indication with subsequent restoral. Figure A-7-2.2(d) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-5 modified] (EOL within the panel) EOL-End-of-line device FAC-Fire alarm control unit ' Operational •— Nonoperational —. Disconnect conductor at device or control unit,then reconnect.Temporarily connect a ground to either leg of conductors,then remove ground.Both oper- ations should indicate audible and visual trouble with subsequent restoral at Q control unit.Conductor-to-conductor short should initiate alarm,Style A and LL Style B(Class B)indicate trouble Style C(Class B).Style A(Class B)will not (EOL at initiate alarm while in trouble condition. last device) Figure A-7-2.2(a) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-2 modified] Disconnect a conductor either at indicating or initiating device.Activate ini- tiating device between fault and control unit. Activate additional smoke detectors between device first activated and control unit. Restore circuit, initiating devices,and control unit.Confirm that all indicating appliances on the circuit operate from the control unit up to the fault and that all smoke detectors tested and their associated ancillary functions,if any,operated. Figure A-7-2.2(e) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-6 modified] • Operational Operational t Operational Operational—. LL LL Disconnect a conductor at a device mid-point in the circuit.Operate a device on either side of device with disconnected conductor.Reset control unit and recon- nect conductor.Repeat test with a ground applied to either conductor in place of the disconnected conductor.Both operations should indicate audible and visual Testing of the circuit is similar to that described above.Confirm all indicat- trouble,then alarm or supervisory indication with subsequent restoral. ing appliances operate on either side of fault. Figure A-7.2.2(b) Figure A-7-2.2(f) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-3 modified] [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-7 modified] 2-202 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 (EOL at power .— Operational Nonoperational supervision relay) v (EOL at LL $ 2 2 v last device) < — Operational =<--Nonoperational O�� � O\ Testing of the circuit is similar to that described in A-7-2.2(c)and A-7-2.2(d). Testing of the indicating appliances connected to Style X and Style Z(Class Disconnect a leg of the power supply circuit beyond the first device on the B and Class A)is similar to that described in A-7-2.2(d). circuit.Activate initiating device between fault and control unit.Restore cir- Figure A-7.2.2(k) cuits,initiating devices,and control unit.Audible and visual trouble should [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-11] indicate at the control unit where either initiating or power circuit is faulted.All initiating devices between the circuit fault and the control unit should activate. In addition, removal of a smoke detector from a plug-in type base can also break the power supply circuit. When circuits contain various powered and nonpowered devices on the same initiating circuit, <— Operational Nonoperational verify that the nonpowered devices beyond the power circuit fault can still initiate an alarm.A return loop should be brought back to the last powered device and the power supervisory relay to incorporate into the end-of-line device. (EOL at Figure A-7-2.2(g) last device) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-8 modified] Q t` �0���--�0 �O (EOL at i last device) Testing of the indicating appliances connected to Style X and Style Z(Class B and Class A)is similar to that described in A-7-2.2(d). Operational -► Nonoperational Figure A-7-2.2(1) End of [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-12] v $ 2 E line a device LL Testing of the circuit is similar to that described in A-7-2.2(c)with the addi- tion of a power circuit. Figure A-7.2.2(h) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-9 modified] U u< An open fault in the circuit wiring should cause a trouble condition. .— Operational Nonoperational FigureA-7-2.2(m) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-13] U (EOL LL at last � device) a LL Testing of the indicating appliances connected to Style W and Style Y(Class B)is similar to that described in A-7-2.2(c). Figure A-7-2.2(i) An open fault in the circuit wiring of operation of the valve switch(or any [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-13 modified] supervisory signal device)should cause a trouble condition. Figure A-7-2.2(n) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-14] �— Operational Operational (EOL a LL==3& (EOL at within the t` last device) panel) Testing of the indicating appliances connected to Style X and Style Z(Class An open fault in the circuit wiring or operation of the valve switch should B and Class A)is similar to that described in A-7-2.2(d). cause a trouble signal. Figure A-7-2.20) Figure A-7-2.2(o) [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-10.2 modified] [From NFPA 72H, Figure 7-15) 2-203 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE U LL ❑ ❑ ❑ LL Coding contacts Disconnect a leg of municipal circuit at master box. Verify alarm sent to public communication center. Disconnect leg of auxiliary circuit. Verify trouble condition on control unit.Restore circuits.Activate control unit and Supervisory send alarm signal to communication center.Verify control unit in trouble Contacts condition until master box reset. The contact closes when the device is operated and remains closed to shut Figure A-7-2.2(p) out the remainder of the system until the code is complete. [From NFPA 72H,Figure 7-17) Figure A-7-2.2(s) Style 0.5(b)(Class B)shunt. Auxiliary relay ❑ ❑ ❑ Supervision by internal outputs electromechanical device U ❑ ❑ ❑ Figure A-7-2.2(q) Self-explanatory test. IQi Testing of supervised remote relays to be conducted in same manner as indicating appliances. An open or ground fault on the circuit should cause a trouble condition at the control unit. Circuit Styles. Figure A-7-2.2(t) Style 0.5(c)(Class B)positive supervised successive. NOTE: Some testing laboratories and authorities having jurisdiction permit systems to be classified as a Style 7(Class A)by the application of two circuits of the same style oper- ating in parallel.An example of this is to take two series cir- cuits, either Style 0.5 or Style 1.0 (Class B), and operate them in parallel. The logic being that should a condition I AC FAC occur on one of the circuits, the remaining parallel circuit a would be operative. LL Field panel Field panel In order to understand the principles of the circuit, per- form alarm receipt capability on a single circuit and indicate on the certificate of completion the style type based on the Central performance. computer This is a series circuit identical to diagram for Style 0.5,except that the fire Style 0.5. This Signaling circuit operates as a series cir- alarm system hardware has enhanced performance.A single earth ground cuit in performance.This is identical to the historical series can be placed on a conductor or multiplex interface device,and the circuit and hardware still have alarm operability. audible signaling circuits. Any type of break or ground in If a conductor break or an internal fault occurs in the pathway of the cir- one of the conductors or the Internal of the multiple inter- cuit conductors,the entire circuit becomes inoperative. face device, and the total circuit is rendered operative. To verify alarm receipt capability and the resulting trouble signal,place an earth ground on one of the conductors or at the point where the signal- To test and verify this type of circuit,either lift a conduc- ing circuit attaches to the multiplex interface device.Then place one of the for or place an earth ground on a conductor or a terminal transmitters or an initiating devices into alarm. point where the signaling circuit attaches to the multiplex Figure A-7-2.2(u) Style 1.0(Class B). interface device. Supervisory (EOL at contacts last device) LL Coding contacts Style 0.5(a)functions so that when a box is operated,the supervisory con- tacts open,making the succeeding devices nonoperative while the operating box sends a coded signal.Any alarms occurring in any successive devices will not be received at the receiving station during this period. Figure A-7.2.2(r) Style 0.5(a)(Class B)series. Figure A-7-2.2(v) Typical transmitter layout. 2-204 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Operational—►{= Operational U TRSP II TRSP TRSP a LL U Q LL (EOL within O O the panel) This is the central station McCulloh redundant type circuit and has alarm Coded wheel Coded wheel receipt capability on either side of a single break. (a) To test,lift one of the conductors and operate a transmitter or initiat- TU ing device on each side of the break.This activity should be repeated for Q each conductor. LL (b) Place an earth ground on a conductor and operate a single transmit- (EOL within Shunt noninterfering ter or initiating device to verify alarm receipt capability and trouble condi- the panel) tion for each conductor. Repeat the instructions for Style 3.5(Class B).Verify alarm receipt capabil- (c) Repeat the instructions of(a) and (b) at the same time and verify ity while lifting a conductor by actuating a multiple interface device or alarm receipt capability and that a trouble condition results. transmitter on each side of the break. Figure A-7-2.2(w) Typical McCulloh loop. Figure A-7-2.2(aa)Style 4.5(Class B). t— Operational—.I. Nonoperational ► Operational�� Operational --► a TRSP TRSP TRSP LL (EOL at a TRSP TRSP TRSP last device) LL TRSP=Transponder Verify the alarm receipt capability and trouble annunciation by lifting a This is a parallel circuit whose multiplex interface devices transmit signal conductor and actuating a multiplex interfacing device or a transmitter on and operating power over the same conductors. The multiplex interface each side of the break. For the earth ground verification, place an earth devices may be operable up to the point of a single break. Verify by lifting ground and certify alarm receipt capability and trouble annunciation by a conductor and causing an alarm condition on one of the units between the actuating a single multiplex interfacing device or a transmitter. central alarm unit and the break.Either lift a conductor to verify the trou- Figure A-7-2.2(bb) Style 5.0(Class A). ble condition or place an earth ground on the conductors.Test for all the valuations shown on the signaling table. On ground fault testing verify alarm receipt capability by actuating a multiplex interface initiating device or a transmitter. Figure A-7-2.2(x) Style 3.0(Class B). _ Operational—►f=— Operational v¢ TRSP I TRSP TRSP _-- Operational—►I. Nonoperational LL U TRSP TRSP TRSP Repeat the instructions for Style 2.0(Class A) [(a)through (c)]. Verify the LL (EOL at remaining steps for trouble annunciation for the various combinations. last device) Figure A-7-2.2(cc) Style 6.0(Class A). Repeat the instructions for Style 3.0(Class B)and verify the trouble condi- tions by either lifting a conductor or placing a ground on the conductor. Figure A-7-2.2(y) Style 3.5(Class B). Operational Operational _-- Operational 1. Nonoperational . va TRSP TRSP --- TRSP LL U TRSP TRSP TRSP Circuit isolators (EOL at For the portions of the circuits electrically located between the monitoring last device) points of circuit isolators,follow the instructions for a Style 7.0(Class A)cir- cuit.It should be clearly noted that the alarm receipt capability for remain- Repeat the instructions for Style 3.0(Class B)and include a loss of carrier if ing portions of the circuit protection isolators is not the capability of the cir- the signal is being used. cuit,but permissible with enhanced system capabilities. Figure A-7-2.2(z) Style 4.0(Class B). Figure A-7-2.2(dd) Style 6.0(with circuit isolators)(Class A). 2-205 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Operational Operational High Gravity Battery Low Gravity Battery Float Voltage (Lead Calcium) (Lead Antimony) v TRSP TRSP TRSP Maximum 2.25 Volts/Cell 2.17 Volts/Cell LL Minimum 2.20 Volts/Cell 2.13 Volts/Cell High Rate Voltage 2.33 Volts/Cell Repeat the instructions for testing of Style 6.0 (Class A) for alarm receipt The following procedure is recommended for checking capability and trouble annunciation. NOTE 1: A portion of the circuit between the alarm processor or central state of charge for nickel-cadmium batteries: supervising station and the first circuit isolator does not have alarm receipt capability in the presence of a wire-to-wire short.The same is true for the por- (a) Switch the battery charger from float to high-rate tion of the circuit from the last isolator to the alarm processor or the central mode. supervising station. NOTE 2: Some manufacturers of this type of equipment have isolators as (b) The current, as indicated on the charger ammeter, part of the base assembly.Therefore in the field this component may not be will immediately rise to the maximum output of the readily observable without the assistance of the manufacturer's representative. charger, and the battery voltage, as shown on the charger Figure A-7-2.2(ee) Style 7.0(Class A). voltmeter,will start to rise at the same time. (c) The actual value of the voltage rise is unimportant since it depends on many variables; the length of time it takes for the voltage to rise is the important factor. A-7-3.2 Batteries. To maximize battery life, nickel- (d) If, for example, the voltage rises rapidly in a few cadmium batteries should be charged as follows: minutes, then holds steady at the new value, the battery Float Voltage 1.42 Volts/Cell + .01 volts was fully charged.At the same time, the current will drop High Rate Voltage 1.58 Volts/Cell + .07-0.00 volts to slightly above its original value. (e) In contrast,if the voltage rises slowly and the output NOTE: High and low gravity voltages are (+) 0.07 volts current remains high, the high-rate charge should be con- and (-)0.03 volts respectively. tinued until the voltage remains constant.Such a condition [From NFPA 1221,2-1.10.2.2, 3-1.5.3.2,and is an indication that the battery was not fully charged, and 4-1.6.2.3] the float voltage should be increased slightly. [From NFPA 1221,A-2-1.10.2.2(b)] To maximize battery life, the battery voltage for lead- A-7-3.2.1 It is suggested that the annual test can be con- acid cells should be maintained within the limits shown in ducted in segments so that all devices are tested annually. the following table: [New paragraph] 2-206 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Appendix B Engineering Guide for Automatic as well as the effect of ceiling height on the spacing and Fire Detector Spacing response of smoke detectors. [From NFPA 72E-1990,Appendix C modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,C-5-2.2 modified] This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document, B-1.2.4 This methodology utilizes theories of fire devel- but is included for information purposes only. opment, fire plume dynamics, and detector performance, which are the major factors influencing detector response. B-1 Introduction. However, it does not consider several lesser phenomena that, in general, are unlikely to have significant influence. B-1.1 Scope. This appendix provides information A discussion of ceiling drag, heat loss to the ceiling, radia- intended to supplement Chapter 5 and includes a proce- tion to the detector from a fire, re-radiation of heat from a dure for determining heat detector spacing based on the detector to its surroundings, and the heat of fusion of size and rate of growth of fire to be detected, various ceil- eutectic materials in fusible elements of heat detectors and ing heights, and ambient temperature. The effects of ceil- their possible limitations on the design method are pro- ing height and the size and rate of growth of a flaming fire vided in references 4, 11, and 14 in Appendix C. on smoke detector spacing are also treated. A procedure [From NFPA 72E- 1990,C-5-2.31 for analyzing the response of existing heat detection sys- tems is also presented. B-1.3 Relationship to Listed Spacings. Listed spacings for heat detectors are based on relatively large fires B-1.1.1 This appendix utilizes the results of fire research (approximately 1200 Btu/sec), burning at a constant rate. funded by the Fire Detection Institute to provide test data [The listed spacing is based on the distance from a fire at and analysis to the NFPA Technical Committee on Detec- which an ordinary degree heat detector actuates prior to tion Devices. (See reference 10 in Appendix C.) operation of a 160°F (71°C) sprinkler installed at a 10-ft B-1.1.2 This appendix is based on full-scale fire tests in (3-m) spacing.] [See Figure A-5-2.7.1(a).] which all fires were geometrically growing flaming fires. Design spacing for this type of fire can be determined B-1.1.3 The tables and graphs in this appendix were pro- using the material in Chapter 5. duced using test data and data correlations for wood fuels When smaller or larger fires and varying growth rates having a total heat of combustion of about 20,900 kj/kg must be considered,the designer may use the material pre- and a convective heat release rate fraction equal to 75 per- sented by this appendix. cent of the total heat release rate. Users should refer to [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] references 12 and 13 in Appendix C for fuels or burning conditions substantially different from these conditions. B-1.4 Required Data. The following data are required to [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix Cl use the methods in this appendix for either analysis or B-1.1.4 The guidance applicable to smoke detectors is design. limited to a theoretical analysis based on the flaming fire B-1.4.1 Analysis. test data and is not intended to address the detection of smoldering fires. To Ambient temperature B-1.2 Purpose. The purpose of this appendix is to assist H Ceiling height or clearance above fuel TS Detector operating temperature(heat detectors only) fire alarm system engineers concerned with spacing and ATE min Rate of temperature change set point for race-of-rise response of heat or smoke detectors. heat detectors B-1.2.1 Design. This appendix provides a method for RTI Response time index for the detector(heat detectors modifying the listed spacing of both rate-of-rise and fixed- only)or its listed spacing temperature heat detectors required to achieve detector a or tg Fuel fire intensity coefficient or tg, the fire growth time S The actual installed spacing of the existing detectors response to a geometrically growing flaming fire at a spe- cific fire size, taking into account the height of the ceiling B-1.4.2 Design. on which the detectors are mounted and the fire safety objectives for the space. This procedure also permits mod- ification of listed spacing of fixed temperature heat detec- To Ambient temperature tors to account for variation of ambient temperature (To) H Ceiling height or clearance above fuel from standard test conditions. TS Detector operating temperature(heat detectors only) ATE min Rate of temperature change set point for rate-of-rise [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] heat detectors RTI Response time index for the detector(heat detectors B-1.2.2 Analysis. This appendix may be used to estimate only)or its listed spacing the fire size that can be detected by an existing array of a or tg Fuel fire intensity coefficient or ts, the fire growth time listed heat detectors installed at a given spacing for a given Qd or td The threshold fire size at which response must occur or ceiling height in known ambient conditions. the time to detector response [From NFPA 72E- 1990,C-5-2] B-1.4.3 The terms and data listed above are defined in B-1.2.3 This appendix is also intended to explain the more detail in the following sections. effect of rate of fire growth and fire size of a flaming fire, [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C] 2-207 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE B-2 Fire Development and Ceiling Height Consider- physical configuration of the fuels.After ignition,most fires ations. grow in an accelerating pattern. B-2.1 General. The purpose of this section is to discuss the B-2.2.2 Fire Size. effects of ceiling height and the selection of a threshold fire size that may be used as the basis for determination of type B-2.2.2.1 Fires can be characterized by their rate of heat and spacing of automatic fire detectors in a specific situation. release, measured in terms of the number of Btus per sec- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] and (kW) generated. Typical maximum heat release rates, Qm,for a number of different fuels and fuel configurations B-2.1.1 A detector will ordinarily operate sooner in are provided in Tables B-2.2.2.1(a) and (b). detecting the fire if it is nearer the fire. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, B-1-1] In Table B-2.2.2.1(a): Qm = qA B-2.1.2 Generally, height is the most important single Where: dimension where ceiling heights exceed 16 ft (4.9 m). Q = the maximum or peak heat release rate in Btu/sec [From NFPA 72E- 1990, B-1-2] Q. q = the heat release rate density per unit floor area in B-2.1.3 As smoke and heat rise from a fire, they tend to Btu/sec/ft2 spread in the general form of an inverted cone.Therefore, A = the floor area of the fuel in ft2. the concentration within the cone varies inversely as a vari- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] able exponential function of the distance from the source. This effect is very significant in the early stages of a fire, B-2.2.2.2 Example. A particular hazard analysis is to be because the angle of the cone is wide. As a fire intensifies, based on a fire scenario involving a 10-ft by 10-ft stack of the angle of the cone narrows and the significance of the wood pallets 5 ft high. Approximately what peak heat effect of height is lessened. release rate can be expected? [From NFPA 72E- 1990, B-I-3] From Table B-2.2.2.I(a),the heat release rate density(q) B-2.1.4 High Ceilings. As the ceiling height increases, a for 5-ft high wood pallets is about 330 Btu/sec/ft2. larger-size fire is required to actuate the same detector in The area is 10 ft by 10 ft = 100 ft2. the same time. In view of this, it is mandatory that the designer of a fire detection system calling for heat detectors Qm = qp = 330 x 100 = 33,000 Btu/sec. consider the size of the fire and rate of heat release that The fire would have a medium to fast fire growth rate may be permitted to develop before detection is ultimately reaching 1000 Btu/sec in about 90 to 190 seconds. obtained. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,B-1-4] B-2.2.2.3 The National Institute of Standards and Tech- B-2.1.5 The most sensitive detectors suitable for the max- nology (former National Bureau of Standards) has devel- imum ambient temperature at heights above 30 ft (9.1 m) oped a large-scale calorimeter for measuring the heat should be employed. release rates of burning furniture. Two reports issued by [From NFPA 72E- 1990, B-1-5] NIST (see references 3 and 13 in Appendix C) describe the apparatus and data collected during two test series. B-2.1.6 Spacing recommended by testing laboratories for Test data from 40 furniture calorimeter tests have been the location of detectors is an indication of their relative used to independently verify the power-law fire growth sensitivity. This applies with each detection principle; how- model, Q = ate. (See reference 14 in Appendix C.) Here Q is ever, detectors operating on various physical principles the instantaneous heat release rate, a is the fire intensity have different inherent sensitivities to different types of coefficient, and t is time. The fire growth time, t is arbi- fires and fuels. trarily defined as the time after established burning when [From NFPA 72E- 1990, 8-1-6] the fire would reach a burning rate of 1000 Btu/sec. In terms of tg: B-2.1.7 Reduction of listed spacing may be required for 2 s any of the following purposes: a = 1000/tg Btu/sec a =(a) Faster response of the device to a fire 1055/t92 kW/sectand (b) Response of the device to a smaller fire (c) Accommodation to room geometry Q = (1000/t92)t2 Btu/sec (d) Other special considerations, such as air movement, Q = (1055/t92)0 kW. or ceiling or other obstructions. Graphs of heat release data from the 40 furniture calo- [From NFPA 72E - 1990,B-1-7] rimeter tests can be found in reference 8. Best fit power- law fire growth curves have been superimposed on the B-2.2 Fire Development. graphs. Data from the best fit curves can be used with this appendix to design or analyze fire detection systems that B-2.2.1 Fire development will vary depending on the must respond to similar items burning under a flat ceiling. combustion characteristics of the fuels involved and the Table B-2.2.2.3 is a summary of that data. 2-208 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-2.2.2.1(a) Maximum Heat Release Rates Classification Growth Heat (s = slow, Time(tg) Release m = medium, Warehouse Materials (sec) Density(q) f= fast) 1. Wood pallets,stack, 11/2 ft high (6-12%moisture) 150-310 110 f-m 2. Wood pallets,stack,5 ft high (6-12%moisture) 90-190 330 f-m 3. Wood pallets,stack, 10 ft high (6-12%moisture) 80-110 600 f 4. Wood pallets,stack, 16 ft high (6-12%moisture) 75-105 900 f 5. Mail bags,filled,stored 5 ft high 190 35 m 6. Cartons,compartmented,stacked 15 ft high 60 200 f 7. Paper,vertical rolls,stacked 20 ft high 15-28 - t 8. Cotton(also PE, PE/Cot,Acrylic/Nylon/PE), garments in 12-ft high rack 20-42 - t 9. Cartons on pallets,rack storage, 15-30 ft high 40-280 - f-m 10. Paper products,densely packed in cartons, rack storage,20 ft high 470 - s 11. PE letter trays,filled,stacked 5 ft high on cart 190 750 In 12. PE trash barrels in cartons,stacked 15 ft high 55 250 f 13. FRP shower stalls in cartons,stacked 15 ft high 85 110 f 14. PE bottles,packed in Item 6 85 550 f 15. PE bottles in cartons,stacked 15 ft high 75 170 f 16. PE pallets,stacked 3 ft high 130 - f 17. PE pallets,stacked 6-8 ft high 30-55 - f 18. PU mattress,single,horizontal 110 - f 19. PE insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 15 ft high 8 170 t 20. PS jars,packed in Item 6 55 1200 f 21. PS tubs nested in cartons,stacked 14 ft high 105 450 f 22. PS toy parts in cartons,stacked 15 ft high 110 180 f 23. PS insulation board,rigid,stacked 14 ft high 7 290 t 24. PVC bottles, packed in Item 6 9 300 t 25. PP tubs, packed in Item 6 10 390 t 26. PP and PE film in rolls,stacked 14 ft high 40 350 t 27. Distilled spirits in barrels,stacked 20 ft high 23-40 - t 28. Methyl alcohol - 65 - 29. Gasoline - 200 - 30. Kerosene - 200 - 31. Diesel oil - 180 - For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m. NOTE: The heat release rates per unit floor area are for fully involved combustibles,assuming 100 percent combustion efficiency.The growth times shown are those required to exceed 1000 Btu/sec heat release rate for developing fires assuming 100 percent combustion efficiency. (PE = polyethylene;PS = polystyrene;PVC = polyvinyl chloride;PP= polypropylene;PU = polyurethane; FRP= fiberglass-reinforced polyester.) tFire growth rate exceeds design data. [From NFPA 72E - 1990,Appendix C modified] Table B-2.2.2.1(b) Maximum Heat Release Rates from Fire Figure B-2.2.2.3 is an example of actual test data with a Detection Institute Analysis power-law curve superimposed.This shows how the model may be used to approximate the growth phase of the fire. Approximate Values 4000 Materials Btu/sec t9=100 seconds(fast) Medium wastebasket with milk cartons 100 Large barrel with milk cartons 140 3 3000 ■■' Upholstered chair with polyurethane foam 350 �■ ■■ Latex foam mattress(heat at room door) 1200 id Furnished living room(heat at open door) 4000-8000 m ■, m 2000 at • For reference, the table contains the test numbers used �' ■ in the original NIST reports.The virtual time of origin, t, )1000 ■• is the time at which the fires began to obey the power-law fire growth model. Prior to tv, the fuels may have smol- dered but did not burn vigorously with an open flame.The ■"'•■■■■. model curves are then predicted by: 0 ■ 0 100 200 300 400 500 Q = a(t - tv)2 Btu/sec or kW tv=50 Time(seconds) Q = (1000/[g2)(t - tv)2 Btu/sec Figure B-2.2.2.3 Test 38,foam sofa. Q = (1055/t92)(t- tv)2 kW. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C] 2-209 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE For tests 19, 21, 29, 42, and 67, different power-law established burning occurs until the fire reaches a heat curves were used to model the initial and the latter realms release rate of 1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW). Using the relation- of burning. In examples such as these, engineers must ships discussed in B-2.2.2.3, this corresponds to 0.0444 <_ a choose the fire growth parameter that best describes the < 0.0062 Btu/secs(0.0469 5 a < 0.0066 kW/sect). realm of burning that the detection system is being B-2.2.3.2.3 The fast-developing fire is one that would designed to respond to. take less than 150 seconds(2 minutes,30 seconds)from the In addition to heat release rate data, the original NIST time that established burning occurs until the fire reaches reports contain data on particulate conversion and radia- a heat release rate of 1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW). Using the tion from the test specimens. These data can be used to relationships discussed in B-2.2.2.3,this corresponds to an determine the threshold fire size (heat release rate) at a greater than 0.0444 Btu/sec3 (0.0469 kW/sec-). which tenability becomes endangered or when additional fuel packages might become involved in the fire. B-2.2.3.3 The design fires used in this guide grow accord- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,C-5-2.2.2 modified] ing to the following equation: Q = (1000/tg2)tF[where Q is the heat release rate in Btu/sec;tg is the fire growth time(149 B-2.2.2.4 A fire detection system can be designed to detect sec = fast, 150-399 sec = medium,400 sec = slow); and tg a fire at a certain size in terms of its heat release rate. This is is the time, in seconds,after established burning occurs]. called the threshold fire size (Qd). The threshold size is the rate of heat release at which detection is desired. B-2.2.4 Selection of Fire Size. The selection of threshold [From NFPA 72E- 1990, C-2.2.3] fire size, Qd, should be based on an understanding of the characteristics of a specified space and fire safety objectives B-2.2.3 Fire Growth. for that space. For example,in a particular installation it may be desirable B-2.2.3.1 A second important consideration concerning to detect a typical wastebasket fire.Table B-2.2.2.I(b)includes fire development is the time (t ) it takes for fire to reach a data for a fire involving a comparable array of combustibles, given heat release rate. TAe B-2.2.2.1(a) and Table specifically milk cartons in a wastebasket. Such a fire is indi- B-2.2.2.3 provide the times required to reach a heat cated to produce a peak heat release rate of 100 Btu/sec. release rate of 1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW) for a variety of materials in various configurations. B-2.3 Ceiling Height. B-2.2.3.2 For purposes of this appendix, fires are classi- B-2.3.1 The Fire Detection Institute data are based on the fied as being either slow-,medium-,or fast-developing. (See height of the ceiling above the fire. In this guide,it is recom- Figure B-2.2.3.2.) mended that the designer use the actual distance from floor [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] to ceiling, since the ceiling height will thereby be more con- servative and actual detector response will improve when the 1600 potential fuel in a room is above floor level. 1400 B-2.3.2 Where the designer desires to consider the height x 1200 of the potential fuel in the room, the distance between the 1055 Fast Medium Slow fuel and the ceiling should be used in place of the ceiling 1000 height in the tables and graphs.This should be considered y only where the minimum height of the potential fuel is m 800 always constant, and where the concept is acceptable to the 600 authority having jurisdiction. m i 400 B-2.3.3 The procedures presented in this appendix are based on an analysis of test data for ceiling heights up to 30 ft. 200 (9.1 m). No data was analyzed for ceilings greater than 30 ft 0 (9.1 m); therefore, in such installations, engineering judg- 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 ment and manufacturer's recommendations should be used. Time(seconds) B-3 Heat Detector Spacing. Figure B-2.2.3.2 Power-law heat release rates. [From NFPA 72E - 1990,Appendix C] B-3.1 General. B-2.2.3.2.1 The slow-developing fire is defined as one B-3.1.1 This section discusses procedures for determina- that would take 400 or more seconds (6 minutes, 40 sec- tion of installed spacing of listed heat detectors used to onds) from the time that established burning occurs until detect flaming fires. the fire reaches a heat release rate of 1000 Btu/sec (1055 B-3.1.2 The determination of the installed spacing of kW). Using the relationships discussed in B-2.2.2.3, this corresponds to an a of 0.0062 Btu/sec3 or less (0.0066 heat detectors using these procedures adjusts the listed kW/sect or less). spacing to reflect the effects of ceiling height,threshold fire [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] size, rate of fire development, and, for fixed temperature detectors, the ambient temperature and the temperature B-2.2.3.2.2 The medium-developing fire is one that would rating of the detector. take 150 seconds (2 minutes, 30 seconds) or more and less B-3.1.3 Other factors that will affect detector response, than 400 seconds(6 minutes,40 seconds) from the time that such as beams and joists, are treated in Chapter 5. 2-210 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-2.2.2.3 Furniture Heat Release Rates Classification Growth (s = slow, Virtual time Maximum Heat Time(tg) m = medium, Alpha(a) 41) Release Rates Test No. Item/Mass/Description (sec) f= fast) (kW/sect) (sec) (kW) Test 15 Metal wardrobe,41.4 kg(total) 50 f 0.4220 10 750 Test 18 Chair F33 (trial loveseat),39.2 kg 400 s 0.0066 140 950 Test 19 Chair F21, 28.15 kg(initial) 175 m 0.0344 110 350 Test 19 Chair F21,28.15 kg(later) 50 f 0.4220 190 '2000 Test 21 Metal wardrobe,40.8 kg(total)(initial) 250 m 0.0169 10 250 Test 21 Metal wardrobe,40.8 kg(total) (average) 120 f 0.0733 60 250 Test 21 Metal wardrobe,40.8 kg(total) (later) 100 f 0.1055 30 140 Test 22 Chair F24, 28.3 kg 350 m 0.0086 400 700 Test 23 Chair F23,31.2 kg 400 s 0.0066 100 700 Test 24 Chair F22,31.9 kg 2000 s 0.0003 150 300 Test 25 Chair F26, 19.2 kg 200 m 0.0264 90 800 Test 26 Chair F27, 29.0 kg 200 m 0.0264 360 900 Test 27 Chair F29, 14.0 kg 100 f 0.1055 70 1850 Test 28 Chair F28,29.2 kg 425 s 0.0058 90 700 Test 29 Chair F25, 27.8 kg(later) 60 f 0.2931 175 700 Test 29 Chair F25,27.8 kg(initial) 100 f 0.1055 100 2000 Test 30 Chair F30, 25.2 kg 60 f 0.2931 70 950 Test 31 Chair F31 (loveseat), 39.6 kg 60 F 0.2931 145 2600 Test 37 Chair F31 (loveseat),40.4 kg 80 f 0.1648 100 2750 Test 38 Chair F32 (sofa), 51.5 kg 100 f 0.1055 50 3000 Test 39 1/2-in. plywood wardrobe with fabrics, 68.5 kg 35 t 0.8612 20 3250 Test 40 1/2-in.plywood wardrobe with fabrics,68.32 kg 35 t 0.8612 40 3500 Test 41 1/8-in.plywood wardrobe with fabrics, 36.0 kg 40 t 0.6594 40 6000 Test 42 1/8-in.plywood wardrobe with fire-retardant int. fin. (initial growth) 70 f 0.2153 50 2000 Test 42 1/8-in.plywood wardrobe with fire-retardant int. fin. (later growth) 30 t 1.1722 100 5000 Test 43 Repeat of 1/2-in.plywood wardrobe,67.62 kg 30 t 1.1722 50 3000 Test 44 1/8-in.plywood wardrobe with fire-retardant latex paint, 37.26 kg 90 f 0.1302 30 2900 Test 45 Chair F21, 28.34 kg 100 f 0.1055 120 2100 Test 46 Chair F21, 28.34 kg 45 t 0.5210 130 2600 Test 47 Chair,adj.back metal frame,foam cushions,20.82 kg 170 m 0.0365 30 250 Test 48 Easy chair C07, 11.52 kg 175 m 0.0344 90 950 Test 49 Easy chair F-34, 15.68 kg 200 m 0.0264 50 200 Test 50 Chair, metal frame,minimum cushion, 16.52 kg 200 m 0.0264 120 3000 Test 51 Chair,molded fiberglass, no cushion, 5.28 kg 120 f 0.0733 20 35 Test 52 Molded plastic patient chair, 11.26 kg 275 m 0.0140 2090 700 Test 53 Chair,metal frame,padded seat and back, 15.54 kg 350 m 0.0086 50 280 Test 54 Loveseat,metal frame,foam cushions,27.26 kg 500 s 0.0042 210 300 Test 56 Chair,wood frame,latex foam cushions, 11.2 kg 500 s 0.0042 50 85 Test 57 Loveseat,wood frame,foam cushions,54.6 kg 350 m 0.0086 500 1000 Test 61 Wardrobe, s/a-in. particleboard, 120.33 kg 150 m 0.0469 0 1200 Test 62 Bookcase,plywood with aluminum frame,30.39 kg 65 f 0.2497 40 25 Test 64 Easy chair, molded flexible urethane frame, 15.98 kg 1000 s 0.0011 750 450 Test 66 Easy chair,23.02 kg 76 f 0.1827 3700 600 Test 67 Mattress and boxspring, 62.36 kg(later) 350 m 0.0086 400 500 Test 67 Mattress and boxspring,62.36 kg(initial) 1100 s 0.0009 90 400 For SI Units: 1 R = 0.305 m; 1000 Btu/sec = 1055 kW; 1 Ib = 0.456kg. 1Fire growth exceeds design data. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Table C-5-2.2.2 modified] 2-211 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE B-3.1.4 The difference between the rated temperature of Table B-3.2.2 Time Constants(TO)for Any Listed Heat a fixed temperature detector(TS) and the maximum ambi- Detector* ent temperature (To) at the ceiling should be as small as possible. To reduce unwanted alarms, the difference Listed FMRC between operating temperature and ambient temperature Spacing ULI All should be not less than 20*F (1I*Q. (ft) 128* 135* 145* 160* 170* 196* Temps, B-3.1.5 Listed rate-of-rise heat detectors are designed to acti- 10 400 330 262 195 160 97 196 vate at a nominal rate of temperature rise of 15°F (8°C) per 15 250 190 156 110 89 45 110 minute. 20 165 135 105 70 52 17 70 25 124 100 78 48 32 48 B-3.1.6 The listed spacing of a detector is an indicator of 30 95 80 61 36 22 36 the detector's sensitivity. Given the same temperature rat- 40 71 57 41 18 ing, a detector listed for a 50-ft (15.2-m) spacing is more 50 59 44 30 sensitive than one listed for a 20-ft (6.1-m) spacing. 70 36 24 9 B-3.1.7 Where using combination detectors incorporat- NOTE I: These time constants are based on an analysis of the Underwrit- ers Laboratories Inc.and Factory Mutual listing test procedures.Plunge test g fixedP (see reference 8 in Appendix Q results performed on the detector to be used principles to detect a geometrically growing fire, the data will give a more accurate time constant. See Section B-5 for a further dis- herein for rate-of-rise detectors should be used in selecting cussion of detector time constants. an installed spacing because the rate-of-rise principle con- NOTE 2: These time constants can be converted to response time index (RTI)values by multiplying by ft/sec.(See B-3-3.) trols the response. *At a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. B-3.1.8 Rate-compensated detectors are not specifically [From NFPA 72E- 1990,C-5-2.2.1] covered by this guide. However, a conservative approach formed to determine the effect of changing the ambient to predicting their performance is to use the fixed temper- temperature on the design results. ature heat detector guidance contained herein. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C] B-3.2 Fixed-Temperature Heat Detector Spacing. B-3.2.4 Having determined the detector's sensitivity (time constant or RTI) (see B-3.2.2), the temperature B-3.2.1 Tables B-3.2.2 and B-3.2.4(a) through (y) are to change of the detector required for detection (see B-3.2.3), be used to determine the installed spacing of fixed- the threshold fire size(see B-3.2.2), the fire growth rate(see temperature heat detectors. The analytical basis for the B-3.2.3), and the ceiling height, use Tables B-3.2.4(a) tables is presented in a later section of this appendix. This through (y) to determine the required installed spacing. section describes how the tables are to be used. Table B-3.2.4 is an index to the tables. B-3.2.1.1 Except for ceiling height, the nearest value [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] shown in the tables will provide sufficient accuracy for Table B-3.2.4 Design Tables Index these calculations. Interpolation is allowable but not neces- Threshold Fire sary except for ceiling height. Fire Size Growth Period Alphas (Btu/sec) (sec) (Btu/sec ) B-3.2.2 Given the detector's listed spacing and the detec- Qd tQ a tor's rated temperature (T), use Table B-3.2.2 to find the Table B-3.2.4(a) 250 50 0.400 detector time constant(,r.).The time constant is a measure Table B-3.2.4(b) 250 150 0.044 of the detector's sensitivity. (See B-3.3.) Table B-3.2.4(c) 250 300 0.011 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] Table B-3.2.4(d) 250 500 0.004 Table B-3.2.4(e) 250 600 0.003 B-3.2.2.1 Response time index (RTI) can also be used to Table B-3.2.4(o 500 50 0.400 describe the sensitivity of a fixed temperature heat detec- Table B-3.2.4(g) 500 150 0.044 tor. (See Section B-4.) Table B-3.2.4(h) 500 300 0.011 Table B-3.2.4(i) 500 500 0.004 B-3.2.3 Estimate the minimum ambient temperature(To) Table B-3.2.40) 500 600 0.003 expected at the ceiling of the space to be protected. Calcu- Table B-3.2.4(k) 750 50 0.400 late the temperature change (AT)of the detector required Table B-3.2.4(l) 750 150 0.044 for detection (AT = TS -To). Table B-3.2.4(m) 750 300 0.011 Table B-3.2.4(n) 750 500 0.004 B-3.2.3.1 Selection of the minimum ambient temperature Table B-3.2.4(o) 750 600 0.003 requires engineering judgment. Use of the absolute mini- Table B-3.2.4(p) 1000 50 0.400 mum ambient temperature will result in the most conser- Table B-3.2.4(q) 1000 150 0.044 vative designs. This is true because it is then assumed that Table B-3.2.4(r) 1000 300 0.011 the detector must absorb enough energy to raise its tem- Table B-3.2.4(s) 1000 500 0.004 perature from the low ambient value up to its operating Table B-3.2.4(t) 1000 600 0.003 temperature.A review of historical data may show very low Table B-3.2.4(u) 2000 50 0.400 ambient temperatures that occur relatively infrequently, Table B-3.2.4(v) 2000 150 0.044 such as every one hundred years or so. Table B-3.2.4(w) 2000 300 0.011 Depending on actual design considerations, it may be Table B-3.2.4(x) 2000 500 . 0.004 more prudent to use an average minimum ambient tem- Table B-3.2.4(y) 2000 600 0.003 perature. In any case, a sensitivity analysis should be per- [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] 2-212 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(a) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:250 Btu/sec tg: 50 seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.400 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 225 503 40 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 60 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 225 503 60 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 80 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 225 503 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 225 503 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 225 503 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 225 503 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 250 559 40 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 250 559 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 250 559 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 100 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 559 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 559 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 559 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 40 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 40 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 40 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 40 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 60 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 60 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-213 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(b) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 250 Btu/sec tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ar 0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 225 503 40 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 25 56 60 12 9 6 3 0 0 0 225 503 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 80 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 225 503 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 100 9 6 2 0 0 0 0 225 503 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 8 4 1 0 0 0 0 225 503 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 225 503 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 11 9 6 3 1 0 0 250 559 40 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 60 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 250 559 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 80 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 250 559 80 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 100 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 250 559 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 250 559 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 250 559 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 275 615 40 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 60 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 275 615 60 3 I 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 80 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 275 615 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 300 671 40 4 .2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 60 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 300 671 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 325 727 40 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 100 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 350 783 40 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 60 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 60 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 2 0' 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-214 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(c) Qa,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 250 Btu/sec tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 21 18 14 10 6 3 0 225 503 40 8 6 3 2 0 0 0 25 56 60 17 13 9 5 2 0 0 225 503 60 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 25 56 80 14 10 6 3 0 0 0 225 503 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 25 56 100 12 8 4 1 0 0 0 225 503 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 11 7 3 0 0 0 0 225 503 120 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 10 6 2 0 0 0 0 225 503 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 17 4 11 7 4 2 0 250 559 40 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 60 13 0 7 4 1 0 0 250 559 60 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 80 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 250 559 80 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 100 10 6 3 0 0 0 0 250 559 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 250 559 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 8 4 1 0 0 0 0 250 559 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 14 1 8 6 3 1 0 275 615 40 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 60 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 275 615 60 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 80 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 275 615 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 275 615 100 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 275 615 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 12 10 7 4 2 0 0 300 671 40 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 100 224 60 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 300 671 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 100 224 80 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 300 671 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 100 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 11 9 6 3 I 0 0 325 727 40 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 60 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 325 727 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 80 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 325 727 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 350 783 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 150 335 60 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 350 783 60 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 80 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 350 783 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 375 839 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 60 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 375 839 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 80 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 80 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 400 894 40 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 200 447 60 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 400 894 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-215 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(d) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:250 Btu/sec tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 26 22 17 13 9 5 1 225 503 40 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 25 56 60 20 16 11 7 3 0 0 225 503 60 9 6 4 1 0 0 0 25 56 80 17 12 8 4 0 0 0 225 503 80 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 25 56 100 15 10 5 1 0 0 0 225 503 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 13 8 4 0 0 0 0 225 503 120 5 3 I 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 11 7 2 0 0 0 0 225 503 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 21 18 14 11 7 4 1 250 559 40 11 8 6 3 1 0 0 50 112 60 17 13 9 6 2 0 0 250 559 60 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 80 14 10 6 3 0 0 0 250 559 80 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 50 112 100 12 8 4 1 0 0 0 250 559 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 11 7 3 0 0 0 0 250 559 120 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 9 6 2 0 0 0 0 250 559 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 18 15 12 9 6 3 0 275 615 40 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 75 168 66 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 275 615 60 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 80 12 9 5 2 0 0 0 275 615 80 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 275 615 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 9 6 2 0 0 0 0 275 615 120 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 8 5 1 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 16 14 10 7 4 0 0 300 671 40 10 1 0 0 7 5 3 100 224 60 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 300 671 60 7 0 0 0 5 3 1 100 224 80 II 8 4 2 0 0 0 300 671 80 6 0 0 0 4 1 0 100 224 100 9 6 3 0 0 0 0 300 671 100 5 0 0 0 3 1 0 100 224 120 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 100 224 140 7 4 l 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 125 280 40 15 12 9 6 4 1 0 325 727 40 9 1 0 0 7 4 2 125 280 60 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 325 727 60 7 0 0 0 5 2 1 125 280 80 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 325 727 80 6 0 0 0 3 1 0 125 280 100 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 325 727 100 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 125 280 120 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 125 280 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 150 335 40 14 11 8 5 3 1 0 350 783 40 9 1 0 0 6 4 2 150 335 60 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 350 783 60 7 0 0 0 4 2 0 150 335 80 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 350 783 80 6 0 0 0 3 1 0 150 335 100 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 150 335 120 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 150 335 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 175 391 40 13 10 7 5 2 1 0 375 839 40 9 0 0 0 6 4 2 175 391 60 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 375 839 60 6 0 0 0 4 2 0 175 391 80 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 375 839 80 5 0 0 0 3 1 0 175 391 100 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 175 391 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 175 391 140 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 200 447 40 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 400 894 40 8 0 0 0 6 4 2 200 447 60 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 400 894 60 6 0 0 0 4 2 0 200 447 80 8 5 2 1 0 0 0 400 894 80 5 0 0 0 3 1 0 200 447 100 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 200 447 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 200 447 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 fit/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-216 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(e) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 250 Btu/sec tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ot:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 28 23 18 14 9 5 2 225 503 40 12 10 7 5 2 1 0 25 56 60 22 17 12 8 4 0 0 225 503 60 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 25 56 80 18 13 8 4 0 0 0 225 503 80 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 25 56 100 15 10 6 2 0 0 0 225 503 100 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 13 8 4 0 0 0 0 225 503 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 12 7 3 0 0 0 0 225 503 140 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 23 19 15 12 8 4 1 250 559 40 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 50 112 60 18 14 10 6 3 0 0 250 559 60 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 50 112 80 15 11 7 3 0 0 0 250 559 80 8 5 2 1 0 0 0 50 112 100 13 9 5 1 0 0 0 250 559 100 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 11 7 3 0 0 0 0 250 559 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 10 6 2 0 0 0 0 250 559 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 20 17 13 10 7 3 1 275 615 40 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 75 168 60 16 12 9 5 2 0 0 275 615 60 9 6 4 1 0 0 0 75 168 80 13 10 6 3 0 0 0 275 615 80 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 11 8 4 1 0 0 0 275 615 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 10 6 3 0 0 0 0 275 615 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 9 5 2 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 18 15 12 9 5 3 0 300 671 40 11 8 6 3 1 0 0 100 224 60 14 11 8 4 2 0 0 300 671 60 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 80 12 8 5 2 0 0 0 300 671 80 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 100 224 100 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 300 671 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 9 5 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 8 5 1 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 16 14 10 7 5 2 0 325 727 40 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 125 280 60 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 325 727 60 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 80 11 8 4 2 0 0 0 325 727 80 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 100 9 6 3 0 0 0 0 325 727 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 15 12 9 7 4 2 0 350 783 40 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 150 335 60 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 350 783 60 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 80 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 350 783 80 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 150 335 100 8 5 3 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 14 11 9 6 3 1 0 375 839 40 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 175 391 60 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 375 839 60 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 175 391 80 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 375 839 80 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 400 894 40 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 200 447 60 10 8 5 2 1 0 0 400 894 60 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 200 447 80 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 400 894 80 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 R = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-217 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(f) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 500 Btu/sec tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ot:0.400 Btu/secs z CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 13 11 8 5 2 1 0 225 503 40 4 2 .0 0 0 0 0 25 56 60 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 225 503 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 80 9 6 4 1 0 0 0 225 503 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 100 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 225 503 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 225 503 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 225 503 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 10 7 5 2 1 0 0 250 559 40 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 60 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 250 559 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 80 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 250 559 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 250 559 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 250 559 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 250 559 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 275 615 40 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 60 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 275 615 60 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 275 615 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 300 671 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 100 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 3 I 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 325 727 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 60 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 100 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 40 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 60 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 80 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-218 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 B-3.2.4(g) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 500 Btu/sec tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.044 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 24 22 18 15 11 8 5 225 503 40 9 7 5 3 1 0 0 25 56 60 20 17 13 10 6 3 0 225 503 60 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 25 56 80 17 14 10 6 3 0 0 225 503 80 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 25 56 100 15 11 8 4 1 0 0 225 503 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 13 10 6 3 0 0 0 225 503 120 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 12 8 5 1 0 0 0 225 503 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 19 16 14 11 8 5 2 250 559 40 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 50 112 60 15 13 10 7 4 1 0 250 559 60 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 50 112 80 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 250 559 80 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 100 11 9 5 3 0 0 0 250 559 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 250 559 120 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 250 559 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 16 14 11 8 5 3 1 275 615 40 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 75 168 60 13 10 8 5 2 1 0 275 615 60 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 75 168 80 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 275 615 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 275 615 100 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 275 615 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 14 12 9 6 4 2 1 300 671 40 8 6 3 2 0 0 0 100 224 60 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 300 671 60 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 100 224 80 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 300 671 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 100 224 100 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 300 671 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 325 727 40 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 60 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 325 727 60 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 80 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 325 727 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 100 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 325 727 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 350 783 40 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 60 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 350 783 60 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 80 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 350 783 80 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 100 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 3 I 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 11 8 6 4 2 0 0 375 839 40 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 175 391 60 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 375 839 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 175 391 80 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 375 839 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 400 894 40 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 200 447 60 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 400 894 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 80 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 400 894 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-219 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(h) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:500 Btu/sec tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 34 30 25 21 17 13 9 225 503 40 14 12 10 7 5 3 1 25 56 60 27 23 18 14 10 6 2 225 503 60 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 25 56 80 23 18 14 9 5 2 0 225 503 80 10 7 4 2 1 0 0 25 56 100 20 15 11 7 3 0 0 225 503 100 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 25 56 120 18 13 8 4 1 0 0 225 503 120 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 25 56 140 16 11 7 3 0 0 0 225 503 140 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 27 24 21 17 14 10 7 250 559 40 14 11 9 6 4 2 1 50 112 60 22 18 15 11 8 4 1 250 559 60 11 8 6 3 2 0 0 50 112 80 18 15 11 8 4 1 0 250 559 80 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 50 112 100 16 12 9 5 2 0 0 250 559 100 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 120 14 11 7 3 0 0 0 250 559 120 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 13 9 5 2 0 0 0 250 559 140 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 23 21 18 14 11 8 5 275 615 40 13 11 8 6 4 2 1 75 168 60 19 16 13 9 6 3 1 275 615 60 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 75 168 80 16 13 9 6 3 1 0 275 615 80 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 75 168 100 14 11 7 4 1 0 0 275 615 100 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 120 12 9 6 3 0 0 0 275 615 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 11 8 4 1 0 0 0 275 615 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 21 18 15 12 9 6 4 300 671 40 12 10 8 5 3 2 0 100 224 60 17 14 11 8 5 2 0 300 671 60 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 100 224 80 14 it 8 5 2 0 0 300 671 80 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 100 12 9 6 3 I 0 0 300 671 100 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 100 224 120 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 300 671 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 300 671 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 19 16 14 11 8 5 3 325 727 40 12 10 7 5 3 1 0 125 280 60 15 12 10 7 4 2 0 325 727 60 9 7 5 2 1 0 0 125 280 80 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 325 727 80 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 100 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 325 727 100 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 325 727 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 9 6 3 I 0 0 0 325 727 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 17 15 12 10 7 4 2 350 783 40 12 9 7 4 3 1 0 150 335 60 14 11 8 6 3 1 0 350 783 60 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 150 335 80 12 9 6 4 1 0 0 350 783 80 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 100 10 7 5 2 0 0 0 350 783 100 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 350 783 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 8 5 3 l 0 0 0 350 783 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 16 14 11 9 6 4 2 375 839 40 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 175 391 60 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 375 839 60 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 175 391 80 11 8 5 3 I 0 0 375 839 80 7 5 3 l 0 0 0 175 391 100 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 375 839 100 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 375 839 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 15 13 10 8 5 3 1 400 894 40 11 8 6 4 2 1 0 200 447 60 12 10 7 4 2 1 0 400 894 60 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 200 447 80 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 400 894 80 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 200 447 100 9 6 4 1 0 0 0 400 894 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 400 894 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-220 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(i) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:500 Btu/sec tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.004 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 41 35 30 25 20 16 11 225 503 40 19 17 14 11 8 6 3 25 56 60 32 26 21 16 12 7 3 225 503 60 15 13 10 7 4 2 0 25 56 80 27 21 16 11 7 3 0 225 503 80 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 25 56 100 23 17 12 8 4 0 0 225 503 100 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 25 56 120 20 15 10 5 I 0 0 225 503 120 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 25 56 140 18 13 8 3 0 0 0 225 503 140 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 40 34 30 26 22 18 14 10 250 559 40 18 16 13 10 8 5 3 50 112 60 27 23 18 14 10 6 3 250 559 60 14 12 9 6 4 2 0 50 112 80 23 18 14 10 6 2 '0 250 559 80 12 9 7 4 2 0 0 50 112 100 20 15 11 7 3 0 0 250 559 100 10 8 5 2 1 0 0 50 112 120 17 13 9 5 1 0 0 250 559 120 9 6 4 1 0 0 0 50 112 140 16 11 7 3 0 0 0 250 559 140 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 40 30 26 23 19 15 12 8 275 615 40 17 15 12 10 7 5 2 75 168 60 24 20 16 13 9 5 2 275 615 60 14 11 8 6 3 1 0 75 168 80 20 16 12 9 5 2 0 275 615 80 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 75 168 100 17 14 10 6 2 0 0 275 615 100 10 7 5 2 0 0 0 75 168 120 15 11 8 4 1 0 0 275 615 120 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 140 14 10 6 2 0 0 0 275 615 140 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 40 27 24 20 17 14 10 7 300 671 40 17 14 12 9 6 4 2 100 224 60 21 18 15 11 8 4 2 300 671 60 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 100 224 80 18 15 11 8 4 1 0 300 671 80 11 8 6 3 1 0 0 100 224 100 16 12 9 5 2 0 0 300 671 100 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 100 224 120 14 10 7 5 3 0 0 300 671 120 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 140 13 9 5 2 0 0 0 300 671 140 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 25 22 19 15 12 9 6 325 727 40 16 14 11 9 6 4 2 125 280 60 20 17 13 10 7 4 1 325 727 60 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 125 280 80 16 13 10 7 4 1 0 325 727 80 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 125 280 100 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 325 727 100 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 125 280 120 13 9 6 3 0 0 0 325 727 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 140 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 325 727 140 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 23 20 17 14 11 8 5 350 783 40 16 .13 11 8 6 3 2 150 335 60 18 15 12 9 6 3 1 350 783 60 12 10 7 5 2 1 0 150 335 80 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 350 783 80 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 150 335 100 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 350 783 100 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 150 335 120 12 9 5 3 0 0 0 350 783 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 140 11 7 4 1 0 0 0 350 783 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 21 19 16 13 10 7 4 375 839 40 15 13 10 8 5 3 1 175 391 60 17 14 11 8 5 3 I 375 839 60 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 175 391 80 14 11 8 5 3 I 0 375 839 80 10 7 5 2 1 0 0 175 391 100 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 375 839 100 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 175 391 120 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 375 839 120 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 175 391 140 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 375 839 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 20 18 15 12 9 6 4 400 894 40 14 12 10 7 5 3 1 200 447 60 16 13 10 7 5 2 1 400 894 60 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 200 447 80 13 11 8 5 2 0 0 400 894 80 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 200 447 100 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 400 894 100 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 200 447 120 10 7 4 2 . 0 0 0 400 894 120 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 200 447 140 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 400 894 140 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-221 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.40) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:500 Btu/sec tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ct:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 43 37 31 26 21 17 12 225 503 40 21 18 16 13 10 7 4 25 56 60 34 27 22 17 12 8 4 225 503 60 17 14 11 8 5 3 1 25 56 80 28 22 16 12 7 3 0 225 503 80 14 11 8 5 3 1 0 25 56 100 24 18 13 8 4 0 0 225 503 100 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 25 56 120 21 15 10 6 1 0 0 225 503 120 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 25 56 140 19 13 8 4 0 0 0 225 503 140 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 50 112 40 36 32 27 23 19 15 11 250 559 40 20 18 15 12 9 6 4 50 112 60 29 24 20 15 11 7 3 250 559 60 16 13 10 7 5 2 1 50 112 80 24 19 15 10 6 2 0 250 559 80 13 11 8 5 2 0 0 50 112 100 21 16 11 7 3 0 0 250 559 100 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 50 112 120 18 14 9 5 1 0 0 250 559 120 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 50 112 140 17 12 7 3 0 0 0 250 559 140 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 40 32 29 25 21 17 13 9 275 615 40 19 17 14 11 8 6 3 75 168 60 26 22 18 14 10 6 3 275 615 60 15 13 10 7 4 2 0 75 168 80 21 17 13 9 6 2 0 275 615 80 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 75 168 100 19 14 10 6 3 0 0 275 615 100 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 75 168 120 17 12 8 4 1 0 0 275 615 120 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 75 168 140 15 11 7 3 0 0 0 275 615 140 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 40 29 26 22 19 15 12 8 300 671 40 18 16 13 11 8 5 3 100 224 60 23 20 16 12 9 5 2 300 671 60 15 12 9 6 4 2 0 100 224 80 19 16 12 8 5 2 0 300 671 80 12 10 7 4 2 0 0 100 224 100 17 13 9 6 2 0 0 300 671 100 11 8 5 2 1 0 0 100 224 120 15 11 7 4 1 0 0 300 671 120 9 7 4 1 0 0 0 100 224 140 14 10 6 2 0 0 0 300 671 140 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 40 27 24 20 17 14 10 7 325 727 40 18 15 13 10 7 5 3 125 280 60 21 18 15 11 8 5 2 325 727 60 14 11 9 6 4 2 0 125 280 80 18 15 11 8 4 1 0 325 727 80 12 9 6 4 2 0 0 125 280 100 16 12 9 5 2 0 0 325 727 100 10 7 5 2 1 0 0 125 280 120 14 10 7 3 1 0 0 325 727 120 9 6 4 1 0 0 0 125 280 140 12 9 5 2 0 0 0 325 727 140 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 40 25 22 19 16 13 9 6 350 783 40 17 15 12 9 7 4 2 150 335 60 20 17 14 10 7 4 1 350 783 60 13 11 8 6 3 1 0 150 335 80 17 14 10 7 4 1 0 350 783 80 11 9 6 3 1 0 0 150 335 100 15 11 8 5 2 0 0 350 783 100 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 150 335 120 13 10 6 3 0 0 0 350 783 120 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 140 12 8 5 2 0 0 0 350 783 140 8 5 2 1 0 0 0 175 391 40 23 21 18 15 12 8 6 375 839 40 17 14 12 9 6 4 2 175 391 60 19 16 13 9 6 3 1 375 839 60 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 175 391 80 16 13 9 6 3 1 0 375 839 80 11 8 6 3 1 0 0 175 391 100 14 10 7 4 1 0 0 375 839 100 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 175 391 120 12 9 6 3 0 0 0 375 839 120 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 175 391 140 11 8 4 2 0 0 0 375 839 140 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 22 19 17 14 11 8 5 400 894 40 16 14 11 9 6 4 2 200 447 60 18 15 12 9 6 3 1 400 894 60 13 10 7 5 3 1 0 200 447 80 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 400 894 80 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 200 447 100 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 400 894 100 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 200 447 120 11 8. 5 2 0 0 0 400 894 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 200 447 140 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 400 894 140 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 fit/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-222 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(k) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 750 Btu/sec tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ca 0.400 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTl AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 18 15 13 10 7 4 2 225 503 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 25 56 60 15 12 9 6 4 1 0 225 503 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 25 56 80 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 225 503 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 100 11 9 6 3 1 0 0 225 503 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 225 503 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 9 6 4 1 0 0 0 225 503 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 14 11 9 6 3 2 0 250 559 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 50 112 60 11 9 6 3 1 0 0 250 559 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 80 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 250 559 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 100 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 250 559 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 250 559 120 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 250 559 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 275 615 40 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 60 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 275 615 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 80 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 275 615 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 275 615 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 275 615 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 300 671 40 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 100 224 60 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 300 671 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 80 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 300 671 100 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 325 727 40 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 60 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 325 727 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 80 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 8 6 3 I 0 0 0 350 783 40 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 60 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 350 783 60 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 375 839 40 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 60 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 80 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 80 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 400 894 40 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 60 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 80 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-223 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(1) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 750 Btu/sec tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 r RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 32 29 26 22 18 15 11 225 503 40 13 11 8 6 4 2 1 25 56 60 26 23 19 15 12 8 4 225 503 60 10 8 6 3 2 0 0 25 56 80 23 19 15 11 8 4 1 225 503 80 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 25 56 100 20 16 12 8 5 1 0 225 503 100 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 25 56 120 18 14 10 6 3 0 0 225 503 120 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 16 12 8 5 1 0 0 225. 503 140 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 25 23 20 17 14 11 8 250 559 40 12 10 8 5 3 2 0 50 112 60 21 18 15 12 8 5 3 250 559 60 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 50 112 80 18 15 12 8 5 2 0 250 559 80 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 50 112 100 16 13 9 6 3 1 0 250 559 100 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 50 112 120 14 11 8 4 2 0 0 250 559 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 13 10 6 3 1 0 0 250 559 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 22 19 17 14 11 8 5 275 615 40 12 10 7 5 3 1 0 75 168 60 18 15 12 9 6 4 1 275 615 60 9 7 5 3 1 0 0 75 168 80 15 12 9 6 4 1 0 275 615 80 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 100 13 10 7 5 2 0 0 275 615 100 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 75 168 120 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 275 615 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 275 615 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 19 17 14 12 9 6 4 300 671 40 11 9 7 4 3 1 0 100 224 60 16 13 10 8 5 3 1 300 671 60 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 100 224 80 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 300 671 80 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 100 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 300 671 100 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 10 8 5 2 1 0 0 300 671 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 9 7 4 1 0 0 0 300 671 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 17 15 13 10 7 5 3 325 727 40 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 125 280 60 14 12 9 6 4 2 1 325 727 60 9 6 4 2 1 0 0 125 280 80 12 9 7 4 2 0 0 325 727 80 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 100 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 325 727 100 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 325 727 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 325 727 140 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 16 14 11 9 6 4 2 350 783 40 10 8 6 4 2 1 0 150 335 60 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 350 783 60 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 150 335 80 11 8 6 3 1 0 0 350 783 80 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 150 335 100 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 350 783 100 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 350 783 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 350 783 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 15 13 10 8 5 3 2 375 839 40 10 8 5 3 2 0 0 175 391 60 12 9 7 5 2 1 0 375 839 60 8 6 3 2 0 0 0 175 391 80 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 375 839 80 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 375 839 100 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 375 839 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 14 12 9 7 4 3 1 400 894 40 10 7 5 3 2 0 0 200 447 60 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 400 894 60 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 200 447 80 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 400 894 80 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 400 894 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 400 894 120 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 fit/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-224 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(m) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:750 Btu/sec tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ct:0.011 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 43 39 34 30 25 21 17 225 503 40 20 17 15 12 9 7 5 25 56 60 35 30 25 21 16 12 8 225 503 60 16 13 11 8 5 3 1 25 56 80 30 24 20 15 11 6 3 225 503 80 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 25 56 100 26 21 16 11 7 3 0 225 503 100 12 9 6 4 2 0 0 25 56 120 23 18 13 9 4 1 0 225 503 120 10 8 5 2 1 0 0 25 56 140 21 15 11 6 2 0 0 225 503 140 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 50 112 40 36 32 29 25 21 17 14 250 559 40 19 16 14 11 9 6 4 50 112 60 29 25 21 17 14 10 6 250 559 60 15 12 10 7 5 3 1 50 112 80 24 21 17 13 9 5 2 250 559 80 13 10 7 5 3 1 0 50 112 100 21 17 13 10 6 2 0 250 559 100 11 8 6 3 1 0 0 50 112 120 19 15 11 7 3 0 0 250 559 120 10 7 4 2 1 0 0 50 112 140 17 13 9 5 2 0 0 250 559 140 9 6 4 1 0 0 0 75 168 40 31 28 25 22 18 15 11 275 615 40 18 16 13 10 8 6 3 75 168 60 25 22 18 15 12 8 5 275 615 60 14 12 9 7 4 2 1 75 168 80 21 18 14 11 7 4 1 275 615 80 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 75 168 100 19 15 12 8 5 2 0 275 615 100 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 75 168 120 17 13 10 6 3 0 0 275 615 120 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 75 168 140 15 12 8 4 1 0 0 275 615 140 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 40 28 25 22 19 16 13 10 300 671 40 17 15 12 10 7 5 3 100 224 60 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 300 671 60 14 11 9 6 4 2 1 100 224 80 19 16 13 10 6 3 1 300 671 80 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 100 224 100 17 14 10 7 4 1 0 300 671 100 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 100 224 120 15 12 8 5 2 0 0 300 671 120 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 100 224 140 14 10 7 4 1 0 0 300 671 140 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 40 25 23 20 17 14 11 8 325 727 40 16 14 12 9 7 5 3 125 280 60 20 18 15 12 9 6 3 325 727 60 13 11 8 6 3 2 0 125 280 80 17 14 11 8 5 3 1 325 727 80 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 125 280 100 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 325 727 100 10 7 5 2 1 0 0 125 280 120 14 11 7 4 2 0 0 325 727 120 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 140 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 325 727 140 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 40 23 21 18 15 13 10 7 350 783 40 16 14 11 9 6 4 2 150 335 60 19 16 13 10 8 5 2 350 783 60 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 150 335 80 16 13 10 7 5 2 0 350 783 80 11 8 6 3 I 0 0 150 335 100 14 11 8 5 3 1 0 350 783 100 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 150 335 120 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 350 783 120 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 140 11 8 5 3 0 0 0 350 783 140 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 175 391 40 22 20 17 14 11 9 6 375 839 40 15 13 11 8 6 4 2 175 391 60 18 15 12 9 7 4 2 375 839 60 12 10 7 5 3 1 0 175 391 80 15 12 9 7 4 2 0 375 839 80 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 175 391 100 13 10 7 5 2 0 0 375 839 100 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 175 391 120 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 375 839 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 175 391 140 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 375 839 140 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 200 447 40 21 18 16 13 l0 8 5 400 894 40 15 13 10 8 5 3 2 200 447 60 17 14 11 9 6 4 2 400 894 60 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 200 447 80 14 11 9 6 3 1 0 400 894 80 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 200 447 100 12 10 7 4 2 0 0 400 894 100 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 200 447 120 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 400 894 120 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 200 447 140 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 400 894 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-225 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(n) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 750 Btu/sec tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 52 45 39 34 29 24 20 225 503 40 26 23 20 17 14 12 9 25 56 60 41 34 28 23 18 14 9 225 503 60 20 18 15 12 9 6 3 25 56 80 34 28 22 17 12 8 4 225 503 80 17 14 11 8 6 3 1 25 56 100 29 23 18 13 8 4 0 225 503 100 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 25 56 120 26 20 14 10 5 1 0 225 503 120 13 11 7 4 2 0 0 25 56 140 23 17 12 7 3 0 0 225 503 140 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 50 112 40 44 40 35 30 26 22 18 250 559 40 24 22 19 16 14 11 8 50 112 60 35 30 26 21 17 12 8 250 559 60 19 17 14 11 8 5 3 50 112 80 30 25 20 15 11 7 3 250 559 80 16 14 11 8 5 3 1 50 112 100 26 21 16 12 7 3 0 250 559 100 14 12 9 6 3 1 0 50 112 120 23 18 13 9 5 1 0 250 559 120 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 50 112 140 21 16 11 7 3 0 0 250 559 140 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 75 168 40 39 35 31 27 24 20 16 275 615 40 23 21 18 16 13 10 7 75 168 60 31 27 23 19 15 11 7 275 615 60 19 16 13 10 8 5 3 75 168 80 26 22 18 14 10 6 3 275 615 80 16 13 10 7 5 2 1 75 168 100 23 19 15 10 7 3 0 275 615 100 14 11 8 5 3 1 0 75 168 120 20 16 12 8 4 1 0 275 615 120 12 9 7 4 1 0 0 75 168 140 18 14 10 6 2 0 0 275 615 140 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 100 224 40 35 32 29 25 21 18 14 300 671 40 22 20 18 15 12 9 7 100 224 60 28 25 21 17 14 10 6 300 671 60 18 15 13 10 7 5 2 100 224 80 24 20 16 13 9 5 2 300 671 80 15 13 10 7 4 2 0 100 224 100 21 17 13 10 6 2 0 300 671 100 13 11 8 5 2 1 0 100 224 120 19 15 11 7 4 0 0 300 671 120 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 100 224 140 17 13 9 5 2 0 0 300 671 140 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 125 280 40 32 30 26 23 20 16 13 325 727 40 22 19 17 14 11 9 6 125 280 60 26 23 19 16 12 9 6 325 727 60 17 15 12 9 7 4 2 125 280 80 22 19 15 12 8 5 2 325 727 80 15 12 9 6 4 2 0 125 280 100 19 16 12 9 5 2 0 325 727 100 13 10 7 5 2 1 0 125 280 120 17 14 10 7 3 0 0 325 727 120 11 9 6 3 1 0 0 125 280 140 16 12 8 5 2 0 0 325 727 140 10 7 5 2 0 0 0 150 335 40 30 28 25 21 18 15 12 350 783 40 21 19 16 13 11 8 6 150 335 60 24 21 18 15 11 8 5 350 783 60 17 14 12 9 6 4 2 150 335 80 21 17 14 11 7 4 1 350 783 80 14 12 9 6 4 2 0 150 335 100 18 15 11 8 5 2 0 350 783 100 12 10 7 4 2 0 0 150 335 120 16 13 9 6 3 0 0 350 783 120 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 150 335 140 15 11 8 4 1 0 0 350 783 140 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 175 391 40 28 26 23 20 17 14 10 375 839 40 20 18 16 13 10 8 5 175 391 60 23 20 17 14 10 7 4 375 839 60 16 14 11 8 6 3 2 175 391 80 19 16 13 10 7 4 1 375 839 80 14 11 8 6 3 1 0 175 391 100 17 14 11 7 4 1 0 375 839 100 12 9 7 4 2 0 0 175 391 120 15 12 9 5 2 0 0 375 839 120 11 8 5 3 I 0 0 175 391 140 14 10 7 4 1 0 0 375 839 140 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 200 447 40 27 24 22 18 16 12 10 400 894 40 20 17 15 12 10 7 5 200 447 60 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 400 894 60 16 13 11 8 5 3 1 200 447 80 18 15 12 9 6 3 1 400 894 80 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 200 447 100 16 13 10 7 4 1 0 400 894 100 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 200 447 120 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 400 894 120 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 200 447 140 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 400 894 140 9 7 4 2 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-226 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(o) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 750 Btu/sec tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ot:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 55 47 41 35 30 25 21 225 503 40 28 26 23 19 16 13 10 25 56 60 43 36 29 24 19 14 10 225 503 60 22 20 17 13 10 7 4 25 56 80 36 28 23 18 13 8 4 225 503 80 19 16 13 10 7 4 1 25 56 100 31 24 18 13 9 4 0 225 503 100 16 13 10 7 4 1 0 25 56 120 27 20 15 10 6 1 0 225 503 120 15 12 8 5 2 0 0 25 56 140 24 18 12 8 3 0 0 225 503 140 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 50 112 40 47 42 37 32 28 23 19 250 559 40 27 24 21 18 15 12 10 50 112 60 37 32 27 22 18 13 9 250 559 60 21 19 16 13 10 7 4 50 112 80 31 26 21 16 12 8 4 250 559 80 18 15 12 9 6 3 1 50 112 100 27 22 17 12 8 4 0 250 559 100 16 13 10 7 4 1 0 50 112 120 24 19 14 9 5 1 0 250 559 120 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 50 112 140 22 16 11 7 3 0 0 250 559 140 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 75 168 40 42 38 34 29 25 21 17 275 615 40 26 23 20 18 15 12 9 75 168 60 133 29 25 20 16 12 8 275 615 60 21 18 15 12 9 6 4 75 168 80 28 24 19 15 11 7 3 275 615 80 17 15 12 9 6 3 1 75 168 100 24 20 15 11 7 3 0 275 615. 100 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 75 168 120 22 17 13 9 5 1 0 275 615 120 13 11 7 5 2 0 0 75 168 140 20 15 11 6 3 0 0 275 615 140 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 100 224 40 38 35 31 27 23 19 16 300 671 40 25 22 20 17 14 11 8 100 224 60 30 27 23 19 15 11 7 300 671 60 20 17 14 11 8 6 3 100 224 80 26 22 18 14 10 6 3 300 671 80 17 14 11 8 5 3 1 100 224 100 22 18 14 10 7 3 0 300 671 100 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 100 224 120 20 16 12 8 4 1 0 300 671 120 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 100 224 140 18 14 10 6 2 0 0 300 671 140 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 125 280 40 35 32 29 25 22 18 14 325 727 40 24 22 19 16 13 10 8 125 280 60 28 25 21 17 14 10 7 325 727 60 19 16 14. 11 8 5 3 125 280 80 24 20 16 13 9 6 2 325 727 80 16 13 10 8 5 2 1 125 280 100 21 17 13 10 6 3 0 325 727 100 14 11 8 5 3 1 0 125 280 120 19 15 11 7 4 1 0 325 727 120 12 10 7 4 2 0 0 125 280 140 17 13 9 5 2 0 0 325 727 140 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 150 335 40 33 30 27 23 20 17 13 350 783 40 23 21 18 15 13 10 7 150 335 60 26 23 20 16 13 9 6 350 783 60 18 16 13 10 7 5 3 150 335 80 22 19 15 12 8 5 2 350 783 80 15 13 10 7 5 2 1 150 335 100 19 16 12 9 5 2 0 350 783 100 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 150 335 120 17 14 10 7 3 0 0 350 783 120 12 9 6 4 1 0 0 150 335 140 16 12 8 5 2 0 0 350 783 140 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 175 391 40 31 28 25 22 19 15 12 375 839 40 22 20 17 15 12 9 7 175 391 60 25 22 18 15 12 9 5 375 839 60 18 15 13 10 7 5 2 175 391 80 21 18 14 11 8 4 2 375 839 80 15 12 10 7 4 2 0 175 391 100 18 15 12 8 5 2 0 375 839 100 13 10 8 5 0 l 0 175 391 120 16 13 10 6 3 0 0 375 839 120 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 175 391 140 15 11 8 5 1 0 0 375 839 140 11 8 5 2 0 0 0 200 447 40 29 27 24 21 17 14 11 400 894 40 22 19 17 14 11 9 6 200 447 60 23 21 17 14 11 8 5 400 894 60 17 15 12 9 7 4 2 200 447 80 20 17 14 10 7 4 1 400 894 80 15 12 9 6 4 2 0 200 447 100 17 14 11 8 4 2 0 400 894 100 13 10 7 5 2 1 0 200 447 120 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 400 894 120 11 9 6 3 1 0 0 200 447 140 14 11 7 4 1 0 0 400 894 140 10 7 5 2 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 in 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-227 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(p) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 1000 Btu/sec tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.400 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET r RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 22 20 17 14 11 8 5 225 503 40 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 25 56 60 18 16 13 10 7 4 2 225 503 60 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 25 56 80 16 13 10 7 4 2 0 225 503 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 25 56 100 14 11 8 5 3 0 0 225 503 100 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 120 13 10 7 4 1 0 0 225 503 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 56 140 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 225 503 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 40 17 15 12 9 7 4 2 250 559 40 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 60 14 11 9 6 4 2 0 250 559 60 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 50 112 80 12 9 7 4 2 0 0 250 559 80 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 50 112 100 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 250 559 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 120 10 7 4 2 0 0 0 250 559 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 50 112 140 9 6 3 1 0 0 0 250 559 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 40 14 12 9 7 4 2 1 275 615 40 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 60 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 275 615 60 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 75 168 80 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 275 615 80 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 100 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 275 615 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 275 615 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 168 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 275 615 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 12 10 8 5 3 1 0 300 671 40 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 60 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 300 671 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 100 224 80 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 300 671 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 100 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 300 671 100 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 120 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 300 671 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 224 140 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 300 671 140 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 325 727 40 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 125 280 60 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 325 727 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 125 280 80 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 325 727 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 100 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 325 727 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 120 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 325 727 140 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 0 8 5 3 2 0 0 350 783 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 150 335 60 8 6 3 2 01 0 0 350 783 60 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 80 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 350 783 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 100 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 350 783 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 350 783 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 350 783 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 9 7 5 3 1 0 0 375 839 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 60 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 375 839 60 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 80 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 375 839 80 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 375 839 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 120 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 375 839 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 9 6 4 2 1 0 0 400 894 40 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 200 447 60 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 400 894 60 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 80 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 80 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 100 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 400 894 100 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 400 894 140 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-228 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(q) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 1000 Btu/sec tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ot:0.044 Btu/secg CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 39 36 32 28 25 21 17 225 503 40 16 14 12 9 7 5 3 25 56 60 32 28 24 21 17 13 9 225 503 60 13 11 8 6 4 2 1 25 56 80 27 24 20 16 12 8 4 225 503 80 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 25 56 100 24 20 16 12 8 4 1 225 503 100 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 25 56 120 22 18 14 10 6 2 0 225 503 120 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 25 56 140 20 16 12 8 4 0 0 225 503 140 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 40 31 29 26 22 19 16 13 250 559 40 16 13 11 9 6 4 2 50 112 60 25 23 19 16 13 9 6 250 559 60 12 10 8 5 3 2 0 50 112 80 22 19 15 12 9 6 3 250 559 80 11 8 6 3 2 0 0 50 112 100 19 16 13 9 6 3 0 250 559 100 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 50 112 120 17 14 11 7 4 1 0 250 559 120 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 140 16 13 9 6 2 0 0 250 559 140 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 40 27 24 22 19 16 13 10 275 615 40 15. 13 10 8 6 4 2 75 168 60 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 275 615 60 12 10 7 5 3 1 0 75 168 80 19 16 13 10 7 4 2 275 615 80 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 75 168 100 16 14 11 7 4 2 0 275 615 100 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 75 168 120 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 275 615 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 75 168 140 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 275 615 140 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 100 224 40 24 22 19 16 13 10 8 300 671 40 14 12 10 7 5 3 2 100 224 60 19 17 14 11 8 6 3 300 671 60 11 9 7 4 2 1 0 100 224 80 16 14 11 8 5 3 1 300 671 80 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 100 224 100 14 12 9 6 3 1 0 300 671 100 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 100 224 120 13 10 7 5 2 0 0 300 671 120 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 140 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 300 671 140 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 21 19 17 14 11 9 6 325 727 40 14 12 9 7 5 3 1 125 280 60 17 15 12 10 7 4 2 325 727 60 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 125 280 80 15 12 10 7 4 2 1 325 727 80 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 125 280 100 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 325 727 100 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 120 12 9 6 4 1 0 0 325 727 120 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 125 280 140 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 325 727 140 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 20 18 15 13 10 7 5 350 783 40 13 11 9 6 4 2 1 150 335 60 16 14 11 8 6 4 2 350 783 60 10 8 6 4 2 1 0 150 335 80 14 11 9 6 3 2 0 350 783 80 9 6 4 2 1 0 0 150 335 100 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 350 783 100 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 150 335 120 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 350 783 120 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 150 335 140 10 7 4 2 1 0 0 350 783 140 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 18 16 14 11 9 6 4 375 839 40 13 11 8 6 4 2 1 175 391 60 15 13 10 7 5 3 1 375 839 60 10 8 5 3 2 0 0 175 391 80 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 375 839 80 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 175 391 100 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 375 839 100 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 175 391 120 10 7 5 2 1 0 0 375 839 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 140 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 375 839 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 17 15 13 10 8 5 3 400 894 40 12 10 8 5 3 2 1 200 447 60 14 12 9 7 4 2 1 400 894 60 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 200 447 80 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 400 894 80 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 200 447 100 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 400 894 100 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 200 447 120 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 400 894 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 400 894 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-229 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(r) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 1000 Btu/sec tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.011 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 52 47 42 37 32 28 23 225 503 40 24 22 19 17 14 11 9 25 56 60 42 36 31 26 22 17 13 225 503 60 19 17 14 11 9 6 4 25 56 80 35 30 25 20 15 11 7 225 503 80 16 14 11 8 6 3 1 25 56 100 31 25 20 15 11 7 3 225 503 100 14 12 9 6 4 2 0 25 56 120 28 22 17 12 8 4 0 225 503 120 13 10 7 5 2 1 0 25 56 140 25 19 14 10 5 1 0 225 503 140 12 9 6 3 1 0 0 50 112 40 43 40 36 32 28 24 20 250 559 40 23 21 18 16 13 10 8 50 112 60 35 31 27 23 19 15 11 250 559 60 18 16 13 11 8 5 3 50 112 80 30 25 21 17 13 9 5 250 559 80 16 13 10 8 5 3 1 50 112 100 26 22 18 13 9 6 2 250 559 100 14 11 8 6 3 1 0 50 112 120 23 19 15 11 7 3 0 250 559 120 12 10 7 4 2 0 0 50 112 140 21 17 12 8 4 1 0 250 559 140 11 8 6 3 1 0 0 75 168 40 37 35 31 28 24 21 17 275 615 40 22 20 17 15 12 9 7 75 168 60 30 27 24 20 16 13 9 275 615 60 18 15 13 10 7 5 3 75 168 80 26 22 19 15 11 8 4 275 615 80 15 12 10 7 5 2 1 75 168 100 23 19 15 12 8 5 1 275 615 100 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 75 168 120 20 17 13 9 6 2 0 275 615 120 12 9 6 4 2 0 0 75 168 140 19 15 11 7 4 1 0 275 615 140 11 8 5 3 1 0 0 100 224 40 34 31 28 25 22 18 15 300 671 40 21 19 16 14 11 9 6 100 224 60 27 24 21 18 14 11 8 300 671 60 17 15 12 9 7 4 2 100 224 80 23 20 17 13 10 7 4 300 671 80 14 12 9 7 4 2 1 100 224 100 20 17 14 10 7 4 1 300 671 100 13 10 7 5 3 1 0 100 224 120 18 15 12 8 5 2 0 300 671 120 11 9 6 3 1 0 0 100 224 140 17 13 10 6 3 0 0 300 671 140 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 125 280 40 31 29 26 23 19 16 13 325 727 40 20 18 16 13 11 8 6 125 280 60 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 325 727 60 16 14 11 9 6 4 2 125 280 80 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 325 727 80 14 11 9 6 4 2 1 125 280 100 19 16 13 9 6 3 1 325 727 100 12 10 7 4 2 1 0 125 280 120 17 14 10 7 4 1 0 325 727 120 11 8 6 3 1 0 0 125 280 140 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 325 727 140 10 7 5 2 1 0 0 150 335 40 29 27 24 21 18 15 12 350 783 40 20 18 15 13 10 8 5 150 335 60 23 21 18 15 12 9 6 350 783 60 16 13 11 8 6 4 2 150 335 80 20 17 14 11 8 5 2 350 783 80 13 11 8 6 3 2 0 150 335 100 17 14 11 8 5 3 1 350 783 100 12 9 7 4 2 1 0 150 335 120 16 13 10 6 4 1 0 350 783 120 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 150 335 140 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 350 783 140 9 7 4 2 I 0 0 175 391 40 27 25 22 19 16 13 11 375 839 40 19 17 14 12 9 7 5 175 391 60 22 19 16 13 10 8 5 375 839 60 15 13 10 8 5 3 2 175 391 80 18 16 13 10 7 4 2 375 839 80 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 175 391 100 16 13 10 8 5 2 0 375 839 100 11 9 6 4 2 0 0 175 391 120 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 375 839 120 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 175 391 140 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 375 839 140 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 200 447 40 25 23 21 18 15 12 9 400 894 40 18 16 14 11 9 7 4 200 447 60 20 18 15 12 10 7 4 400 894 60 15 12 10 7 5 3 1 200 447 80 17 15 12 9 6 4 2 400 894 80 12 10 7 5 3 1 0 200 447 100 15 13 10 7 4 2 0 400 894 100 11 8 6 3 2 0 0 200 447 120 14 11 8 5 3 1 0 400 894 120 10 7 5 2 1 0 0 200 447 140 12 10 7 4 2 0 0 400 894 140 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-230 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(s) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 1000 Btu/sec tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 62 54 48 42 37 31 27 225 503 40 31 29 26 23 20 17 14 25 56 60 49 41 35 29 24 19 15 225 503 60 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 56 80 41 33 27 22 17 12 8 225 503 80 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 25 56 100 35 28 22 17 12 8 4 225 503 100 19 16 13 9 6 3 1 25 56 120 31 24 18 13 9 4 0 225 503 120 17 14 10 7 4 2 0 25 56 140 28 21 16 11 6 2 0 225 503 140 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 50 112 40 53 48 43 38 33 29 24 250 559 40 30 28 25 22 19 16 13 50 112 60 42 37 32 27 22 18 14 250 559 60 24 21 18 15 12 9 7 50 112 80 35 30 25 20 16 11 7 250 559 80 20 18 15 11 8 6 3 50 112 100 31 25 20 16 11 7 3 250 559 100 18 15 12 9 6 3 1 50 112 120 27 22 17 12 8 4 0 250 559 120 16 13 10 7 4 1 0 50 112 140 25 19 14 10 6 2 0 250 559 140 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 75 168 40 47 43 39 35 31 26 22 275 615 40 29 27 24 21 18 15 12 75 168 60 38 33 29 25 20 16 12 275 615 60 23 20 18 15 12 9 6 75 168 80 32 27 23 19 14 10 6 275 615 80 20 17 14 11 8 5 3 75 168 100 28 23 19 14 10 6 3 275 615 100 17 14 11 8 5 3 1 75 168 120 25 20 16 11 7 3 0 275 615 120 15 12 9 6 4 1 0 75 168 140 22 18 13 9 5 1 0 275 615 140 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 100 224 40 43 40 36 32 28 24 20 300 671 40 28 25 23 20 17 14 11 100 224 60 34 31 27 23 19 15 11 300 671 60 22 20 17 14 11 8 5 100 224 80 29 25 21 17 13 9 6 300 671 80 19 16 13 10 7 5 2 100 224 100 25 21 17 13 9 6 2 300 671 100 16 14 11 8 5 2 1 100 224 120 23 19 15 11 7 3 0 300 671 120 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 100 224 140 21 16 12 8 5 1 0 300 671 140 13 10 7 5 2 0 0 125 280 40 39 37 33 30 26 22 19 325 727 40 27 25 22 19 16 13 11 125 280 60 32 28 25 21 17 14 10 325 727 60 21 19 16 13 10 8 5 125 280 80 27 23 20 16 12 9 5 325 727 80 18 16 13 10 7 4 2 125 280 100 24 20 16 12 9 5 2 325 727 100 16 13 10 7 5 2 0 125 280 120 21 17 14 10 6 3 0 325 727 120 14 11 8 6 3 1 0 125 280 140 19 15 11 8 4 1 0 325 727 140 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 150 335 40 37 34 31 28 24 21 17 350 783 40 26 24 21 18 15 13 10 150 335 60 30 27 23 20 16 13 9 350 783 60 21 18 15 13 10 7 5 150 335 80 25 22 18 15 11 8 5 350 783 80 18 15 12 9 7 4 2 150 335 100 22 19 15 12 8 5 2 350 783 100 15 13 10 7 4 2 0 IN 335 120 20 16 13 9 6 2 0 350 783 120 14 11 8 5 3 1 0 150 335 140 18 14 11 7 4 1 0 350 783 140 12 10 7 4 2 0 0 175 391 40 35 32 29 26 23 19 16 375 839 40 25 23 20 18 15 12 9 175 391 60 28 25 22 18 15 12 8 375 839 60 20 18 15 12 9 7 4 175 391 80 24 20 17 14 10 7 4 375 839 80 17 14 12 9 6 4 2 175 391 100 21 18 14 11 7 4 1 375 839 100 15 12 9 7 4 2 0 175 391 120 19 15 12 8 5 2 0 375 839 120 13 11 8 5 3 1 0 175 391 140 17 13 10 7 3 1 0 375 839 140 12 9 6 4 1 0 0 200 447 40 33 30 28 24 21 18 15 400 894 40 24 22 20 17 14 11 9 200 447 60 26 24 20 17 14 11 8 400 894 60 19 17 14 12 9 6 4 200 447 80 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 400 894 80 16 14 11 8 6 3 1 200 447 100 20 17 13 10 7 4 1 400 894 100 14 12 9 6 4 2 0 200 447 120 18 14 11 8 5 2 0 400 894 120 13 10 7 5 2 1 0 200 447 140 16 13 9 6 3 1 0 400 894 140 12 9 6 4 1 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-231 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(t) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 1000 Btu/sec tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 65 56 50 43 38 33 28 225 503 40 34 32 29 26 22 19 16 25 56 60 51 43 36 30 25 20 15 225 503 60 27 25 21 18 15 12 8 25 56 80 42 34 28 23 18 13 8 225 503 80 23 20 17 14 10 7 4 25 56 100 36 29 23 17 13 8 4 225 503 100 20 17 14 11 7 4 1 25 56 120 32 25 19 14 9 5 1 225 503 120 18 15 12 8 5 2 0 25 56 140 29 21 16 11 6 2 0 225 503 140 17 13 10 6 3 1 0 50 112 40 56 51 45 40 35 30 26 250 559 40 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 50 112 60 45 39 33 28 23 19 14 250 559 60 26 23 20 17 14 11 8 50 112 80 37 31 26 21 16 12 8 250 559 80 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 50 112 100 33 26 21 16 12 7 3 250 559 100 19 16 13 10 7 4 1 50 112 120 29 23 18 13 8 4 0 250 559 120 17 14 11 8 5 2 0 50 112 140 26 20 15 10 6 2 0 250 559 140 16 13 9 6 3 1 0 75 168 40 50 46 42 37 32 28 24 275 615 40 31 29 26 23 20 17 14 75 168 60 40 35 31 26 22 17 13 275 615 60 25 23 19 16 13 10 7 75 168 80 34 29 24 20 15 11 7 275 615 80 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 75 168 100 30 25 20 15 11 7 3 275 615 100 19 16 13 9 6 3 1 75 168 120 26 21 17 12 8 4 0 275 615 120 17 14 11 7 4 2 0 75 168 140 24 19 14 10 5 2 0 275 615 140 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 100 224 40 46 43 38 34 30 26 22 300 671 40 30 28 25 22 19 16 13 100 224 60 37 33 28 24 20 16 12 300 671 60 24 22 19 16 13 10 7 100 224 80 31 27 23 18 14 10 6 300 671 80 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 100 224 100 27 23 18 14 10 6 3 300 671 100 18 15 12 9 6 3 1 100 224 120 24 20 15 11 7 3 0 300 671 120 16 13 10 7 4 1 0 100 224 140 22 17 13 9 5 I 0 300 671 140 15 12 8 5 3 0 0 125 280 40 43 40 36 32 28 24 21 325 727 40 29 27 24 21 18 15 13 125 280 60 34 31 27 23 19 15 11 325 727 60 23 21 18 15 12 9 6 125 280 80 29 25 21 17 13 10 6 325 727 80 20 17 14 11 8 5 3 125 280 100 25 21 17 13 10 6 2 325 727 100 17 15 12 8 6 3 1 125 280 120 23 19 15 11 7 3 0 325 727 120 16 13 10 7 4 I 0 125 280 140 21 16 12 8 5 1 0 325 727 140 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 150 335 40 40 37 34 30 26 23 19 350 783 40 28 26 23 21 18 15 12 150 335 60 32 29 25 21 18 14 11 350 783 60 23 20 17 14 11 9 6 150 335 80 27 24 20 16 12 9 5 350 783 80 19 17 14 11 8 5 3 150 335 100 24 20 16 13 9 5 2 350 783 100 17 14 11 8 5 3 1 150 335 120 21 17 14 10 6 3 0 350 783 120 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 150 335 140 19 15 12 8 4 1 0 350 783 140 14 11 8 5 2 0 0 175 391 40 38 35 32 28 25 21 18 375 839 40 28 25 23 20 17 14 11 175 391 60 30 27 24 20 17 13 10 375 839 60 22 19 17 14 11 8 5 175 391 80 26 22 19 15 12 8 5 375 839 80 19 16 13 10 7 5 2 175 391 100 22 19 15 12 8 5 2 375 839 100 16 14 11 8 5 2 1 175 391 120 20 17 13 9 6 3 0 375 839 120 15 12 9 6 3 1 0 175 391 140 18 15 11 7 4 1 0 375 839 140 13 10 7 5 2 0 0 200 447 40 36 33 30 27 24 20 17 400 894 40 27 25 22 19 16 13 11 200 447 60 29 26 22 19 16 12 9 400 894 60 21 19 16 13 10 8 5 200 447 80 24 21 18 14 11 8 4 400 894 80 18 15 13 10 7 4 2 200 447 100 21 18 15 11 8 4 2 400 894 100 16 13 10 7 5 2 1 200 447 120 19 16 12 9 5 2 0 400 894 120 14 11 8 6 3 1 0 200 447 140 17 14 10 7 4 1 0 400 894 140 13 10 7 4 2 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-232 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(u) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:2000 Btu/sec tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.400 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 35 33 31 28 25 21 18 225 503 40 15 12 10 8 5 3 2 25 56 60 30 27 24 21 18 15 11 225 503 60 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 25 56 80 26 23 20 17 14 10 7 225 503 80 10 8 5 3 2 0 0 25 56 100 23 21 17 14 11 7 4 225 503 100 9 6 4 2 1 0 0 25 56 120 21 18 15 12 8 5 2 225 503 120 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 25 56 140 20 17 13 10 7 3 1 225 503 140 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 40 28 26 23 21 18 15 12 250 559 40 14 12 9 7 5 3 2 50 112 60 23 21 18 15 13 10 7 250 559 60 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 50 112 80 20 18 15 12 9 6 4 250 559 80 9 7 5 3 1 0 0 50 112 100 18 15 13 10 7 4 2 250 559 100 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 50 112 120 16 14 11 8 5 3 1 250 559 120 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 50 112 140 15 12 10 7 4 2 0 250 559 140 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 75 168 40 24 22 19 17 14 11 9 275 615 40 13 11 9 6 4 2 1 75 168 60 20 17 15 12 9 7 4 275 615 60 10 8 6 4 2 1 0 75 168 80 17 15 12 9 7 4 2 275 615 80 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 75 168 100 15 13 10 7 5 3 1 275 615 100 8 5 3 2 0 0 0 75 168 120 14 11 8 6 3 1 0 275 615 120 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 75 168 140 13 10 7 5 2 1 0 275 615 140 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 100 224 40 21 19 17 14 11 9 6 300 671 40 13 10 8 6 4 2 1 100 224 60 17 15 13 10 7 5 3 300 671 60 10 8 5 3 2 0 0 100 224 80 15 13 10 7 5 3 1 300 671 80 8 6 4 2 1 0 0 100 224 100 13 11 8 6 3 2 0 300 671 100 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 100 224 120 12 10 7 4 2 1 0 300 671 120 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 100 224 140 11 8 6 3 2 0 0 300 671 140 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 40 19 17 15 12 10 7 5 325 727 40 12 10 8 5 3 2 1 125 280 60 16 13 11 8 6 4 2 325 727 60 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 125 280 80 13 11 9 6 4 2 1 325 727 80 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 125 280 100 12 10 7 5 2 1 0 325 727 100 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 125 280 120 11 8 6 3 2 0 0 325 727 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 125 280 140 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 325 727 140 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 150 335 40 18 16 13 11 8 6 4 350 783 40 12 9 7 5 3 2 0 150 335 60 14 12 10 7 5 3 1 350 783 60 9 7 5 3 1 0 0 150 335 80 12 10 7 5 3 1 0 350 783 80 8 5 3 2 0 0 0 150 335 100 11 8 6 4 2 0 0 350 783 100 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 150 335 120 10 7 5 3 1 0 0 350 783 120 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 150 335 140 9 6 4 2 0 0 0 350 783 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 175 391 40 16 14 12 9 7 5 3 375 839 40 11 9 7 4 3 1 0 175 391 60 13 11 9 6 4 2 1 375 839 60 9 7 4. 2 1 0 0 175 391 80 11 9 7 4 2 1 0 375 839 80 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 175 391 100 10 8 5 3 1 0 0 375 839 100 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 120 9 7 4 2 1 0 0 375 839 120 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 175 391 .140 8 6 3 2 0 0 0 375 839 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 40 15 13 11 8 6 4 2 400 894 40 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 200 447 60 12 10 8 5 3 2 0 400 894 60 9 6 4 2 1 0 0 200 447 80 11 8 6 4 2 1 0 400 894 80 7 5 3 1 0 0 0 200 447 100 9 7 5 3 1 0 0 400 894 100 . 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 200 447 120 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 400 894 120 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 200 447 140 8 5 3 1 0 0 0 400 894 140 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-233 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(v) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:2000 Btu/sec t : 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec e a: 0.044 Btu/see CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 60 57 53 49 44 40 36 225 503 40 27 26 23 21 18 15 13 25 56 60 50 46 41 37 32 28 23 225 503 60 22 20 18 15 12 10 7 25 56 80 43 38 34 29 25 20 16 225 503 80 19 17 14 11 9 6 4 25 56 100 38 33 28 24 19 15 11 225 503 100 17 14 12 9 7 4 2 25 56 120 34 29 25 20 15 11 7 225 503 120 15 13 10 7 5 3 1 25 56 140 31 26 21 17 13 8 4 225 503 140 14 11 9 6 4 2 0 50 112 40 49 47 44 40 37 33 30 250 559 40 26 24 22 19 17 14 12 50 112 60 40 38 34 31 27 23 19 250 559 60 21 19 16 14 11 9 6 50 112 80 35 32 28 24 21 17 13 250 559 80 18 16 13 11 8 6 4 50 112 100 31 28 24 20 16 12 9 250 559 100 16 14 11 8 6 4 2 50 112 120 28 24 21 17 13 9 6 250 559 120 14 12 9 7 4 2 1 50 112 140 26 22 18 14 10 7 3 250 559 140 13 11 8 5 3 I 0 75 168 40 43 41 38 35 32 28 25 275 615 40 25 23 21 18 16 13 11 75 168 60 35 33 30 26 23 20 16 275 615 60 20 18 16 13 11 8 6 75 168 80 30 28 24 21 18 14 11 275 615 80 17 15 13 10 7 5 3 75 168 100 27 24 21 17 14 10 7 275 615 100 15 13 10 8 5 3 2 75 168 120 24 21 18 14 11 8 4 275 615 120 14 11 9 6 4 2 1 75 168 140 22 19 16 12 9 5 2 275 615 140 12 10 7 5 3 1 0 100 224 40 38 36 34 31 28 25 22 300 671 40 24 22 20 17 15 12 10 100 224 60 31 29 26 23 20 17 14 300 671 60 19 17 15 12 10 7 5 100 224 80 27 25 22 18 15 12 9 300 671 80 17 14 12 9 7 5 3 100 224 100 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 300 671 100 15 12 10 7 5 3 1 100 224 120 22 19 16 13 9 6 3 300 671 120 13 11 8 6 3 2 0 100 224 140 20 17 14 11 7 4 2 300 671 140 12 10 7 5 2 1 0 125 280 40 35 33 31 28 25 22 19 325 727 40 23 21 19 16 14 11 9 125 280 60 29 27 24 21 18 15 12 325 727 60 19 17 14 12 9 7 5 125 280 80 25 22 19 16 13 11 8 325 727 80 16 14 11 9 6 4 2 125 280 100 22 19 16 13 10 7 5 325 727 100 14 12 9 7 4 2 1 125 280 120 20 17 14 11 8 5 3 325 727 120 13 10 8 5 3 1 0 125 280 140 18 15 12 9 6 4 1 325 727 140 11 9 7 4 2 1 0 150 335 40 32 31 28 26 23 20 17 350 783 40 22 20 18 16 13 11 8 150 335 60 27 24 22 19 16 13 10 350 783 60 18 16 13 11 9 6 4 150 335 80 23 20 18 15 12 9 6 350 783 80 15 13 11 8 6 4 2 150 335 100 20 18 15 12 9 6 4 350 783 100 13 11 9 6 4 2 1 150 335 120 18 16 13 10 7 4 2 350 783 120 12 10 7 5 3 1 0 150 335 140 17 14 11 8 5 3 1 350 783 140 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 175 391 40 30 29 26 24 21 18 15 375 839 40 22 20 17 15 12 10 8 175 391 60 25 23 20 17 15 12 9 375 839 60 17 15 13 10 8 6 4 175 391 80 21 19 16 14 11 8 6 375 839 80 15 13 10 8 5 3 2 175 391 100 19 16 14 11 8 6 3 375 839 100 13 11 8 6 4 2 1 175 391 120 17 15 12 9 6 4 2 375 839 120 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 175 391 140 16 13 10 7 5 2 1 375 839 140 11 8 6 3 2 0 0 200 447 40 29 27 25 22 19 17 14 400 894 40 21 19 17 14 12 9 7 200 447 60 23 21 19 16 13 11 8 400 894 60 17 15 12 10 8 5 3 200 447 80 20 18 15 12 10 7 5 400 894 80 14 12 10 7 5 3 2 200 447 100 18 15 13 10 7 5 3 400 894 100 13 10 8 5 3 2 1 200 447 120 16 14 11 8 5 3 1 400 894 120 11 9 6 4 2 1 0 200 447 140 1 15 12 9 7 4 2 1 400 894 140 1 10 8 5 3 2 0 0 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-234 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(w) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 2000 Btu/sec tg: 300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/sec' CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 79 73 66 60 55 49 44 225 503 40 39 37 35 32 29 26 23 25 56 60 64 56 50 44 39 33 29 225 503 60 32 30 27 24 21 18 15 25 56 80 54 46 40 34 29 24 20 225 503 80 27 25 22 19 16 13 10 25 56 100 47 40 33 28 23 18 14 225 503 100 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 25 56 120 42 35 29 23 18 14 9 225 503 120 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 25 56 140 38 31 25 20 15 10 6 225 503 140 20 17 14 11 8 5 2 50 112 40 67 63 58 54 49 44 40 250 559 40 37 36 33 30 28 25 22 50 112 60 54 49 45 40 35 30 26 250 559 60 30 28 25 23 19 17 14 50 112 80 46 41 36 31 27 22 18 250 559 80 26 24 21 18 15 12 9 50 112 100 41 35 30 26 21 17 12 250 559 100 23 20 17 14 11 8 6 50 112 120 36 31 26 21 17 13 8 250 559 120 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 50 112 140 33 28 23 18 14 9 5 250 559 140 19 16 13 10 7 4 2 75 168 40 59 56 52 48 44 40 36 275 615 40 36 34 32 29 26 23 20 75 168 60 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 275 615 60 29 27 24 21 18 16 13 75 168 80 41 37 33 29 24 20 16 275 615 80 25 23 20 17 14 11 8 75 168 100 36 32 28 23 19 15 11 275 615 100 22 19 17 14 11 8 5 75 168 120 33 28 24 20 15 11 7 275 615 120 20 17 14 11 8 6 3 75 168 140 30 25 21 17 12 9 5 275 615 140 18 15 12 9 7 4 2 100 224 40 53 51 48 44 41 37 33 300 671 40 35 33 30 28 25 22 19 100 224 60 43 40 37 33 29 25 22 300 671 60 28 26 23 20 18 15 13 100 224 80 37 34 30 26 22 19 15 300 671 80 24 22 19 16 13 l0 8 100 224 100 33 29 25 22 18 14 10 300 671 100 21 19 16 13 10 7 5 100 224 120 30 26 22 18 14 10 7 300 671 120 19 16 14 11 8 5 3 100 224 140 27 23 19 15 11 8 4 300 671 140 17 15 12 9 6 4 1 125 280 40 49 47 44 41 37 34 31 325 727 40 33 32 29 27 24 21 18 125 280 60 40 37 34 31 27 23 20 325 727 60 27 25 22 20 17 14 11 125 280 80 34 31 28 24 21 17 14 325 727 80 23 21 18 15 12 10 7 125 280 100 30 27 23 20 16 13 9 325 727 100 20 18 15 12 10 7 4 125 280 120 27 24 20 17 13 9 6 325 727 120 18 16 13 10 7 5 2 125 280 140 25 22 18 14 11 7 4 325 727 140 17 14 11 8 6 3 1 150 335 40 46 44 41 38 35 32 28 350 783 40 32 31 28 26 23 20 17 150 335 60 37 35 32 28 25 22 18 350 783 60 26 24 21 19 16 13 11 150 335 80 32 29 26 23 19 16 12 350 783 80 22 20 17 15 12 9 7 150 335 100 28 25 22 19 15 12 8 350 783 100 20 17 15 12 9 6 4 150 335 120 26 22 19 15 12 9 5 350 783 120 18 15 12 10 7 4 2 150 335 140 23 20 17 13 10 6 3 350 783 140 16 14 11 8 5 3 1 175 391 40 43 41 39 36 33 29 26 375 839 40 31 30 27 25 22 19 16 175 391 60 35 33 30 27 23 20 17 375 839 60 25 23 21 18 15 13 10 175 391 80 30 28 24 21 18 15 11 375 839 80 22 19 17 14 11 9 6 175 391 100 27 24 21 17 14 11 8 375 839 100 19 17 14 11 9 6 4 175 391 120 24 21 18 14 11 8 5 375 839 120 17 15 12 9 6 4 2 175 391 140 22 19 16 12 9 6 3 375 839 140 16 13 10 8 5 3 1 200 447 40 41 39 37 34 31 28 25 400 894 40 30 29 26 24 21 18 16 200 447 60 33 31 28 25 22 19 16 400 894 60 25 23 20 17 15 12 9 200 447 80 29 26 23 20 17 14 10 400 894 80 21 19 16 13 11 8 5 200 447 100 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 400 894 100 19 16 13 11 8 6 3 200 447 120 23 20 17 14 10 7 4 400 894 120 17 14 11 9 6 4 2 200 447 140 21 18 15 11 8 5 2 400 894 140 15 13 10 7 5 2 1 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-235 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-3.2.4(x) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response:2000 Btu/sec tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec ca 0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 92 82 74 67 60 54 49 225 503 40 50 48 45 42 38 35 31 25 56 60 72 62 55 48 42 36 31 225 503 60 40 38 34 31 27 24 20 25 56 80 61 51 43 37 32 26 22 225 503 80 35 31 28 24 21 17 14 25 56 100 52 43 36 30 25 20 15 225 503 100 30 27 24 20 16 13 9 25 56 120 46 37 31 25 20 15 10 225 503 120 27 24 20 17 13 10 6 25 56 140 42 33 27 21 16 11 7 225 503 140 25 21 18 14 11 7 4 50 112 40 81 74 68 62 56 51 46 250 559 40 48 46 43 40 37 33 30 50 112 60 64 57 51 45 40 35 30 250 559 60 39 36 33 30 26 23 19 50 112 80 54 47 41 35 30 25 20 250 559 80 33 30 27 23 20 17 13 50 112 100 47 40 34 29 23 19 14 250 559 100 29 26 23 19 16 12 9 50 112 120 42 35 29 24 19 14 10 250 559 120 26 23 20 16 13 9 6 50 112 140 38 31 25 20 15 11 6 250 559 140 24 21 17 14 10 7 4 75 168 40 73 68 63 58 53 48 43 275 615 40 46 44 41 38 35 32 29 75 168 60 58 53 47 42 37 33 28 275 615 60 37 35 32 28 25 22 19 75 168 80 49 44 38 33 28 24 19 275 615 80 32 29 26 22 19 16 13 75 168 100 43 37 32 27 22 18 13 275 615 100 28 25 22 18 15 12 8 75 168 120 39 33 27 22 18 13 9 275 615 120 25 22 19 15 12 9 5 75 168 140 35 29 24 19 14 10 6 275 615 140 23 20 16 13 10 6 3 100 224 40 67 63 58 54 50 45 41 300 671 40 45 43 40 37 34 31 27 100 224 60 54 49 45 40 35 31 27 300 671 60 36 34 31 27 24 21 18 100 224 80 46 41 36 31 27 23 18 300 671 80 31 28 25 22 18 15 12 100 224 100 40 35 30 26 21 17 13 300 671 100 27 24 21 18 14 11 8 100 224 120 36 31 26 21 17 13 9 300 671 120 24 21 18 15 11 8 5 100 224 140 33 27 23 18 14 10 6 300 671 140 22 19 16 13 9 6 3 125 280 40 62 59 55 51 47 43 38 325 727 40 43 41 39 36 33 30 26 125 280 60 50 46 42 38 33 29 25 325 727 60 35 32 30 26 23 20 17 125 280 80 43 38 34 30 25 21 17 325 727 80 30 27 24 21 18 14 11 125 280 100 37 33 29 24 20 16 12 325 727 100 26 23 20 17 14 11 8 125 280 120 34 29 25 20 16 12 8 325 727 120 24 21 17 14 11 8 5 125 280 140 31 26 22 17 13 9 5 325 727 140 22 19 15 12 9 6 3 150 335 40 58 55 52 48 44 40 36 350 783 40 42 40 37 35 31 28 25 150 335 60 47 44 40 36 32 28 24 350 783 60 34 31 29 26 22 19 16 150 335 80 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 350 783 80 29 26 23 20 17 14 11 150 335 100 35 31 27 23 19 15 11 350 783 100 25 23 19 16 13 10 7 150 335 120 32 27 23 19 15 11 8 350 783 120 23 20 17 14 11 7 5 150 335 140 29 25 20 16 12 9 5 350 783 140 21 18 15 12 8 5 3 175 391 40 55 53 49 46 42 38 35 375 839 40 41 39 36 33 30 27 24 175 391 60 44 41 38 34 30 26 23 375 839 60 33 31 28 25 22 19 16 175 391 80 38 34 31 27 23 19 15 375 839 80 28 25 22 19 16 13 10 175 391 100 33 30 26 22 18 14 11 375 839 100 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 175 391 120 30 26 22 18 15 11 7 375 839 120 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 175 391 140 27 23 20 16 12 8 4 375 839 140 20 17 14 11 8 5 2 200 447 40 52 50 47 44 40 36 33 400 894 40 40 38 35 32 29 27 24 200 447 60 42 39 36 32 29 25 21 400 894 60 32 30 27 24 21 18 15 200 447 80 36 33 29 26 22 18 15 400 894 80 27 25 22 19 16 13 10 200 447 100 32 28 25 21 17 14 10 400 894 100 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 200 447 120 29 25 21 18 14 10 7 400 894 120 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 200 447 140 26 22 19 15 11 8 4 400 894 140 20 17 14 11 8 5 2 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec =' 1055 kW I 2-236 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-3.2.4(y) Qd,Threshold Fire Size at Response: 2000 Btu/sec tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS INSTALLED SPACING OF DETECTORS 25 56 40 96 85 78 68 62 56 50 225 503 40 54 52 49 45 42 38 34 25 56 60 75 64 56 49 43 37 32 225 503 60 44 41 37 34 30 26 22 25 56 80 63 52 44 38 32 27 22 225 503 80 37 34 30 26 23 19 15 25 56 100 54 44 37 31 25 20 15 225 503 100 33 29 25 22 18 14 11 25 56 120 48 38 31 25 20 15 11 225 503 120 30 26 22 18 14 11 7 25 56 140 43 34 27 21 16 12 7 225 503 140 27 23 19 15 12 8 4 50 112 40 86 78 71 64 58 53 48 250 559 40 52 50 47 43 40 36 33 50 112 60 68 60 53 47 41 36 31 250 559 60 42 39 36 32 29 25 21 50 112 80 57 49 42 36 31 26 21 250 559 80 36 33 29 25 22 18 15 50 112 100 49 41 35 29 24 19 15 250 559 100 32 28 24 21 17 14 10 50 112 120 44 36 30 24 19 15 10 250 559 120 28 25 21 17 14 10 7 50 112 140 40 32 26 21 16 11 7 250 559 140 26 22 19 15 11 8 4 75 168 40 78 72 66 61 55 50 45 275 615 40 50 48 45 42 39 35 32 75 168 60 62 56 50 44 39 34 29 275 615 60 41 38 35 31 28 24 21 75 168 80 52 46 40 34 30 25 20 275 615 80 35 32 28 25 21 18 14 75 168 100 46 39 33 28 23 19 14 275 615 100 30 27 24 20 17 13 10 75 168 120 41 34 28 23 19 14 10 275 615 120 27 24 20 17 13 10 6 75 168 140 37 30 25 20 15 11 6 275 615 140 25 22 18 14 11 7 4 100 224 40 72 67 62 57 52 48 43 300 671 40 49 47 44 40 37 34 30 100 224 60 57 52 47 42 37 32 28 300 671 60 39 37 33 30 27 23 20 100 224 80 49 43 38 33 28 24 19 300 671 80 33 31 27 24 20 17 13 100 224 100 43 37 32 27 22 18 13 300 671 100 29 26 23 19 16 12 9 100 224 120 38 32 27 22 18 13 9 300 671 IN 26 23 20 16 13 9 6 100 224 140 35 29 24 19 14 10 6 300 671 140 24 21 17 14 10 7 4 125 280 40 67 63 59 54 50 45 41 325 727 40 47 45 42 39 36 33 29 125 280 60 54 49 45 40 35 31 27 325 727 60 38 35 32 29 26 22 19 125 280 80 46 41 36 31 27 23 18 325 727 80 32 30 26 23 20 16 13 125 280 100 40 35 30 26 21 17 13 325 727 100 29 25 22 19 15 12 9 125 280 120 36 31 26 21 17 13 9 325 727 120 26 22 19 16 12 9 6 125 280 140 33 27 23 18 14 10 6 325 727 140 23 20 17 13 10 7 3 150 335 40 63 60 56 52 47 43 39 350 783 40 46 44 41 38 35 32 28 150 335 60 51 47 42 38 34 30 26 350 783 60 37 34 31 28 25 22 18 150 335 80 43 39 34 30 26 22 18 350 783 80 31 29 25 22 19 16 12 150 335 100 38 33 29 25 20 16 12 350 783 100 28 25 21 18 15 12 8 150 335 120 34 29 25 21 16 12 8 350 783 120 25 22 18 15 12 9 5 150 335 140 31 26 22 17 13 9 5 350 783 140 23 20 16 13 9 6 3 175 391 40 60 57 53 49 45 41 37 375 839 40 44 42 40 37 34 31 27 175 391 60 48 44 41 36 32 28 24 375 839 60 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 175 391 80 41 37 33 29 25 21 17 375 839 80 31 28 25 21 18 15 12 175 391 100 36 32 28 24 19 15 12 375 839 100 27 24 21 18 14 11 8 175 391 120 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 375 839 120 24 21 18 15 11 8 5 175 391 140 29 25 21 17 13 9 5 375 839 140 22 19 16 12 9 6 3 200 447 40 57 54 51 47 43 40 36 400 894 40 43 41 39 36 33 30 26 200 447 60 46 43 39 35 31 27 23 400 894 60 35 32 30 26 23 20 17 200 447 80 39 35 32 28 24 20 16 400 894 80 30 27 24 21 18 14 11 200 447 100 34 30 26 23 19 15 11 400 894 100 26 23 20 17 14 11 8 200 447 120 31 27 23 19 15 11 7 400 894 120 23 21 17 14 11 8 5 200 447 140 28 24 20 16 12 8 5 400 894 140 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: i ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-237 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE B-3.2.5 Installed spacings listed as zero in the tables indi- B-3.3.2.1 Tables B-3.3.2(a) and B-3.3.2(b) use the follow- cate that the detector chosen will not respond within the ing values for tg: design objectives. Fast fire growth rate, tg = 150 seconds [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C] Medium fire growth rate, tg = 300 seconds B-3.2.6 Example. Slow fire growth rate, tg = 600 seconds. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C] Input: Ceiling height: 8 ft (2.4 m) B-3.3.3 For rate-of-rise heat detectors with a listed spac- ing of other than 50 ft (15.2 m), installed spacing obtained Detector type: Fixed temperature 1350F (57°C) from Table B-3.3.2(a) must be multiplied by the modifier UL listed spacing: 30 ft (9.1 m) shown in Table B-3.3.2(b) for the appropriate listed spac- ing and fire growth rate.This takes into account the differ- Fire: ence in sensitivity between the detector and a 50-ft Qd: 500 Btu/sec (527 kW) (15.2-m) listed detector. Fire growth rate: Slow B-3.3.4 Having determined the threshold fire size (see t : 600 sec B-2.2.2), the fire growth rate (see B-2.2.3), the detector's g listed spacing, and the ceiling height, use Table B-3.3.2(a) ar 0.003 Btu/sec' to determine the corrected spacing for 50-ft(15.2-m) listed detectors. Use Table B-3.3.2(b) to determine the spacing Environmental conditions: modifier. Find the required installed spacing by multiply- To: 557 (12.8°C) ing the corrected spacing by the spacing modifier. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] Required installed spacing: B-3.3.5 Example. From Table B-3.2.2, the detector time constant(To) is 80 Input: seconds. Ceiling height: 12 ft (3.7 m) (RTI = 80 v`5 = 180 ftv2 sec'/2) Detector type: Combination rate-of-rise, fixed tempera- AT TS -To = 135 - 55 = 80°F ture 30-ft (9.1-m) listed spacing From Table B-3.2.40): Qd: 500 Btu/sec Fire growth rate: Medium For To = 75 sec - spacing = 17 ft Spacing: For To = 100 sec - spacing = 16 ft From Table B-3.3.2(a), installed spacing = 18 ft(5.5 m) By interpolation: From Table B-3.3.2(b), spacing modifier = 0.86 Spacing = 17 - [(17-16/80-75/100-75)] = 16.8, round Installed spacing = 18 x 0.86 = 15.5 ft (4.7 m) to 17.0 ft NOTE: This answer may be rounded to either 15 ft(4.6 m) or 16 ft(4.9 m).Use of 15 ft(4.6 m)would be slightly conser- NOTE: Interpolation for To = 80 seconds was not vative. However, depending on field conditions, use of 16 ft required,but was included for demonstration. If the ceiling (4.9 m) may fit the space better. height is 16 ft,the required spacing would be 8.8 ft. Using [From NFPA 72E- 1990,C-5-3.4 modified] the detector in the above example,at a ceiling height of 28 ft,no practical spacing would ensure detection of the fire at B-3.4 Design Curves. the threshold fire size of 500 Btu/sec. A more sensitive detector would need to be used. Alternatively, the design B-3.4.1 The design curves [Figures B-3.4.1 (a) through objectives could be changed to accept a larger fire. These (i)] may also be used to determine the installed spacings of results clearly illustrate the need to consider ceiling height in the design of a detection system. heat detectors. However, they are not as comprehensive as the tables,because the tables include additional fire growth For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m. rates, fire sizes, and detector sensitivities. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,C-3-2.5 modified] B-3.4.1.1 Fixed-Temperature Heat Detectors. Figures B-3.3 Rate-of-Rise Heat Detector Spacing. B-3.4.I(a)through(f)can be used directly to determine the installed spacing for fixed-temperature heat detectors hav- B-3.3.1 Tables B-3.3.2(a)and B-3.3.2(b) are to be used to ing listed spacings of 30 ft and 50 ft (9.1 in and 15.2 m), determine the installed spacing of rate-of-rise heat detec- respectively, where the difference between the detectors' tors. The analytical basis for the tables is presented in Sec- rated temperature (TS) and the ambient temperature (To) tion B-6.This section shows how the tables are to be used. is 657 (36°C). When AT is not 657 (36°C), tables previ- ously discussed in B-3.3 should be used. B-3.3.2 Table B-3.3.2(a) provides installed spacings for [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] rate-of-rise heat detectors required to achieve detection for a specific threshold for size, fire growth rate, and ceiling B-3.4.1.2 Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors. Figures B-3.4.1(g), height.This table may be used directly to determine installed (h), and (i) can be used directly to determine the installed spacings for 50-ft(15.2-m)listed spacing detectors. spacing for rate-of-rise heat detectors having a listed spac- [From NFPA 72E - 1990,C-5-3.4 modified] ing of 50 ft (15.2 m). 2-238 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 B-3.3.2(a) Installed Spacings for Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors (Threshold Fire Size and Growth Rate) Ceiling Qd = 1000 Qd = 750 Qd = 500 Qd = 250 Qd = 100 Height(ft) Btu/sec Btu/sec Btu/sec Bru/sec Btu/sec s m f s m f s m f s m f s m f 4 28 32 32 26 28 27 22 24 23 16 17 16 11 11 10 5 27 31 31 25 27 27 21 23 22 15 16 15 10 10 9 6 26 30 31 24 26 27 20 22 22 15 15 15 9 9 9 7 25 29 30 23 26 26 19 21 21 14 14 14 9 9 8 8 24 29 30 22 25 26 18 21 21 13 13 14 8 8 8 9 23 28 29 21 24 25 17 20 20 12 13 13 7 7 7 10 22 27 29 20 23 25 16 19 20 12 12 13 7 7 7 11 21 27 28 18 23 24 15 19 19 11 12 12 6 6 6 12 20 26 26 17 22 24 15 18 19 10 11 12 5 5 5 13 19 25 27 16 22 23 14 18 18 9 11 11 5 5 5 14 18 24 27 15 21 22 13 17 18 9 10 11 4 15 16 24 26 14 20 21 12 17 17 8 10 10 16 15 23 25 13 19 21 11 16 16 7 9 10 17 14 22 25 12 19 20 10 15 16 6 9 9 18 13 22 24 11 18 20 9 14 15 8 8 19 12 21 23 10 17 19 8 14 14 8 8 20 11 20 9 16 19 7 13 14 7 7 21 10 19 8 15 18 12 13 7 22 9 19 7 15 17 12 13 6 23 8 18 14 17 11 12 5 24 17 13 16 11 11 5 25 16 12 15 10 10 4 26 15 12 15 9 10 27 14 11 14 9 28 13 11 13 8 29 13 10 8 30 12 10 7 s = slow fire,m = medium fire,f= fast fire. tain detector's listed spacing, ambient temperature, and Table B-3.3.2(b) Spacing Modifiers for Rate-of-Rise Heat ceiling height. As in B-3.2.6, to determine the installed Detectors spacing of 1357 (57'C) fixed temperature heat detectors with a listed spacing of 30 ft (9.1 m) and to detect a slowly Fire Growth Rate developing fire at a threshold fire size of 500 Btu/sec Listed Spacing(ft) Slow Medium Fast (527 kW) in a room 10 ft(3 m) high with an ambient tem- 15 0.57 0.55 0.45 perature of 70°F (21°C), the following procedure is used. 20 0.72 0.63 0.62 [From NFPA 72E- 1990, C-3-4.1.4 modified] 25 0.84 0.78 0.76 30 0.92 0.86 0.85 B-3.4.3.1 Example 1. 40 0.98 0.96 0.95 50 1.00 1.00 1.00 Input: 70 1.00 1.01 1.02 Ceiling height: 10 ft (3 m) For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m. Detector type: Fixed temperature 135°F (57°C) B-3.4.2 To use the curves, the same format must be fol- UL listed spacing: 30 ft(9.1 m) lowed as with tables. The designer must first determine Fire: how large a fire can be tolerated before detection can Qd: 500 Btu/sec (527 kW) occur. This is the threshold fire size, Qd. Curves are pre- sented, in most cases, for values of Qd = 1000, 750, 500, Fire growth rate: Slow 250, and 100 Btu/sec (1055, 791, 527, 264, and 105 kW). t : 600 sec Interpolation between values of Qd on a given graph is g allowable. Table B-2.2.2.1(a) and Table B-2.2.2.3 also con- Environmental conditions: tain examples of various fuels and their fire growth rates To: 70°F (21°C) under specified conditions. [From NFPA 72E- 1990, C-3-4.1.3 modified] AT = 135 - 70 = 65°F(36°C) B-3.4.3 Once a threshold size and expected fire growth Required installed spacing: rate have been selected, an installed detector spacing can From Figure B-3.4.1(a), use an installed spacing of 18 ft be obtained from Figures B-3.4.1(a) through (i) for a cer- (5.2 m) (17.5 ft rounded to 18 ft). 2-239 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 40 I liftill fill If 35 30 25 rn Qd=1000 Btu/sec 20 v m m c 15 10 750 500 5 250 100 0 0 5 /10 15 20 25 30 Example B-3.2.6 Ceiling height(ft) Figure B-3.4.1(a) Heat detector,fixed temperature,30-ft(9.1-m)listed spacing,slow fire.AT = 65°F(36.1%). 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STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 45 40 35 30 25 Od=1000 Btu/sec c f7 y V 20 H C 15 750 10 5 100 250 500 00 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ceiling height(ft) Figure B•3.4.1(d) Heat detector,fixed temperature,50-ft(15.2-m)listed spacing,slow fire.AT = 657(36°C). [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] 2-242 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 35 Mill fill IIIIIIII till I III I 30 it it 25 If till Qd=1000 Btu/sec 20 rn c mfill a m v m io in 15 IL IL 10 250 750 till I- I 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ceiling height(ft) Figure B-8.4.1(e) Heat detector,fixed temperature,50-ft(15.2-m)listed spacing,medium fire.AT = 657(36°C). [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] 2-243 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 30 25 20 zIN c U 15 ILII lilt Od=1000 Btu/sec m N C 10 750 500 5 tht 250 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ceiling height(ft) Figure B-3.4.1(f) Heat detector,fixed temperature,50-ft(15.2-m)listed spacing,fast fire.AT = 657(86°C). [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] 2-244 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 30 it 11 2IXI 20 Nj r rn c U N 15 1 1Qd=1000 Btu/sec v a� N c 10 0 750 50 5 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ceiling height(ft) Figure B-3.4.1(g) Heat detector,rate-of-rise,50-ft(15.2-m)listed spacing,slow fire. (From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified) 2-245 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 35 30 750 25 500 Od=1000 Btu/sec 20 rn c U l0 a v a� 15 10 5 100 250 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ceiling height(ft) Figure li-3.4.1(h) Heat detector,rate-of-rise,50•R(15.2-m)listed spacing,medium fire. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] 2-246 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 35 30 25 Od=1000 Btu/sec 20 c G to m y 15 III 750 10 500 250 5 100 00 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ceiling height(ft) Figure B-3.4.1(i) Heat detector,rate-of-rise,50-ft(15.2-m)listed spacing,fast fire. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] 2-247 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Note that if the ceiling height is 15 ft (4.6 m), the same Table B-4.1 Analysis Tables Index graph gives an installed spacing of 12 ft (3.5 m). A ceiling height of 20 ft (6.1 m) would require a spacing of 8 ft (2.4 Fire m). This change in spacing clearly illustrates the need to Installed Growth Rate Alpha consider ceiling height in the design of a detection system. Spacing (sec) (Btu/sec') [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] (ft) Te a Table B-4.1(a) 8 50 0.400 B-3.4.3.2 Example 2. Table B-4.1(b) 8 150 0.044 Table B-4.1(c) 8 300 0.011 Input: Table B-4.1(d) 8 500 0.004 Ceiling height: 10 ft (3 m) Table B-4.1(e) 8 600 0.003 Detector type: Combination rate-of-rise and fixed tem- Table B-4.1(0 10 50 0.400 perature Table B-4.1(g) 10 150 0.044 Table B-4.1(h) 10 300 0.011 UL listed spacing: 50 ft (15.2 m) Table B-4.1(i) 10 500 0.004 Fire: Table B-4.10) 10 600 0.003 Qd: 500 Btu/sec(527 kW) Table B-4.1(k) 12 50 0.400 Table B-4.1(1) 12 150 0.044 Fire growth rate: Fast Table B-4.1(m) 12 300 0.011 t : 150 sec Table B-4.1(n) 12 500 0.004 9 Table B-4.1(o) 12 600 0.003 Environmental conditions: Table B-4.1(p) 15 50 0.400 To: 70°F(21°C) Table B-4.1(q) 15 150 0.044 AT: 65°F (36°C) Table B-4.1(r) 15 300 0.011 Table B-4.1(s) 15 500 0.004 Spacing: Table B-4.1(t) 15 600 0.003 From Figure B-3.4.1(i), use an installed spacing of 20 ft Table B-4.1(u) 20 50 0.400 (5.8 m) (19.5 ft rounded to 20 ft). Table B-4.1(v) 20 150 0.044 A 30-ft 9.1-m fixed temperature detector would require a Table B-4.I() 20 300 0.001 ( ) P q Table B-4.1 x 20 500 0.004 7.5-ft(2.5-m) spacing. Table B-4.1(y) 20 600 0.003 If the fire growth rate was slow, as in Example 1, the rate- Table B-4.1(z) 25 50 0.400 of-rise detector would require an installed spacing of 16 ft Table B-4.1(aa) 25 150 0.044 (4.88 m). Table B-4.1(bb) 25 300 0.011 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,C-3-4.1.5 modified] Table B-4.1(cc) 25 500 0.004 Table B-4.1(dd) 25 600 0.003 B-4 Analysis of Existing Heat Detection Systems. Table B-4.1(ee) 30 50 0.400 B-4.1 Tables B-4.1(a) through (nn)can be used to deter- Table B-4.1(11) 30 150 0.044 mine the size fire (heat release rate) that existing fixed- Table B-4.1(gg) 30 300 0.011 temperature heat detections stems will respond to. Table Table B-4.1(hh) 30 500 0.004 P Y P Table B-4.1(ii) 30 600 0.003 B-4.1 is an index to Tables B-4.1(a) through (nn). The use of the analysis tables is similar to that described Table B-4.I W) 50 50 0.400 for new designs. The difference is that the spacing of the Table B-4.1(kk) 50 150 0.044 existing detectors must be known. An estimate of the fire Table B-4.1(11) 50 300 0.011 intensity coefficient (a) or the fire growth time (t ) must Table B-4.1(mm) 50 500 0.004 also be made for the fuel that is expected to burn.g Table B-4.1(nn) 50 600 0.003 [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] 2-248 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(a) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 8 feet tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.400 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 300 402 535 668 832 1016 1219 225 503 40 968 1337 1754 2111 2537 2991 3468 25 56 60 368 508 687 877 1106 1365 1657 225 503 60 1254 1747 2294 2774 3342 3949 4590 25 56 80 450 618 838 1102 1381 1722 2110 225 503 80 1527 2129 2794 3392 4096 4851 5653 25 56 100 512 716 985 1308 1661 2090 2585 225 503 100 1794 2494 3268 3980 4819 5720 6681 25 56 120 573 815 1132 1517 1949 2473 3082 225 503 120 2057 2845 3724 4549 5520 6567 7689 25 56 140 654 919 1282 1730 2265 2870 3601 225 503 140 2317 3185 4168 5104 6206 7400 8683 50 112 40 422 571 755 926 1136 1366 1614 250 559 40 1011 1417 1865 2247 2698 3177 3681 50 112 60 546 738 976 1211 1496 1811 2157 250 559 60 1339 1866 2447 2955 3556 4197 4873 50 112 80 642 883 1181 1484 1846 2251 2699 250 559 80 1637 2278 2982 3614 4358 5155 5999 50 112 100 754 1033 1383 1752 2194 2692 3248 250 559 100 1928 2669 3489 4241 5126 6076 7087 50 112 120 865 1179 1582 2018 2542 3138 3810 250 559 120 2215 3046 3890 4842 5870 6972 8150 50 112 140 928 1305 1773 2318 2895 3592 4386 250 559 140 2499 3412 4356 5431 6597 7852 9197 75 168 40 542 722 908 1137 1389 1659 1948 275 615 40 1093 1513 1981 2380 2854 3358 3887 75 168 60 702 932 1219 1492 1826 2193 2589 275 615 60 1424 1982 2596 3131 3763 4437 5147 75 168 80 813 1111 1472 1824 2245 2710 3217 275 615 80 1746 2422 3165 3829 4612 5449 6334 75 168 100 931 1289 1718 2146 2656 3221 3844 275 615 100 2061 2840 3618 4488 5424 6421 7479 75 168 120 1016 1451 1955 2464 3063 3733 4475 275 615 120 2371 3242 4128 5129 6209 7365 8597 75 168 140 1149 1629 2193 2778 3470 4247 5115 275 615 140 2679 3633 4622 5753 6977 8291 9697 100 224 40 625 841 1101 1332 1614 1920 2246 300 671 40 1151 1595 2089 2508 3005 3533 4087 100 224 60 802 1087 1427 1742 2122 2535 2978 300 671 60 1507 2096 2740 3301 3964 4670 5413 100 224 80 944 1305 1728 2128 2604 3125 3687 300 671 80 1853 2563 3259 4032 4859 5735 6661 100 224 100 1050 1503 2012 2501 3074 3703 4388 300 671 100 2192 3007 3820 4734 5714 6756 7862 100 224 120 1222 1723 2298 2867 3537 4276 5088 300 671 120 2526 3434 4359 5409 6540 7748 9033 100 224 140 1360 1925 2573 3226 3995 4849 5791 300 671 140 2859 3849 4881 6066 7346 8718 10183 125 280 40 729 967 1208 1501 1820 2160 2519 325 727 40 1208 1677 2194 2633 3152 3704 4282 125 280 60 912 1238 1622 1972 2394 2850 3337 325 727 60 1589 2207 2804 3461 4160 4898 5672 125 280 80 1036 1472 1959 2409 2936 3508 4123 325 727 80 1959 2701 3428 4236 5100 6014 6978 125 280 100 1233 1730 2294 2830 3461 4150 4895 325 727 100 2322 3171 4018 4973 5996 7084 8234 125 280 120 1398 1968 2614 3240 3976 4782 5661 325 727 120 2680 3623 4585 5682 6862 8121 9457 125 280 140 1561 2201 2926 3642 4484 5411 6246 325 727 140 3038 4061 5133 6371 7706 9135 10657 150 335 40 793 1066 1340 1664 2013 2384 2775 350 783 40 1265 1756 2297 2754 3296 3871 4472 150 335 60 979 1362 1797 2187 2649 3145 3674 350 783 60 1671 2315 2937 3623 4352 5119 5925 150 335 80 1185 1656 2186 2673 3247 3868 4533 350 783 80 2064 2836 3592 4435 5335 6287 7289 150 335 100 1378 1933 2554 3138 3825 4570 5373 350 783 100 2451 3331 4211 5207 6272 7403 8599 150 335 120 1568 2201 2911 3590 4389 5259 6202 350 783 120 2834 3808 4805 5949 7177 8485 9872 150 335 140 1757 2462 3257 4033 4944 5942 7027 350 783 140 3218 4270 5380 6669 8058 9542 11121 175 391 40 882 1175 1468 1818 2195 2595 3016 375 839 40 1321 1835 2398 2874 3437 4034 4658 175 391 60 1046 1483 1965 2391 2890 3425 3993 375 839 60 1751 2422 3069 3782 4539 5336 6172 175 391 80 1301 1819 2397 2923 3542 4210 4923 375 839 80 2169 2969 3753 4630 5565 6553 7592 175 391 100 1520 2127 2802 3431 4170 4970 5827 375 839 100 2579 3489 4401 5436 6543 7716 8955 175 391 120 1734 2423 3193 3923 4782 5713 6718 375 839 120 2987 3990 5021 6210 7486 8842 10279 175 391 140 1947 2712 3573 4405 5382 6447 7601 375 839 140 3303 4445 5620 6961 8403 9941 11575 200 447 40 925 1257 1586 1964 2369 2797 3247 400 894 40 1377 1912 2423 2982 3574 4193 4840 200 447 60 1168 1625 2136 2587 3121 3692 4298 400 894 60 1831 2527 3197 3937 4723 5549 6415 200 447 80 1415 1977 2599 3162 3825 4537 5295 400 894 80 2272 3100 3911 4821 5791 6814 7890 200 447 100 1658 2313 3040 3711 4501 5352 6262 400 894 100 2707 3645 4586 5660 6807 8023 9304 200 447 120 1897 2637 3464 4242 5158 6148 7212 400 894 120 3141 4169 5233 6466 7788 9192 10677 200 447 140 2133 2952 3875 4761 5802 6932 8152 400 894 140 3456 4640 5857 7247 8741 10332 12020 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-249 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(b) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 8 feet tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 118 167 232 311 400 507 631 225 503 40 425 570 726 906 1102 1312 1538 25 56 60 154 226 322 440 584 752 952 225 503 60 558 759 992 1227 1500 1797 2119 25 56 80 194 286 415 579 781 1026 1309 225 503 80 693 939 1231 1533 1885 2271 2694 25 56 100 228 346 512 726 993 1319 1699 225 503 100 809 1108 1461 1833 2265 2744 3272 25 56 120 263 409 614 883 1221 1633 2118 225 503 120 926 1274 1686 2130 2645 3220 3859 25 56 140 299 473 721 1049 1462 1969 2573 225 503 140 1026 1434 1909 2425 3025 3700 4456 50 112 40 171 237 320 410 517 638 775 250 559 40 453 608 774 964 1170 1392 1628 50 112 60 224 317 435 574 728 913 1126 250 559 60 596 810 1041 1304 1591 1902 2239 50 112 80 281 397 550 735 949 1205 1504 250 559 80 738 1002 1311 1629 1997 2401 2841 50 112 100 329 474 666 901 1185 1516 1912 250 559 100 876 1185 1556 1946 2397 2896 3444 50 112 120 377 552 785 1074 1428 1846 2347 250 559 120 982 1358 1794 2258 2795 3392 4053 50 112 140 424 630 906 1254 1683 2202 2808 250 559 140 1107 1531 2029 2567 3192 3891 4671 75 168 40 216 296 395 498 620 756 906 275 615 40 480 645 820 1021 1237 1469 1716 75 168 60 283 395 533 683 861 1063 1291 275 615 60 646 863 1103 1379 1680 2005 2355 75 168 80 352 492 668 876 1107 1381 1696 275 615 80 783 1063 1389 1722 2107 2527 2984 75 168 100 413 585 803 1063 1360 1714 2125 275 615 100 921 1256 1647 2054 2525 3043 3611 75 168 120 472 678 939 1255 1622 2063 2578 275 615 120 1039 1440 1898 2382 2941 3560 4242 75 168 140 531 770 1076 1451 1901 2427 3055 275 615 140 1177 1624 2146 2706 3355 4078 4881 100 224 40 255 349 462 577 713 863 1027 300 671 40 507 681 865 1075 1301 1543 1801 100 224 60 343 467 622 788 983 1202 1446 300 671 60 680 911 1163 1452 1766 2105 2469 100 224 80 416 578 776 996 1254 1548 1880 300 671 80 827 1123 1445 1811 2213 2650 3123 100 224 100 488 685 929 1214 1530 1904 2333 300 671 100 967 1325 1736 2161 2650 3187 3774 100 224 120 559 792 1081 1424 1811 2273 2806 300 671 120 1109 1523 2000 2503 3083 3723 4427 100 224 140 636 898 1234 1637 2101 2656 3301 300 671 140 1246 1715 2260 2842 3514 4261 5087 125 280 40 291 397 523 650 799 962 1140 325 727 40 533 717 909 1129 1365 1616 1884 125 280 60 391 532 704 885 1097 1333 1593 325 727 60 714 959 1222 1524 1851 2203 2580 125 280 80 476 657 877 1114 1392 1705 2056 325 727 80 881 1184 1517 1899 2317 2770 3259 125 280 100 558 779 1046 1342 1690 2086 2534 325 727 100 1014 1393 1823 2264 2772 3328 3933 125 280 120 647 899 1214 1571 1992 2476 3029 325 727 120 1169 1601 2100 2622 3222 3884 4608 125 280 140 723 1017 1382 1813 2300 2878 3543 325 727 140 1314 1803 2371 2974 3670 4440 5288 150 335 40 325 443 581 719 880 1056 1246 350 783 40 559 751 952 1181 1426 1688 1965 150 335 60 435 593 781 976 1204 1456 1733 350 783 60 747 1005 1280 1594 1933 2298 2688 150 335 80 531 732 971 1226 1523 1855 2224 350 783 80 917 1239 1589 1986 2418 2887 3392 150 335 100 634 869 1157 1473 1842 2259 2728 350 783 100 1072 1462 1885 2365 2892 3466 4089 150 335 120 720 999 1340 1719 2164 2671 3245 350 783 120 1228 1679 2197 2737 3359 4041 4786 150 335 140 805 1128 1522 1967 2491 3093 3780 350 783 140 1380 1890 2480 3104 3822 4615 5486 175 391 40 357 486 637 784 957 1145 1347 375 839 40 584 785 994 1232 1486 1757 2045 175 391 60 478 650 854 1063 1307 1574 1866 375 839 60 780 1050 1336 1662 2014 2391 2795 175 391 80 584 803 1061 1332 1649 1999 2386 375 839 80 953 1294 1658 2070 2518 3002 3523 175 391 100 694 952 1262 1598 1989 2427 2915 375 839 100 1122 1528 1967 2464 3009 3601 4242 175 391 120 790 1094 1460 1861 2330 2860 3456 375 839 120 1286 1754 2292 2851 3492 4195 4960 175 391 140 892 1236 1656 2125 2675 3301 4011 375 839 140 1446 1975 2587 3231 3971 4787 5681 200 447 40 396 530 676 846 1031 1230 1444 400 894 40 609 818 1036 1282 1545 1826 2122 200 447 60 519 705 924 1146 1405 1687 1995 400 894 60 813 1094 1392 1729 2093 2483 2899 200 447 80 646 873 1148 1435 1769 2138 2543 400 894 80 989 1348 1726 2153 2615 3114 3651 200 447 100 752 1031 1363 1718 2129 2588 3096 400 894 100 1171 1593 2048 2562 3123 3733 4393 200 447 120 870 1188 1576 1998 2490 3042 3660 400 894 120 1343 1829 2359 2962 3623 4346 5132 200 447 140 959 1337 1785 2277 2852 3503 4236 400 894 140 1511 2058 2692 3356 4118 4956 5872 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-250 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(c) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:8 feet tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 70 104 152 211 285 374 477 225 503 40 247 337 443 553 680 820 973 25 56 60 95 149 223 321 443 592 767 225 503 60 335 458 606 766 951 1158 1389 25 56 80 122 196 302 442 620 838 1099 225 503 80 413 572 763 976 1223 1503 1819 25 56 100 148 246 387 575 815 1110 1463 225 503 100 489 684 919 1186 1499 1858 2267 25 56 120 174 299 479 719 1027 1405 1858 225 503 120 569 794 1075 1406 1782 2225 2735 25 56 140 201 354 576 873 1253 1721 2283 225 503 140 639 902 1230 1621 2072 2605 3224 50 112 40 101 144 200 267 345 439 547 250 559 40 264 360 471 587 720 866 1025 50 112 60 136 200 284 389 517 668 849 250 559 60 357 488 644 811 1005 1220 1458 50 112 80 172 257 372 520 703 926 1187 250 559 80 441 610 811 1032 1289 1578 1902 50 112 100 205 315 465 661 906 1206 1560 250 559 100 522 728 975 1252 1576 1945 2363 50 112 120 239 374 563 811 1124 1508 1963 250 559 120 607 844 1138 1474 1868 2322 2842 50 112 140 273 437 666 970 1356 1830 2399 250 559 140 682 959 1301 1705 2167 2712 3341 75 168 40 127 178 242 318 402 502 616 275 615 40 280 382 499 620 759 911 1076 75 168 60 170 245 339 453 586 746 931 275 615 60 380 518 681 856 1057 1280 1525 75 168 80 215 311 438 595 786 1012 1280 275 615 80 469 646 856 1086 1352 1651 1984 75 168 100 255 378 540 745 998 1303 1661 275 615 100 555 771 1028 1316 1650 2029 2457 75 168 120 296 445 646 903 1223 1612 2072 275 615 120 643 893 1199 1546 1953 2418 2948 75 168 140 336 514 756 1069 1461 1942 2510 275 615 140 723 1014 1369 1779 2261 2817 3456 100 224 40 150 209 281 361 455 561 682 300 671 40 297 403 520 652 797 955 1126 100 224 60 201 286 390 514 654 821 1013 300 671 60 401 546 717 899 1108 1338 1591 100 224 80 253 361 500 667 864 1099 1374 300 671 80 496 682 901 1140 1415 1722 2064 100 224 100 300 436 611 827 1088 1397 1764 300 671 100 593 813 1081 1378 1723 2113 2550 100 224 120 347 511 725 993 1322 1714 2183 300 671 120 679 941 1259 1617 2035 2512 3052 100 224 140 393 587 843 1167 1568 2055 2628 300 671 140 763 1067 1436 1858 2352 2921 3571 125 280 40 171 237 317 403 504 618 745 325 727 40 317 425 546 684 834 998 1174 125 280 60 230 323 437 567 719 893 1093 325 727 60 422 574 753 941 1157 1395 1656 125 280 80 289 408 557 736 941 1184 1466 325 727 80 522 716 945 1192 1476 1792 2143 125 280 100 342 490 678 906 1173 1493 1867 325 727 100 623 854 1132 1439 1795 2194 2641 125 280 120 395 573 801 1081 1420 1819 2294 325 727 120 713 988 1317 1687 2116 2604 3155 125 280 140 447 656 926 1262 1674 2163 2748 325 727 140 802 1119 1502 1936 2442 3023 3684 150 335 40 192 264 350 443 551 671 805 350 783 40 332 445 571 714 871 1040 1222 150 335 60 261 360 482 619 780 963 1170 350 783 60 443 602 787 982 1206 1451 1719 150 335 80 322 451 612 801 1015 1267 1557 350 783 80 548 750 987 1242 1535 1861 2220 150 335 100 381 542 742 981 1258 1587 1969 350 783 100 653 894 1182 1499 1865 2274 2731 150 335 120 440 631 873 1166 1511 1923 2406 350 783 120 747 1033 1375 1755 2196 2694 3256 150 335 140 497 721 1006 1356 1778 2276 2867 350 783 140 841 1171 1566 2012 2531 3123 3795 175 391 40 211 289 383 481 596 723 863 375 839 40 347 465 596 744 906 1081 1269 175 391 60 287 394 525 670 839 1030 1245 375 839 60 463 629 821 1023 1253 1506 1781 175 391 80 353 493 664 859 1087 1348 1646 375 839 80 573 783 1029 1292 1594 1928 2296 175 391 100 419 591 803 1055 1341 1679 2070 375 839 100 682 933 1232 1558 1933 2353 2820 175 391 120 482 687 943 1248 1603 2025 2517 375 839 120 781 1078 1431 1822 2274 2784 3356 175 391 140 545 784 1083 1447 1875 2387 2987 375 839 140 885 1221 1629 2086 2618 3222 3906 200 447 40 229 314 413 518 639 772 919 400 894 40 362 485 620 774 941 1121 1314 200 447 60 311 426 566 719 896 1095 1318 400 894 60 483 655 846 1062 1300 1560 1842 200 447 80 384 533 715 918 1156 1427 1733 400 894 80 604 817 1070 1341 1651 1994 2371 200 447 100 454 638 862 1119 1421 1770 2169 400 894 100 710 971 1280 1615 2001 2430 2907 200 447 120 523 741 1010 1328 1694 2126 2626 400 894 120 814 1122 1486 1888 2351 2872 3454 200 447 140 596 844 1158 1535 1974 2497 3106 400 894 140 919 1270 1690 2160 2704 3320 4015 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-251 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B4.I(d) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:8 feet t :500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec e a:0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 49 78 118 171 237 318 413 225 503 40 169 233 310 394 491 599 721 25 56 60 70 116 183 272 385 523 689 225 503 60 232 321 432 558 705 873 1065 25 56 80 91 158 256 386 553 759 1005 225 503 80 288 406 553 727 926 1162 1435 25 56 100 113 203 336 513 740 1020 1357 225 503 100 343 490 675 897 1158 1469 1832 25 56 120 136 252 422 651 944 1306 1741 225 503 120 397 574 799 1073 1403 1792 2254 25 56 140 160 304 515 799 1163 1613 2154 225 503 140 451 659 925 1254 1656 2134 2703 50 112 40 70 104 148 204 273 355 453 250 559 40 181 249 329 417 518 630 756 50 112 60 96 149 220 312 427 568 735 250 559 60 247 342 458 588 740 914 1110 50 112 80 124 196 297 431 601 809 1058 250 559 80 307 432 584 765 970 1211 1488 50 112 100 150 246 381 562 792 1075 1415 250 559 100 366 520 712 941 1208 1524 1892 50 112 120 178 298 471 703 1000 1365 1803 250 559 120 424 609 841 1122 1455 1853 2320 50 112 140 206 353 567 855 1222 1676 2221 250 559 140 480 697 971 1309 1717 2200 2774 75 168 40 87 126 176 236 309 393 493 275 615 40 192 264 348 439 544 660 789 75 168 60 120 178 255 351 470 612 782 275 615 60 263 362 483 618 775 953 1154 75 168 80 152 231 338 476 649 860 1109 275 615 80 326 456 615 798 1012 1258 1541 75 168 100 184 286 427 612 845 1131 1471 275 615 100 388 549 748 984 1257 1578 1951 75 168 120 215 343 521 757 1057 1425 1867 275 615 120 449 642 882 1171 1510 1914 2386 75 168 140 247 402 621 912 1283 1740 2289 275 615 140 509 734 1017 1362 1773 2266 2844 100 224 40 103 147 201 266 341 430 533 300 671 40 203 278 366 461 569 690 823 100 224 60 141 205 288 389 512 658 830 300 671 60 277 381 507 647 809 992 1198 100 224 80 179 264 378 521 698 912 1163 300 671 80 345 481 645 834 1053 1305 1593 100 224 100 214 324 472 661 898 1188 1530 300 671 100 410 578 783 1026 1305 1632 2010 100 224 120 250 386 571 811 1114 1486 1928 300 671 120 474 674 922 1219 1564 1974 2451 100 224 140 286 449 674 970 1345 1805 2354 300 671 140 541 770 1062 1415 1833 2331 2915 125 280 40 118 166 225 295 374 466 573 325 727 40 214 292 384 482 594 719 855 125 280 60 160 231 319 426 552 702 878 325 727 60 292 400 531 676 843 1030 1240 125 280 80 203 295 415 564 746 961 1218 325 727 80 362 504 675 869 1094 1351 1644 125 280 100 243 360 515 711 952 1245 1590 325 727 100 431 606 818 1063 1352 1685 2069 125 280 120 282 427 619 865 1173 1548 1993 325 727 120 498 706 961 1266 1617 2033 2516 125 280 140 322 494 727 1028 1407 1871 2423 325 727 140 568 806 1106 1467 1892 2396 2985 150 335 40 131 184 248 320 404 501 fill 350 783 40 224 306 401 503 619 747 887 150 335 60 179 255 349 462 592 747 926 350 783 60 306 419 555 704 875 1068 1282 150 335 80 226 325 452 607 793 1013 1273 350 783 80 380 527 704 903 1134 1397 1694 150 335 100 270 395 557 759 1005 1300 1650 350 783 100 452 633 852 1104 1398 1738 2126 150 335 120 313 466 666 918 1231 1610 2058 350 783 120 522 737 1000 1312 1670 2092 2580 150 335 140 356 537 778 1085 1469 1937 2492 350 783 140 594 841 1149 1518 1949 2460 3055 175 391 40 144 201 269 345 434 535 649 375 839 40 235 320 419 523 643 774 918 175 391 60 196 278 378 496 631 790 973 375 839 60 320 437 577 731 907. 1104 1324 175 391 80 247 353 487 648 837 1063 1327 375 839 80 397 550 732 937 1173 1442 1744 175 391 100 295 428 597 806 1058 1356 1711 375 839 100 472 659 885 1143 1444 1790 2184 175 391 120 342 503 711 971 1289 1669 2123 375 839 120 545 767 1038 1357 1722 2150 2644 175 391 140 389 579 828 1142 1532 2004 2562 375 839 140 619 875 1191 1569 2007 2524 3125 200 447 40 157 217 290 370 463 568 685 400 894 40 245 333 435 543 666 801 949 200 447 60 213 300 405 526 668 832 1020 400 894 60 333 455 600 758 939 1141 1364 200 447 80 268 380 520 688 882 1113 1381 400 894 80 414 572 760 970 1212 1486 1794 200 447 100 320 460 637 852 1107 1413 1771 400 894 100 492 685 918 1182 1489 1841 2241 200 447 120 370 539 755 1022 1346 1731 2189 400 894 120 572 798 1075 1396 1773 2208 2707 200 447 140 421 620 877 1199 1594 2067 2633 400 894 140 645 908 1233 1619 2063 2588 3194 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-252 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(e) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 8 feet tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 44 71 110 160 225 303 397 225 503 40 148 205 274 351 440 541 654 25 56 60 63 108 173 259 370 505 668 225 503 60 202 284 385 504 639 798 981 25 56 80 83 148 244 372 536 738 980 225 503 80 254 362 496 658 848 1073 1336 25 56 100 104 192 323 497 721 997 1328 225 503 100 303 438 609 818 1070 1368 1720 25 56 120 126 240 408 633 922 1279 1709 225 503. 120 352 515 725 985 1302 1681 2132 25 56 140 149 291 499 780 1139 1584 2119 225 503 140 401 593 843 1158 1546 2013 2572 50 112 40 62 93 135 188 254 334 429 250 559 40 158 219 291 371 463 567 684 50 112 60 86 135 203 292 404 542 705 250 559 60 215 302 407 528 670 832 1019 50 112 80 111 180 278 409 575 779 1024 250 559 80 271 384 524 691 885 1114 1380 50 112 100 136 228 360 537 763 1042 1376 250 559 100 323 464 641 856 1110 1414 1770 50 112 120 161 279 448 676 968 1328 1761 250 559 120 375 545 761 1027 1350 1732 2187 50 112 140 188 332 542 826 1188 1636 2175 250 559 140 426 626 884 1204 1598 2069 2630 75 168 40 77 112 158 215 284 365 462 275 615 40 168 232 307 390 486 593 713 75 168 60 106 160 233 325 440 579 744 275 615 60 231 320 429 554 700 866 1056 75 168 80 136 210 312 446 614 821 1066 275 615 80 287 405 550 723 921 1155 1425 75 168 100 165 262 398 578 807 1088 1425 275 615 100 343 490 673 893 1152 1460 1820 75 168 120 194 316 489 720 1015 1378 1813 275 615 120 397 574 797 1069 1397 1783 2241 75 168 140 224 373 586 872 1238 1689 2231 275 615 140 451 658 923 1250 1649 2123 2689 100 224 40 91 130 180 241 312 396 495 300 671 40 178 244 323 409 508 619 742 100 224 60 124 184 261 357 475 616 784 300 671 60 244 337 451 579 729 900 1093 100 224 80 158 238 346 483 654 863 1110 300 671 80 303 426 577 754 957 1195 1469 100 224 100 191 295 436 619 851 1134 1471 300 671 100 362 514 703 930 1193 1506 1869 100 224 120 224 353 531 765 1062 1428 1866 300 671 120 419 602 831 1110 1440 1834 2296 100 224 140 257 413 631 920 1288 1742 2287 300 671 140 475 690 962 1295 1699 2178 2747 125 280 40 103 147 201 265 339 427 528 325 727 40 187 257 339 428 530 644 770 125 280 60 141 206 288 388 510 653 824 325 727 60 256 353 471 604 758 933 1130. 125 280 80 180 265 378 520 695 905 1155 325 727 80 319 447 602 782 992 1234 1512 125 280 100 216 326 472 660 895 1181 1520 325 727 100 380 538 733 965 1234 1551 1919 125 280 120 252 388 571 810 1110 1478 1916 325 727 120 446 630 865 1150 1485 1884 2350 125 280 140 289 451 675 968 1340 1796 2341 325 727 140 499 721 999 1340 1746 2233 2806 150 335 40 115 162 220 288 366 456 561 350 783 40 196 269 354 446 551 668 797 150 335 60 158 227 313 419 542 690 863 350 783 60 269 370 492 628 786 965 1166 150 335 80 200 291 409 556 734 947 1200 350 783 80 334 467 627 811 1026 1273 1555 150 335 100 239 355 508 701 939 1229 1570 350 783 100 398 562 763 1000 1274 1596 1968 150 335 120 279 421 611 854 1158 1530 1970 350 783 120 461 657 899 1190 1530 1934 2404 150 335 140 318 488 718 1016 1391 1851 2398 350 783 140 523 751 1037 1384 1796 2287 2864 175 391 40 127 177 239 309 391 485 593 375 839 40 205 281 369 464 572 692 824 175 391 60 173 247 338 448 575 727 903 375 839 60 281 386 512 652 814 997 1201 175 391 80 218 315 439 591 774 989 1246 375 839 80 349 486 652 841 1060 1312 1598 175 391 100 261 384 543 741 983 - 1274 1620 375 839 100 416 585 792 1035 1313 1640 2016 175 391 120 304 454 650 898 1206 1581 2024 375 839 120 481 683 932 1229 1574 1983 2458 175 391 140 347 524 761 1064 1443 1906 2456 375 839 140 549 781 1073 1427 1844' 2341 2922 200 447 40 138 192 257 330 416 513 624 400 894 40 214 292 383 481 592 715 851 200 447 60 187 266 362 476 607 763 942 400 894 60 292 401 531 675 841 1028 1236 200 447 80 237 339 468 625 810 1031 1291 400 894 80 364 506 676 869 1094 1350 1640 200 447 100 283 412 576 780 1027 1321 1670 400 894 100 433 608 820 1065 1352 1684 2065 200 447 120 329 485 688 942 1255 1630 2078 400 894 120 501 709 964 1268 1618 2032 2511 200 447 140 374 559 802 1111 1495 1961 2513 400 894 140 571 810 1110 1470 1893 2395 2981 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 in 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-253 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(f) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 10 feet tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.400 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 376 499 623 779 956 1152 1366 225 503 40 1234 1667 2041 2468 2925 3406 3911 25 56 60 486 641 811 1027 1273 1550 I860 225 503 60 1622 2186 2681 3249 3858 4503 5183 25 56 80 570 769 1013 1271 1591 1957 2371 225 503 80 1998 2671 3274 3976 4731 5535 6386 25 56 100 675 902 1193 1517 1916 2377 2906 225 503 100 2367 3132 3838 4670 5569 6529 7551 25 56 120 751 1024 1371 1766 2249 2814 3465 225 503 120 2731 3577 4380 5340 6382 7499 8692 25 56 140 827 1146 1551 2040 2593 3268 4050 225 503 140 3096 3911 4902 5994 7178 8452 9818 50 112 40 552 692 904 1084 1306 1550 1813 250 559 40 1317 1778 2175 2628 3111 3620 4152 50 112 60 712 895 1171 1418 1723 2059 2426 250 559 60 1740 2337 2860 3461 4105 4786 5503 50 112 80 828 1106 1391 1738 2129 2561 3038 250 559 80 2150 2859 3494 4237 5035 5882 6778 50 112 100 945 1282 1633 2055 2531 3064 3658 250 559 100 2553 3355 4096 4976 5925 6936 8011 50 112 120 1035 1446 1905 2371 2936 3575 4292 250 559 120 2953 3739 4669 5689 6787 7963 9215 50 112 140 1177 1626 2143 2685 3343 4094 4942 250 559 140 3267 4270 5234 6384 7631 8970 10402 75 168 40 673 890 1088 1331 1598 1885 2191 275 615 40 1398 1886 2305 2783 3291 3826 4386 75 168 60 885 1157 1418 1744 2104 2495 2916 275 615 60 1855 2484 3033 3667 4345 5061 5813 75 168 80 1000 1370 1725 2136 2590 3086 3625 275 615 80 2300 3042 3707 4489 5329 6219 7159 75 168 100 1174 1602 2024 2518 3066 3670 4333 275 615 100 2737 3485 4340 5272 6270 7331 8456 75 168 120 1330 1822 2315 2893 3538 4255 5047 275 615 120 3175 3975 4954 6027 7181 8413 9723 75 168 140 1484 2037 2602 3264 4010 4843 5769 275 615 140 3488 4440 5548 6761 8070 9472 10968 100 224 40 801 1051 1276 1554 1858 2183 2528 300 671 40 1478 1992 2432 2933 3467 4027 4613 100 224 60 985 1337 1662 2037 2446 2885 3356 300 671 60 1970 2628 3202 3867 4578 5328 6115 100 224 80 1195 1623 2026 2494 3005 3560 4158 300 671 80 2448 3221 3915 4735 5615 6547 7529 100 224 100 1389 1893 2375 2934 3550 4221 4951 300 671 100 2922 3687 4584 5560 6605 7716 8890 100 224 120 1581 2155 2714 3365 4086 4877 5742 300 671 120 3301 4199 5231 6356 7563 8850 10217 100 224 140 1771 2411 3046 3790 4618 5532 6537 300 671 140 3705 4696 5858 7129 8498 9962 11520 125 280 40 908 1193 1447 1759 2097 2457 2837 325 727 40 1557 2096 2555 3079 3637 4222 4834 125 280 60 1130 1528 1889 2307 2761 3246 3763 325 727 60 2084 2769 3367 4063 4805 5588 6409 125 280 80 1364 1853 2303 2823 3389 3998 4652 325 727 80 2596 3397 4117 4975 5894 6866 7889 125 280 100 1595 2164 2699 3319 3997 4732 5525 325 727 100 3106 3883 4821 5842 6933 8090 9313 125 280 120 1822 2466 3083 3803 4594 5456 6392 325 727 120 3489 4421 5501 6677 7937 9278 10699 125 280 140 2046 2759 3458 4277 5183 6175 7257 325 727 140 3919 4945 6160 7488 8915 10439 12059 150 335 40 971 1308 1605 1949 2320. 2713 3127 350 783 40 1635 2198 2676 3222 3804 4413 5049 150 335 60 1257 1702 2101 2560 3055 3583 4144 350 783 60 2196 2908 3528 4253 5027 5842 6696 150 335 80 1528 2070 2564 3132 3749 4410 5117 350 783 80 2744 3476 4308 5209 6166 7178 8241 150 335 100 1794 2421 3004 3681 4418 5213 6067 350 783 100 3291 4076 5052 6117 7253 8456 9726 150 335 120 2055 2760 3430 4214 5072 6002 7006 350 783 120 3675 4639 5765 6991 8302 9695 11170 150 335 140 2314 3089 3845 4737 5716 6782 7939 350 783 140 4130 5189 6456 7839 9323 10905 12585 175 391 40 1035 1419 1755 2130 2531 2954 3400 375 839 40 1713 2298 2794 3362 3966 4600 5260 175 391 60 1381 1869 2303 2800 3335 3903 4505 375 839 60 2308 3044 3685 4440 5244 6090 6976 175 391 80 1688 2277 2811 3426 4091 4801 5558 375 839 80 2891 3636 4501 5438 6433 7483 8586 175 391 100 1988 2666 3294 4025 4818 5670 6582 375 839 100 3366 4257 5279 6386 7566 8814 10130 175 391 120 2284 3042 3760 4606 5527 6521 7591 375 839 120 3858 4853 6024 7298 8659 10104 11631 175 391 140 2577 3406 4214 5173 6223 7361 8590 375 839 140 4339 5428 6745 8183 9723 11362 13100 200 447 40 1151 1552 1902 2302 2732 3185 3661 400 894 40 1790 2396 2909 3499 4126 4782 5466 200 447 60 1503 2030 2495 3029 3601 4209 4851 400 894 60 2419 3178 3840 4622 5457 6334 7251 200 447 80 1844 2477 3047 3706 4417 5175 5980 400 894 80 3038 3793 4691 5662 6694 7782 8923 200 447 100 2179 2903 3571 4353 5201 6108 7076 400 894 100 3522 4440 5501 6649 7872 9165 10527 200 447 120 2509 3313 4076 4980 5962 7019 8151 400 894 120 4040 5062 6278 7599 9009 10504 12083 200 447 140 2837 3712 4567 5591 6709 7917 9215 400 894 140 4546 5662 7029 8519 10115 11810 13606 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-254 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(g) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 10 feet tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 152 209 280 362 461 576 709 225 503 40 544 694 871 1064 1273 1497 1737 25 56 60 205 284 389 519 671 856 1071 225 503 60 727 931 1173 1441 1734 2052 2395 25 56 80 252 358 502 683 904 1164 1473 225 503 80 895 1170 1460 1803 2181 2595 3046 25 56 100 298 435 621 858 1151 1504 1912 225 503 100 1034 1378 1738 2157 2623 3136 3701 25 56 120 345 514 746 1044 1416 1864 2385 225 503 120 1195 1587 2011 2507 3063 3680 4634 25 56 140 392 595 877 1241 1696 2247 2890 225 503 140 1345 1790 2280 2856 3504 4230 5040 50 112 40 221 296 380 481 596 727 872 250 559 40 580 742 928 1132 1352 1588 1840 50 112 60 297 398 525 669 841 1040 1268 250 559 60 775 994 1250 1532 1840 2173 2531 50 112 80 362 496 664 860 1097 1374 1695 250 559 80 948 1246 1555 1915 2311 2743 3212 50 112 100 426 593 805 1064 1366 1730 2154 250 559 100 1116 1473 1849 2289 2775 3310 3895 50 112 120 490 691 950 1269 1649 2107 2645 250 559 120 1279 1694 2138 2658 3237 3878 4585 50 112 140 561 791 1098 1482 1952 2506 3166 250 559 140 1440 1909 2422 3024 3698 4450 5284 75 168 40 277 369 467 584 715 861 1021 275 615 40 616 787 984 1198 1429 1676 1939 75 168 60 372 495 635 803 995 1212 1456 275 615 60 822 1055 1324 1621 1943 2290 2663 75 168 80 454 614 807 1022 1280 1576 1913 275 615 80 1001 1322 1647 2024 2438 2888 3375 75 168 100 535 731 971 1245 1574 1957 2397 275 615 100 1187 1564 1958 2417 2924 3479 4085 75 168 120 622 848 1135 1472 1879 2355 2908 275 615 120 1362 1797 2261 2804 3406 4070 4800 75 168 140 697 963 1302 1713 2194 2772 3446 275 615 140 1534 2025 2560 3187 3887 4664 5523 100 224 40 328 435 545 677 823 983 1158 300 671 40 663 832 1038 1263 1504 1762 2036 100 224 60 439 582 738 926 1136 1371 1632 300 671 60 880 1115 1397 1707 2043 2405 2792 100 224 80 537 720 926 1171 1450 1766 2122 300 671 80 1065 1398 1736 2130 2561 3028 3533 100 224 100 641 857 1122 1418 1770 2174 2633 300 671 100 1256 1652 2063 2542 3069 3644 4270 100 224 120 730 990 1307 1667 2098 2596 3168 300 671 120 1443 1898 2382 2946 3571 4258 5010 100 224 140 819 1121 1492 1920 2434 3034 3726 300 671 140 1625 2138 2695 3346 4071 4873 5757 125 280 40 383 487 617 763 923 1097 1286 325 727 40 695 875 1091 1325 1577 1845 2130 125 280 60 501 662 835 1040 1268 1520 1799 325 727 60 918 1172 1467 1791 2141 2516 2918 125 280 80 625 822 1044 1310 1611 1947 2322 325 727 80 1123 1471 1823 2234 2681 3166 3687 125 280 100 729 973 1249 1580 1956 2382 2862 325 727 100 1325 1738 2166 2664 3210 3805 4451 125 280 120 831 1121 1467 1850 2307 2828 3421 325 727 120 1522 1996 2499 3085 3732 4441 5216 125 280 140 935 1268 1670 2123 2665 3288 4002 325 727 140 1716 2249 2827 3502 4252 5078 5986 150 335 40 426 543 685 844 1017 1204 1406 350 783 40 727 918 1142 1387 1648 1927 2222 150 335 60 559 738 925 1147 1392 1662 1957 350 783 60 957 1229 1537 1873 2236 2626 3041 150 335 80 694 914 1155 1442 1762 2119 2513 350 783 80 1179 1542 1909 2335 2799 3300 3839 150 335 100 812 1081 1380 1733 2133 2581 3082 350 783 100 1392 1822 2266 2783 3348 3963 4628 150 335 120 930 1246 1602 2025 2507 3052 3667 350 783 120 1600 2093 2614 3222 3890 4621 5418 150 335 140 1034 1406 1839 2317 2886 3535 4271 350 783 140 1805 2330 2955 3655 4428 5279 6211 175 391 40 467 595 750 920 1106 1306 1521 375 839 40 758 959 1193 1447 1718 2007 2312 175 391 60 628 798 1011 1249 1511 1797 2108 375 839 60 996 1304 1605 1954 2330 2733 3162 175 391 80 760 1002 1261 1567 1907 2283 2697 375 839 80 1234 1589 1992 2434 2914 3432 3987 175 391 100 899 1186 1504 1880 2302 2772 3295 375 839 100 1459 1880 2364 2960 3484 4118 4802 175 391 120 1013 1362 1744 2192 2699 3268 3906 375 839 120 1678 2161 2726 3355 4045 4798 5616 175 391 140 1146 1540 1981 2503 3099 3773 4534 375 839 140 1894 2434 3081 3804 4601 5476 6431 200 447 40 506 646 811 994 1191 1403 1631 400 894 40 789 1000 1242 1505 1787 2085 2400 200 447 60 678 866 1093 1347 1625 1927 2254 400 894 60 1035 1359 1671 2032 2422 2837 3280 200 447 80 825 1086 1362 1687 2047 2442 2874 400 894 80 1289 1657 2074 2532 3027 3561 4132 200 447 100 966 1284 1623 2021 2465 2957 3501 400 894 100 1524 1959 2461 3014 3617 4269 4973 200 447 120 1109 1477 1880 2352 2884 3478 4138 400 894 120 1754 2251 2837 3486 4197 4971 5810 200 447 140 1247 1667 2133 2682 3305 4005 4790 400 894 140 1982 2536 3205 3951 4771 5669 6648 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-255 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(h) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 10 feet t :300 Seconds to 1000 BtWsec B a:0.011 BtWsec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 91 131 183 249 330 424 537 225 503 40 323 415 526 650 787 936 1099 25 56 60 126 187 271 379 513 675 863 225 503 60 432 570 723 901 1101 1324 1570 25 56 80 160 246 367 524 720 957 1234 225 503 80 535 713 914 1150 1417 1718 2056 25 56 100 195 309 471 682 947 1268 1645 225 503 100 639 853 1103 1399 1738 2125 2563 25 56 120 230 377 582 853 1193 1605 2091 225 503 120 734 990 1299 1650 2066 2545 3092 25 56 140 267 448 701 1036 1456 1967 2574 225 503 140 828 1125 1487 1906 2403 2980 3645 50 112 40 131 180 241 313 399 500 616 250 559 40 345 443 560 690 833 989 1159 50 112 60 179 250 344 459 597 762 956 250 559 60 461 608 768 955 1163 1394 1649 50 112 80 224 322 451 615 816 1054 1338 250 559 80 572 759 969 1215 1493 1804 2151 50 112 100 269 395 565 782 1051 1377 1758 250 559 100 682 907 1168 1476 1826 2224 2672 50 112 120 314 470 684 960 1305 1723 2213 250 559 120 783 1052 1374 1738 2166 2656 3214 50 112 140 359 549 810 1150 1575 2092 2700 250 559 140 888 1196 1572 2003 2514 3103 3778 75 168 40 164 222 293 371 465 572 694 275 615 40 366 470 593 729 878 1041 1217 75 168 60 224 306 410 532 679 851 1050 275 615 60 490 644 812 1007 1224 1463 1725 75 168 80 279 389 530 703 909 1155 1444 275 615 80 613 806 1024 1280 1567 1888 2244 75 168 100 333 473 654 881 1158 1485 1874 275 615 100 723 961 1232 1551 1913 2321 2780 75 168 120 386 558 784 1068 1420 1839 2338 275 615 120 831 1113 1439 1823 2264 2766 3334 75 168 140 440 645 918 1266 1697 2220 2833 275 615 140 938 1264 1655 2098 2622 3223 3910 100 224 40 194 260 335 424 526 640 769 300 671 40 387 496 624 767 922 1091 1273 100 224 60 265 357 471 602 757 937 1143 300 671 60 518 680 855 1058 1283 1530 1800 100 224 80 328 451 604 784 1001 1255 1550 300 671 80 647 850 1077 1342 1639 1969 2335 100 224 100 391 545 739 977 1258 1596 1991 300 671 100 763 1012 1294 1624 1997 2416 2885 100 224 120 453 639 879 1175 1534 1959 2464 300 671 120 '883 1173 1510 1907 2360 2873 3453 100 224 140 519 735 1022 1380 1821 2344 2967 300 671 140 988 1330 1725 2191 2728 3342 4040 125 280 40 222 296 377 474 583 705 841 325 727 40 407 521 656 804 965 1140 1328 125 280 60 302 404 528 667 832 1020 1234 325 727 60 546 715 897 1107 1340 1595 1873 125 280 80 374 508 673 863 1090 1353 1656 325 727 80 680 892 1128 1403 1710 2050 2425 125 280 100 445 612 820 1065 1360 1706 2108 325 727 100 803 1063 1355 1696 2080 2510 2989 125 280 120 514 716 969 1278 1642 2079 2591 325 727 120 925 1230 1579 1989 2454 2979 3570 125 280 140 587 820 1122 1493 1938 2473 3103 325 727 140 1038 1395 1803 2283 2833 3459 4168 150 335 40 248 329 417 521 637 766 909 350 783 40 427 546 686 840 1007 1188 1382 150 335 60 366 448 577 729 903 1100 1321 350 783 60 572 749 937 1156 1396 1659 1945 150 335 80 417 563 739 939 1176 1448 1759 350 783 80 713 934 1179 1463 1779 2128 2513 150 335 100 495 676 897 1153 1458 1814 2224 350 783 100 842 1113 1415 1766 2161 2602 3091 150 335 120 577 789 1056 1372 1752 2199 2718 350 783 120 967 1287 1647 2069 2546 3083 3685 150 335 140 651 901 1218 1603 2058 2602 3239 350 783 140 1092 1459 1879 2372 2935 3574 4295 175 391 40 273 361 455 566 689 825 975 375 839 40 446 571 716 875 1048 1235 1435 175 391 60 370 490 627 789 972 1177 1407 375 839 60 606 774 977 1203 1451 1722 2016 175 391 80 458 615 796 1012 1259 1541 1860 375 839 80 745 976 1228 1521 1847 2205 2599 175 391 100 544 737 971 1237 1554 1920 2339 375 839 100 886 1162 1473 1835 2241 2692 3192 175 391 120 631 858 1140 1468 1859 2316 2844 375 839 120 1009 1342 1714 2148 2637 3185 3798 175 391 140 712 979 1311 1703 2175 2730 3375 375 839 140 1141 1521 1953 2460 3036 3688 4421 200 447 40 301 386 491 609 739 882 1038 400 894 40 465 595 745 910 1089 1281 1487 200 447 60 401 531 676 846 1038 1251 1489 400 894 60 631 807 1017 1250 1505 1784 2085 200 447 80 497 665 856 1082 1339 1631 1959 400 894 80 776 1016 1277 1579 1913 2281 2684 200 447 100 595 796 1042 1319 1647 2023 2452 400 894 100 920 1209 1530 1903 2319 2781 3291 200 447 120 684 925 1220 1560 1964 2432 2969 400 894 120 1055 1397 1780 2225 2726 3286 3910 200 447 140 771 1053 1400 1806 2290 2856 3510 400 894 140 1190 1582 2027 2547 3136 3800 4544 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 R = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec= 1055 kW 2-256 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(i) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 10 feet t :500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec B a:0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 65 98 143 202 274 362 465 225 503 40 219 291 370 463 568 685 815 25 56 60 92 146 222 322 447 598 775 225 503 60 300 400 518 657 817 998 1204 25 56 80 121 200 312 458 643 867 1133 225 503 80 374 507 668 854 1074 1329 1622 25 56 100 150 258 410 609 861 1166 1530 225 503 100 446 612 816 1056 1343 1680 2070 25 56 120 181 320 516 773 1098 1493 1963 225 503 120 518 717 966 1268 1625 2051 2548 25 56 140 214 386 630 950 1352 1844 2430 225 503 140 591 823 1120 1484 1919 2441 3055 50 112 40 91 130 179 241 316 405 510 250 559 40 234 310 393 490 599 720 854 50 112 60 127 186 266 369 495 649 828 250 559 60 320 426 549 693 858 1045 1255 50 112 80 162 246 361 511 698 924 1191 250 559 80 399 538 706 898 1124 1385 1683 50 112 100 198 309 464 666 920 1229 1593 250 559 100 476 649 861 1107 1401 1743 2139 50 112 120 235 376 574 835 1162 1561 2031 250 559 120 555 760 1017 1323 1689 2121 2623 50 112 140 272 447 692 1015 1422 1917 2506 250 559 140 628 870 1176 1548 1990 2517 3135 75 168 40 114 158 212 279 356 449 556 275 615 40 249 328 415 517 630 755 893 75 168 60 158 223 308 415 545 699 882 275 615 60 339 451 578 728 898 1090 1305 75 168 80 199 290 410 564 754 981 1251 275 615 80 423 569 743 941 1173 1440 1742 75 168 100 241 359 519 725 982 1293 1660 275 615 100 505 685 904 1157 1458 1806 2206 75 168 120 283 431 634 898 1228 1630 2103 275 615 120 588 801 1066 1379 1753 2190 2697 75 168 140 326 506 756 1082 1492 1991 2580 275 615 140 665 916 1231 1611 2059 2593 3216 100 224 40 134 183 243 312 395 491 602 300 671 40 266 343 437 542 659 788 930 100 224 60 185 257 348 460 592 751 937 300 671 60 358 475 607 762 938 1135 1355 100 224 805 233 330 458 616 810 1040 1313 300 671 80 447 599 755 983 1221 1493 1801 100 224 100 280 406 572 783 1044 1356 1727 300 671 100 533 720 947 1207 1513 1868 2273 100 224 120 328 484 693 961 1295 1700 2176 300 671 120 619 841 1115 1435 1815 2259 2772 100 224 140 376 564 819 1150 1563 2065 2657 300 671 140 701 961 1285 1668 2128 2668 3296 125 280 40 153 207 272 345 432 533 647 325 727 40 280 361 458 567 688 821 967 125 280 60 210 288 386 501 640 803 992 325 727 60 377 499 636 796 976 1178 1403 125 280 80 264 369 503 667 863 1099 1375 325 727 80 470 628 810 1024 1269 1546 1860 125 280 100 317 451 624 841 1106 1421 1795 325 727 100 564 755 988 1255 1568 1929 2340 125 280 120 370 534 751 1024 1362 1768 2250 325 727 120 650 880 1162 1489 1877 2327 2845 125 280 140 422 619 882 1218 1635 2141 2736 325 727 140 735 1005 1338 1729 2196 2742 3376 150 335 40 171 229 297 377 468 572 690 350 783 40 293 378 479 592 717 854 1003 150 335 60 234 318 422 542 686 853 1046 350 783 60 395 522 664 829 1014 1221 1451 150 335 80 293 405 546 717 918 1158 1437 350 783 80 493 657 844 1064 1315 1598 1917 150 335 100 351 493 674 897 1165 1486 1864 350 783 100 591 789 1024 1302 1622 1989 2406 150 335 120 409 582 807 1087 1430 1838 2324 350 783 120 681 919 1209 1543 1938 2394 2919 150 335 140 466 673 944 1285 1707 2213 2815 350 783 140 770 1048 1389 1788 2263 2816 3456 175 391 40 187 250 322 407 503 611 733 375 839 40 306 394 499 616 744 885 1039 175 391 60 257 346 456 582 731 903 1100 375 839 60 413 544 691 861 1051 1263 1498 175 391 80 321 440 588 762 971 1216 1499 375 839 80 515 685 878 1104 1360 1649 1974 175 391 100 384 534 723 953 1225 1551 1933 375 839 100 616 822 1064 1348 1675 2048 2471 175 391 120 447 629 861 1148 1494 1909 2398 375 839 120 710 957 1254 1596 1998 2461 2991 175 391 140 512 725 1004 1352 1780 2289 2895 375 839 140 803 1091 1440 1847 2329 2889 3535 200 447 40 204 271 347 435 536 648 774 400 894 40 319 410 519 639 772 916 1074 200 447 60 279 374 489 620 774 951 1152 400 894 60 431 567 718 893 1088 1305 1544 200 447 80 348 474 629 809 1023 1273 1561 400 894 80 537 712 911 1143 1405 1700 2030 200 447 100 416 574 770 1007 1285 1616 2002 400 894 100 642 854 1102 1394 1728 2107 2536 200 447 120 483 674 915 1209 1560 1980 2473 400 894 120 740 994 1299 1648 2057 2527 3063 200 447 140 552 775 1062 1419 1848 2365 2975 400 894 140 1 836 1132 1490 1905 2395 2692 3614 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-257 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.10) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 10 feet tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 58 89 133 190 260 346 446 225 503 40 192 256 328 413 509 618 739 25 56 60 84 136 210 307 429 577 752 225 503 60 264 354 465 591 741 912 1108 25 56 80 110 188 298 442 623 843 1105 225 503 80 330 451 600 775 984 1227 1510 25 56 100 139 244 394 591 838 1139 1498 225 503 100 395 547 737 968 1240 1564 1944 25 56 120 168 305 499 753 1073 1463 1928 225 503 120 460 644 878 1165 1510 1924 2410 25 56 140 200 371 fill 927 1325 1811 2391 225 503 140 526 742 1022 1371 1797 2304 2906 50 112 40 81 116 163 222 295 381 483 250 559 40 205 272 348 437 536 648 773 50 112 60 114 170 246 346 469 619 795 250 559 60 281 377 492 623 776 952 1152 50 112 80 146 226 338 485 668 890 1153 250 559 80 352 478 633 813 1026 1274 1561 50 112 100 179 287 439 637 887 1191 1550 250 559 100 421 579 776 1009 1289 1618 2001 50 112 120 214 352 547 803 1126 1519 1987 250 559 120 489 681 921 1215 1564 1982 2472 50 112 140 249 420 662 981 1382 1871 2454 250 559 140 559 783 1070 1425 1853 2367 2972 75 168 40 100 140 191 254 328 417 521 275 615 40 218 289 367 459 563 678 806 75 168 60 140 201 282 384 510 661 839 275 615 60 298 398 515 653 811 991 1194 75 168 80 178 264 379 528 714 938 1203 275 615 80 373 505 665 850 1068 1321 1611 75 168 100 216 329 484 685 937 1244 1605 275 615 100 446 611 813 1052 1337 1671 2058 75 168 120 256 398 596 855 1180 1576 2043 275 615 120 518 716 964 1264 1618 2040 2534 75 168 140 295 470 715 1036 1440 1932 2515 275 615 140 591 823 1118 1479 1912 2430 3039 100 224 40 118 162 218 283 361 452 559 300 671 40 230 304 386 482 588 707 839 100 224 60 164 230 316 422 550 704 884 300 671 60 315 419 541 683 845 1029 1237 100 224 80 207 298 419 572 760 985 1253 300 671 80 394 531 697 886 1110 1367 1661 100 224 100 250 369 529 734 988 1297 1660 300 671 100 471 641 850 1094 1385 1723 2114 100 224 120 294 443 645 907 1235 1633 2103 300 671 120 549 752 1006 1309 1671 2098 2596 100 224 140 338 519 767 1091 1498 1994 2579 300 671 140 622 862 1164 1532 1970 2493 3106 125 280 40 134 183 242 311 393 487 596 325 727 40 242 320 405 503 614 736 871 125 280 60 186 257 348 459 590 746 930 325 727 60 331 440 565 712 879 1067 1278 125 280 80 234 332 458 615 806 1034 1304 325 727 80 414 557 728 922 1150 1412 1711 125 280 100 282 408 573 782 1040 1349 1716 325 727 100 495 671 886 1136 1432 1775 2170 125 280 120 330 486 694 959 1290 1692 2164 325 727 120 576 786 1047 1356 1724 2156 2658 125 280 140 379 566 820 1148 1557 2056 2643 325 727 140 652 900 1210 1585 2028 2556 3173 150 335 40 150 202 266 338 423 521 633 350 783 40 257 332 423 525 638 764 902 150 335 60 207 283 379 493 629 789 975 350 783 60 347 460 589 740 911 1104 1319 150 335 80 260 363 495 657 851 1083 1356 350 783 80 434 581 754 957 1190 1457 1760 150 335 100 312 445 616 829 1091 1403 1773 350 783 100 518 701 922 1177 1478 1826 2226 150 335 120 365 527 741 1012 1346 1747 2225 350 783 120 602 819 1087 1402 1776 2213 2719 150 335 140 417 612 872 1204 1617 2118 2708 350 783 140 682 937 1254 1632 2085 2618 3239 175 391 40 164 221 286 364 453 554 669 375 839 40 268 346 440 546 662 791 933 175 391 60 226 308 409 527 667 831 1020 375 839 60 363 480 613 768 944 1140 1359 175 391 80 284 394 531 698 896 1131 1407 375 839 80 453 606 783 991 1230 1501 1808 175 391 100 341 480 657 876 1140 1457 1830 375 839 100 545 730 957 1217 1524 1877 2281 175 391 120 398 568 788 1064 1402 1806 2286 375 839 120 628 852 1127 1447 1828 2270 2781 175 391 140 454 657 923 1260 1677 2178 2774 375 839 140 711 974 1299 1683 2142 2680 3306 200 447 40 178 239 308 389 482 587 705 400 894 40 280 361 458 566 686 818 963 200 447 60 245 331 437 559 704 872 1064 400 894 60 378 499 636 796 975 1176 1399 200 447 80 308 423 566 736 940 1180 1459 400 894 80 472 630 812 1025 1268 1544 1856 200 447 100 369 514 698 922 1190 1511 1887 400 894 100 567 758 991 1257 1569 1927 2336 200 447 120 429 606 833 1115 1458 1865 2348 400 894 120 654 884 1166 1492 1878 2326 2842 200 447 140 489 700 973 1316 1737 2241 2840 400 894 140 740 1010 1342 1733 2198 2742 3372 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-258 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(k) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 12 feet tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.400 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 482 585 730 897 1085 1291 1518 225 503 40 1535 2023 2398 2845 3325 3831 4360 25 56 60 593 751 952 1184 1446 1740 2069 225 503 60 2046 2586 3145 3747 4389 5068 5783 25 56 80 722 913 1168 1467 1810 2200 2640 225 503 80 2543 3159 3843 4588 5386 6234 7130 25 56 100 821 1090 1384 1753 2182 2675 3238 225 503 100 3036 3702 4507 5391 6342 7357 8435 25 56 120 927 1243 1598 2043 2565 3169 3864 225 503 120 3416 4215 5145 6168 7271 8452 9712 25 56 140 1007 1389 1836 2339 2959 3683 4518 225 503 140 3834 4714 5765 6925 8180 9529 10973 50 112 40 668 831 1026 1244 1482 1740 2017 250 559 40 1643 2161 2556 3029 3537 4071 4630 50 112 60 878 1078 1338 1633 1958 2314 2702 250 559 60 2021 2763 3355 3992 4671 5388 6142 50 112 80 993 1328 1635 2006 2422 2880 3385 250 559 80 2746 3378 4101 4889 5732 6626 7569 50 112 100 1162 1552 1923 2374 2882 3450 4079 250 559 100 3289 3959 4809 5744 6748 7816 8949 50 112 120 1316 1766 2206 2739 3345 4026 4788 250 559 120 3671 4505 5490 6570 7733 8976 10298 50 112 140 1469 1977 2486 3105 3812 4613 5516 250 559 140 4123 5039 6151 7375 8697 10114 11627 75 168 40 867 1043 1273 1533 1815 2117 2438 275 615 40 1750 2294 2709 3208 3742 4304 4892 75 168 60 1021 1370 1663 2011 2392 2804 3248 275 615 60 2354 2936 3558 4230 4944 5698 6489 75 168 80 1255 1668 2030 2466 2947 3472 4042 275 615 80 2947 3590 4351 5181 6067 7006 7995 75 168 100 1461 1946 2382 2907 3491 4132 4834 275 615 100 3423 4200 5102 6087 7141 8262 9448 75 168 120 1665 2216 2726 3342 4031 4793 5632 275 615 120 3921 4788 5824 6961 8182 9484 10866 75 168 140 1867 2480 3065 3774 4570 5458 6441 275 615 140 4408 5355 6525 7811 9198 10681 12261 100 224 40 957 1257 1497 1790 2111 2452 2814 300 671 40 1856 2425 2858 3381 3942 4531 5145 100 224 60 1226 1625 1954 2349 2781 3245 3741 300 671 60 2507 3104 3756 4461 5210 5999 6826 100 224 80 1486 1971 2383 2878 3420 4006 4638 300 671 80 3149 3797 4594 5465 6393 7375 8409 100 224 100 1742 2303 2795 3388 4042 4753 5525 300 671 100 3635 4441 5387 6420 7524 8696 9933 100 224 120 1993 2624 3195 3888 4654 5494 6410 300 671 120 4168 5063 6150 7341 8618 9978 11419 100 224 140 2242 2937 3587 4380 5263 6234 7300 300 671 140 4690 5663 6889 8236 9686 11233 12879 125 280 40 1047 1409 1695 2026 2382 2761 3160 325 727 40 1960 2475 2995 3550 4136 4751 5392 125 280 60 1399 1852 2220 2661 3139 3651 4195 325 727 60 2658 3268 3949 4686 5469 6292 7155 125 280 80 1708 2253 2709 3258 3857 4501 5190 325 727 80 3259 3992 4831 5741 6711 7736 8813 125 280 100 2011 2636 3176 3833 4552 5330 6168 325 727 100 3844 4676 5666 6745 7897 9118 10407• 125 280 120 2309 2933 3625 4393 5233 6147 7137 325 727 120 4412 5331 6467 7711 9044 10460 11959 125 280 140 2605 3283 4067 4943 5907 6960 8106 325 727 140 4840 5956 7244 8651 10162 11772 13482 150 335 40 1199 1584 1886 2246 2636 3049 3483 350 783 40 2064 2594 3136 3715 4326 4966 5634 150 335 60 1566 2067 2470 2953 3475 4032 4622 350 783 60 2809 3428 4138 4906 5721 6579 7476 150 335 80 1923 2520 3015 3615 4267 4965 5710 350 783 80 3430 4188 5062 6012 7022 8087 9207 150 335 100 2272 2874 3530 4250 5031 5872 6774 350 783 100 4050 4906 5938 7062 8262 9531 10869 150 335 120 2618 3277 4032 4868 5778 6763 7824 350 783 120 4653 5594 6778 8074 9460 10931 12486 150 335 140 2961 3668 4522 5473 6514 7646 8870 350 783 140 5089 6249 7591 9056 10627 12299 14071 175 391 40 1313 1736 2064 2455 2876 3321 3789 375 839 40 2166 2712 3275 3876 4511 5176 5869 175 391 60 1729 2273 2707 3229 3793 4392 5026 375 839 60 3599 4379 5289 6276 7326 8432 9593 175 391 80 2133 2699 3300 3953 4656 5406 6204 375 839 80 3599 4379 5289 6276 7326 8432 9593 175 391 100 2529 3161 3869 4647 5487 6388 7350 375 839 100 4254 5132 6204 7373 8619 9936 11322 175 391 120 2922 3605 4419 5319 6297 7350 8479 375 839 120 4765 5844 7081 8428 9867 11392 13003 175 391 140 3317 4035 4954 5977 7092 8299 9599 375 839 140 5334 6535 7931 9453 11082 12815 14649 200 447 40 1425 1882 2234 2654 3105 3581 4081 400 894 40 2268 2827 3410 4034 4693 5382 6100 200 447 60 1889 2471 2934 3493 4097 4737 5412 400 894 60 3112 3740 4503 5332 6211 7134 8098 200 447 80 2339 2933 3577 4277 5028 5828 6676 400 894 80 3766 4567 5511 6535 7623 8769 9970 200 447 100 2783 3436 4194 5026 5923 6882 7903 400 894 100 4456 5353 6465 7677 8968 10332 11766 200 447 120 3226 3919 4789 5752 6793 7911 9107 400 894 120 4979 6095 7379 8776 10266 11845 13509 200 447 140 3538 4378 5967 6460 7646 8925 10298 400 894 140 5575 6817 8264 9842 11529 13321 15215 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 fl/sec. For SI Units: 1 fr = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-259 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(1) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 12 feet t : 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec s a:0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 190 254 327 418 525 648 790 225 503 40 685 837 1023 1228 1450 1687 1940 25 56 60 256 345 461 602 766 964 1194 225 503 60 905 1122 1380 1665 1976 2313 2676 25 56 80 316 437 596 794 1030 1313 1644 225 503 80 1104 1390 1718 2085 2488 2927 3405 25 56 100 375 531 738 999 1318 1693 2136 225 503 100 1304 1647 2047 2496 2993 3540 4139 25 56 120 435 628 888 1217 1623 2100 2665 225 503 120 1499 1898 2369 2902 3497 4155 4882 25 56 140 501 729 1045 1448 1946 2542 3230 225 503 140 1691 2143 2688 3307 4002 4778 5639 50 112 40 275 359 447 556 679 818 972 250 559 40 729 894 1091 1307 1540 1789 2054 50 112 60 368 483 613 774 959 1173 1415 250 559 60 958 1197 1470 1771 2097 2450 2829 50 112 80 452 602 779 997 1253 1550 1893 250 559 80 1182 1483 1829 2214 2636 3095 3592 50 112 100 534 722 954 1228 1561 1953 2407 250 559 100 1396 1757 2178 2648 3167 3736 4357 50 112 120 621 842 1127 1475 1886 2380 2957 250 559 120 1606 2024 2519 3076 3695 4378 5129 50 112 140 700 963 1303 1725 2227 2832 3540 250 559 140 1813 2284 2855 3501 4223 5025 5913 75 168 40 353 439 549 675 814 969 1139 275 615 40 772 949 1156 1383 1628 1889 2166 75 168 60 462 590 747 929 1134 1366 1625 275 615 60 1012 1271 1557 1873 2215 2583 2977 75 168 80 567 745 943 1184 1461 1778 2137 275 615 80 1257 1574 1937 2340 2780 3258 3774 75 168 100 675 889 1138 1443 1798 2209 2679 275 615 100 1487 1864 2305 2796 3336 3927 4569 75 168 120 772 1030 1334 1708 2148 2660 3251 275 615 120 1712 2146 2664 3245 3888 4595 5370 75 168 140 878 1173 1543 1980 2510 3132 3854 275 615 140 1934 2421 3017 3690 4439 5267 6180 100 224 40 415 516 641 782 937 1107 1292 300 671 40 814 1002 1220 1458 1713 1985 2274 100 224 60 545 692 869 1070 1295 1545 1822 300 671 60 1079 1343 1643 1972 2329 2712 3121 100 224 80 678 862 1091 1355 1655 1993 2371 300 671 80 1332 1662 2042 2463 2921 3417 3951 100 224 100 794 1039 1311 1642 2021 2454 2943 300 671 100 1576 1968 2428 2940 3501 4113 4776 100 224 120 914 1202 1531 1932 2397 2932 3542 300 671 120 .1816 2265 2805 3409 4076 4807 5605 100 224 140 1017 1361 1752 2227 2783 3427 4168 300 671 140 2027 2554 3175 3874 4649 5503 6442 125 280 40 472 587 726 881 1050 1235 1435 325 727 40 870 1055 1282 1530 1796 2080 2379 125 280 60 634 788 982 1202 1445 1714 2009 325 727 60 1137 1413 1726 2069 2440 2838 3262 125 280 80 771 978 1230 1516 1837 2196 2594 325 727 80 1404 1749 2145 2582 3058 3572 4124 125 280 100 910 1164 1473 1829 2233 2688 3199 325 727 100 1664 2070 2549 3081 3663 4295 4979 125 280 120 1029 1359 1715 2144 2635 3194 3826 325 727 120 1919 2381 2943 3570 4260 5014 5836 125 280 140 1168 1540 1957 2462 3045 3714 4476 325 727 140 2136 2684 3330 4054 4855 5735 6699 150 335 40 526 654 806 974 1157 1356 1570 350 783 40 904 1105 1342 1601 1878 2172 2483 150 335 60 704 877 1088 1326 1587 1873 2186 350 783 60 1193 1481 1807 2164 2549 2961 3400 150 335 80 871 1089 1360 1668 2010 2390 2809 350 783 80 1476 1833 2245 2699 3192 3723 4293 150 335 100 1004 1293 1626 2006 2434 2913 3446 350 783 100 1750 2169 2667 3218 3820 4473 5178 150 335 120 1159 1493 1889 2345 2863 3446 4101 350 783 120 2021 2495 3078 3727 4440 5218 6062 150 335 140 1306 1708 2152 2686 3297 3992 4778 350 783 140 2243 2812 3481 4230 5056 5961 6951 175 391 40 578 717 881 1062 1259 1471 1698 375 839 40 938 1155 1401 1670 1957 2262 2583 175 391 60 771 962 1190 1443 1722 2026 2356 375 839 60 1249 1548 1887 2257 2656 3082 3535 175 391 80 944 1193 1484 1812 2176 2576 3014 375 839 80 1547 1916 2343 2814 3324 3872 4459 175 391 100 1111 1416 1772 2176 2627 3129 3684 375 839 100 1836 2267 2783 3353 3975 4648 5373 175 391 120 1276 1633 2056 2538 3081 3690 4369 375 839 120 2088 2606 3210 3881 4617 5417 6284 175 391 140 1438 1847 2337 2900 3450 4262 5072 375 839 140 2348 2937 3629 4402 5253 6184 7198 200 447 40 640 779 954 1147 1356 1581 1821 400 894 40 973 1203 1460 1738 2035 2350 2682 200 447 60 836 1043 1286 1556 1852 2172 2519 400 894 60 1304 1614 1965 2348 2760 3200 3668 200 447 80 1017 1293 1604 1951 2334 2754 3213 400 894 80 1617 1997 2440 2926 3453 4018 4622 200 447 100 1209 1534 1912 2339 2813 3338 3915 400 894 100 1921 2362 2896 3486 4127 4819 5564 200 447 120 1389 1768 2215 2723 3292 3926 4629 400 894 120 2180 2715 3340 4033 4790 5612 6502 200 447 140 1566 1998 2515 3107 3775 4523 5359 400 894 140 2451 3059 3775 4572 5447 6403 7441 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I R = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-260 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(m) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 12 feet tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 115 160 218 290 375 479 599 225 503 40 401 500 619 751 897 1056 1229 25 56 60 159 228 322 442 588 761 964 225 503 60 538 682 851 1043 1257 1494 1756 25 56 80 203 302 437 611 825 1082 1380 225 503 80 672 855 1077 1332 1619 1941 2301 25 56 100 247 380 562 797 1087 1435 1840 225 503 100 796 1025 1301 1621 1987 2401 2869 25 56 120 294 463 697 998 1370 1818 2339 225 503 120 919 1201 1525 1914 2363 2877 3462 25 56 140 341 551 840 1212 1673 2228 2875 225 503 140 1034 1366 1750 2212 2750 3370 4081 50 112 40 164 219 283 363 456 564 688 250 559 40 428 534 659 798 950 1116 1295 50 112 60 224 305 408 534 682 861 1069 250 559 60 575 726 904 1105 1328 1574 1844 50 112 80 282 392 536 716 932 1192 1496 250 559 80 717 911 1143 1408 1705 2037 2407 50 112 100 339 482 672 911 1206 1554 1967 250 559 100 849 1090 1378 1710 2087 2513 2991 50 112 120 396 575 815 1121 1498 1946 2476 250 559 120 977 1266 1613 2015 2477 3003 3598 50 112 140 458 672 966 1343 1809 2369 3022 250 559 140 1106 1451 1848 2324 2875 3508 4230 75 168 40 205 270 342 429 530 645 775 275 615 40 455 566 697 843 1002 1174 1360 75 168 60 280 372 482 617 776 961 1174 275 615 60 617 770 956 1165 1397 1651 1930 75 168 80 349 473 629 814 1040 1305 1615 275 615 80 761 964 1207 1482 1789 2132 2511 75 168 100 418 576 777 1025 1322 1679 2096 275 615 100 905 1153 1453 1797 2186 2623 3111 75 168 120 487 680 931 1245 1628 2080 2616 275 615 120 1035 1339 1699 2114 2588 3126 3733 75 168 140 558 787 1092 1476 1948 2508 3170 275 615 140 1174 1522 1944 2434 2999 3644 4377 100 224 40 243 312 395 491 600 722 859 300 671 40 481 598 735 886 1052 1231 1423 100 224 60 330 433 552 697 865 1058 1278 300 671 60 651 812 1006 1224 1464 1726 2013 100 224 80 411 548 711 910 1145 1418 1734 300 671 80 804 1017 1269 1554 1872 2224 2613 100 224 100 490 662 877 1132 1440 1804 2227 300 671 100 952 1215 1526 1882 2282 2730 3229 100 224 120 573 778 1042 1367 1753 2216 2757 300 671 120 1097 1409 1782 2211 2698 3248 3865 100 224 140 649 895 1213 1608 2083 2653 3321 300 671 140 1240 1601 2037 2542 3120 3778 4523 125 280 40 281 354 445 548 665 795 939 325 727 40 506 628 771 929 1101 1286 1485 125 280 60 376 485 618 773 950 1151 1379 325 727 60 685 854 1056 1281 1529 1800 2096 125 280 80 468 617 791 1001 1246 1528 1852 325 727 80 846 1068 1329 1624 1952 2315 2713 125 280 100 562 744 966 1237 1556 1928 2359 325 727 100 999 1275 1598 1965 2376 2836 3346 125- 280 120 648 871 1149 1480 1880 2352 2899 325 727 120 1155 1478 1864 2305 2805 3367 3996 125 280 140 734 998 1331 1732 2220 2798 3473 325 727 140 1305 1679 2128 2647 3239 3910 4667 150 335 40 313 393 491 602 727 864 1015 350 783 40 531 658 807 971 1148 1340 1546 150 335 60 419 537 680 845 1031 1241 1477 350 783 60 717 894 1104 1337 1593 1873 2176 150 335 80 521 683 867 1089 1344 1636 1967 350 783 80 892 1118 1389 1693 2031 2403 2812 150 335 100 624 821 1055 1338 1668 2050 2489 350 783 100 1047 1334 1668 2046 2469 2939 3460 150 335 120 720 958 1245 1594 2005 2486 3042 350 783 120 1211 1546 1943 2398 2910 3484 4125 150 335 140 814 1095 1444 1857 2356 2943 3626 350 783 140 1368 1754 2218 2751 3356 4040 4809 175 391 40 344 430 536 654 786 930 1089 375 839 40 555 688 842 1011 1195 1393 1605 175 391 60 461 587 739 913 1109 1328 1573 375 839 60 749 934 1151 1392 1656 1944 2255 175 391 80 579 739 940 1172 1438 1740 2081 375 839 80 929 1167 1447 1761 2109 2490 2908 175 391 100 684 895 1140 1435 1777 2170 2617 375 839 100 1099 1392 1736 2125 2560 3041 3573 175 391 120 788 1042 1342 1704 2127 2618 3183 375 839 120 1267 1612 2022 2488 3013 3600 4252 175 391 140 895 1189 1546 1979 2490 3087 3778 375 839 140 1431 1828 2305 2852 3472 4169 4950 200 447 40 373 466 578 704 842 994 1160 400 894 40 579 717 876 1052 1241 1445 1663 200 447 60 500 635 796 979 1184 1413 1666 400 894 60 781 972 1197 1446 1718 2013 2333 200 447 80 626 798 1010 1253 1530 1842 2192 400 894 80 966 1215 1504 1827 2185 2576 3003 200 447 100 741 958 1222 1530 1883 2287 2744 400 894 100 1146 1448 1803 2204 2649 3141 3684 200 447 120 861 1115 1435 1811 2247 2749 3323 400 894 120 1321 1677 2099 2578 3115 3714 4378 200 447 140 964 1279 1649 2097 2621 3230 3930 400 894 140 1493 1901 2391 2952 3585 4295 5089 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-261 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(n) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 12 feet t :500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec g a: 0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 82 120 170 235 314 408 519 225 503 40 276 348 436 536 648 773 911 25 56 60 117 180 266 376 512 676 866 225 503 60 374 481 611 762 933 1128 1348 25 56 80 154 246 373 536 738 982 1265 225 503 80 468 615 786 991 1229 1503 1816 25 56 100 192 318 491 713 989 1321 1710 225 503 100 563 743 962 1227 1538 1900 2318 25 56 120 233 395 618 906 1262 1692 2195 225 503 120 652 872 1146 1471 1861 2320 2854 25 56 140 275 478 755 1113 1556 2090 2717 225 503 140 740 1001 1328 1723 2200 2764 3422 50 112 40 115 158 213 280 361 457 570 250 559 40 295 371 463 567 684 813 955 50 112 60 160 227 317 430 568 732 926 250 559 60 399 512 647 803 980 1180 1405 50 112 80 205 301 431 596 801 1046 1332 250 559 80 499 653 830 1042 1286 1565 1884 50 112 100 251 379 554 779 1057 1392 1783 250 559 100 599 788 1014 1286 1604 1972 2394 50 112 120 298 462 687 976 1336 1768 2274 50 112 140 347 549 828 1188 1634 2173 2803 275 615 40 313 393 489 598 719 852 998 75 168 40 143 191 252 322 407 506 621 275 615 60 424 541 682 844 1026 1231 1461 75 168 60 198 271 366 483 623 790 987 275 615 80 530 685 873 1091 1342 1627 1951 75 168 80 251 353 488 657 864 1110 1400 275 615 100 635 832 1064 1344 1668 2042 2470 75 168 100 304 439 618 846 1127 1462 1858 275 615 120 734 972 1258 1601 2007 2478 3021 75 168 120 358 528 756 1048 1411 1846 2355 275 615 140 833 1113 1459 1868 2359 2934 3602 75 168 140 413 620 902 1265 1714 2256 2889 300 671 40 330 414 515 627 752 890 1041 100 224 40 168 222 286 362 451 555 673 300 671 60 447 570 716 883 1071 1282 1516 100 224 60 232 312 413 533 678 849 1048 300 671 80 563 721 915 1140 1396 1688 2017 100 224 80 292 402 543 717 926 1176 1469 300 671 100 669 874 1114 1400 1732 2112 2546 100 224 100 353 495 680 913 1197 1535 1933 300 671 120 774 1021 1314 1666 2078 2555 3104 100 224 120 414 591 825 1121 1487 1922 2437 300 671 140 881 1168 1517 1939 2437 3019 3692 100 224 140 477 690 976 1342 1795 2336 2976 325 727 40 348 435 539 656 785 927 1082 125 280 40 191 251 319 400 494 601 723 325 727 60 471 598 750 922 1115 1331 1570 125 280 60 263 350 455 582 732 907 1109 325 727 80 592 755 956 1187 1450 1747 2082 125 280 80 331 449 596 774 989 1243 1539 325 727 100 703 910 1162 1456 1794 2181 2620 125 280 100 398 549 741 979 1265 1608 2010 325 727 120 813 1068 1369 1729 2148 2632 3187 125 280 120 466 651 892 1194 1563 2001 2519 325 727 140 922 1221 1578 2009 2514 3103 3782 125 280 140 535 756 1050 1421 1877 2421 3064 350 783 40 364 455 564 685 818 964 1122 150 335 40 213 275 350 436 535 646 772 350 783 60 493 626 782 960 1158 1379 1624 150 335 60 293 386 496 629 784 964 1170 350 783 80 619 789 996 1234 1503 1806 2146 150 335 80 368 493 647 830 1051 1309 1609 350 783 100 736 950 1209 1510 1855 2249 2694 150 335 100 441 600 800 1042 1335 1682 2087 350 783 120 851 1115 1423 1791 2218 2708 3269 150 335 120 518 709 958 1266 1637 2081 2602 350 783 140 963 1272 1638 2077 2591 3186 3871 150 335 140 589 820 1122 1498 1959 2506 3153 375 839 40 381 475 587 712 849 999 1162 175 391 40 237 301 380 471 574 690 819 375 839 60 516 653 814 997 1201 1427 1676 175 391 60 321 420 536 675 835 1020 1230 375 839 80 646 823 1036 1280 1555 1864 2210 175 391 80 402 535 693 885 1111 1374 1678 375 839 100 768 989 1256 1564 1916 2316 2767 175 391 100 482 650 857 1105 1403 1755 2164 375 839 120 891 1154 1476 1852 2286 2784 3350 175 391 120 564 765 1022 1337 1712 2161 2686 375 839 140 1005 1323 1697 2145 2667 3269 3960 175 391 140 641 883 1192 1576 2038 2592 3242 400 894 40 397 495 611 739 881 1034 1201 200 447 40 257 325 409 504 612 732 866 400 894 60 538 679 846 1034 1243 1474 1728 200 447 60 348 450 574 719 885 1074 1289 400 894 80 673 856 1075 1325 1606 1921 2273 200 447 80 436 575 740 939 1171 1439 1747 400 894 100 800 1028 1301 1617 1976 2382 2840 200 447 100 522 697 913 1167 1471 1828 2241 400 894 120 926 1198 1528 1912 2354 2858 3431 200 447 120 609 819 1085 1403 1787 2241 2770 400 894 140 1047 1373 1756 2212 2741 3351 4048 200 447 140 691 943 1261 1652 2119 2678 3332 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-262 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(o) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 12 feet tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 74 110 159 221 299 391 498 225 503 40 242 307 387 478 582 698 827 25 56 60 106 167 251 359 493 654 841 225 503 60 329 427 547 686 847 1031 1240 25 56 80 141 232 356 517 716 955 1235 225 503 80 414 547 707 900 1126 1388 1690 25 56 100 178 302 472 692 964 1291 1675 225 503 100 496 665 874 1122 1420 1770 2177 25 56 120 217 378 598 882 1234 1658 2156 225 503 120 580 783 1041 1353 1731 2177 2699 25 56 140 258 459 734 1087 1525 2054 2675 225 503 140 659 903 1214 1597 2057 2609 3255 50 112 40 102 142 194 259 337 430 540 250 559 40 259 327 410 506 613 732 865 50 112 60 143 207 293 403 538 699 889 250 559 60 351 454 578 722 887 1076 1289 50 112 80 185 278 404 566 767 1008 1290 250 559 80 441 581 746 944 1174 1441 1747 50 112 100 228 353 524 745 1020 1350 1736 250 559 100 532 704 916 1173 1476 1830 2241 50 112 120 273 433 654 940 1294 1721 2222 250 559 120 616 828 1093 1410 1792 2243 2769 50 112 140 319 518 793 1149 1590 2121 2745 250 559 140 700 952 1270 1660 2125 2680 3330 75 168 40 126 171 227 294 375 471 582 275 615 40 274 346 433 532 643 766 902 75 168 60 176 245 335 447 585 747 939 275 615 60 373 479 608 757 927 1120 1337 75 168 80 224 322 451 616 819 1061 1346 275 615 80 467 613 783 986 1222 1494 1804 75 168 100 274 403 577 800 1077 1409 1797 275 615 100 562 742 960 1222 1531 1890 2304 75 168 120 324 488 711 999 1356 1786 2288 275 615 120 651 871 1143 1466 1854 2309 2838 75 168 140 375 577 854 1212 1655 2190 2816 275 615 140 740 1000 1326 1718 2191 2751 3404 100 224 40 148 197 258 328 413 511 625 300 671 40 290 365 455 558 672 798 938 100 224 60 205 280 374 491 630 796 990 300 671 60 393 504 638 791 966 1163 1384 100 224 80 261 364 498 666 872 1115 1403 300 671 80 493 644 819 1028 1269 1545 1860 100 224 100 316 451 630 856 1134 1467 1859 300 671 100 592 779 1002 1271 1585 1949 2368 100 224 120 372 542 769 1059 1418 1848 2355 300 671 120 686 913 1188 1521 1914 2375 2908 100 224 140 429 636 916 1276 1722 2259 2888 300 671 140 779 1047 1380 1779 2258 2822 3479 125 280 40 168 222 285 361 449 550 667 325 727 40 305 383 477 583 701 831 974 125 280 60 233 312 412 531 675 844 1040 325 727 60 414 529 667 825 1004 1205 1431 125 280 80 294 404 543 716 922 1170 1460 325 727 80 518 671 855 1069 1316 1597 1915 125 280 100 355 497 681 911 1193 1527 1922 325 727 100 622 815 1044 1319 1639 2008 2430 125 280 120 417 593 825 1119 1481 1913 2423 325 727 120 720 954 1235 1575 1974 2440 2977 125 280 140 481 692 977 1340 1789 2326 2961 325 727 140 817 1093 1434 1838 2323 2893 3554 150 335 40 187 246 312 392 484 589 708 350 783 40 319 401 498 607 729 862 1009 150 335 60 259 344 447 572 719 892 1091 350 783 60 434 553 695 858 1041 1247 1476 150 335 80 326 442 587 762 974 1225 1517 350 783 80 543 700 890 1110 1361 1647 1970 150 335 100 393 541 731 966 1249 1588 1985 350 783 100 650 850 1085 1366 1692 2066 2493 150 335 120 460 643 881 1180 1545 1979 2491 350 783 120 753 994 1282 1628 2034 2504 3046 150 335 140 528 747 1038 1405 1857 2396 3033 350 783 140 854 1138 1482 1897 2389 2963 3629 175 391 40 206 266 338 422 517 626 749 375 839 40 334 418 519 631 756 893 1043 175 391 60 283 373 481 611 73 939 1141 375 839 60 453 576 723 890 1078 1288 1522 175 391 80 356 478 629 809 1026 1280 1575 375 839 80 571 729 924 1150 1406 1697 2024 175 391 100 429 584 780 1020 1306 1649 2049 375 839 100 679 880 1126 1413 1744 2123 2555 175 391 120 503 691 936 1239 1605 2045 2560 375 839 120 785 1034 1328 1681 2092 2568 3115 175 391 140 573 801 1097 1469 1925 2467 3107 375 839 140 894 1183 1533 1956 2453 3033 3703 200 447 40 225 287 363 451 550 662 788 400 894 40 348 435 539 655 783 924 1077 200 447 60 307 402 514 649 805 985 1191 400 894 60 472 599 750 922 1114 1329 1566 200 447 80 385 513 668 855 1076 1334 1633 400 894 80 594 758 958 1189 1450 1746 2078 200 447 100 463 625 827 1070 1364 1710 2113 400 894 100 706 914 1165 1458 1795 2180 2617 200 447 120 542 738 989 1298 1668 2111 2629 400 894 120 817 1073 1373 1733 2150 2632 3183 200 447 140 617 853 1156 1534 1990 2538 3181 400 894 140 928 1226 1584 2013 2517 3103 3777 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-263 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(p) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 15 ft. tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec at:0.400 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 618 745 903 1085 1287 1509 1753 225 503 40 2062 2508 2955 3436 3948 4487 5051 25 56 60 790 962 1181 1434 1720 2040 2395 225 503 60 2796 3303 3889 4531 5218 5943 6707 25 56 80 935 1169 1452 1781 2157 2583 3061 225 503 80 3407 4029 4755 5553 6408 7317 8276 25 56 100 1046 1393 1722 2131 2605 3146 3759 225 503 100 4017 4717 5578 6528 7551 8640 9796 25 56 120 1215 1600 1992 2488 3066 3731 4490 225 503 120 4609 5378 6371 7472 8661 9932 11285 25 56 140 1357 1799 2266 2852 3541 4340 5255 225 503 140 5045 6009 7141 8393 9749 11203 12755 50 112 40 894 1063 1269 1503 1758 2034 2331 250 559 40 2217 2678 3150 3659 4200 4769 5364 50 112 60 1098 1370 1656 1976 2327 2711 3128 250 559 60 3023 3530 4148 4828 5553 6319 7123 50 112 80 1321 1664 2025 2431 2883 3380 3925 250 559 80 3660 4305 5073 5917 6820 7777 8787 50 112 100 1541 1949 2385 2880 3435 4052 4735 250 559 100 4321 5042 5951 6955 8033 9180 10394 50 112 120 1758 2226 2739 3327 3991 4734 5563 250 559 120 4835 5740 6796 7959 9211 10547 11966 50 112 140 1974 2499 3091 3775 4552 5429 6412 250 559 140 5409 6421 7617 8938 10363 11889 13515 75 168 40 1035 1356 1577 1852 2153 2476 2819 275 615 40 2370 2843 3339 3875 4445 5043 5668 75 168 60 1370 1712 2055 2432 2843 3286 3763 275 615 60 3251 3751 4440 5115 5878 6683 7527 75 168 80 1668 2083 2511 2986 3507 4074 4687 275 615 80 3909 4573 5381 6269 7219 8224 9282 75 168 100 1960 2439 2951 3525 4159 4853 5611 275 615 100 4622 5357 6313 7369 8502 9704 10974 75 168 120 2248 2783 3380 4055 4806 5634 6543 275 615 120 5151 6098 7209 8432 9745 11144 12627 75 168 140 2533 3119 3804 4582 5453 6420 7487 275 615 140 5765 6821 8079 9466 10960 12556 14254 100 224 40 1245 1547 1843 2162 2505 2870 3256 300 671 40 2522 3003 3522 4085 4682 5309 5963 100 224 60 1625 2019 2412 2841 3305 3803 4334 300 671 60 3362 3956 4644 5395 6194 7037 7919 100 224 80 1994 2460 2947 3484 4069 4701 5379 300 671 80 4153 4834 5682 6613 7607 8658 9763 100 224 100 2356 2880 3459 4105 4813 5582 6413 300 671 100 4785 5655 6666 7772 8957 10214 11539 100 224 120 2714 3285 3958 4714 5547 6457 7446 300 671 120 5461 6446 7612 8891 10265 11725 13271 100 224 140 3071 3680 4447 5315 6276 7332 8485 300 671 140 6114 7211 8529 9980 11541 13206 14973 125 280 40 1417 1760 2091 2447 2827 3231 3657 325 727 40 2673 3160 3701 4289 4913 5567 6250 125 280 60 1870 2304 2741 3218 3731 4280 4862 325 727 60 3552 4163 4882 5667 6502 7381 8302 125 280 80 2309 2809 3348 3944 4589 5281 6021 325 727 80 4396 5089 5974 6947 7985 9081 10232 125 280 100 2741 3289 3930 4643 5420 6259 7160 325 727 100 5049 5655 6666 7772 8957 10214 11539 125 280 120 3172 3752 4493 5325 6236 7224 8291 325 727 120 5764 6787 8004 9340 10772 12292 13898 125 280 140 3485 4195 5044 5996 7043 8184 9422 325 727 140 6456 7591 8968 10482 12108 13839 15674 150 335 40 1584 1960 2323 2713 3129 3569 4032 350 783 40 2824 3313 3876 4489 5139 5820 6530 150 335 60 2107 2571 3049 3570 4130 4726 5357 350 783 60 3739 4366 5115 5933 6803 7718 8675 150 335 80 2616 3137 3726 4375 5076 5827 6625 350 783 80 4522 5330 6260 7274 8355 9495 10691 150 335 100 3121 3674 4371 5148 5990 6896 7865 350 783 100 5308 6244 7345 8550 9836 11196 12628 150 335 120 3501 4183 4995 5900 6884 7947 9090 350 783 120 6062 7119 8387 9778 11267 12846 14512 150 335 140 3927 4681 5605 6637 7766 8989 10309 350 783 140 6793 7963 9397 10972 12662 14459 16360 175 391 40 1746 2151 2543 2965 3414 3889 4387 375 839 40 2975 3463 4047 4684 5359 6067 6804 175 391 60 2339 2825 3341 3905 4509 5150 5827 375 839 60 3925 4564 5342 6193 7097 8047 9040 175 391 80 2920 3449 4083 4784 5539 6345 7199 375 839 80 4736 5573 6540 7594 8717 9899 11139 175 391 100 3390 4034 4790 5627 6532 7502 8535 375 839 100 5563 6530 7674 8926 10261 11671 13154 175 391 120 3879 4598 5473 6446 7501 8636 9851 375 839 120 6356 7445 8763 10207 11752 13388 15113 175 391 140 4356 5145 6138 7247 8454 9757 11157 375 839 140 7126 8328 9817 11452 13204 15065 17032 200 447 40 1906 2333 2753 3205 3687 4194 4726 400 894 40 3126 3611 4214 4875 5575 6309 7072 200 447 60 2569 3068 3620 4224 4870 5554 6276 400 894 60 4108 4759 5566 6449 7386 8370 9398 200 447 80 3224 3749 4426 5176 5982 6840 7748 400 894 80 4948 5811 6814 7908 9071 10296 11579 200 447 100 3707 4382 5192 6086 7051 8082 9177 400 894 100 5814 6809 7997 9294 10677 12137 13670 200 447 120 4247 4995 5930 6969 8092 9296 10581 400 894 120 6647 7764 9131 10628 12227 13920 15702 200 447 140 4670 5583 6649 7831 9113 10493 11970 400 894 140 7455 8685 10229 11923 13736 15660 17690 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-264 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(t) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 15 feet tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec w 0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 259 322 407 509 627 762 917 225 503 40 902 1067 1267 1488 1726 1981 2253 25 56 60 341 447 572 731 918 1137 1390 225 503 60 1189 1431 1710 2019 2356 2720 3111 25 56 80 423 567 749 968 1237 1552 1916 225 503 80 1471 1774 2131 2531 2968 3445 3962 25 56 100 511 691 930 1228 1581 2003 2492 225 503 100 1745 2105 2541 3032 3574 4169 4818 25 56 120 592 819 1120 1498 1950 2488 3112 225 503 120 2015 2426 2944 3529 4179 4897 5687 25 56 140 674 951 1321 1785 2348 3004 3774 225 503 140 2242 2742 3342, 4023 4786 5634 6571 50 112 40 371 451 555 675 810 961 1129 250 559 40 953 1138 1350 1583 1834 2101 2386 50 112 60 488 610 763 942 1147 1381 1645 250 559 60 1273 1527 1821 2147 2500 2881 3288 50 112 80 610 767 972 1216 1500 1829 2204 250 559 80 1576 1893 2269 2687 3145 3642 4179 50 112 100 718 923 1186 1501 1873 2307 2806 250 559 100 1873 2244 2703 3216 3782 4399 5072 50 112 120 826 1089 1404 1798 2266 2815 3449 250 559 120 2131 2586 3128 3739 4415 5159 5974 50 112 140 936 1247 1637 2107 2679 3352 4132 250 559 140 2398 2920 3548 4258 5050 5925 6890 75 168 40 463 560 681 818 970 1138 1322 275 615 40 1006 1208 1431 1675 1938 2218 2515 75 168 60 622 755 929 1129 1354 1607 1889 275 615 60 1354 1621 1929 2270 2640 3037 3461 75 168 80 758 943 1173 1441 1747 2095 2487 275 615 80 1680 2008 2402 2840 3317 3834 4390 75 168 100 900 1129 1419 1759 2154 2606 3121 275 615 100 1999 2380 2859 3395 3983 4624 5319 75 168 120 1021 1314 1667 2086 2575 3142 3791 275 615 120 2266 2741 3307 3943 4645 5414 6254 75 168 140 1161 1499 1918 2421 3014 3703 4497 275 615 140 2550 3094 3748 4487 5306 6209 7201 100 224 40 546 658 794 947 1116 1300 1500 300 671 40 1071 1276 1509 1765 2040 2332 2641 100 224 60 729 886 1079 1300 1545 1818 2118 300 671 60 1434 1712 2034 2391 2776 3188 3629 100 224 80 900 1103 1357 1648 1978 2347 2759 300 671 80 1782 2121 2532 2988 3484 4020 4597 100 224 100 1044 1316 1633 2000 2419 2894 3428 300 671 100 2089 2512 3012 3570 4180 4843 5560 100 224 126 1212 1527 1909 2356 2872 3461 4129 300 671 120 2398 2892 3482 4142 4869 5664 6528 100 224 140 1368 1736 2187 2719 3337 4049 4861 300 671 140 2699 3264 3944 4709 5556 6487 7506 125 280 40 635 750 899 1067 1251 1450 1666 325 727 40 1128 1342 1586 1853 2139 2443 2764 125 280 60 829 1006 1219 1458 1724 2016 2335 325 727 60 1513 1801 2137 2508 2908 3337 3793 125 280 80 1011 1251 1528 1842 2195 2586 3019 325 727 80 1883 2230 2658 3133 3648 4203 4798 125 280 100 1203 1490 1832 2226 2670 3169 3726 325 727 100 2202 2641 3161 3740 4372 5057 5796 125 280 120 1384 1725 2136 2612 3154 3768 4458 325 727 120 2528 3040 3652 4337 5088 5907 6797 125 280 140 1563 1957 2440 3002 3649 4385 5219 325 727 140 2846 3429 4135 4927 5801 6759 7804 150 335 40 703 834 998 1180 1378 1592 1822 350 783 40 1184 1407 1661 1938 2235 2551 2884 150 335 60 927 1120 1350 1608 1893 2203 2541 350 783 60 1591 1888 2238 2623 3038 3482 3953 150 335 80 1138 1391 1689 2026 2400 2814 3268 350 783 80 1983 2338 2782 3274 3808 4381 4995 150 335 100 1345 1654 2021 2440 2910 3433 4012 350 783 100 2312 2767 3307 3906 4560 5266 6027 150 335 120 1549 1912 2351 2855 3425 4064 4779 350 783 120 2655 3184 3819 4527 5303 6146 7060 150 335 140 1750 2166 2679 3272 3948 4712 5570 350 783 140 2989 3591 4322 5140 6041 7026 8098 175 391 40 768 915 1091 1287 1499 1727 1972 375 839 40 1239 1470 1734 2022 2330 2657 3001 175 391 60 1008 1228 1475 1751 2053 2382 2738 375 839 60 1667 1973 2336 2735 3165 3623 4111 175 391 80 1252 1524 1842 2201 2597 3032 3507 375 839 80 2049 2442 2903 3413 3964 4556 5188 175 391 100 1482 1810 2201 2645 3139 3687 4289 375 839 100 2421 2891 3450 4070 4744 5472 6254 175 391 120 1708 2090 2556 3088 3685 4351 5090 375 839 120 2780 3325 3982 4713 5513 6380 7318 175 391 140 1931 2366 2908 3532 4237 5028 5912 375 839 140 3131 3749 4505 5349 6276 7287 8385 200 447 40 832 992 1181 1389 1615 1857 2115 400 894 40 1293 1532 1806 2104 2423 2761 3116 200 447 60 1103 1331 1594 1888 2208 2554 2928 400 894 60 1743 2056 2432 2845 3289 3763 4265 200 447 80 1363 1651 1990 2369 2786 3242 3738 400 894 80 2139 2545 3022 3549 4118 4727 5378 200 447 100 1615 1960 2374 2842 3360 3932 4558 400 894 100 2528 3012 3590 4230 4925 5673 6477 200 447 120 1863 2261 2753 3312 3936 4628 5392 400 894 120 2904 3464 4143 4896 5719 6610 7572 200 447 140 2081 2557 3129 3782 4516 5335 6246 400 894 140 3271 3905 4684 5554 6507 7544 8669 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 R = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-265 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(r) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 15 feet tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec w 0.011 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 156 207 273 353 451 565 697 225 503 40 530 639 768 912 1070 1242 1429 25 56 60 215 297 407 543 706 900 1125 225 503 60 718 871 1057 1268 1502 1760 2044 25 56 80 275 394 553 754 997 1280 1612 225 503 80 894 1095 1340 1621 1937 2289 2681 25 56 100 337 498 713 984 1314 1700 2151 225 503 100 1058 1313 1621 1976 2379 2835 3346 25 56 120 403 608 885 1234 1657 2155 2736 225 503 120 1222 1529 1902 2335 2833 3399 4040 25 56 140 469 725 1069 1501 2026 2648 3365 225 503 140 1385 1744 2184 2701 3299 3984 4764 50 112 40 221 279 353 442 545 664 801 250 559 40 567 681 817 968 1133 1313 1506 50 112 60 300 394 508 650 819 1017 1246 250 559 60 766 928 1123 1343 1586 1854 2147 50 112 80 378 508 674 876 1121 1411 1747 250 559 80 950 1165 1421 1713 2039 2403 2805 50 112 100 456 626 847 1121 1450 1843 2298 250 559 100 1129 1396 1716 2083 2499 2966 3488 50 112 120 538 749 1029 1381 1808 2309 2895 250 559 120 1305 1623 2010 2458 2968 3547 4198 50 112 140 617 877 1222 1657 2186 2808 3535 250 559 140 1478 1849 2305 2837 3449 4147 4938 75 168 40 276 342 426 523 634 760 902 275 615 40 609 722 864 1022 1194 1381 1582 75 168 60 373 475 602 753 930 1134 1368 275 615 60 813 983 1187 1416 1668 1945 2247 75 168 80 467 611 784 996 1249 1544 1885 275 615 80 1006 1233 1500 1802 2140 2514 2926 75 168 100 564 745 976 1254 1591 1988 2449 275 615 100 1199 1476 1808 2188 2616 3095 3628 75 168 120 656 882 1172 1526 1957 2466 3057 275 615 120 1385 1715 2116 2577 3101 3692 4355 75 168 140 748 1022 1376 1816 2345 2975 3707 275 615 140 1569 1952 2423 2970 3596 4306 5109 100 224 40 326 399 491 597 716 850 999 300 671 40 642 762 910 1075 1254 1448 1655 100 224 60 439 551 688 850 1036 1248 1489 300 671 60 867 1037 1249 1486 1748 2033 2344 100 224 80 554 700 888 1112 1373 1676 2023 300 671 80 1066 1299 1576 1890 2238 2622 3045 100 224 100 658 850 1093 1385 1731 2135 2601 300 671 100 1267 1554 1899 2291 2731 3221 3765 100 224 120 763 1006 1303 1671 2109 2624 3221 300 671 120 1464 1805 2219 2694 3231 3834 4509 100 224 140 874 1160 1525 1969 2508 3144 3882 300 671 140 1658 2053 2538 3100 3740 4464 5279 125 280 40 371 452 552 666 794 935 1092 325 727 40 674 801 956 1127 1312 1513 1727 125 280 60 500 621 769 941 1137 1358 1606 325 727 60 907 1090 1310 1556 1826 2120 2440 125 280 80 627 787 987 1222 1493 1805 2159 325 727 80 1122 1364 1651 1975 2334 2728 3161 125 280 100 746 951 1207 1512 1868 2280 2753 325 727 100 1334 1631 1987 2391 2843 3345 3901 125 280 120 870 1117 1432 1812 2260 2783 3386 325 727 120 1541 1892 2319 2808 3358 3975 4661 125 280 140 980 1289 1663 2123 2671 3314 4059 325 727 140 1746 2151 2651 3227 3881 4619 5446 150 335 40 414 502 610 732 867 1017 1181 350 783 40 706 839 1000 1177 1369 1576 1798 150 335 60 557 688 846 1028 1233 1464 1721 350 783 60 947 1141 1369 1624 1902 2205 2534 150 335 80 697 869 1081 1327 1610 1931 2294 350 783 80 1177 1428 1725 2058 2427 2833 3276 150 335 100 829 1047 1317 1633 2001 2423 2904 350 783 100 1399 1706 2073 2489 2953 3467 4034 150 335 120 958 1226 1556 1949 2408 2941 3552 350 783 120 1617 1978 2418 2920 3483 4113 4812 150 335 140 1088 1405 1800 2273 2832 3484 4236 350 783 140 1819 2247 2761 3352 4021 4772 5612 175 391 40 454 549 665 794 938 1095 1267 375 839 40 738 877 1043 1226 1425 1638 1866 175 391 60 617 752 919 1111 1326 1566 1832 375 839 60 988 1191 1427 1690 1977 2289 2626 175 391 80 764 947 1170 1428 1722 2054 2426 375 839 80 1231 1490 1796 2140 2520 2935 3388 175 391 100 911 1139 1422 1751 2130 2563 3054 375 839 100 1464 1779 2158 2586 3061 3587 4165 175 391 120 1047 1331 1675 2081 2553 3096 3716 375 839 120 1693 2062 2515 3030 3606 4248 4960 175 391 140 1191 1522 1932 2420 2991 3653 4413 375 839 140 1900 2341 2870 3475 4158 4923 5775 200 447 40 493 595 717 854 1005 1170 1349 400 894 40 769 913 1085 1275 1480 1700 1934 200 447 60 668 812 990 1191 1415 1665 1940 400 894 60 1030 1241 1484 1755 2051 2371 2716 200 447 80 828 1022 1257 1526 1831 2173 2555 400 894 80 1284 1551 1867 2221 2610 3036 3499 200 447 100 982 1228 1523 1865 2256 2700 3201 400 894 100 1528 1851 2241 2680 3168 3705 4294 200 447 120 1137 1431 1790 2210 2695 3249 3879 400 894 120 1767 2144 2610 3138 3727 4382 5106 200 447 140 1289 1635 2060 2562 3146 3820 4589 400 894 140 1980 2433 2976 3596 4293 5071 5937 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-266 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(s) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 15 feet tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 112 156 215 289 379 484 606 225 503 40 365 445 542 652 775 911 1061 25 56 60 160 235 337 464 619 801 1013 225 503 60 497 617 761 928 1117 1331 1571 25 56 80 210 323 474 664 894 1164 1480 225 503 80 626 784 980 1210 1474 1776 2119 25 56 100 264 419 625 884 1198 1571 2001 225 503 100 748 951 1202 1500 1847 2248 2707 25 56 120 321 523 789 1124 1530 2013 2570 225 503 120 873 1119 1429 1800 2238 2748 3335 25 56 140 381 633 965 1381 1887 2488 3183 225 503 140 988 1292 1661 2112 2647 3275 4001 50 112 40 155 204 267 342 433 541 665 250 559 40 390 474 575 690 817 958 1112 50 112 60 216 295 399 528 683 868 1082 250 559 60 530 655 806 978 1173 1393 1638 50 112 80 278 392 544 735 967 1239 1558 250 559 80 667 832 1035 1271 1542 1850 2198 50 112 100 341 496 702 962 1279 1651 2087 250 559 100 796 1007 1266 1571 1925 2332 2796 50 112 120 408 606 872 1208 1617 2099 2663 250 559 120 925 1182 1501 1880 2325 2840 3432 50 112 140 474 722 1053 1471 1980 2580 3282 250 559 140 1052 1359 1741 2200 2742 3375 4106 75 168 40 192 245 313 393 488 598 724 275 615 40 414 502 607 726 858 1004 1162 75 168 60 265 351 460 590 749 936 1152 275 615 60 567 693 849 1027 1228 1453 1703 75 168 80 337 458 614 808 1040 1316 1637 275 615 80 706 878 1088 1331 1608 1922 2276 75 168 100 411 571 780 1042 1358 1735 2173 275 615 100 843 1062 1328 1641 2001 2415 2885 75 168 120 486 688 956 1294 1705 2190 2756 275 615 120 978 1245 1572 1959 2411 2932 3529 75 168 140 561 811 1143 1563 2074 2677 3382 275 615 140 1112 1428 1820 2287 2836 3475 4210 100 224 40 226 283 356 442 541 654 784 300 671 40 437 529 639 762 899 1048 1212 100 224 60 309 400 514 652 814 1004 1223 300 671 60 598 729 891 1075 1282 1512 1767 100 224 80 392 521 682 878 1115 1393 1717 300 671 80 745 923 1140 1389 1673 1993 2353 100 224 100 477 642 857 1123 1441 1820 2261 300 671 100 893 1115 1389 1709 2077 2496 2972 100 224 120 559 768 1041 1381 1792 2281 2851 300 671 120 1030 1305 1641 2036 2495 3023 3626 100 224 140 642 898 1234 1656 2170 2775 3484 300 671 140 1172 1496 1897 2372 2929 3574 4315 125 280 40 257 319 397 487 591 709 842 325 727 40 460 555 669 797 938 1092 1260 125 280 60 351 448 568 711 878 1072 1294 325 727 60 628 765 932 1122 1334 1570 1830 125 280 80 443 579 745 948 1189 1471 1798 325 727 80 783 968 1191 1447 1737 2063 2429 125 280 100 537 710 931 1199 1524 1906 2350 325 727 100 935 1167 1449 1776 2151 2577 3059 125 280 120 627 844 1123 1469 1882 2374 2947 325 727 120 1083 1365 1709 2112 2579 3113 3722 125 280 140 718 982 1324 1750 2262 2874 3586 325 727 140 1230 1563 1972 2456 3021 3673 4419 150 335 40 286 353 436 531 640 762 899 350 783 40 482 581 699 831 976 1135 1307 150 335 60 390 492 619 768 941 1139 1365 350 783 60 658 800 972 1168 1386 1627 1893 150 335 80 491 632 807 1016 1262 1549 1879 350 783 80 820 1011 1240 1503 1800 2132 2504 150 335 100 593 776 1000 1277 1606 1992 2439 350 783 100 977 1218 1507 1842 2224 2657 3145 150 335 120 691 918 1204 1551 1972 2467 3043 350 783 120 1134 1423 1776 2187 2661 3203 3818 150 335 140 790 1063 1412 1840 2359 2973 3689 350 783 140 1287 1628 2046 2539 3112 3770 4523 175 391 40 313 385 472 573 686 813 954 375 839 40 504 607 729 865 1014 1177 1353 175 391 60 427 535 668 823 1001 1204 1435 375 839 60 687 834 1012 1213 1436 1683 1954 175 391 80 541 684 866 1082 1334 1626 1960 375 839 80 863 1053 1289 1558 1862 2201 2578 175 391 100 647 834 1070 1353 1687 2078 2529 375 839 100 1020 1268 1565 1907 2296 2736 3230 175 391 120 753 989 1279 1636 2061 2561 3140 375 839 120 1183 1480 1841 2261 2742 3291 3912 175 391 140 863 1142 1499 1931 2455 3074 3792 375 839 140 1343 1692 2119 2621 3201 3867 4626 200 447 40 340 416 508 613 731 863 1008 400 894 40 525 632 758. 898 1051 1218 1399 200 447 60 463 577 715 876 1060 1269 1504 400 894 60 715 868 1051 1257 1486 1738 2014 200 447 80 584 735 924 1147 1405 1701 2040 400 894 80 895 1095 1337 1613 1922 2268 2651 200 447 100 698 894 1137 1427 1768 2163 2618 400 894 100 1064 1317 1621 1971 2367 2814 3314 200 447 120 812 1053 1355 1719 2150 2654 3238 400 894 120 1232 1536 1905 2333' 2823 3379 4006 200 447 140 926 1218 1579 2022 2552 3174 3896 400 894 140 1398 1754 2191 2702 3290 3964 4729 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-267 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(t) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 15 feet tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.003 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 100 143 201 273 360 462 582 225 503 40 321 393 481 582 696 822 963 25 56 60 145 220 319 444 596 775 983 225 503 60 438 548 681 837 1015 1218 1447 25 56 80 193 305 454 640 867 1135 1445 225 503 80 555 700 883 1100 1351 1642 1974 25 56 100 245 399 603 858 1168 1536 1961 225 503 100 664 853 1090 1373 1707 2096 2544 25 56 120 300 501 765 1095 1496 1973 2525 225 503 120 773 1012 1303 1659 2083 2580 3156 25 56 140 358 610 938 1350 1850 2445 3134 225 503 140 885 1168 1521 1957 2479 3094 3808 50 112 40 137 184 244 316 405 509 630 250 559 40 342 418 510 615 732 863 1007 50 112 60 193 270 371 497 650 830 1040 250 559 60 467 581 720 880 1063 1270 1504 50 112 80 251 363 512 699 927 1195 1509 250 559 80 590 742 931 1152 1409 1704 2040 50 112 100 310 462 666 922 1234 1602 2032 250 559 100 706 902 1145 1434 1773 2166 2618 50 112 120 372 569 832 1164 1568 2045 2602 250 559 120 822 1063 1365 1727 2156 2658 3237 50 112 140 437 683 loll 1424 1927 2525 3216 250 559 140 937 1230 1590 2032 2559 3177 3895 75 168 40 170 219 283 360 450 557 679 275 615 40 363 442 538 647 768 902 1051 75 168 60 236 317 421 548 703 885 1097 275 615 60 495 -614 757 923 1110 1322 1559 75 168 80 303 418 570 759 987 1258 1574 275 615 80 625 782 977 1204 1466 1766 2106 75 168 100 370 525 730 988 1301 1671 2103 275 615 100 747 949 1199 1494 1839 2236 2692 75 168 120 441 638 902 1235 1641 2119 2679 275 615 120 873 1117 1426 1795 2229 2735 3318 75 168 140 511 756 1085 1499 2004 2601 3299 275 615 140 989 1286 1658 2106 2638 3261 3982 100 224 40 199 252 320 401 495 604 728 300 671 40 383 466 565 678 803 941 1093 100 224 60 275 361 468 600 757 942 1156 300 671 60 523 646 794 964 1157 1373 1614 100 224 80 350 472 627 819 1049 1322 1640 300 671 80 658 821 1022 1255 1522 1827 2171 100 224 100 426 586 794 1054 1367 1741 2175 300 671 100 787 996 1252 1553 1903 2306 2766 100 224 120 504 705 972 1307 1714 2195 2757 300 671 120 9J6 1170 1486 1861 2301 2812 3398 100 224 140 581 829 1160 1576 2083 2682 3382 300 671 140 1041 1345 1724 2179 2716 3344 4068 125 280 40 226 283 355 440 538 650 777 325 727 40 403 489 592 708 837 979 1134 125 280 60 311 401 514 650 811 998 1215 325 727 60 554 677 830 1005 1202 1423 1668 125 280 80 394 522 683 876 1110 1386 1706 325 727 80 691 860 1066 1305 1577 1887 2235 125 280 100 480 644 857 1121 1436 1811 2248 325 727 100 826 1041 1303 1611 1967 2375 2839 125 280 120 563 770 1041 1379 1786 2271 2836 325 727 120 959 1222 1544 1926 2372 2888 3479 125 280 140 646 901 1234 1653 2163 2763 3466 325 727 140 1092 1403 1789 2251 2794 3427 4155 150 335 40 251 313 389 478 579 695 825 350 783 40 423 512 618 738 871 1016 1175 150 335 60 345 440 558 699 864 1055 1273 350 783 60 580 707 865 1045 1246 1472 1722 150 335 80 436 570 734 934 1172 1451 1773 350 783 80 723 898 1109 1353 1631 1946 2299 150 335 100 529 701 919 1184 1504 1882 2322 350 783 100 869 1085 1354 1668 2030 2443 2911 150 335 120 618 834 1110 1451 1860 2348 2915 350 783 120 1003 1272 1602 1991 2443 2964 3559 150 335 140 709 970 1309 1731 2239 2845 3551 350 783 140 1141 1460 1854 2322 2871 3509 4242 175 391 40 275 340 421 514 619 738 872 375 839 40 442 534 644 767 903 1053 1215 175 391 60 377 477 601 746 915 1110 1332 375 839 60 605 737 899 1084 1290 1520 1774 175 391 80 476 614 785 990 1233 1515 1840 375 839 80 755 934 1151 1401 1685 2004 2362 175 391 100 576 755 976 1248 1573 1954 2395 375 839 100 904 1129 1404 1724 2092 2510 2984 175 391 120 672 895 1177 1520 1935 2425 2995 375 839 120 1047 1322 1659 2054 2512 3039 3639 175 391 140 769 1038 1382 1808 2319 2928 3636 375 839 140 1190 1515 1917 2392 2948 3591 4329 200 447 40 298 367 452 549 658 781 918 400 894 40 460 555 669 796 936 1088 1255 200 447 60 408 513 642 792 966 1164 1390 400 894 60 630 767 933 1122 1333 1567 1826 200 447 80 515 658 835 1046 1293 1579 1907 400 894 80 786 971 1193 1448 1737 2062 2425 200 447 100 621 803 1034 1311 1640 2025 2470 400 894 100 939 1171 1453 1779 2153 2577 3055 206 447 120 723 954 1239 1590 2009 2503 3075 400 894 120 1089 1371 1715 2117 2581 3113 3718 200 447 140 826 1104 1454 1881 2399 3011 3722 400 894 140 1237 1570 1979 2462 3024 3673 4415 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-268 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(u) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 20 feet tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.400 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 906 1047 1221 1424 1650 1898 2169 225 503 40 3174 3517 3978 4496 5052 5639 6254 25 56 60 1122 1352 1602 1890 2214 2575 2974 225 503 60 4140 4613 5237 5937 6688 7483 8318 25 56 80 1351 1649 1975 2354 2786 3271 3813 225 503 80 4969 5623 6408 7282 8223 9223 10277 25 56 100 1578 1940 2347 2825 3373 3994 4693 225 503 100 5828 6585 7523 8569 9699 10902 12176 25 56 120 1804 2229 2722 3305 3979 4747 5616 225 503 120 6654 7508 8598 9816 11134 12542 14038 25 56 140 2029 2519 3103 3797 4605 5532 6583 225 503 140 7454 8402 9644 11034 12541 14157 15879 50 112 40 1236 1478 1711 1969 2251 2556 2883 250 559 40 3323 3744 4239 4788 5375 5995 6643 50 112 60 1603 1922 2239 2596 2989 3417 3881 250 559 60 4454 4927 5586 6325 7118 7956 8836 50 112 80 1960 2340 2744 3202 3710 4270 4881 250 559 80 5325 6006 6835 7759 8751 9803 10911 50 112 100 2311 2744 3236 3800 4431 5129 5898 250 559 100 6251 7034 8024 9128 10317 11582 12919 50 112 120 2657 3139 3723 4397 5156 6002 6940 250 559 120 7142 8021 9170 10453 11839 13317 14885 50 112 140 3002 3527 4207 4996 5891 6893 8010 250 559 140 8006 8976 10283 11746 13329 15023 16823 75 168 40 1543 1841 2119 2425 2756 3110 3487 275 615 40 3543 3973 4492 5070 5688 6339 7019 75 168 60 2035 2402 2775 3192 3648 4139 4666 275 615 60 4628 5221 5923 6701 7534 8414 9337 75 168 80 2514 2926 3396 3925 4508 5141 5824 275 615 80 5672 6377 7250 8221 9262 10366 11526 75 168 100 2986 3429 3995 4641 5355 6135 6983 275 615 100 6665 7471 8511 9670 10918 12242 13640 75 168 120 3362 3912 4582 5347 6197 7131 8153 275 615 120 7621 8519 9725 11072 12524 14070 15706 75 168 140 3768 4387 5162 6050 7041 8136 9340 275 615 140 8373 9525 10904 12438 14095 15863 17740 100 224 40 1831 2165 2483 2830 3205 3605 4028 300 671 40 3759 4195 4738 5344 5992 6674 7385 100 224 60 2445 2833 3255 3726 4239 4789 5374 300 671 60 4901 5516 6251 7066 7939 8860 9824 100 224 80 3048 3454 3980 4576 5227 5929 6682 300 671 80 6013 6739 7653 8670 9760 10913 12124 100 224 100 3518 4039 4678 5400 6192 7051 7977 300 671 100 7071 7896 8984 10198 11502 12885 14342 100 224 120 4022 4608 5358 6208 7145 8166 9273 300 671 120 7931 8996 10265 11674 13190 14802 16506 100 224 140 4514 5164 6026 7007 8094 9282 10577 300 671 140 8867 10066 11508 13111 14839 16682 18634 125 280 40 2109 2465 2816 3202 3618 4059 4525 325 727 40 3972 4411 4978 5612 6288 7000 7742 125 280 60 2845 3231 3696 4219 4784 5388 6029 325 727 60 5169 5803 6571 7423 8334 9294 10299 125 280 80 3451 3934 4520 5177 5892 6660 7478 325 727 80 6348 7092 8046 9108 10245 11446 12707 125 280 100 4060 4606 5309 6103 6989 7903 8904 325 727 100 7472 8311 9446 10712 12071 13511 15026 125 280 120 4651 5254 6076 7007 8027 9131 10321 325 727 120 8362 9468 10792 12261 13840 15517 17286 125 280 140 5095 5877 6826 7897 9074 10354 11739 325 727 140 9350 10593 12097 13767 15566 17481 19506 150 335 40 2379 2746 3129 3550 4004 4484 4990 350 783 40 4182 4623 5213 5873 6577 7318 8089 150 335 60 3243 3607 4110 4680 5295 5950 6643 350 783 60 5431 6083 6883 7771 8719 9718 10763 150 335 80 3886 4389 5026 5742 6517 7346 8228 350 783 80 6678 7437 8431 9536 10719 11967 13277 150 335 100 4583 5139 5902 6763 7700 8705 9778 350 783 100 7706 8707 9897 11215 12628 14123 15695 150 335 120 5111 5853 6751 7758 8857 10042 11312 350 783 120 8784 9929 11307 12835 14475 16215 18049 150 335 140 5716 6553 7580 8736 10000 11368 12841 350 783 140 9824 11109 12674 14409 16277 18261 20359 175 391 40 2646 3014 3424 3880 4369 4887 5430 375 839 40 4392 4830 5442 6128 6860 7629 8430 175 391 60 3469 3952 4502 5117 5780 6483 7226 375 839 60 5690 6358 7189 8112 9097 10133 11216 175 391 80 4309 4821 5507 6277 7110 7999 8940 375 839 80 7003 7775 8807 9955 11182 12477 13834 175 391 100 4948 5637 6465 7391 8394 9468 10610 375 839 100 8067 9103 10339 11707 13173 14722 16349 175 391 120 5642 6428 7392 8473 9648 10910 12257 375 839 120 9199 10381 11811 13396 15097 16899 18796 175 391 140 6313 7194 8296 9533 10882 12335 13893 375 839 140 10289 11615 13238 15038 16972 19026 21194 200 447 40 2910 3270 3706 4194 4718 5271 5850 400 894 40 4470 5021 5666 6378 7137 7933 8763 200 447 60 3821 4289 4877 5535 6243 6993 7783 400 894 60 5945 6627 7489 8445 9466 10540 11661 200 447 80 4603 5227 5966 6790 7678 8622 9621 400 894 80 7326 8107 9175 10365 11637 12977 14380 200 447 100 5395 6120 7004 7991 9059 10198 11408 400 894 100 8423 9491 10772 12190 13707 15309 16991 200 447 120 6155 6978 8006 9157 10405 11741 13164 400 894 120 9606 10824 12306 13947 15707 17569 19528 200 447 140 6891 7809 8983 10298 11727 13263 14903 400 894 140 10747 12111 13791 15654 17654 19776 22013 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-269 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B4.1(v) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 20 feet tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 379 456 556 675 812 969 1145 225 503 40 1305 1490 1710 1954 2218 2500 2800 25 56 60 506 629 786 975 1197 1452 1743 225 503 60 1757 2002 2311 2657 3034 3440 3875 25 56 80 635 805 1028 1299 1618 1988 2410 225 503 80 2157 2485 2885 3335 3828 4364 4942 25 56 100 759 994 1285 1646 2074 2571 3139 225 503 100 2551 2951 3444 4001 4616 5287 6017 25 56 120 889 1182 1561 2017 2564 3199 3926 225 503 120 2934 3405 3995 4663 5404 6218 7110 25 56 140 1009 1378 1845 2417 3085 3869 4766 225 503 140 3309 3852 4540 5323 6196 7161 8224 50 112 40 540 635 754 891 1045 1217 1406 250 559 40 1396 1590 1821 2078 2356 2652 2966 50 112 60 723 863 1041 1249 1487 1756 2058 250 559 60 1886 2136 2461 2824 3218 3642 4095 50 112 80 898 1087 1331 1619 1952 2333 2764 250 559 80 2308 2650 3070 3540 4055 4612 5212 50 112 100 1059 1312 1628 2004 2444 2950 3526 250 559 100 2730 3145 3661 4242 4881 5578 6332 50 112 120 1226 1540 1934 2407 2963 3606 4341 250 559 120 3140 3627 4242 4937 5706 6548 7466 50 112 140 1393 1771 2250 2828 3510 4301 5207 250 559 140 3542 4100 4817 5630 6533 7528 8619 75 168 40 684 787 923 1078 1250 1439 1645 275 615 40 1486 1687 1930 2199 2490 2799 3126 75 168 60 906 1063 1263 1493 1751 2040 2359 275 615 60 2013 2267 2606 2985 3397 3839 4310 75 168 80 1111 1331 1600 1911 2266 2666 3114 275 615 80 2454 2810 3249 3740 4275 4853 5474 75 168 100 1319 1597 1939 2339 2800 3324 3914 275 615 100 2905 3334 3872 4477 5140 5860 6639 75 168 120 1525 1862 2283 2780 3355 4014 4762 275 615 120 3342 3843 4483 5205 6000 6869 7814 75 168 140 1729 2128 2634 3234 3933 4739 5656 275 615 140 3729 4341 5086 5929 6861 7886 9005 100 224 40 801 923 1075 1247 1436 1642 1866 300 671 40 1574 1782 2035 2317 2620 2942 3283 100 224 60 1061 1244 1465 1716 1996 2304 2643 300 671 60 2100 2392 2747 3143 3571 4030 4518 100 224 80 1312 1553 1846 2182 2560 2982 3450 300 671 80 2598 2966 3423 3934 4489 5088 5730 100 224 100 1558 1856 2225 2653 3138 3684 4294 300 671 100 3076 3517 4077 4705 5392 6136 6939 100 224 120 1801 2157 2607 3132 3732 4413 5179 300 671 120 3541 4053 4717 5465 6288 7184 8155 100 224 140 2043 2457 2992 3621 4345 5171 6105 300 671 140 3942 4577 5349 6220 7182 8236 9383 125 280 40 915 1049 1216 1404 1609 1832 2072 325 727 40 1661 1874 2138 2431 2747 3082 3435 125 280 60 1211 1412 1652 1923 2224 2553 2911 325 727 60 2213 2516 2885 3297 3741 4217 4722 125 280 80 1501 1759 2075 2435 2837 3282 3772 325 727 80 2739 3119 3593 4123 4699 5318 5981 125 280 100 1784 2098 2493 2947 3459 4029 4662 325 727 100 3244 3697 4277 4928 5638 6406 7232 125 280 120 2064 2432 2911 3465 4093 4798 5587 325 727 120 3690 4257 4946 5720 6568 7491 8488 125 280 140 2304 2763 3330 3989 4742 5592 6548 325 727 140 4150 4806 5605 6505 7496 8578 9755 150 335 40 1007 1167 1348 1551 1772 2011 2266 350 783 40 1746 1964 2239 2543 2871 3218 3584 150 335 60 1355 1570 1828 2119 2440 2789 3167 350 783 60 2324 2637 3020 3447 3908 4400 4922 150 335 80 1681 1953 2291 2675 3101 3569 4080 350 783 80 2877 3268 3760 4308 4904 5543 6226 150 335 100 2002 2326 2747 3227 3765 4361 5017 350 783 100 3411 3872 4473 5146 5879 6670 7520 150 335 120 2278 2691 3199 3782 4438 5171 5984 350 783 120 3871 4458 5170 5969 6843 7792 8815 150 335 140 2570 3053 3651 4342 5124 6002 6982 350 783 140 4354 5031 5856 6784 7803 8914 10119 175 391 40 1114 1280 1474 1691 1927 2181 2451 375 839 40 1831 2052 2337 2653 2992 3352 3730 175 391 60 1492 1720 1996 2306 2646 3014 3412 375 839 60 2432 2755 3152 3594 4071 4578 5117 175 391 80 1856 2138 2497 2904 3352 3843 4377 375 839 80 3014 3413 3923 4490 5105 5763 6466 175 391 100 2178 2542 2988 3495 4059 4680 5361 375 839 100 3530 4043 4665 5360 6115 6929 7802 175 391 120 2504 2939 3475 4086 4771 5531 6369 375 839 120 4050 4654 5390 6213 7113 8087 9136 175 391 140 2824 3330 3959 4680 5493 6399 7406 375 839 140 4554 5251 6102 7057 8105 9244 10477 200 447 40 1211 1387 1594 1825 2075 2343 2629 400 894 40 1916 2139 2433 2761 3111 3483 3873 200 447 60 1626 1864 2156 2485 2843 3231 3647 400 894 60 2539 2871 3282 3738 4230 4754 5308 200 447 80 2028 2315 2695 3123 3594 4108 4664 400 894 80 3149 3557 4082 4668 5301 5980 6702 200 447 100 2367 2750 3220 3753 4342 4988 5694 400 894 100 3683 4212 4854 5569 6347 7183 8079 200 447 120 2722 3176 3739 4379 5092 5880 6744 400 894 120 4225 4847 5605 6453 7378 8377 9452 200 447 140 3070 3596 4254 5007 5850 6785 7819 400 894 140 4751 5467 6343 7325 8401 9568 10829 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-270 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.I(w) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 20 feet tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 232 294 375 473 589 723 876 225 503 40 777 895 1039 1202 1380 1573 1782 25 56 60 322 429 566 731 928 1157 1419 225 503 60 1045 1223 1435 1675 1942 2235 2555 25 56 80 415 572 774 1022 1311 1649 2037 225 503 80 1308 1539 1822 2146 2509 2912 3357 25 56 100 513 726 1002 1338 1733 2193 2720 225 503 100 1561 1850 2208 2621 3088 3612 4195 25 56 120 613 890 1247 1681 2190 2784 3464 225 503 120 1812 2157 2596 3104 3684 4338 5072 25 56 140 717 1065 1508 2047 2685 3418 4264 225 503 140 2040 2464 2987 3597 4296 5092 5989 50 112 40 326 395 484 588 709 847 1003 250 559 40 830 954 1105 1275 1460 1661 1878 50 112 60 445 557 700 870 1071 1303 1567 250 559 60 1120 1302 1523 1773 2049 2352 2682 50 112 80 567 725 929 1177 1471 1812 2203 250 559 80 1397 1637 1931 2266 2640 3055 3511 50 112 100 685 902 1174 1509 1908 2371 2902 250 559 100 1668 1964 2336 2762 3242 3777 4372 50 112 120 805 1082 1436 1865 2378 2976 3660 250 559 120 1919 2288 2741 3264 3857 4523 5269 50 112 140 928 1270 1709 2248 2881 3623 4473 250 559 140 2173 2611 3149 3774 4487 5295 6204 75 168 40 405 483 580 693 821 966 1128 275 615 40 887 1011 1169 1346 1539 1748 1972 75 168 60 556 673 824 1004 1211 1448 1718 275 615 60 1189 1379 1609 1868 2154 2467 2806 75 168 80 695 864 1077 1333 1632 1977 2372 275 615 80 1484 1731 2037 2383 2769 3194 3661 75 168 100 835 1059 1342 1683 2085 2552 3087 275 615 100 1773 2076 2460 2899 3391 3939 4545 75 168 120 975 1259 1618 2054 2570 3171 3860 275 615 120 2034 2416 2883 3419 4026 4706 5463 75 168 140 1118 1469 1907 2445 3085 3831 4685 275 615 140 2303 2753 3307 3947 4675 5496 6416 100 224 40 477 562 668 790 927 1079 1249 300 671 40 932 1066 1231 1415 1615 1831 2063 100 224 60 650 778 940 1129 1346 1591 1866 300 671 60 1257 1453 1692 1961 2256 2578 2927 100 224 80 812 992 1217 1482 1790 2142 2542 300 671 80 1570 1824 2140 2497 2894 3331 3808 100 224 100 971 1208 1502 1852 2262 2735 3275 300 671 100 1859 2185 2581 3033 3538 4098 4716 100 224 120 1133 1427 1797 2240 2763 3369 4062 300 671 120 2147 2540 3021 3572 4192 4885 5654 100 224 140 1294 1650 2102 2647 3292 4041 4901 300 671 140 2430 2892 3461 4117 4859 5694 6626 125 280 40 543 636 750 880 1026 1187 1364 325 727 40 977 1120 1292 1483 1690 1913 2152 125 280 60 737 876 1049 1248 1474 1728 2012 325 727 60 1324 1526 1774 2052 2357 2688 3046 125 280 80 922 1112 1349 1625 1943 2304 2711 325 727 80 1654 1914 2240 2609 3017 3465 3953 125 280 100 1101 1348 1655 2017 2436 2916 3462 325 727 100 1956 2291 2700 3164 3682 4254 4884 125 280 120 1280 1586 1968 2423 2954 3567 4265 325 727 120 2258 2662 3156 3721 4355 5061 5843 125 280 140 1459 1827 2291 2846 3498 4254 5118 325 727 140 2554 3029 3612 4283 5040 5889 6834 150 335 40 611 705 827 966 1120 1289 1474 350 783 40 1023 1173 1351 1549 1763 1994 2240 150 335 60 820 968 1151 1361 1598 1861 2154 350 783 60 1389 1598 1854 2140 2454 2795 3163 150 335 80 1020 1226 1474 1763 2091 2462 2877 350 783 80 1737 2002 2339 2718 3138 3596 4095 150 335 100 1223 1481 1801 2175 2605 3095 3649 350 783 100 2050 2395 2815 3292 3823 4407 5049 150 335 120 1420 1738 2133 2601 3142 3763 4469 350 783 120 2366 2780 3288 3867 4515 5235 6029 150 335 140 1616 1995 2473 3040 3702 4466 5337 350 783 140 2676 3162 3760 4446 5218 6081 7039 175 391 40 668 771 901 1048 1210 1387 1580 375 839 40 1073 1225 1409 1613 1835 2072 2325 175 391 60 903 1057 1250 1470 1716 1989 2291 375 839 60 1453 1668 1932 2227 2550 2900 3277 175 391 80 1122 1334 1595 1895 2235 2616 3041 375 839 80 1803 2088 2435 2826 3256 3725 4235 175 391 100 1339 1609 1942 2328 2770 3271 3834 375 839 100 2142 2497 2929 3419 3961 4558 5212 175 391 120 1554 1883 2293 2773 3326 3958 4672 375 839 120 2472 2897 3418 4011 4673 5406 6213 175 391 140 1768 2157 2650 3230 3904 4677 5555 375 839 140 2795 3292 3906 4607 5394 6270 7242 200 447 40 724 834 971 1126 1296 1482 1682 400 894 40 1119 1276 1466 1677 1905 2149 2409 200 447 60 973 1141 1344 1574 1831 2114 2425 400 894 60 1517 1736 2008 2313 2645 3003 3389 200 447 80 1216 1439 1711 2022 2374 2766 3201 400 894 80 1880 2173 2530 2931 3372 3852 4373 200 447 100 1452 1731 2077 2477 2931 3443 4016 400 894 100 2233 2597 3041 3542 4097 4707 5372 200 447 120 1685 2022 2447 2941 3507 4149 4873 400 894 120 2576 3011 3546 4152 4828 5574 6394 200 447 140 1902 2313 2821 3416 4102 4886 5773 400 894 140 2913 3421 4048 4764 5566 6457 7442 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-271 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(x) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:20 feet tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 168 266 300 390 497 622 764 225 503 40 535 625 736 862 1002 1157 1326 25 56 60 242 343 473 631 816 1033 1280 225 503 60 732 869 1037 1231 1450 1696 1970 25 56 80 322 474 668 904 1184 1505 1875 225 503 80 921 1108 1340 1609 1918 2268 2663 25 56 100 407 617 884 1207 1589 2030 2537 225 503 100 1103 1347 1647 2001 2409 2877 3407 25 56 120 497 772 1118 1537 2032 2603 3260 225 503 120 1286 1587 1963 2407 2925 3522 4203 25 56 140 592 938 1370 1891 2508 3220 4040 225 503 140 1468 1831 2286 2830 3467 4204 5048 50 112 40 230 290 366 458 567 693 836 250 559 40 575 665 781 911 1056 1216 1390 50 112 60 323 425 553 ' 711 898 1116 1365 250 559 60 780 922 1097 1297 1522 1773 2052 50 112 80 418 568 760 996 1273 1598 1970 250 559 80 978 1174 1413 1689 2004 2361 2760 50 112 100 517 721 985 1308 1688 2132 2642 250 559 100 1174 1424 1733 2093 2509 2982 3517 50 112 120 618 884 1227 1645 2138 2714 3374 250 559 120 1367 1676 2059 2511 3036 3638 4323 50 112 140 723 1057 1485 2006 2625 3339 4162 250 559 140 1559 1929 2393 2944 3587 4330 5177 75 168 40 284 348 429 525 636 764 910 275 615 40 609 704 824 959 1109 1273 1452 75 168 60 394 499 632 792 981 1201 1452 275 615 60 827 974 1155 1361 1592 1849 2133 75 168 80 506 656 850 1087 1367 1693 2067 275 615 80 1036 1238 1484 1767 2089 2451 2857 75 168 100 617 823 1087 1407 1790 2237 2749 275 615 100 1243 1500 1816 2184 2606 3086 3626 75 168 120 730 996 1337 1755 2249 2827 3489 275 615 120 1446 1762 2154 2614 3145 3753 4443 75 168 140 846 1177 1603 2.124 2739 3459 4285 275 615 140 1649 2026 2498 3057 3707 4454 5306 100 224 40 332 401 487 587 703 835 983 300 671 40 643 742 866 1006 1161 1330 1513 100 224 60 458 569 707 872 1064 1286 1540 300 671 60 877 1025 1211 1423 1660 1923 2213 100 224 805 585 741 939 1179 1462 1790 2166 300 671 80 1094 1301 1553 1844 2172 2541 2952 100 224 100 709 918 1185 1510 1894 2343 2857 300 671 100 1310 1574 1898 2273 2703 3188 3735 100 224 120 834 1105 1448 1864 .2361 2941 3606 300 671 120 1524 1846 2246 2714 3253 3867 4562 100 224 140 962 1296 1722 2240 2859 3581 4410 300 671 140 1737 2120 2601 3168 3825 4579 5435 125 280 40 377 450 541 647 767 903 1055 325 727 40 675 779 907 1052 1211 1385 1573 125 280 60 522 634 778 948 1145 1371 1627 325 727 60 919 1075 1266 1484 1727 1996 2291 125 280 80 658 820 1025 1269 1556 1887 2266 325 727 80 1150 1362 1621 1919 2254 2629 3046 125 280 100 795 1011 1283 1611 1999 2450 2966 325 727 100 1376 1646 1977 2361 2797 3290 3842 125 280 120 933 1206 1553 1975 2474 3056 3724 325 727 120 1601 1928 2337 2813 3359 3980 4681 125 280 140 1072 1412 1837 2359 2980 3704 4536 325 727 140 1814 2212 2702 3277 3942 4702 5564 150 335 40 419 497 593 704 829 969 1126 350 783 40 707 815 947 1097 1260 1439 1632 150 335 60 578 697 847 1022 1225 1455 1715 350 783 60 960 1123 1320 1544 1793 2068 2368 150 . 335 80 728 896 1107 1357 1649 1984 2365 350 783 80 1204 1422 1688 1993 2335 2716 3139 150 335 100 880 1099 1378 1711 2103 2557 3076 350 783 100 1441 1716 2056 2447 2891 3390 3948 150 335 120 1025 1307 1659 2085 2588 3173 3843 350 783 120 1676 2009 2426 2911 3465 4092 4799 150 335 140 1176 1519 1952 2478 3102 3829 4663 350 783 140 1896 2302 2801 3385 4058 4824 5692 175 391 40 459 541 643 759 889 1034 1194 375 839 40 738 850 987 1140 1309 1492 1689 175 391 60 631 756 912 1094 1302 1537 1801 375 839 60 1002 1171 1374 1603 1858 2138 2444 175 391 80 794 969 1187 1444 1740 2080 2465 375 839 80 1257 1481 1754 2065 2414 2802 3230 175 391 100 955 1185 1470 1810 2206 2664 3186 375 839 100 1505 1786 2133 2532 2983 3489 4054 175 391 120 1116 1403 1763 2194 2701 3289 3962 375 839 120 1750 2088 2514 3007 3568 4203 4917 175 391 140 1277 1626 2066 2597 3224 3954 4790 375 839 140 1977 2390 2899 3492 4172 4946 5820 200 447 40 498 584 690 811 946 1096 1261 400 894 40 769 884 1025 1183 1356 1544 1746 200 447 60 683 813 976 1164 1377 1617 1886 400 894 60 1045 1217 1426 1661 1921 2207 2519 200 447 80 863 1040 1265 1527 1830 2175 2564 400 894 80 1310 1538 1818 2136 2492 2886 3321 200 447 100 1030 1267 1560 1906 2309 2771 3297 400 894 100 1568 1854 2208 2615 3074 3587 4158 200 447 120 1202 1497 1864 2302 2814 3406 4083 400 894 120 1811 2166 2600 3101 3671 4313 5033 200 447 140 1374 1730 2177 2714 3346 4079 4919 400 894 140 2056 2478 2995 3597 4286 5067 5947 NOTE:Detector time cpnstant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-272 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(y) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 20 feet tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 151 208 280 369 474 595 735 225 503 40 470 553 654 771 901 1046 1206 25 56 60 222 321 449 605 787 1000 1244 225 503 60 647 773 930 1112 1319 1554 1816 25 56 80 298 449 641 874 1149 1466 1831 225 503 80 815 991 1210 1466 1762 2100 2483 25 56 100 380 590 854 1173 1551 1986 2487 225 503 100 980 1211 1497 1836 2232 2687 3206 25 56 120 467 743 1085 1499 1989 2554 3205 225 503 120 1146 1434 1794 2224 2729 3313 3982 25 56 140 560 906 1334 1850 2461 3167 3979 225 503 140 1311 1661 2100 2629 3253 .3979 4810 50 112 40 205 262 336 425 531 654 794 250 559 40 501 587 693 814 948 1097 1260 50 112 60 290 390 517 671 855 1069 1314 250 559 60 688 819 982 1169 1381 1620 1886 50 112 80 379 527 717 949 1223 1543 1910 250 559 80 871 1049 1273 1535 1836 2178 2565 50 112 100 472 675 936 1255 1632 2071 2574 250 559 100 1042 1278 1571 1916 2316 2775 3297 50 112 120 569 834 1174 1588 2079 2646 3299 250 559 120 1216 1510 1877 2312 2822 3410 4082 50 112 140 669 1003 1428 1945 2558 3265 4080 250 559 140 1390 1746 2192 2726 3354 .4083 4917 75 168 40 251 312 389 481 588 713 854 275 615 40 531 621 731 855 994 1146 1314 75 168 60 352 453 582 738 923 1138 1385 275 615 60 729 865 1032 1224 1441 1684 1955 75 168 80 455 603 793 1024 1300 1622 1990 275 615 80 918 1105 1335 1602 1908 2255 2646 75 168 100 558 760 1021 1340 1716 2157 2662 275 615 100 1102 1344 1643 1994 2399 2863 3389 75 168 120 664 927 1265 1679 2167. 2739 3394 275 615 120 1285 1585 1958 2400 2914 3506 4182 75 168 140 774 1103 1525 2042 2652 3365 4182 275 615 140 1467 1829 2282 2822 3455 4187 5024 100 224 40 293 358 439 534 645 771 915 300 671 40 565 654 767 896 1038 1195 1366 100 224 60 408 513 645 804 992 1209 1457 300 671 60 769 909 1081 1278 1500 1748 2023 100 224 80 524 674 866 1101 1378 1701 2071 300 671 80 966 1159 1395 1668 1980 2332 2727 100 224 100 638 844 1105 1422 1802 2244 2751 300 671 100 1160 1408 1713 2070 2481 2949 3479 100 224 120 754 1019 1357 1768 2260 2833 3491 300 671 120 1352 1658 2038 2486 3006 3602 4281 100 224 140 876 1202 1623 2140 2750 3465 4285 300 671 140 1543 1911 2370 2916 3554 4291 5131 125 280 40 332 400 486 585 699 829 975 325 727 40 594 686 803 936 1082 1243 1418 125 280 60 460 569 706 869 1060 1279 1529 325 727 60 808 952 1129 1331 1558 1811 2091 125 280 80 587 742 939 1176 1456 1781 2153 325 727 80 1014 1212 1454 1733 2050 2407 2807 125 280 100 713 921 1185 1507 1888 2332 2841 325 727 100 1217 1471 1782 2146 2562 3036 3570 125 280 120 839 1108 1448 1860 2353 2928 3587 325 727 120 1418 1730 2116 2571 3096 3698 4381 125 280 140 968 1300 1722 2235 2850 3566 4389 325 727 140 1617 1990 2457 3010 3653 4394 5239 150 335 40 369 441 530 634 752 885 1035 350 783 40 621 717 838 975 1125 1289 1469 150 335 60 509 623 765 933 1127 1349 1602 350 783 60 846 994 1176 1383 1615 1873 2157 150 335 80 648 808 1010 1251 1534 1861 2235 350 783 80 1062 1265 1512 1797 2119 2482 2886 150 335 100 784 997 1266 1591 1974 2420 2931 350 783 100 1274 1532 1850 2220 2642 3121 3660 150 335 120 921 1192 1535 1952 2447 3024 3685 350 783 120 1482 1800 2194 2655 3186 3793 4480 150 335 140 1059 1395 1817 2334 2950 3668 4493 350 783 140 1691 2069 2543 3103 3752 4497 5346 175 391 40 404 480 573 681 803 940 1093 375 839 40 648 748 873 1013 1167 1335 1518 175 391 60 559 675 822 994 1192 1418 1674 375 839 60 886 1036 1222 1434 1671 1933 2222 175 391 80 705 871 1078 1324 1611 1941 2318 375 839 80 1108 1316 1569 1860 2188 2555 2964 175 391 100 852 1071 1345 1674 2061 2509 3022 375 839 100 1329 1593 1917 2293 2721 3205 3749 175 391 120 998 1275 1623 2044 2541 3120 3784 375 839 120 1546 1869 2270 2737 3275 3887 4579 175 391 140 1145 1484 1913 2433 3051 3771 4598 375 839 140 1763 2146 2628 3194 3849 4600 5453 200 447 40 437 517 615 727 853 994 1150 400 894 40 675 778 906 1050 1208 1381 1567 200 447 60 604 725 877 1054 1257 1486 1746 400 894 60 921 1077 1268 1485 1726 1993 2287 200 447 80 761 932 1145 1396 1687 2021 2401 400 894 80 1154 1366 1625 1921 2255 2628 3042 200 447 100 918 1142 1422 1756 2146 2598 3114 400 894 100 1383 1652 1983 2365 2799 3289 3838 200 447 120 1073 1355 1709 2134 2635 3217 3883 400 894 120 1609 1937 2344 2819 3363 3980 4677 200 447 140 1229 1573 2007 2531 3152 3875 4704 400 894 140 1824 2222 2711 3284 3946 4702 5559 NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 A/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-273 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(z) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:25 ft. t : 50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a a:0.400 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 1187 1381 1575 1797 2046 2319 2617 225 503 40 4308 4621 5097 5646 6240 6868 7527 25 56 60 1529 1795 2072 2393 2756 3158 3601 225 503 60 5557 6060 6716 7463 8270 9127 10027 25 56 80 1864 2194 2560 2990 3477 4023 4630 225 503 80 6816 7399 8224 9163 10179 11261 12402 25 56 100 2194 2586 3050 3596 4220 4924 5711 225 503 100 7852 8660 9660 10790 12016 13323 14706 25 56 120 2520 2977 3545 4217 4989 5865 6847 225 503 120 8944 9877 11047 12368 13804 15339 16968 25 56 140 2846 3368 4048 4855 5786 6846 8038 225 503 140 9998 11057 12397 13911 15559 17325 19205 50 112 40 1687 1953 2201 2479 2786 3117 3472 250 559 40 4498 4918 5430 6011 6638 7301 7995 50 112 60 2226 2545 2885 3276 3708 4179 4688 250 559 60 5955 6469 7161 7949 8801 9703 10650 50 112 80 2752 3103 3541 4048 4613 5233 5908 250 559 80 7316 7902 8770 9760 10830 11968 13165 50 112 100 3272 3642 4183 4813 5518 6298 7152 250 559 100 8404 9247 10301 11491 12779 14151 15601 50 112 120 3655 4164 4818 5578 6432 7382 8429 250 559 120 9576 10547 11778 13168 14675 16283 17988 50 112 140 4098 4682 5452 6348 7360 8490 9742 250 559 140 10706 11807 13215 14805 16532 18380 20343 75 168 40 2138 2432 2722 3049 3407 3791 4199 275 615 40 4783 5216 5754 6365 7025 7721 8449 75 168 60 2869 3178 3570 4023 4520 5056 5631 275 615 60 6345 6866 7593 8421 9315 10261 11254 75 168 80 3467 3868 4373 4954 5595 6291 7041 275 615 80 7635 8379 9300 10339 11462 12653 13906 75 168 100 4071 4532 5151 5866 6656 7519 8455 275 615 100 8942 9818 10923 12171 13521 14956 16470 75 168 120 4657 5177 5915 6767 7713 8752 9884 275 615 120 10192 11198 12487 13943 15520 17200 18978 75 168 140 5114 5806 6670 7665 8774 9997 11336 275 615 140 11397 12534 14008 15672 17477 19404 21449 100 224 40 2567 2861 3187 3557 3961 4392 4849 300 671 40 5061 5505 6069 6709 7400 8128 8890 100 224 60 3380 3738 4183 4692 5249 5846 6483 300 671 60 6728 7252 8012 8880 9815 10804 11841 100 224 80 4147 4555 5120 5770 6482 7250 8073 300 671 80 8080 8852 9815 10903 12076 13320 14627 100 224 100 4770 5330 6024 6817 7688 8633 9650 300 671 100 9468 10373 11528 12833 14242 15738 17316 100 224 120 5433 6084 6906 7845 8882 10010 11230 300 671 120 10794 11831 13178 14698 16343 18093 19942 100 224 140 6076 6820 7773 8864 10071 11390 12823 300 671 140 12074 13242 14780 16516 18397 20402 22526 125 280 40 2988 3258 3614 4024 4470 4945 5447 325 727 40 5335 5787 6375 7044 7765 8525 9319 125 280 60 3894 4257 4747 5309 5921 6576 7270 325 727 60 7107 7628 8421 9327 10302 11333 12413 125 280 80 4675 5183 5810 6523 7302 8139 9031 325 727 80 8516 9312 10317 11452 12675 13970 15330 125 280 100 5471 6070 6830 7697 8646 9670 10765 325 727 100 9982 10914 12119 13478 14945 16502 18140 125 280 120 6236 6926 7823 8846 9969 11185 12491 325 727 120 11385 12449 13852 15435 17145 18963 20882 125 280 140 6978 7760 8796 9979 11280 12694 14220 325 727 140 12737 13933 15534 17340 19294 21376 23577 150 335 40 3296 3620 4012 4460 4946 5462 6006 350 783 40 5604 6063 6675 7372 8122 8913 9738 150 335 60 4390 4745 5276 5887 6551 7260 8010 350 783 60 7308 7985 8820 9763 10778 11850 12972 _ 150 335 80 5239 5777 6457 7231 8073 8975 9933 350 783 80 8943 9763 10809 11989 13260 14605 16016 150 335 100 6139 6765 7588 8525 9548 10646 11818 350 783 100 10488 11443 12696 14109 15633 17248 18946 150 335 120 7003 7718 8686 9788 10994 12293 13685 350 783 120 11965 13053 14510 16155 17930 19815 21801 150 335 140 7841 8645 9759 11029 12422 13928 15546 350 783 140 13391 14609 16271 18146 20171 22327 24605 175 391 40 3641 3968 4390 4873 5397 5952 6536 375 839 40 5869 6333 6968 7692 8471 9292 10148 175 391 60 4728 5197 5776 6435 7149 7909 8711 375 839 60 7647 8344 9211 10190 11244 12356 13518 175 391 80 5781 6340 7071 7902 8805 9769 10791 375 839 80 9363 10204 11289 12514 13833 15227 16688 175 391 100 6781 7426 8308 9312 10405 11575 12820 375 839 100 10985 11961 13260 14726 16305 17978 19735 175 391 120 7744 8471 9506 10684 11969 13350 14823 375 839 120 12537 13645 15155 16859 18698 20648 22702 175 391 140 8515 9479 10675 12030 13510 15106 16813 375 839 140 14034 15271 16992 18934 21031 23260 25611 200 447 40 3977 4301 4750 5267 5827 6420 7042 400 894 40 6130 6597 7255 8005 8813 9663 10549 200 447 60 5149 5637 6256 6959 7721 8530 9382 400 894 60 7979 8695 9594 10609 11700 12851 14054 200 447 80 6305 6880 7659 8545 9506 10529 11612 400 894 80 9776 10636 11760 13029 14394 15836 17346 200 447 100 7405 8059 8997 10065 11225 12465 13780 400 894 100 11475 12470 13814 15331 16965 18694 20509 200 447 120 8293 9185 10291 11542 12903 14363 15915 400 894 120 13101 14225 15787 17551 19451 21465 23584 200 447 140 9269 10283 11552 12988 14553 16235 18031 400 894 140 14670 15921 17700 19707 21873 24174 26598 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-274 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(aa) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:25 feet t : 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec g a:0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 520 609 724 861 1018 1195 1394 225 503 40 1791 1963 2197 2462 2749 3057 3383 25 56 60 701 843 1029 1250 1507 1801 2131 225 503 60 2378 2639 2974 3353 3767 4213 4690 25 56 80 881 1084 1352 1672 2045 2472 2954 225 503 80 2946 3279 3718 4215 4761 5353 5991 25 56 100 1045 1335 1695 2126 2629 3205 3855 225 503 100 3494 3898 4444 5064 5748 6495 7304 25 56 120 1231 1596 2058 2611 3256 3994 4828 225 503 120 3975 4501 5159 5908 6738 7648 8640 25 56 140 1414 1875 2449 3126 3924 4836 5867 225 503 140 4477 5096 5870 6752 7734 8817 10004 50 112 40 742 843 976 1130 1303 1495 1707 250 559 40 1922 2095 2340 2618 2919 3241 3583 50 112 60 981 1148 1352 1590 1861 2166 2507 250 559 60 2544 2815 3166 3562 3995 4459 4956 50 112 80 1223 1450 1734 2068 2452 2887 3376 250 559 80 3154 3495 3954 4473 5041 5655 6316 50 112 100 1460 1755 2127 2568 3078 3659 4316 250 559 100 3697 4151 4721 5366 6076 6848 7683 50 112 120 1696 2065 2534 3092 3740 4483 5322 250 559 120 4246 4792 5476 6252 7111 8049 9069 50 112 140 1933 2380 2955 3640 4439 5355 6392 250 559 140 4781 5421 6223 7136 8150 9263 10479 75 168 40 925 1042 1192 1364 1555 1765 1993 275 615 40 2018 2221 2478 2770 3085 3421 3776 75 168 60 1228 1410 1635 1895 2186 2510 2867 275 615 60 2706 2985 3351 3765 4216 4699 5214 75 168 80 1526 1770 2076 2433 2837 3290 3794 275 615 80 3359 3705 4183 4722 5312 5949 6632 75 168 100 1820 2127 2522 2985 3513 4110 4779 275 615 100 3927 4398 4990 5660 6395 7193 8053 75 168 120 2092 2484 2976 3554 4219 4974 5824 275 615 120 4510 5074 5783 6587 7474 8440 9488 75 168 140 2371 2845 3440 4143 4955 5881 6927 275 615 140 5077 5737 6567 7511 8555 9698 10944 100 224 40 1084 1220 1386 1576 1785 2012 2258 300 671 40 2134 2344 2613 2917 3245 3595 3965 100 224 60 1451 1647 1893 2174 2487 2831 3208 300 671 60 2865 3151 3532 3963 4431 4932 5466 100 224 80 1806 2060 2390 2771 3198 3673 4197 300 671 80 3514 3909 4405 4966 5577 6236 6941 100 224 100 2129 2466 2887 3375 3928 4546 5234 300 671 100 4152 4638 5252 5946 6706 7529 8414 100 224 120 2456 2869 3388 3993 4681 5456 6322 300 671 120 4767 5348 6083 6914 7828 8823 9898 100 224 140 2778 3273 3896 4624 5458 6403 7463 300 671 140 5366 6044 6903 7876 8951 10124 11399 125 280 40 1237 1385 1566 1772 1998 2243 2506 325 727 40 2248 2465 2745 3061 3402 3765 4148 125 280 60 1661 1867 2132 2434 2768 3134 3531 325 727 60 3022 3312 3709 4156 4641 5160 5711 125 280 80 2047 2329 2683 3088 3539 4037 4583 325 727 80 3700 4108 4623 5204 5836 6516 7242 125 280 100 2426 2781 3229 3744 4322 4965 5675 325 727 100 4371 4873 5508 6226 7010 7857 8767 125 280 120 2796 3228 3776 4409 5123 5923 6811 325 727 120 5019 5617 6375 7233 8175 9197 10299 125 280 140 3160 3673 4326 5084 5945 6913 7993 325 727 140 5650 6345 7230 8233 9338 10541 11846 150 335 40 1382 1540 1735 1957 2199 2460 2740 350 783 40 2359 2583 2873 3201 3555 3932 4328 150 335 60 1863 2074 2357 2679 3034 3421 3838 350 783 60 3176 3470 3881 4344 4846 5383 5952 150 335 80 2285 2583 2959 3388 3864 4385 4954 350 783 80 3882 4303 4836 5436 6089 6790 7538 150 335 100 2707 3079 3552 4094 4699 5368 6101 350 783 100 4586 5102 5759 6499 7308 8179 9114 150 335 120 3119 3568 4143 4805 5549 6374 7287 350 783 120 5266 5879 6662 7546 8514 9563 10693 150 335 140 3524 4052 4735 5524 6414 7409 8513 350 783 140 5928 6639 7551 8583 9717 10951 12285 175 391 40 1522 1687 1896 2132 2390 2667 2963 375 839 40 2469 2698 2999 3339 3705 4094 4504 175 391 60 2031 2270 2571 2913 3288 3695 4133 375 839 60 3288 3624 4050 4529 5048 5601 6187 175 391 80 2513 2825 3222 3674 4174 4719 5311 375 839 80 4061 4494 5044 5664 6337 7059 7827 175 391 100 2978 3363 3861 4430 5062 5756 6514 375 839 100 4798 5327 6004 6767 7599 8495 9453 175 391 120 3431 3891 4495 5186 5958 6812 7750 375 839 120 5509 6136 6942 7852 8847 9923 11080 175 391 140 3839 4413 5128 5948 6868 7891 9021 375 839 140 6201 6927 7865 8925 10089 11352 12716 200 447 40 1658 1828 2049 2300 2573 2866 3177 400 894 40 2577 2811 3123 3474 3852 4254 4676 200 447 60 2207 2458 2776 3137 3532 3959 4416 400 894 60 3429 3776 4215 4710 5245 5815 6418 200 447 80 2733 3056 3475 3950 4473 5041 5656 400 894 80 4236 4681 5248 5887 6580 7322 8111 200 447 100 3239 3635 4158 4752 5411 6131 6915 400 894 100 5006 5548 6245 7030 7885 8805 9787 200 447 120 3695 4202 4833 5553 6354 7236 8201 400 894 120 5748 6388 7218 8153 9174 10277 11460 200 447 140 4164 4761 5505 6356 7308 8360 9518 400 894 140 6471 7209 8174 9262 10455 11747 13140 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0,305 m 1000 BTU/sec= 1055 kW 2-275 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(bb) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 25 feet tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 321 396 493 609 744 899 1074 225 503 40 1054 1181 1339 1519 1715 1929 2159 25 56 60 451 580 746 946 1178 1444 1744 225 503 60 1430 1617 1853 2122 2420 2748 3104 25 56 80 582 781 1030 1324 1669 2063 2508 225 503 80 1794 2039 2359 2725 3134 3588 4087 25 56 100 719 994 1337 1740 2210 2747 3354 225 503 100 2124 2453 2863 3335 3866 4459 5116 25 56 120 866 1223 1667 2194 2797 3491 4275 225 503 120 2460 2866 3371 3956 4619 5364 6195 25 56 140 1013 1467 2021 2675 3426 4289 5265 225 503 140 2791 3278 3885 4591 5396 6305 7324 50 112 40 447 527 630 751 890 1048 1225 250 559 40 1126 1258 1423 1610 1815 2037 2275 50 112 60 616 747 916 1118 1351 1619 1921 250 559 60 1529 1720 1966 2245 2553 2890 3257 50 112 80 781 976 1223 1518 1863 2258 2706 250 559 80 1900 2166 2497 2875 3297 3761 4271 50 112 100 948 1214 1550 1952 2422 2961 3571 250 559 100 2265 2603 3026 3511 4055 4659 5328 50 112 120 1119 1468 1898 2418 3025 3721 4509 250 559 120 2621 3037 3557 4155 4832 5589 6430 50 112 140 1294 1729 2271 2914 3670 4535 5514 250 559 140 2972 3469 4092 4812 5631 6552 7581 75 168 40 560 642 753 882 1028 1192 1374 275 615 40 1196 1333 1505 1699 1912 2142 2388 75 168 60 757 897 1075 1283 1522 1794 2100 275 615 60 1625 1821 2075 2364 2683 3030 3406 75 168 80 954 1156 1410 1710 2059 2457 2907 275 615 80 2016 2290 2632 3022 3455 3931 4452 75 168 100 1151 1422 1761 2166 2638 3178 3791 275 615 100 2401 2749 3184 3682 4239 4856 5536 75 168 120 1350 1695 2130 2650 3258 3956 4746 275 615 120 2778 3204 3737 4350 5040 5810 6663 75 168 140 1550 1978 2517 3163 3918 4785 5767 275 615 140 3149 3656 4293 5028 5861 6795 7835 100 224 40 654 746 865 1003 1157 1329 1518 300 671 40 1264 1405 1584 1786 2007 2244 2498 100 224 60 890 1035 1222 1439 1687 1966 2278 300 671 60 1720 1919 2182 2481 2809 3166 3552 100 224 80 1113 1323 1587 1896 2251 2655 3110 300 671 80 2129 2411 2764 3165 3610 4097 4629 100 224 100 1338 1616 1964 2376 2853 3398 4014 300 671 100 2535 2891 3339 3850 4420 5049 5741 100 224 120 1563 1914 2356 2881 3492 4193 4987 300 671 120 2932 3366 3913 4541 5245 6027 6893 100 224 140 1789 2218 2762 3411 4169 5038 6024 300 671 140 3323 3837 4490 5241 6088 7035 8087 125 280 40 742 842 969 1116 1279 1459 1656 325 727 40 1331 1476 1662 1871 2099 2344 2606 125 280 60 1002 1163 1360 1588 1845 2133 2452 325 727 60 1797 2014 2286 2594 2932 3299 3695 125 280 80 1260 1480 1755 2074 2439 2851 3312 325 727 80 2239 2528 2892 3305 3761 4260 4803 125 280 100 1513 1799 2158 2580 3065 3617 4238 325 727 100 2666 3030 3490 4014 4597 5239 5943 125 280 120 1765 2120 2573 3107 3725 4431 5230 325 727 120 3083 3525 4086 4727 5446 6242 7120 125 280 140 2004 2447 3001 3657 4420 5294 6283 325 727 140 3493 4015 4682 5449 6310 7271 8336 150 335 40 825 932 1068 1223 1395 1584 1789 350 783 40 1397 1546 1738 1954 2189 2442 2711 150 335 60 1118 1284 1491 1729 1997 2294 2622 350 783 60 1884 2107 2388 2706 3053 3430 3835 150 335 80 1401 1629 1914 2245 2621 3042 3511 350 783 80 2347 2644 3018 3442 3910 4420 4975 150 335 100 1680 1972 2344 2777 3273 3833 4462 350 783 100 2794 3166 3638 4175 4771 5426 . 6142 150 335 120 1944 2318 2783 3328 3955 4669 5473 350 783 120 3231 3680 4255 4911 5643 6453 7343 150 335 140 2213 2667 3232 3898 4669 5549 6544 350 783 140 3638 4189 4871 5653 6530 7505 8583 175 391 40 908 1019 1162 1325 1506 1703 1917 375 839 40 1461 1614 1812 2035 2277 2537 2814 175 391 60 1226 1399 1616 1865 2143 2450 2787 375 839 60 1970 2199 2488 2815 3172 3558 3973 175 391 80 1536 1771 2068 2411 2797 3228 3707 375 839 80 2453 2757 3141 3576 4055 4577 5143 175 391 100 1842 2139 2523 2969 3475 4045 4683 375 839 100 2920 3299 3783 4333 4942 5609 6337 175 391 120 2122 2507 2985 3543 4181 4904 5715 375 839 120 3377 3833 4421 5091 5837 6660 7564 175 391 140 2412 2877 3456 4135 4915 5803 6805 375 839 140 3797 4360 5057 5854 6746 7735 8827 200 447 40 979 1101 1252 1424 1613 1818 2040 400 894 40 1525 1680 1885 2115 2364 2631 2915 200 447 60 1330 1510 1737 1996 2284 2601 2948 400 894 60 2053 2288 2586 2922 3288 3684 4108 200 447 80 1667 1907 2216 2570 2968 3410 3899 400 894 80 2558 2868 3262 3708 4199 4732 5308 200 447 100 1979 2299 2696 3154 3673 4254 4901 400 894 100 3045 3430 3926 4488 5110 5790 6531 200 447 120 2294 2689 3181 3752 4402 5135 5956 400 894 120 3497 3982 4584 5268 6028 6865 7782 200 447 140 2605 3081 3674 4365 5158 6056 7065 400 894 140 3953 4528 5239 6051 6958 7962 9067 NOTE:Detector time con'stant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-276 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(cc) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:25 feet tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 234 307 397 505 632 776 939 225 503 40 729 827 951 1093 1250 1423 1612 25 56 60 341 470 631 820 1041 1293 1578 225 503 60 996 1152 1344 1566 1815 2093 2402 25 56 80 456 652 895 1181 1510 1887 2314 225 503 80 1257 1473 1741 2053 2407 2807 3254 25 56 100 578 853 1186 1579 2030 2548 3134 225 503 100 1513 1795 2147 2559 3031 3568 4172 25 56 120 708 1069 1503 2013 2599 3270 4030 225 503 120 1769 2120 2564 3086 3689 4377 5154 25 56 140 847 1301 1843 2479 3210 4048 4996 225 503 140 2012 2450 2993 3634 4379 5232 6198 50 112 40 317 389 481 589 716 861 1026 250 559 ' 40 778 879 1008 1155 1317 1495 1689 50 112 60 450 573 730 919 1140 1393 1680 250 559 60 1063 1222 1420 1648 1903 2187 2501 50 112 80 583 772 1009 1291 1621 2000 2428 250 559 80 1338 1559 1835 2153 2514 2919 3371 50 112 100 722 984 1312 1699 2153 2672 3259 250 559 100 1610 1896 2256 2674 3153 3695 4303 50 112 120 869 1211 1638 2146 2731 3404 4166 250 559 120 1871 2235 2686 3215 3824 4516 5298 50 112 140 1017 1452 1987 2621 3352 4191 5142 250 559 140 2134 2578 3128 3776 4526 5383 6352 75 168 40 389 465 559 671 801 948 1113 275 615 40 824 930 1063 1215 1382 1565 1764 75 168 60 545 670 829 1020 1241 1495 1783 275 615 60 1126 1290 1494 1728 1989 2279 2598 75 168 80 698 885 1121 1404 1735 2114 2544 275 615 80 1418 1643 1925 2250 2618 3029 3486 75 168 100 855 1113 1436 1824 2277 2797 3386 275 615 100 1705 1995 2362 2788 3273 3821 4434 75 168 120 1016 1354 1776 2277 2865 3540 4304 275 615 120 1976 2347 2807 3343 3957 4655 5441 75 168 140 1182 1606 2134 2761 3495 4336 5289 275 615 140 2253 2703 3261 3916 4672 5534 6507 100 224 40 455 534 633 750 882 1032 1201 300 671 40 875 980 1117 1273 1446 1633 1837 100 224 60 631 761 924 1118 1342 1598 1887 300 671 60 1188 1357 1567 1806 2074 2369 2694 100 224 80 804 994 1233 1518 1849 2230 2661 300 671 80 1495 1725 2014 2346 2720 3138 3601 100 224 100 978 1237 1562 1950 2403 2925 3515 300 671 100 1788 2091 2466 2899 3391 3945 4564 100 224 120 1156 1491 1910 2413 3001 3677 4443 300 671 120 2080 2457 2924 3468 4090 4793 5584 100 224 140 1337 1758 2278 2906 3640 4483 5438 300 671 140 2369 2826 3392 4055 4817 5684 6661 125 280 40 515 598 703 824 961 1115 1287 325 727 40 916 1028 1170 1331 1508 1701 1909 125 280 60 712 846 1015 1213 1441 1700 1992 325 727 60 1249 1422 1637 1883 2156 2458 2788 125 280 80 905 1098 1341 1630 1964 2347 2780 325 727 80 1571 1805 2101 2440 2821 3245 3714 125 280 100 1095 1357 1685 2075 2530 3053 3645 325 727 100 1876 2185 2567 3008 3508 4068 4692 125 280 120 1289 1625 2046 2550 3139 3816 4583 325 727 120 2181 2565 3040 3591 4220 4930 5726 125 280 140 1484 1902 2425 3053 3787 4631 5588 325 727 140 2482 2946 3521 4191 4960 5833 6815 150 335 40 576 659 769 895 1037 1196 1371 350 783 40 958 1075 1221 1387 1569 1766 1980 150 335 60 788 927 1102 1305 1538 1801 2096 350 783 60 1308 1485 1706 1958 2238 2545 2881 150 335 80 996 1197 1446 1739 2077 2463 2899 350 783 80 1647 1884 2186 2532 2920 3350 3825 150 335 100 1206 1472 1805 2199 2657 3182 3777 350 783 100 1962 2277 2667 3116 3623 4189 4820 150 335 120 1415 1755 2180 2686 3277 3955 4725 350 783 120 2279 2670 3153 3713 4349 5066 5868 150 335 140 1626 2044 2571 3200 3935 4780 5739 350 783 140 2593 3064 3647 4326 5102 5981 6968 175 391 40 629 718 832 963 1110 1274 1454 375 839 40 1000 1121 1272 1442 1628 1831 2049 175 391 60 865 1005 1186 1395 1633 1900 2199 375 839 60 1367 1547 1774 2032 2317 2630 2972 175 391 80 1087 1292 1548 1846 2189 2579 3018 375 839 80 1721 1960 2269 2623 3017 3454 3935 175 391 100 1312 1583 1922 2321 2783 3311 3908 375 839 100 2047 2368 2765 3222 3736 4310 4946 175 391 120 1536 1880 2310 2821 3415 4096 4867 375 839 120 2376 2774 3265 3833 4477 5200 6008 175 391 140 1763 2183 2714 3346 4083 4930 5891 375 839 140 2702 3179 3771 4459 5243 6128 7121 200 447 40 680 773 893 1029 1181 1349 1534 400 894 40 1042 1166 1321 1496 1687 1894 2117 200 447 60 931 1080 1266 1482 1725. 1998 2301 400 894 60 1424 1608 1841 2104 2396 2715 3062 200 447 80 1173 1384 1646 1951 2299 2694 3136 400 894 80 1781 2036 2352 2712 3113 3557 4044 200 447 100 1414 1691 2036 2441 2908 3440 4040 400 894 100 2130 2457 2862 3326 3848 4428 5072 200 447 120 1654 2002 2438 2954 3552 4236 5011 400 894 120 2472 2875 3375 3951 4603 5334 6148 200 447 140 1887 2318 2855 3491 4231 5081 6044 400 894 140 2809 3293 3894 4590 5382 6274 7273 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 fit/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-277 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(dd) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:25 feet tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.003 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 211 283 373 479 603 744 904 225 503 40 642 732 847 978 1126 1288 1467 25 56 60 313 441 601 789 1005 1254 1534 225 503 60 884 1027 1208 1417 1654 1921 2218 25 56 80 423 620 860 1143 1468 1841 2262 225 503 80 1114 1320 1576 1874 2216 2603 3039 25 56 100 542 817 1148 1536 1983 2495 3074 225 503 100 1345 1617 1956 2354 2814 3338 3931 25 56 120 669 1030 1460 1965 2546 3211 3964 225 503 120 1576 1919 2349 2857 3448 4124 4891 25 56 140 804 1259 1797 2427 3153 3983 4923 225 503 140 1809 2228 2757 3385 4118 4960 5915 50 112 40 283 353 442 548 672 814 975 250 559 40 684 777 896 1032 1183 1350 1533 50 112 60 404 529 683 869 1087 1336 1618 250 559 60 938 1088 1273 1488 1730 2001 2302 50 112 80 531 719 954 1233 1559 1933 2356 250 559 80 1185 1395 1656 1960 2306 2698 '3137 50 112 100 663 925 1250 1638 2084 2597 3178 250 559 100 1429 1705 2049 2452 2916 3445 4040 50 112 120 801 1146 1571 2075 2655 3322 4076 250 559 120 1673 2019 2454 2967 3561 4241 5010 50 112 140 946 1383 1915 2544 3269 4102 5044 250 559 140 1908 2338 2872 3505 4241 5085 6042 75 168 40 345 417 509 617 742 885 1047 275 615 40 724 822 944 1084 1240 1411 1597 75 168 60 488 610 766 952 1170 1419 1702 275 615 60 992 1147 1338 1557 1804 2079 2384 75 168 80 630 814 1047 1326 1653 2027 2451 275 615 80 1253 1468 1735 2044 2395 2791 3234 75 168 100 776 1034 1356 1738 2186 2701 3283 275 615 100 1510 1791 2141 2549 3018 3550 4150 75 168 120 928 1265 1685 2183 2766 3434 4190 275 615 120 1767 2116 2557 3076 3674 4357 5129 75 168 140 1085 1509 2036 2663 3387 4221 5166 275 615 140 2011 2447 2986 3624 4363 5210 6170 100 224 40 402 477 572 683 811 956 1119 300 671 40 764 865 991 1135 1295 1470 1661 100 224 60 563 688 846 1034 1253 1504 1788 300 671 60 1047 1205 1400 1625 1877 2157 2466 100 224 80 721 907 1141 1421 1747 2122 2548 300 671 80 1320 1540 1812 2126 2483 2884 3331 100 224 100 885 1138 1458 1841 2290 2805 3389 300 671 100 1590 1874 2230 2645 3119 3656 4258 100 224 120 1048 1383 1796 2295 2878 3546 4304 300 671 120 1850 2212 2659 3183 3786 4473 5248 100 224 140 1218 1636 2158 2779 3507 4342 5288 300 671 140 2112 2553 3099 3742 4485 5336 6298 125 280 40 454 533 632 747 878 1026 1191 325 727 40 803 907 1037 1185 1349 1528 1723 125 280 60 633 761 923 1115 1336 1589 1874 325 727 60 1100 1261 1462 1691 1948 2233 2547 125 280 80 807 996 1233 1514 1842 2219 2645 325 727 80 1386 1609 1887 2207 2570 2975 3427 125 280 100 983 1240 1561 1946 2395 2911 3496 325 727 100 1669 1956 2318 2739 3219 3760 4367 125 280 120 1162 1494 1910 2408 2991 3661 4420 325 727 120 1938 2305 2759 3289 3897 4588 5367 125 280 140 1344 1762 2278 2900 3628 4464 5412 325 727 140 2210 2657 3209 3858 4606 5461 6426 150 335 40 504 586 689 808 942 1094 1262 350 783 40 841 948 1082 1234 1402 1585 1783 150 335 60 699 832 998 1193 1418 1673 1961 350 783 60 1151 1316 1522 1756 2018 2308 2626 150 335 80 891 1082 1322 1607 1937 2315 2743 350 783 80 1451 1677 1961 2287 2655 3065 3522 150 335 100 1079 1339 1663 2049 2500 3017 3604 350 783 100 1746 2036 2405 2832 3317 3863 4474 150 335 120 1271 1605 2022 2521 3105 3776 4537 350 783 120 2024 2396 2857 3393 4007 4703 5485 150 335 140 1466 1880 2399 3021 3750 4587 5536 350 783 140 2307 2759 3318 3973 4727 5585 6554 175 391 40 555 637 743 866 1005 1160 1332 375 839 40 882 988 1126 1282 1453 1641 1843 175 391 60 762 899 1070 1270 1498 1757 2047 375 839 60 1202 1371 1581 1820 2087 2382 2705 175 391 80 966 1164 1409 1698 2031 2412 2842 375 839 80 1514 1744 2034 2365 2739 3155 3616 175 391 100 1171 1435 1763 2152 2605 3124 3712 375 839 100 1812 2115 2490 2923 3414 3966 4581 175 391 120 1376 1713 2133 2634 3219 3891 4654 375 839 120 2108 2486 2953 3496 4116 4817 5603 175 391 140 1583 1999 2520 3143 3872 4710 5662 375 839 140 2402 2859 3425 4087 4846 5709 6682 200 447 40 599 685 796 923 1066 1225 1400 400 894 40 916 1027 1169 1329 1504 1696 1902 200 447 60 822 964 1140 1344 1577 1839 2133 400 894 60 1251 1424 1639 1883 2155 2455 2782 200 447 80 1042 1243 1494 1787 2124 2508 2941 400 894 80 1577 1810 2105 2443 2822 3243 3709 200 447 100 1260 1527 1860 2254 2710, 3231 3822 400 894 100 1884 2193 2574 3013 3510 4067 4688 200 447 120 1478 1817 2242 2746 3334 `0008 4772 400 894 120 2191 2575 3049 3598 4224 4930 5721 200 447 140 1697 2114 2639 3265 3995 4835 5788 400 894 140 2495 2958 3531 4199 4965 5833 6809 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-278 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B4.1(ee) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 30 ft. tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.400 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 1541 1757 1963 2204 2475 2773 3096 225 503 40 5480 5821 6309 6882 7509 8174 8873 25 56 60 2013 2288 2589 2944 3344 3788 4276 225 503 60 7117 7642 8320 9106 9963 10875 11835 25 56 80 2472 2801 3207 3687 4231 4839 5512 225 503 80 8688 9332 10193 11189 12273 13430 14652 25 56 100 2925 3307 3828 4445 5148 5936 6813 225 503 100 10171 10936 11980 13185 14498 15902 17388 25 56 120 3311 3811 4458 5223 6098 7084 8183 225 503 120 11590 12477 13707 15122 16667 18321 20077 25 56 140 3718 4318 5100 6024 7084 8283 9621 225 503 140 12958 13973 15390 17018 18797 20707 22739 50 112 40 2231 2480 2735 3032 3361 3718 4101 250 559 40 5868 6207 6721 7327 7988 8689 9425 50 112 60 2986 3235 3592 4014 4484 4997 5550 250 559 60 7610 8154 8869 9698 10600 11560 12569 50 112 80 3587 3941 4414 4970 5590 6270 7009 250 559 80 9298 9962 10868 11915 13056 14271 15552 50 112 100 4208 4627 5222 5918 6698 7558 8499 250 559 100 10891 11674 12772 14038 15416 16888 18443 50 112 120 4810 5300 6023 6868 7819 8873 10031 250 559 120 12415 13320 14610 16095 17713 19444 21279 50 112 140 5293 5963 6823 7827 8959 10219 11610 250 559 140 13884 14914 16399 18105 19967 21961 24080 75 168 40 2867 3087 3379 3725 4106 4517 4955 275 615 40 6248 6582 7121 7758 8452 9188 9959 75 168 60 3727 4024 4437 4922 5458 6038 6659 275 615 60 8091 8651 9402 10272 11218 12224 13280 75 168 80 4572 4905 5441 6070 6768 7525 8340 275 615 80 9892 10572 11522 12620 13815 15086 16425 75 168 100 5231 5745 6416 7196 8061 9006 10029 275 615 100 11594 12391 13540 14865 16307 17844 19467 75 168 120 5958 6567 7375 8311 9354 10496 11739 275 615 120 13221 14137 15486 17039 18729 20535 22446 75 168 140 6664 7375 8324 9424 10652 12003 13479 275 615 140 14789 15828 17379 19161 21102 23180 25383 100 224 40 3365 3621 3952 4342 4771 5232 5719 300 671 40 6623 6947 7510 8176 8902 9672 10478 100 224 60 4462 4734 5193 5736 6333 6976 7661 300 671 60 8560 9135 9919 10830 11819 12870 13972 100 224 80 5310 5761 6363 7062 7832 8664 9554 300 671 80 10474 11166 12158 13306 14553 15879 17274 100 224 100 6213 6751 7492 8352 9300 10329 11434 300 671 100 12283 13089 14287 15670 17174 18775 20464 100 224 120 7081 7711 8596 9621 10755 11989 13321 300 671 120 14013 14933 16339 17957 19718 21596 23582 100 224 140 7923 8650 9684 10880 12207 13655 15225 300 671 140 15680 16719 18333 20188 22208 24366 26652 125 280 40 3870 4115 4479 4909 5383 5888 6423 325 727 40 6827 7290 7888 8584 9342 10144 10984 125 280 60 4990 5377 5889 6486 7141 7843 8588 325 727 60 9019 9606 10424 11373 12405 13499 14646 125 280 80 6091 6557 7214 7978 8817 9720 10682 325 727 80 11045 11746 12779 13974 15273 16652 18102 125 280 100 7137 7682 8488 9423 10450 11560 12747 325 727 100 12961 13769 15016 16455 18019 19683 21436 125 280 120 8143 8770 9728 10838 12060 13383 14805 325 727 120 14793 15710 17170 18853 20683 22632 24690 125 280 140 8954 9826 10946 12235 13658 15203 16869 325 727 140 16294 17578 19263 21190 23287 25524 27891 150 335 40 4248 4569 4970 5440 5954 6503 7082 350 783 40 7161 7635 8257 8982 9770 10605 11478 150 335 60 5589 5987 6541 7189 7898 8856 9459 350 783 60 9470 10067 10917 11905 12977 14114 15305 150 335 80 6837 7304 8013 8838 9743 10713 11744 350 783 80 11607 12312 13385 14627 15976 17408 18912 150 335 100 7873 8550 9423 10430 11533 12720 13986 350 783 100 13629 14435 15728 17223 18845 20570 22386 150 335 120 8963 9758 10793 11984 13291 14701 16210 350 783 120 15303 16459 17983 19729 21626 23645 25774 150 335 140 10016 10935 12134 13513 15029 16669 18430 350 783 140 17103 18426 20172 22170 24341 26656 29103 175 391 40 4673 5004 5436 5942 6496 7085 7706 375 839 40 7488 7973 8619 9371 10190 11055 11961 175 391 60 6166 6565 7160 7856 8616 9428 10285 375 839 60 9914 10518 11400 12424 13537 14715 15949 175 391 80 7411 8005 8771 9655 10622 11657 12754 375 839 80 12161 12867 13978 15266 16664 18147 19703 175 391 100 8667 9379 10311 11387 12563 13825 15166 375 839 100 14054 15076 16425 17974 19654 21439 23316 175 391 120 9870 10702 11805 13073 14462 15956 17550 375 839 120 16012 17201 18779 20587 22549 24636 26835 175 391 140 11031 11989 13264 14729 16336 18068 19921 375 839 140 17897 19256 21063 23129 25374 27765 30289 200 447 40 5082 5421 5881 6422 7012 7641 8301 400 894 40 7810 8304 8973 9753 10600 11497 12433 200 447 60 6726 7119 7752 8493 9303 10165 11075 400 894 60 10351 10960 11873 12934 14085 15304 16580 200 447 80 8060 8681 9496 10437 11464 12561 13721 400 894 80 12709 13411 14560 15893 17339 18872 20480 200 447 100 9432 10172 11162 12303 13549 14883 16298 400 894 100 14664 15714 17108 18710 20447 22291 24228 200 447 120 10744 11607 12774 14117 15585 17160 18837 400 894 120 16709 17929 19559 21427 23454 25608 27876 200 447 140 12010 12999 14347 15895 17589 19411 21355 400 894 140 18677 20070 21936 24070 26387 28853 31453 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-279 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(ff) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 30 feet tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.044 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 684 780 911 1066 1243 1443 1665 225 503 40 2301 2481 2727 3010 3319 3650 4002 25 56 60 919 1084 1300 1556 1850 2183 2555 225 503 60 3092 3339 3697 4107 4556 5040 555F 25 56 80 1150 1399 1715 2088 2518 3005 3550 225 503 80 3788 4151 4626 5169 5766 6413 71It 25 56 100 1387 1728 2157 2663 3245 3904 4641 225 503 100 4480 4938 5535 6217 6971 7791 8680 25 56 120 1629 2072 2626 3278 4026 4872 5819 225 503 120 5150 5709 6433 7262 8180 9185 10279 25 56 140 1877 2432 3122 3931 4858 5906 7077 225 503 140 5805 6468 7326 8308 9400 10601 11914 50 112 40 958 1073 1220 1391 1583 1796 2030 250 559 40 2461 2645 2903 3200 3524 3870 4237 50 112 60 1284 1465 1696 1965 2270 2613 2992 250 559 60 3312 3559 3933 4361 4829 5333 5871 50 112 80 1603 1856 2182 2563 3000 3492 4042 250 559 80 4047 4423 4917 5482 6102 6772 7492 50 112 100 1919 2251 2683 3192 3775 4436 5177 250 559 100 4786 5257 5877 6585 7364 8211 9121 50 112 120 2217 2654 3203 3852 4598 5445 6394 250 559 120 5501 6073 6823 7680 8627 9662 10783 50 112 140 2526 3066 3743 4544 5467 6514 7688 250 559 140 6198 6876 7762 8775 9898 11130 12472 75 168 40 1194 1323 1486 1675 1885 2116 2366 275 615 40 2616 2805 3075 3385 3722 4083 4465 75 168 60 1604 1795 2044 2334 2659 3019 3414 275 615 60 3479 3772 4162 4608 5095 5618 6175 75 168 80 2004 2257 2602 3004 3459 3967 4529 275 615 80 4299 4686 5200 5786 6428 7122 7865 75 168 100 2361 2716 3168 3694 4294 4967 5717 275 615 100 5083 5567 6209 6942 7747 8620 956 75 168 120 2732 3178 3745 4408 5166 6022 6978 275 615 120 5842 6427 7203 8087 9063 10126 11276 75 168 140 3100 3645 4337 5148 6078 7131 8311 275 615 140 6582 7272 8186 9230 10385 11647 13019 100 224 40 1409 1547 1726 1932 2161 2409 2678 300 671 40 2769 2960 3241 3564 3916 4291 4687 100 224 60 1901 2093 2362 2672 3019 3399 3814 300 671 60 3677 3980 4385 4848 5354 5895 6472 100 224 80 2335 2620 2988 3414 3891 4420 5001 300 671 80 4545 4942 5475 6082 6747 7463 8228 100 224 100 2773 3141 3616 4167 4789 5481 6248 300 671 100 5374 5869 6533 7290 8121 9020 9986 100 224 120 3203 3660 4251 4938 5716 6589 7560 300 671 120 6177 6772 7572 8485 9489 10581 11759 100 224 140 3628 4180 4895 5728 6677 7745 8937 300 671 140 6959 7659 8600 9674 10859 12153 13555 125 280 40 1611 1755 1948 2171 2417 2683 2969 325 727 40 2919 3112 3403 3739 4104 4493 4904 125 280 60 2148 2368 2657 2988 3356 3758 4193 325 727 60 3871 4183 4603 5083 5606 6166 676 125 280 80 2662 2958 3349 3798 4300 4851 5454 325 727 80 4786 5193 5743 6371 7058 7796 8584 125 280 100 3159 3537 4037 4614 5261 5977 6765 325 727 100 5659 6164 6849 7630 8486 9411 10402 125 280 120 3647 4110 4728 5441 6245 7141 8131 325 727 120 6505 7109 7933 8873 9905 11025 12232 125 280 140 4092 4682 5424 6284 7257 8346 9556 325 727 140 7329 8036 9004 10108 11324 12649 14081 150 335 40 1806 1950 2157 2396 2658 2941 3244 350 783 40 3066 3260 3562 3910 4288 4691 5116 150 335 60 2398 2628 2934 3287 3676 4098 4555 350 783 60 4061 4382 4816 5312 5853 6431 7044 150 335 80 2972 3277 3689 4163 4689 5264 5890 350 783 80 5022 5437 6006 6654 7362 8122 8932 150 335 100 3528 3911 4436 5039 5712 6454 7266 350 783 100 5940 6452 7158 7963 8843 9793 10810 150 335 120 4029 4536 5181 5923 6754 7675 8689 350 783 120 6828 7439 8287 9253 10313 11461 12696 150 335 140 4548 5157 5928 6818 7819 8933 10164 350 783 140 7693 8405 9400 10533 11780 13135 14597 175 391 40 1996 2135 2355 2609 2888 3187 3507 375 839 40 3213 3405 3717 4077 4468 4884 5323 175 391 60 2637 2875 3199 3571 3981 4424 4901 375 839 60 4248 4576 5024 5537 6095 6691 7322 175 391 80 3271 3581 4014 4511 5061 5661 6310 375 839 80 5254 5677 6263 6931 7660 8441 9273 175 391 100 3839 4267 4816 5447 6146 6914 7751 375 839 100 6215 6734 7461 8289 9194 10168 11211 175 391 120 4417 4942 5614 6385 7245 8193 9233 375 839 120 7147 7762 8633 9625 10713 11889 13151 175 391 140 4982 5611 6411 7331 8362 9504 10761 375 839 140 7974 8766 9788 10950 12227 13612 1510.F 200 447 40 2137 2311 2544 2813 3108 3423 3759 400 894 40 3308 3546 3870 4242 4645 5074 552t. 200 447 60 2867 3111 3452 3844 4273 4738 5235 400 894 60 4431 4766 5229 5757 6332 6945 7594 200 447 80 3521 3871 4326 4846 5420 6043 6716 400 894 80 5482 5912 6515 7203 7952 8755 9608 200 447 100 4165 4609 5182 5839 6565 7359 8222 400 894 100 6488 7011 7758 8609 9538 10537 11604 200 447 120 4790 5332 6030 6830 7720 8696 9762 400 894 120 7389 8077 8973 9991 11106 12309 13599 200 447 140 5400 6047 6876 7827 8888 10060 11344 400 894 140 8311 9121 10168 11359 12666 14081 15604 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.365 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-280 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(gg) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:30 feet t :300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec B a:0.011 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 422 511 625 761 916 1093 1290 225 503 40 1367 1495 1666 1862 2077 2311 2562 25 56 60 594 753 952 1187 1456 1761 2101 225 503 60 1849 2051 2311 2608 2938 3299 3692 25 56 80 772 1018 1316 1666 2068 2520 3026 225 503 80 2310 2589 2946 3356 3813 4318 4871 25 56 100 958 1302 1717 2194 2743 3361 4052 225 503 100 2759 3121 3583 4115 4712 5375 6108 25 56 120 1154 1606 2147 2766 3476 4275 5169 225 503 120 3200 3651 4226 4889 5639 6477 7407 25 56 140 1359 1930 2605 3378 4262 5257 6369 225 503 140 3636 4181 4877 5683 6598 7625 8770 50 112 40 587 675 793 931 1089 1267 1466 250 559 40 1460 1592 1770 1974 2197 2439 2698 50 112 60 805 961 1159 1392 1661 1965 2307 250 559 60 1973 2181 2450 2758 3098 3469 3872 50 112 80 1023 1259 1552 1898 2297 2749 3256 250 559 80 2464 2749 3117 3539 4007 4523 5088 50 112 100 1249 1572 1974 2447 2993 3611 4304 250 559 100 2941 3309 3783 4328 4939 5613 6357 50 112 120 1478 1901 2424 3038 3745 4545 5441 250 559 120 3409 3865 4453 5131 5893 6743 7684 50 112 140 1714 2251 2901 3668 4549 5545 6660 250 559 140 3872 4421 5131 5951 6878 7916 9070 75 168 40 723 818 943 1089 1253 1437 1640 275 615 40 1552 1686 1871 2082 2314 2564 2831 75 168 60 985 1148 1352 1591 1864 2171 2515 275 615 60 2093 2307 2585 2903 3253 3635 4048 75 168 80 1248 1484 1780 2128 2528 2982 3491 275 615 80 2613 2905 3284 3717 4197 4725 5300 75 168 100 1510 1830 2230 2703 3248 3867 4561 275 615 100 3118 3492 3979 4536 5159 5846 6601 75 168 120 1775 2187 2705 3315 4020 4820 5717 275 615 120 3614 4074 4676 5367 6143 7005 7956 75 168 140 2036 2558 3203 3964 4842 5838 6955 275 615 140 4074 4654 5378 6213 7153 8204 9368 100 224 40 846 949 1081 1235 1408 1599 1809 300 671 40 1642 1778 1969 2188 2427 2685 2961 100 224 60 1152 1320 1533 1780 2060 2374 2723 300 671 60 2211 2430 2717 3044 3405 3796 4219 100 224 80 1453 1693 1997 2352 2757 3215 3728 300 671 80 2760 3057 3446 3890 4383 4922 5509 100 224 100 1753 2072 2478 2955 3503 4124 4821 300 671 100 3293 3671 4169 4740 5375 6075 6842 100 224 120 2041 2459 2979 3592 4297 5098 5998 300 671 120 3789 4278 4893 5598 6388 7263 8226 100 224 140 2337 2856 3501 4261 5138 6135 7253 300 671 140 4292 4882 5621 6470 7424 8487 9663 125 280 40 959 1069 1210 1373 1554 1753 1971 325 727 40 1732 1867 2065 2291 2538 2804 3088 125 280 60 1307 1481 1703 1960 2249 2571 2927 325 727 60 2325 2550 2845 3182 3553 3955 4388 125 280 80 1646 1889 2203 2567 2981 3446 3963 325 727 80 2903 3205 3604 4061 4565 5116 5713 125 280 100 1968 2300 2716 3201 3755 4381 5082 325 727 100 3464 3845 4356 4939 5588 6300 7079 125 280 120 2294 2717 3245 3864 4574 5378 6280 325 727 120 3979 4477 5105 5825 6628 7516 8492 125 280 140 2619 3142 3792 4556 5436 6434 7555 325 727 140 4505 5105 5858 6722 7691 8767 9955 150 335 40 1068 1183 1332 1503 1693 1901 2126 350 783 40 1801 1954 2158 2392 2646 2920 3212 150 335 60 1454 1633 1864 2131 2430 2761 3126 350 783 60 2438 2667 2971 3318 3698 4110 4553 150 335 80 1831 2075 2399 2774 3198 3671 4196 350 783 80 3044 3350 3760 4227 4743 5305 5915 150 335 100 2178 2518 2944 3439 4003 4636 5342 350 783 100 3605 4016 4538 5135 5796 6522 7313 150 335 120 2534 2964 3502 4130 4847 5657 6564 350 783 120 4165 4672 5314 6047 6865 7767 8755 150 335 140 2888 3416 4075 4847 5732 6734 7859 350 783 140 4714 5324 6091 6970 7954 9044 10245 175 391 40 1171 1292 1448 1627 1826 2042 2276 375 839 40 1882 2039 2250 2490 2753 3034 3333 175 391 60 1595 1778 2019 2296 2605 2946 3319 375 839 60 2549 2782 3094 3450 3840 4262 4715 175 391 80 1989 2253 2588 2974 3409 3892 4425 375 839 80 3183 3492 3912 4390 4918 5492 6113 175 391 100 2379 2726 3164 3671 4245 4887 5601 375 839 100 3764 4183 4717 5326 6001 6740 7543 175 391 120 2763 3201 3751 4389 5116 5934 6847 375 839 120 4347 4864 5518 6266 7098 8013 9014 175 391 140 3145 3679 4350 5131 6025 7034 8163 375 839 140 4918 5538 6319 7213 8212 9317 10531 200 447 40 1270 1395 1559 1747 1954 2179 2421 400 894 40 1962 2123 2340 2587 2857 3146 3453 200 447 60 1733 1917 2167 2455 2774 3125 3508 400 894 60 2657 2894 3215 3580 3980 4412 4875 200 447 80 2152 2424 2770 3168 3614 4107 4650 400 894 80 3320 3631 4061 4551 5090 5676 6308 200 447 100 2572 2927 3377 3896 4481 5133 5856 400 894 100 3920 4347 4893 5515 6203 6954 7770 200 447 120 2985 3429 3991 4642 5380 6207 7129 400 894 120 4526 5051 5719 6481 7327 8256 9271 200 447 140 3394 3934 4617 5410 6313 7331 8467 400 894 140 5119 5748 6544 7453 8467 9586 10814 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-281 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(hh) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:30 feet tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 r RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 310 397 506 634 781 947 1132 225 503 40 943 1050 1187 1344 1518 1710 1919 25 56 60 455 615 810 1034 1292 1582 1906 225 503 60 1295 1466 1682 1932 2212 2523 2867 25 56 80 609 858 1153 1490 1877 2312 2798 225 503 80 1638 1878 2185 2540 2942 3393 3894 25 56 100 777 1124 1531 1997 2527 3125 3793 225 503 100 1966 2293 2700 3173 3713 4322 5003 25 56 120 955 1413 1943 2552 3237 4013 4880 225 503 120 2296 2714 3231 3835 4527 5311 6190 25 56 140 1145 1722 2385 3145 4001 4970 6052 225 503 140 2626 3142 3779 4525 5384 6359 7453 50 112 40 416 501 608 735 881 1047 1232 250 559 40 1004 1116 1257 1419 1599 1795 2009 50 112 60 591 742 930 1153 1409 1699 2024 250 559 60 1379 1554 1776 2031 2317 2634 2983 50 112 80 770 1002 1288 1623 2008 2444 2931 250 559 80 1 1745 1986 2299 2661 3069 3525 4031 50 112 100 958 1285 1683 2142 2672 3270 3939 250 559 100 2088 2420 2833 3313 3858 4471 5156 50 112 120 1154 1586 2106 2705 3393 4170 5039 250 559 120 2436 2858 3381 3991 4688 5475 6357 50 112 140 1359 1906 2559 3309 4169 5138 6222 250 559 140 2783 3302 3945 4696 5559 6536 7633 75 168 40 512 595 705 834 981 1148 1334 275 615 40 1066 1179 1325 1492 1677 1878 2097 75 168 60 712 862 1050 1272 1528 1818 2144 275 615 60 1462 1639 1867 2129 2421 2743 3097 75 168 80 918 1144 1426 1759 2142 2578 3066 275 615 80 1837 2092 2411 2779 3193 3655 4166 75 168 100 1127 1443 1832 2291 2819 3417 4087 275 615 100 2206 2543 2964 3450 4001 4620 5309 75 168 120 1344 1762 2268 2866 3552 4329 5199 275 615 120 2572 2998 3529 4145 4847 5639 6525 75 168 140 1567 2095 2736 3480 4338 5308 6394 275 615 140 2935 3458 4108 4865 5732 6713 7813 100 224 40 594 682 795 928 1078 1248 1436 300 671 40 1125 1241 1392 1564 1753 1960 2183 100 224 60 823 975 1166 1390 1647 1939 2266 300 671 60 1543 1723 1956 2224 2522 2850 3210 100 224 805 1053 1280 1562 1894 2278 2714 3202 300 671 80 1935 2194 2520 2895 3316 3784 4300 100 224 100 1285 1598 1984 2441 2968 3566 4237 300 671 100 2322 2664 3091 3585 4142 4767 5460 100 224 120 1522 1930 2434 3028 3713 4490 5361 300 671 120 2704 3136 3673 4296 5005 5802 6691 100 224 140 1765 2277 2910 3653 4509 5480 6567 300 671 140 3084 3612 4268 5032 5904 6890 7993 125 280 40 671 763 881 1018 1173 1345 1537 325 727 40 1183 1302 1457 1633 1828 2039 2268 125 280 60 927 1082 1277 1505 1765 2059 2388 325 727 60 1623 1804 2043 2317 2621 2955 3320 125 280 80 1180 1409 1694 2029 2414 2850 3340 325 727 80 2031 2295 2627 3009 3436 3910 4433 125 280 100 1435 1747 2134 2591 3118 3716 4389 325 727 100 2435 2782 3217 3717 4282 4912 5611 125 280 120 1693 2096 2599 3191 3875 4652 5524 325 727 120 2834 3271 3815 4446 5161 5963 6858 125 280 140 1956 2459 3087 3828 4683 5653 6742 325 727 140 3230 3762 4426 5197 6075 7065 8172 150 335 40 744 839 962 1104 1263 1441 1636 350 783 40 1239 1361 1520 1701 1901 2117 2351 150 335 60 1023 1184 1384 1616 1881 2178 2509 350 783 60 1701 1884 2128 2408 2718 3059 3430 150 335 80 1301 1533 1822 2161 2549 2987 3479 350 783 80 2125 2393 2732 3121 3555 4035 4564 150 335 100 1578 1890 2281 2740 3268 3868 4541 350 783 100 2546 2898 3340 3848 4419 5056 5761 150 335 120 1857 2258 2761 3354 4038 4816 5689 350 783 120 2962 3403 3955 4593 5315 6124 7023 150 335 140 2128 2637 3264 4004 4858 5828 6918 350 783 140 3374 3910 4581 5360 6244 7240 8352 175 391 40 813 912 1040 1187 1351 1533 1733 375 839 40 1295 1419 1582 1768 1973 2194 2433 175 391 60 1118 1281 1487 1725 1994 2295 2630 375 839 60 1766 1962 2212 2498 2814 3160 3527 175 391 80 1417 1652 1947 2290 2682 3124 3618 375 839 80 2217 2490 2835 3230 3672 4159 4693 175 391 100 1715 2029 2424 2887 3418 4020 4695 375 839 100 2655 3011 3460 3976 4555 5198 5909 175 391 120 2004 2414 2921 3516 4202 4981 5855 375 839 120 3087 3532 4092 4738 5467 6283 7188 175 391 140 2300 2809 3438 4179 5033 6004 7095 375 839 140 3515 4054 4734 5520 6412 7414 8531 200 447 40 883 982 1115 1267 1436 1623 1827 400 894 40 1349 1476 1643 1834 2043 2270 2513 200 447 60 1208 1375 1586 1830 2104 2410 2749 400 894 60 1839 2038 2294 2586 2908 3260 3643 200 447 80 1529 1767 2067 2416 2813 3259 3757 400 894 80 2307 2584 2936 3339 3787 4280 4821 200 447 100 1840 2163 2564 3031 3566 4171 4849 400 894 100 2762 3123 3579 4102 4688 5339 6056 200 447 120 2153 2566 3077 3677 4365 5146 6022 400 894 120 3210 3660 4228 4881 5618 6440 7351 200 447 140 2466 2977 3610 4353 5209 6181 7274 400 894 140 3654 4197 4885 5679 6578 7586 8709 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-282 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(ii) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:30 feet tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 281 369 476 602 747 909 1091 225 503 40 830 930 1058 1205 1369 1550 1749 25 56 60 419 579 773 995 1249 1535 1855 225 503 60 1144 1308 1514 1751 2019 2319 2651 25 56 80 568 817 1110 1445 1826 2257 2737 225 503 80 1452 1686 1981 2323 2713 3152 3643 25 56 100 730 1079 1484 1948 2470 3062 3723 225 503 100 1758 2070 2465 2925 3453 4051 4721 25 56 120 906 1364 1890 2494 3174 3943 4802 225 503 120 2053 2462 2967 3559 4240 5013 5882 25 56 140 1091 1669 2328 3082 3932 4893 5967 225 503 140 2356 2863 3489 4225 5073 6038 7122 50 112 40 372 455 561 685 828 991 1173 250 559 40 887 987 1119 1270 1438 1623 1826 '50 112 60 534 685 872 1092 1345 1631 1952 250 559 60 1217 1384 1595 1837 2110 2413 2750 50 112 80 703 938 1221 1554 1935 2365 2847 250 559 80 1543 1780 2080 2427 2821 3263 3757 50 112 100 883 1211 1608 2065 2589 3181 3844 250 559 100 1858 2180 2579 3044 3575 4176 4848 50 112 120 1070 1506 2024 2620 3303 4072 4933 250 559 120 2175 2587 3096 3691 4375 5150 6020 50 112 140 1268 1820 2471 3217 4070 5032 6107 250 559 140 2492 3001 3631 4369 5219 6185 7270 75 168 40 451 536 642 767 911 1074 1257 275 615 40 937 1042 1178 1333 1506 1695 1901 75 168 60 639 787 972 1191 1443 1729 2050 275 615 60 1289 1459 1674 1921 2198 2507 2847 75 168 80 829 1056 1335 1665 2045 2475 2957 275 615 80 1632 1872 2176 2528 2927 3374 3871 75 168 100 1026 1345 1731 2187 2710 3302 3966 275 615 100 1961 2287 2691 3161 3697 4301 4976 75 168 120 1230 1651 2161 2752 3433 4203 5066 275 615 120 2293 2708 3222 3822 4509 5287 6159 75 168 140 1443 1975 2616 3358 4210 5172 6249 275 615 140 2624 3137 3770 4512 5364 6332 7419 100 224 40 527 610 719 847 993 1157 1341 300 671 40 987 1096 1236 1395 1572 1765 1976 100 224 60 735 884 1070 1289 1542 1828 2150 300 671 60 1358 1531 1751 2003 2285 2598 2943 100 224 80 946 1171 1449 1777 2156 2587 3070 300 671 80 1720 1961 2271 2628 3032 3483 3984 100 224 100 1162 1473 1857 2310 2833 3425 4089 300 671 100 2062 2392 2802 3277 3817 4424 5103 100 224 120 1383 1792 2295 2886 3565 4336 5199 300 671 120 2408 2827 3347 3951 4642 5423 6298 100 224 140 1611 2131 2760 3500 4351 5314 6392 300 671 140 2753 3269 3907 4653 5509 6479 7568 125 280 40 594 680 793 924 1072 1239 1425 325 727 40 1037 1149 1292 1456 1637 1834 2049 125 280 60 825 976 1165 1386 1640 1928 2250 325 727 60 1427 1602 1827 2084 2371 2688 3037 125 280 80 1056 1281 1561 1890 2269 2700 3183 325 727 80 1796 2048 2364 2726 3135 3591 4096 125 280 100 1290 1600 1983 2435 2956 3549 4214 325 727 100 2160 2495 2910 3391 3936 4548 5229 125 280 120 1529 1933 2432 3020 3699 4469 5334 325 727 120 2521 2944 3469 4079 4775 5559 6437 125 280 140 1773 2281 2907 3644 4494 5456 6536 325 727 140 2879 3399 4043 4794 5653 6626 7717 150 335 40 657 747 863 998 1150 1320 1508 350 783 40 1087 1201 1348 1515 1700 1902 2120 150 335 60 911 1064 1256 1481 1737 2027 2351 350 783 60 1494 1671 1901 2163 2455 2777 3131 150 335 80 1161 1388 1670 2001 2381 2813 3298 350 783 80 1878 2134 2454 2823 3237 3698 4207 150 335 100 1413 1723 2107 2559 3081 3674 4339 350 783 100 2257 2595 3016 3503 4053 4670 5355 150 335 120 1669 2070 2568 3156 3834 4604 5469 350 783 120 2631 3059 3590 4205 4906 5694 6576 150 335 140 1930 2431 3054 3789 4637 5600 6681 350 783 140 3003 3527 4177 4932 5796 6773 7867 175 391 40 717 810 930 1069 1225 1398 1590 375 839 40 1135 1251 1402 1573 1762 1968 2191 175 391 60 990 1148 1345 1573 1833 2126 2452 375 839 60 1560 1740 1973 2241 2538 2865 3223 175 391 80 1261 1491 1776 2110 2493 2926 3413 375 839 80 1958 2218 2544 2918 3338 3804 4318 175 391 100 1532 1842 2229 2683 3205 3799 4466 375 839 100 2351 2694 3121 3613 4169 4791 5481 175 391 120 1805 2204 2703 3291 3969 4740 5606 375 839 120 2740 3171 3708 4330 5036 5829 6714 175 391 140 2073 2578 3201 3935 4782 5745 6827 375 839 140 3125 3653 4308 5070 5939 6919 8016 200 447 40 774 871 995 1138 1298 1475 1670 400 894 40 1182 1301 1455 1630 1824 2034 2260 200 447 60 1069 1229 1430 1663 1927 2223 2552 400 894 60 1625 1806 2045 2317 2619 2951 3314 200 447 80 1358 1590 1880 2217 2603 3039 3528 400 894 80 2037 2300 2632 3012 3437 3908 4427 200 447 100 1646 1958 2348 2805 3330 3925 4593 400 894 100 2444 2791 3224 3722 4284 4911 5605 200 447 120 1929 2335 2836 3426 4105 4877 5744 400 894 120 2846 3282 3825 4453 5164 5962 6851 200 447 140 2217 2723 3346 4080 4928 5891 6974 400 894 140 3245 3777 4438 5206 6080 7065 8165 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-283 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B4.1(lj) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 50 ft. tg:50 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.400 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 3499 3611 3846 4155 4512 4907 5336 225 503 40 11385 11571 12023 12643 13359 14138 14966 25 56 60 4555 4723 5115 5604 6162 6780 7454 225 503 60 14931 15215 15886 16771 17780 18875 20039 25 56 80 5425 5806 6382 7078 7867 8740 9695 225 503 80 18187 18598 19498 20654 21962 23379 24886 25 56 100 6348 6890 7670 8597 9645 10804 12073 225 503 100 21253 21815 22954 24389 26004 27752 29613 25 56 120 7255 7981 8987 10169 11502 12976 14589 225 503 120 24186 24916 26304 28028 29959 32049 34277 25 56 140 8154 9087 10339 11799 13441 15255 17239 225 503 140 27020 27932 29579 31599 33857 36301 38909 50 112 40 4909 5030 5295 5650 6060 6511 6996 250 559 40 12148 12327 12799 13451 14203 15021 15890 50 112 60 6378 6566 6990 7530 8145 8819 9549 250 559 60 15948 16220 16919 17847 18904 20050 21268 50 112 80 7744 8031 8633 9376 10217 11141 12143 250 559 80 19433 19830 20766 21974 23341 24820 26393 50 112 100 9044 9459 10257 11224 12313 13511 14814 250 559 100 27713 23260 24443 25938 27621 29442 31379 50 112 120 10300 10869 11881 13089 14449 15946 17578 250 559 120 25848 26564 28002 29794 31802 33974 36287 50 112 140 11383 12270 13513 14982 16634 18454 20442 250 559 140 28875 29774 31477 33573 35915 38450 41151 75 168 40 6159 6216 6507 6906 7368 7874 8417 275 615 40 12890 13059 13552 14234 15020 15876 16785 75 168 60 7858 8112 8577 9173 9851 10593 11390 275 615 60 16939 17194 17922 18890 19993 21189 22460 75 168 80 9536 9909 10558 11365 12277 13273 14347 275 615 80 20648 21026 21997 23255 24678 26219 27855 75 168 100 11130 11646 12493 13527 14690 15963 17337 275 615 100 24135 24663 25887 27442 29191 31083 33094 75 168 120 12669 13346 14407 15683 17116 18685 20385 275 615 120 27466 28163 29649 31508 33591 35844 38240 75 168 140 14167 15023 16312 17847 19567 21454 23502 275 615 140 30681 31562 33318 35489 37915 40539 43332 100 224 40 7107 7258 7585 8027 8537 9096 9692 300 671 40 13614 13770 14283 14994 15815 16707 17655 100 224 60 9264 9497 9999 10649 11389 12196 13060 300 671 60 17906 18141 18896 19903 21052 22297 23618 100 224 80 11254 11597 12290 13161 14144 15216 16366 300 671 80 21835 22189 23194 24501 25979 27579 29278 100 224 100 13136 13616 14514 15619 16861 18215 19671 300 671 100 25525 26028 27293 28904 30719 32680 34763 100 224 120 14944 15582 16698 18051 19567 21222 23005 300 671 120 29048 .29720 31253 33176 35334 37665 40143 100 224 140 16700 17513 18859 20474 22281 24255 26387 300 671 140 32446 33302 35111 37354 39863 42573 45456 125 280 40 8093 8224 8576 9057 9613 10220 10868 325 727 40 14322 14463 14995 15735 16589 17517 18502 125 280 60 10578 10773 11309 12011 12809 13679 14607 325 727 60 18854 19065 19846 20892 22084 23377 24748 125 280 80 12863 13156 13891 14823 15876 17021 18247 325 727 80 22998 23323 24361 25715 27248 28906 30665 125 280 100 15016 15438 16384 17559 18880 20317 21856 325 727 100 26887 27359 28663 30331 32208 34238 36392 125 280 120 17078 17654 18823 20254 21856 23600 25472 325 727 120 30598 31238 32817 34804 37034 39442 42000 125 280 140 19076 19822 21227 22925 24823 26891 29115 325 727 140 34176 35000 36861 39175 41763 44559 47531 150 335 40 9028 9128 9503 10022 10620 11273 11969 350 783 40 15017 15141 15691 16459 17344 18307 19329 150 335 60 11831 11970 12538 13288 14142 15072 16063 350 783 60 19786 19968 20774 21857 23093 24432 25851 150 335 80 14401 14620 15394 16385 17505 18722 20021 350 783 80 24142 24431 25501 26902 28487 30203 32021 150 335 100 16567 17143 18143 19387 20784 22302 23924 350 783 100 28226 28660 30003 31725 33665 35761 37984 150 335 120 18854 19594 20824 22331 24018 25851 27814 350 783 120 32121 32723 34346 36395 38695 41179 43815 150 335 140 21069 21988 23459 25240 27230 29393 31714 350 783 140 35876 36660 38571 40954 43622 46502 49561 175 391 40 9927 9984 10381 10935 11574 12271 13013 375 839 40 15700 15803 16371 17166 18083 19080 20137 175 391 60 12795 13093 13702 14500 15407 16394 17445 375 839 60 20703 20851 21681 22801 24079 25463 26930 175 391 80 15570 15997 16820 17869 19053 20339 21709 375 839 80 25267 25516 26617 28063 29701 31471 33348 175 391 100 18190 18766 19814 21124 22596 24192 25896 375 839 100 29544 29934 31314 33089 35090 37251 39543 175 391 120 20701 21442 22727 24308 26078 27999 30052 375 839 120 33621 34176 35842 37953 40322 42880 45594 175 391 140 23131 24052 25583 27445 29526 31784 34201 375 839 140 37550 38285 40245 42697 45442 48404 51549 200 447 40 10597 10789 11218 11806 12484 13223 14009 400 894 40 16373 16452 17038 17859 18807 19837 20929 200 447 60 13882 14175 14815 15658 16617 17659 18767 400 894 60 21607 21717 22571 23727 25046 26475 27988 200 447 80 16902 17322 18185 19288 20535 21888 23327 400 894 80 26378 26580 27711 29201 30890 32715 34649 200 447 100 19748 20319 21414 22788 24332 26005 27789 400 894 100 30845 31184 32600 34427 36488 38713 41071 200 447 120 22474 23212 24549 26202 28054 30060 32202 400 894 120 35101 35602 37310 39480 41918 44549 47338 200 447 140 25110 26028 27618 29560 31730 34082 36596 400 894 140 39201 39880 41887 44406 47227 50270 53499 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-284 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B-4.1(kk) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:50 feet tg: 150 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.044 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 1494 1637 1837 2075 2342 2639 2963 225 503 40 4846 4967 5241 5584 5969 6386 6830 25 56 60 2041 2305 2663 3076 3539 4049 4605 225 503 60 6504 6703 7133 7655 8238 8869 9545 25 56 80 2568 3009 3555 4177 4868 5625 6449 225 503 80 7974 8358 8961 9679 10478 11345 12276 25 56 100 3120 3754 4516 5373 6319 7353 8475 225 503 100 9439 9970 10761 11690 12723 13848 15060 25 56 120 3687 4541 5542 6658 7883 9219 10667 225 503 120 10862 11556 12549 13707 14993 16396 17913 25 56 140 4272 5369 6630 8025 9552 11213 13012 225 503 140 12256 13128 14337 15739 17297 19000 20846 50 112 40 2075 2207 2409 2651 2924 3225 3553 250 559 40 5177 5289 5573 5929 6329 6762 7224 50 112 60 2794 3039 3386 3792 4248 4753 5304 250 559 60 6877 7133 7577 8117 8719 9371 10068 50 112 80 3496 3880 4398 4998 5672 6417 7232 250 559 80 8503 8889 9508 10246 11068 11958 12914 50 112 100 4193 4741 5456 6279 7200 8217 9328 250 559 100 10062 10594 11402 12355 13413 14563 15801 50 112 120 4893 5628 6564 7635 8831 10147 11583 250 559 120 11574 12268 13280 14463 15776 17206 18749 50 112 140 5571 6544 7724 9066 10559 12199 13986 250 559 140 13053 13924 15153 16582 18167 19897 21768 75 168 40 2572 2696 2907 3163 3450 3765 4105 275 615 40 5500 5602 5895 6264 6679 7128 7606 75 168 60 3460 3681 4034 4450 4917 5431 5990 275 615 60 7295 7552 8009 8565 9187 9859 10577 75 168 80 4274 4656 5174 5778 6455 7202 8018 275 615 80 9018 9404 10039 10798 11642 12556 13535 75 168 100 5097 5637 6343 7160 8076 9087 10194 275 615 100 10668 11200 12026 13002 14086 15262 16525 75 168 120 5914 6633 7549 8603 9784 11089 12517 275 615 120 12266 12960 13992 15200 16540 17997 19567 75 168 140 6730 7647 8794 10109 11580 13204 14980 275 615 140 13828 14698 15948 17403 19017 20775 22674 100 224 40 3026 3136 3358 3628 3932 4263 4621 300 671 40 5818 5907 6209 6590 7020 7484 7977 100 224 60 4020 4262 4627 5059 5543 6072 6647 300 671 60 7702 7959 8428 9002 9642 10334 11072 100 224 80 4991 5364 5892 6510 7201 7960 8787 300 671 80 9521 9906 10556 11335 12201 13139 14143 100 224 100 5937 6462 7174 8000 8924 9942 11054 300 671 100 11259 11790 12634 13633 14742 15944 17234 100 224 120 6869 7564 8480 9538 10721 12026 13453 300 671 120 12942 13635 14685 15919 17286 18772 20370 100 224 140 7793 8678 9817 11127 12593 14211 15983 300 671 140 14584 15453 16724 18205 19848 21635 23563 125 280 40 3409 3542 3775 4060 4381 4730 5105 325 727 40 6055 6202 6514 6908 7352 7831 8340 125 280 60 4563 4802 5179 5629 6132 6681 7274 325 727 60 8100 8356 8838 9428 10087 10799 11557 125 280 80 5658 6024 6566 7201 7911 8688 9531 325 727 80 10011 10396 11061 11860 12748 13710 14737 125 280 100 6721 7233 7957 8800 9740 10773 11898 325 727 100 11837 12367 13228 14250 15384 16612 17928 125 280 120 7762 8439 9364 10434 11630 12945 14381 325 727 120 13602 14293 15363 16622 18017 19531 21157 125 280 140 8790 9650 10794 12112 13585 15208 16983 325 727 140 15323 16190 17482 18991 20663 22480 24437 150 335 40 3791 3924 4167 4468 4805 5172 5564 350 783 40 6344 6491 6813 7219 7676 8170 8695 150 335 60 5076 5310 5701 6169 6692 7261 7874 350 783 60 8489 8745 9238 9845 10522 11253 12031 150 335 80 6292 6648 7204 7859 8590 9388 10251 350 783 80 10492 10875 11554 12373 13284 14268 15319 150 335 100 7466 7962 8701 9564 10525 11577 12720 350 783 100 12403 12930 13808 14853 16012 17267 18610 150 335 120 8612 9268 10207 11296 12510 13842 15293 350 783 120 14250 14937 16027 17310 18733 20276 21930 150 335 140 9741 10574 11729 13063 14551 16188 17973 350 783 140 16048 16911 18224 19760 21462 23309 25296 175 391 40 4156 4286 4540 4855 5209 5593 6003 375 839 40 6628 6775 7105 7523 7994 8503 9042 175 391 60 5567 5794 6198 6684 7227 7817 8451 375 839 60 8871 9125 9631 10253 10948 11698 12496 175 391 80 6900 7241 7812 8489 9241 10062 10947 375 839 80 10964 11344 12038 12876 13808 14815 15890 175 391 100 8183 8658 9414 10298 11282 12357 13520 375 839 100 12960 13482 14377 15445 16629 17909 19278 175 391 120 9367 10060 11016 12126 13362 14716 16185 375 839 120 14886 15568 16677 17986 19436 21007 22690 175 391 140 10583 11457 12628 13983 15491 17146 18948 375 839 140 16760 17618 18951 20515 22246 24124 26141 200 447 40 4507 4633 4897 5226 5596 5996 6424 400 894 40 6907 7053 7391 7822 8306 8828 9383 200 447 60 6041 6257 6674 7179 7741 8352 9007 400 894 60 9246 9498 10015 10653 11365 12134 12952 200 447 80 7427 7810 8397 9094 9870 10713 11621 400 894 80 11429 11804 12512 13369 14323 15353 16450 200 447 100 8795 9326 10099 11005 12014 13113 14300 400 894 100 13507 14024 14936 16025 17234 18540 19936 200 447 120 10128 10821 11795 12929 14189 15567 17059 400 894 120 15512 16187 17315 18649 20126 21725 23438 200 447 140 11435 12307 13496 14874 16406 18084 19906 400 894 140 17461 18311 19666 21256 23017 24926 26973 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft - 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec - 1055 kW 2-285 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(11) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 50 feet tg:300 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.011 Btu/sec3 CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 942 1100 1296 1520 1769 2043 2340 225 503 40 2892 3014 3230 3488 3775 4087 4422 25 56 60 1344 1649 2008 2409 2849 3328 3848 225 503 60 3910 4155 4510 4924 5385 5888 6432 25 56 80 1772 2256 2807 3414 4075 4794 5572 225 503 80 4898 5273 5786 6380 7041 7765 8551 25 56 100 2227 2923 3686 4523 5433 6420 7487 225 503 100 5862 6386 7077 7873 8759 9733 10794 25 56 120 2703 3634 4636 5726 6908 8189 9573 225 503 120 6813 7503 8392 9411 10547 11798 13165 25 56 140 3209 4392 5653 7016 8493 10091 11818 225 503 140 7757 8631 9736 10999 12408 13963 15663 50 112 40 1272 1412 1598 1815 2058 2326 2620 250 559 40 3087 3203 3425 3690 3985 4306 4649 50 112 60 1775 2039 2374 2758 3187 3660 4175 250 559 60 4164 4409 4770 5194 5664 6177 6730 50 112 80 2275 2704 3221 3806 4454 5165 5939 250 559 80 5211 5585 6106 6709 7380 8113 8908 50 112 100 2795 3413 4138 4951 5847 6826 7889 250 559 100 6231 6752 7451 8255 9150 10132 11201 50 112 120 3333 4165 5123 6187 7355 8628 10008 250 559 120 7235 7920 8815 9842 10985 12242 13614 50 112 140 3890 4959 6171 7508 8970 10560 12283 250 559 140 8229 9096 10205 11474 12888 14446 16150 75 168 40 1559 1690 1876 2094 2333 2607 2901 275 615 40 3251 3387 3614 3887 4190 4519 4871 75 168 60 2143 2398 2726 3104 3528 3996 4508 275 615 60 4410 4655 5024 5456 5936 6459 7021 75 168 80 2728 3131 3630 4201 4840 5544 6313 275 615 80 5516 5889 6417 7030 7711 8454 9259 75 168 100 3320 3895 4593 5386 6269 7240 8298 275 615 100 6591 7109 7815 8629 9534 10525 11602 75 168 120 3922 4695 5617 6657 7810 9074 10449 275 615 120 7646 8327 9229 10264 11416 12681 14060 75 168 140 4537 5531 6699 8008 9454 11036 12754 275 615 140 8690 9549 10664 11940 13362 14926 16634 100 224 40 1811 1944 2133 2356 2605 2878 3176 300 671 40 3429 3566 3799 4078 4390 4727 5088 100 224 60 2484 2731 3058 3438 3862 4330 4842 300 671 60 4651 4896 5271 5712 6202 6734 7307 100 224 80 3145 3532 4025 4591 5225 5925 6691 300 671 80 5814 6185 6721 7344 8035 8789 9604 100 224 100 3807 4356 5040 5822 6695 7659 8713 300 671 100 6942 7457 8171 8996 9911 10912 11999 100 224 120 4474 5208 6107 7130 8271 9526 10896 300 671 120 8049 8724 9633 10679 11841 13115 14502 100 224 140 5150 6091 7228 8515 9946 11518 13231 300 671 140 9141 9993 11114 12399 13829 15401 17115 125 280 40 2048 2180 2374 2603 2858 3138 3442 325 727 40 3603 3741 3979 4265 4585 4930 5300 125 280 60 2802 3043 3374 3758 4186 4658 5173 325 727 60 4886 5130 5512 5963 6462 7005 7587 125 280 80 3538 3911 4404 4971 5605 6305 7070 325 727 80 6105 6474 7018 7651 8353 9118 9943 125 280 100 4269 4795 5474 6251 7120 8080 9131 325 727 100 7287 7797 8520 9355 10282 11294 12390 125 280 120 4977 5701 6589 7602 8733 9982 11348 325 727 120 8443 9112 10030 11086 12259 13543 14939 125 280 140 5706 6632 7750 9023 10441 12005 13712 325 727 140 9583 10426 11556 12851 14291 15871 17593 150 335 40 2272 2403 2602 2638 3101 3388 3699 350 783 40 3774 3911 4154 4448 4775 5129 5507 150 335 60 3104 3339 3675 4065 4500 4978 5498 350 783 60 5116 5359 5748 6208 6717 7270 7863 150 335 80 3892 4272 4768 5339 5977 6680 7447 350 783 80 6391 6757 7309 7952 8665 9441 10277 150 335 100 4680 5215 5893 6671 7541 8500 9550 350 783 100 7625 8130 •8861 9707 10646 11669 12776 150 335 120 5464 6175 7058 8067 9194 10439 11802 350 783 120 8831 9492 10419 11486 12670 13965 15371 150 335 140 6249 7156 8264 9527 10938 12495 14198 350 783 140 10018 10851 11990 13295 14746 16336 18067 175 391 40 2486 2615 2820 3063 3334 3629 3948 375 839 40 3941 4079 4327 4628 4962 5324 5710 175 391 60 3395 3622 3963 4361 4804 5289 5816 375 839 60 5342 5584 5980 6448 6967 7530 8133 175 391 80 4241 4618 5118 5696 6340 7048 7821 375 839 80 6672 7034 7594 8248 8972 9759 10607 175 391 100 5089 5619 6300 7082 7954 8916 9968 375 839 100 7958 8456 9196 10054 11004 12039 13158 175 391 120 5930 6632 7514 8524 9651 10896 12258 375 839 120 9214 9865 10801 11880 13076 14382 15799 175 391 140 6770 7663 8765 10025 11432 12985 14686 375 839 140 10397 11268 12416 13733 15195 16796 18537 200 447 40 2692 2818 3028 3279 3558 3861 4188 400 894 40 4105 4242 4496 4803 5146 5516 5910 200 447 60 3648 3893 4241 4647 5099 5593 6128 400 894 60 5564 5805 6207 6684 7213 7786 8399 200 447 80 4675 4951 5457 6043 6695 7410 8189 400 894 80 6949 7306 7874 8538 9274 10072 10931 200 447 100 5482 6009 6694 7482 8361 9327 10383 400 894 100 8287 8777 9526 10395 11357 12404 13534 200 447 120 6379 7075 7959 8972 10102 11349 12712 400 894 120 9536 10231 11177 12267 13475 14794 16222 200 447 140 7271 8154 9256 10516 11923 13475 15175 400 894 140 10806 11678 12835 14164 15638 17251 19002 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-286 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Table B4.1(mm) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector: 50 feet tg:500 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a: 0.004 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET r RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 706 875 1073 1292 1532 1793 2076 225 503 40 2000 2132 2322 2544 2790 3059 3351 25 56 60 1053 1381 1738 2130 2557 3020 3520 225 503 60 2759 3000 3324 3696 4112 4568 5065 25 56 80 1435 1948 2496 3091 3735 4432 5186 225 503 80 3501 3873 4355 4906 5522 6200 6943 25 56 100 1851 2574 3337 4159 5047 6008 7047 225 503 100 4240 4762 5425 6182 7027 7960 8982 25 56 120 2299 3253 4258 5323 6481 7732 9083 225 503 120 4958 5671 6538 7526 8628 9845 11177 25 56 140 2777 3981 5241 6577 8025 9590 11280 225 503 140 5695 6605 7697 8939 10323 11850 13519 50 112 40 920 1068 1252 1462 1697 1955 2236 250 559 40 2128 2260 2453 2679 2930 3204 3500 50 112 60 1322 1610 1950 2331 2751 3210 3708 250 559 60 2932 3172 3498 3875 4294 4754 5255 50 112 80 1748 2208 2734 3316 3953 4647 5399 250 559 80 3717 4083 4567 5121 5740 6420 7164 50 112 100 2200 2859 3597 4406 5287 6245 7281 250 559 100 4474 5006 5670 6428 7274 8208 9229 50 112 120 2672 3564 4532 5590 6740 7988 9337 250 559 120 5241 5948 6813 7799 8900 10115 11445 50 112 140 3173 4311 5535 6863 8303 9864 11552 250 559 140 6011 6911 7999 9236 10617 12140 13806 75 168 40 1107 1247 1427 1633 1864 2119 2398 275 615 40 2253 2385 2581 2811 3067 3345 3646 75 168 60 1568 1836 2163 2534 2948 3403 3899 275 615 60 3101 3338 3668 4050 4474 4938 5442 75 168 80 2039 2469 2975 3545 4175 4864 5614 275 615 80 3910 4287 4774 5332 5954 6638 7384 75 168 100 2529 3148 3862 4657 5531 6484 7518 275 615 100 4716 5245 5911 6671 7519 8453 9476 75 168 120 3040 3874 4818 5862 7003 8246 9594 275 615 120 5517 6219 7084 8070 9170 10385 11715 75 168 140 3572 4644 5840 7152 8584 10141 11827 275 615 140 6319 7212 8297 9531 10909 12430 14095 100 224 40 1278 1415 1593 1799 2029 2284 2562 300 671 40 2374 2506 2706 2940 3200 3484 3789 100 224 60 1798 2051 2372 2738 3147 3599 4093 300 671 60 3267 3501 3835 4221 4650 5119 5627 100 224 80 2312 2724 3217 3777 4400 5085 5832 300 671 80 4111 4487 4977 5540 6166 6853 7603 100 224 100 2845 3435 4130 4912 5777 6726 7757 300 671 100 4952 5479 6147 6910 7761 8698 9722 100 224 120 3393 4188 5108 6136 7270 8508 9853 300 671 120 5787 6485 7350 8337 9439 10654 11984 100 224 140 3959 4981 6149 7446 8869 10420 12104 300 671 140 6621 7507 8590 9824 11201 12720 14384 125 280 40 1439 1572 1751 1958 2190 2446 2725 325 727 40 2493 2624 2828 3066 3331 3619 3929 125 280 60 2004 2257 2574 2939 3346 3796 4288 325 727 60 3430 3660 3997 4388 4822 5296 5810 125 280 80 2571 2969 3455 4009 4626 5308 6052 325 727 80 4307 4683 5176 5744 6375 7066 7820 125 280 100 3146 3715 4396 5168 6026 6970 7999 325 727 100 5182 5709 6379 7146 8001 8940 9967 125 280 120 3732 4498 5399 6414 7539 8772 10114 325 727 120 6050 6745 7612 8602 9705 10922 12252 125 280 140 4333 5317 6461 7742 9156 10702 12383 325 727 140 6916 7797 8880 10114 11491 13010 14673 150 335 40 1592 1721 1902 2112 2347 2605 2886 350 783 40 2610 2740 2947 3190 3460 3753 4068 150 335 60 2204 2453 2771 3135 3542 3992 4484 350 783 60 3570 3815 4157 4553 4992 5472 5990 150 335 80 2817 3206 3688 4238 4853 5532 6274 350 783 80 4498 4874 5372 5944 6580 7277 8035 150 335 100 3433 3988 4660 5425 6277 7216 8243 350 783 100 5408 5933 6607 7379 . 8237 9181 10211 150 335 120 4058 4801 5689 6693 7810 9038 10377 350 783 120 6309 7001 7871 8864 9970 11188 12521 150 335 140 4694 5648 6773 8041 9445 10986 12664 350 783 140 7205 8082 9166 10402 11779 13299 14963 175 391 40 1740 1863 2047 2260 2499 2760 3044 375 839 40 2724 2854 3063 3311 3586 3884 4204 175 391 60 2396 2642 2960 3327 3736 4186 4679 375 839 60 3722 3968 4313 4715 5160 5644 6168 175 391 80 3053 3436 3916 4465 5078 5755 6497 375 839 80 4686 5062 5564 6142 6783 7485 8247 175 391 100 3710 4253 4920 5680 6528 7464 8488 375 839 100 5630 6154 6832 7609 8472 9420 10453 175 391 120 4373 5098 5976 6972 8082 9306 10642 375 839 120 6562 7252 8125 9122 10232 11453 12788 175 391 140 5045 5973 7084 8340 9737 11273 12948 375 839 140 7489 8362 9448 10686 12066 13587 15252 200 447 40 1867 2000 2187 2404 2646 2911 3199 400 894 40 2837 2965 3178 3430 3710 4012 4337 200 447 60 2580 2824 3145 3514 3925 4378 4873 400 894 60 3871 4117 4467 4874 5324 5815 6344 200 447 80 3280 3658 4138 4687 5301 5979 6720 400 894 80 4871 5247 5753 6336 6983 7691 8458 200 447 100 3978 4511 5175 5932 6778 7712 8735 400 894 100 5848 6371 7053 7835 8703 9656 10694 200 447 120 4679 5388 6259 7250 8356 9575 10909 400 894 120 6812 7500 8376 9377 10491 11716 13054 200 447 140 5369 6292 7392 8640 10030 11561 13232 400 894 140 7768 8638 9727 10968 12351 13874 15540 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-287 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-4.1(nn) Installed Spacing of Heat Detector:50 feet tg:600 Seconds to 1000 Btu/sec a:0.003 Btu/secs CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 T RTI AT 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE FIRE SIZE AT DETECTOR RESPONSE (BTU/SEC) (BTU/SEC) 25 56 40 645 818 1016 1233 1470 1728 2007 225 503 40 1762 1895 2078 2291 2528 2787 3068 25 56 60 979 1311 1669 2058 2480 2938 3432 225 503 60 2445 2690 3007 3370 3776 4222 4710 25 56 80 1350 1868 2416 3006 3645 4336 5082 225 503 80 3117 3497 3974 4518 5126 5797 6531 25 56 100 1757 2484 3250 4063 4945 5898 6928 225 503 100 3790 4327 4988 5740 6581 7508 8523 25 56 120 2195 3154 4156 5217 6366 7608 8950 225 503 120 4467 5183 6052 7038 8138 9351 10676 25 56 140 2665 3874 5130 6460 7899 9454 11133 225 503 140 5152 6068 7167 8411 9795 11318 12981 50 112 40 826 978 1163 1373 1605 1860 2137 250 559 40 1874 2006 2192 2408 2648 2911 3195 50 112 60 1204 1500 1842 2222 2639 3094 3587 250 559 60 2595 2838 3157 3523 3932 4380 4870 50 112 80 1610 2081 2611 3191 3824 4513 5258 250 559 80 3303 3679 4156 4701 5310 5981 6717 50 112 100 2044 2721 3460 4266 5142 6093 7122 250 559 100 4009 4538 5197 5949 6788 7714 8728 50 112 120 2503 3409 4382 5437 6581 7820 9160 250 559 120 4718 5421 6285 7268 8365 9574 10898 50 112 140 2991 4145 5372 6696 8129 9681 11359 250 559 140 5414 6330 7421 8659 10038 11557 13218 75 168 40 987 1131 1309 1514 1743 1995 2271 275 615 40 1982 2115 2303 2522 2766 3032 3320 75 168 60 1414 1689 2018 2390 2801 3253 3744 275 615 60 2741 2983 3304 3674 4085 4536 5029 75 168 80 1860 2298 2809 3379 4007 4692 5435 275 615 80 3484 3856 4334 4882 5492 6164 6900 75 168 100 2322 2958 3677 4473 5343 6290 7317 275 615 100 4223 4745 5403 6155 6994 7919 8933 75 168 120 2811 3665 4617 5660 6798 8034 9372 275 615 120 4944 5654 6516 7496 8591 9798 11120 75 168 140 3323 4423 5623 6935 8362 9910 .11587 275 615 140 5681 6588 7674 8907 10281 11798 13456 100 224 40 1136 1274 1450 1653 1880 2131 2406 300 671 40 2087 2220 2411 2634 2882 3151 3443 100 224 60 1610 1872 2193 2558 2966 3414 3903 300 671 60 2884 3124 3448 3821 4236 4691 5186 100 224 80 2092 2512 3010 3570 4192 4873 5614 300 671 80 3662 4029 4509 5059 5672 6346 7083 100 224 100 2591 3197 3898 4682 5546 6489 7514 300 671 100 4415 4947 5606 6359 7198 8124 9138 100 224 120 3110 3926 4856 5886 7017 8249 9586 300 671 120 5178 5883 6743 7723 8816 10023 11343 100 224 140 3649 4698 5878 7176 8596 10141 11815 300 671 140 5943 6842 7924 9153 10525 12038 13694 125 280 40 1274 1410 1586 1789 2016 2266 2541 325 727 40 2190 2323 2517 2744 2995 3269 3564 125 280 60 1797 2048 2364 2726 3130 3576 4064 325 727 60 3024 3262 3589 3966 4384 4843 5341 125 280 80 2314 2721 3209 3762 4378 5056 5795 325 727 80 3837 4199 4682 5234 5850 6527 7266 125 280 100 2849 3433 4120 4894 5751 6690 7713 325 727 100 4616 5145 5806 6560 7401 8328 9342 125 280 120 3399 4185 5096 6115 7238 8466 9801 325 727 120 5407 6108 6968 7947 9040 10246 11567 125 280 140 3967 4978 6135 7420 8832 10373 12046 325 727 140 6199 7091 8171 9398 10768 12279 13934 150 335 40 1406 1538 1715 1920 2148 2400 2675 350 783 40 2291 2424 2621 2851 3106 3384 3683 150 335 60 1965 2217 2531 2892 3294 3739 4226 350 783 60 3161 3397 3728 4108 4531 4993 5495 150 335 80 2526 2924 3405 3954 4566 5240 5978 350 783 80 3989 4365 4851 5407 6026 6706 7448 150 335 100 3096 3664 4340 5106 5957 6893 7914 350 783 100 4812 5340 6003 6759 7602 8531 9546 150 335 120 3678 4441 5337 6345 7461 8685 10018 350 783 120 5631 6330 7190 8170 9263 10470 11790 150 335 140 4275 5256 6393 7666 9071 10607 12277 350 783 140 6450 7337 8415 9641 11010 12520 14174 175 391 40 1532 1662 1840 2047 2278 2532 2808 375 839 40 2390 2523 2722 2956 3215 3497 3800 175 391 60 2131 2380 2694 3054 3457 3901 4388 375 839 60 3296 3530 3863 4248 4675 5141 5647 175 391 80 2730 3120 3598 4144 4753 5426 6162 375 839 80 4152 4528 5017 5577 6200 6883 7628 175 391 100 3335 3890 4559 5319 6165 7097 8116 375 839 100 5005 5532 6197 6956 7802 8733 9750 175 391 120 3948 4693 5577 6576 7686 8906 10236 375 839 120 5852 6547 7409 8391 9485 10692 12013 175 391 140 4574 5530 6652 7914 9311 10843 12510 375 839 140 6697 7579 8657 9883 11251 12761 14414 200 447 40 1654 1781 1961 2171 2404 2660 2939 400 894 40 2487 2620 2822 3059 3323 3608 3916 200 447 60 2291 2537 2852 3214 3618 4063 4549 400 894 60 3429 3660 3997 4386 4817 5288 5797 200 447 80 2927 3311 3788 4332 4940 5611 6346 400 894 80 4314 4689 5181 5745 6372 7059 7807 200 447 100 3565 4111 4775 5530 6373 7302 8319 400 894 100 5195 5720 6388 7151 8000 8933 9953 200 447 120 4211 4941 5816 6807 7912 9128 10456 400 894 120 6068 6762 7625 8609 9706 10914 12236 200 447 140 4866 5801 6910 8162 9552 11080 12745 400 894 140 6939 7818 8896 10123 11491 13001 14654 NOTE:Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW 2-288 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 B-4.1.1 Example. B-5.3 In smoldering fires, thermal energy also provides a Input: force for transporting smoke particles to the smoke sensor. However, because the rate of energy release is usually Ceiling height: 8 ft(2.4 m) small and the rate of growth of the fire is slow, other fac- Detector type: Fixed temperature 135°F (57°C) tors such as airflow may have a stronger influence on the transport of smoke particles to the smoke sensor.Addition- UL listed spacing: 30 ft (9.1 m) ally,for smoldering fires,the relationship between temper- Installed spacing: 15 ft(4.6 m) ature and the optical density of smoke is not constant and, therefore, not useful. Fire: B-5.4 Smoke detectors, regardless of whether they detect Fire growth rate: Slow by sensing scattered light, loss of light transmission (light t : 600 sec extinction), or reduction of ion current,are particle detec- t tors. Particle concentration, size, color, and size distribu- a: 0.003 Btu/secs tion affect each sensing technology differently. It is gener- Environmental conditions: ally accepted that the concentration of sub-micron- diameter particles produced by a flaming fire is greater To: 55°F(12.8°C) than that produced by a smoldering fire. Conversely, the Threshold fire size concentration of larger particles is greater from a smolder- (Qd) at detector response: ing fire. It is also known that the smaller particles agglom- From Table B-3.2.2 the detector time constant (To) is 80 erate and form larger ones as they age and are carried seconds. away from the fire source. More research is required to AT = TS -To = 135 - 55 = 80°F provide sufficient data to first predict particle concentra- tion and behavior and,secondly,to predict the response of From Table B-4.1(t) a particular detector. For To = 75 sec; Qd = 418 Btu/sec B-5.5 Unlike heat detectors, listed smoke detectors are For To = 100 sec; Qd = 472 Btu/sec not given a listed spacing. It has become general practice to install smoke detectors on 30-ft (9.1-m) centers on By interpolation: smooth ceilings with reductions made empirically to that Qd = 418 - [(75 - 80) (418 - 472)/(75 - 100)] spacing for beamed or joisted ceilings and for areas having high rates of air movement. Spacing adjustments for ceil- Qd = 429 Btu/sec ing height are also necessary as discussed herein. B-5 Smoke Detector Spacing for Flaming Fires. B-5.5.1 Figures B-5.5.1(a), (b), and (c) are based on the assumption that smoke transport to the detector is entirely B-5.1 Ideally, the placement of smoke detectors should from fire plume dynamics. It assumes that the ratio of the be based on a knowledge of fire plume and ceiling jet a s tempernt ature that the hedet optscal willensity actuate the at a constant smoke is flows, smoke production rates, particulate changes due to value of temperature rise equal to 20°F (-6.7C), which is aging, and the unique operating characteristics of the considered indicative of concentrations of smoke from a detector being used. Knowledge of plume and jet flows number of common fuels that would cause detection b a Section B-3 to be developed. Unfortunately, that knowl- enabled the heat detector spacing information presented in relatively sensitive detector. It is cautioned that many fuel/detector combinations may cause operation at a higher edge does not apply to smoke originating from smoldering temperature rise. In addition, its assumed that the higher e r fires. Understanding of smoke production and aging lags for design does not significantly impair smoke entry. The considerably behind that of heat production. The operat- data presented in Figures B-5.5impa s and nt clearly ing characteristics of smoke detectors in specific fire envi- indicate that spacings considerably greater than c) l (9.1 ronments are not often measured or made generally avail- m) are acceptable for detecting geometrically growing able for other than a very few combustible materials. flaming fires when Qd is detecting Btu/sec or more. Hence, the existing data base precludes the development of complete engineering design information for smoke B-5.5.2 In the early stages of development of a growing detector location and spacing. fire, where the heat r p release rate is approximately 250 Btu/ B-5.2 In a flaming fire, smoke detector response is sec or less, the environmental effects in spaces having high affected by ceiling height, and size and rate of growth of ceilings may dominate the transportation of smoke. Exam- the fire in much the same way as heat detector response. ples of such environmental effects are heating, cooling, The thermal energy of the flaming fire transports smoke humidity, and ventilation. Greater thermal energy release particles to the smoke sensor just as it does heat to a heat from the fire may be required to overcome such environ- sensor. While the relationship.between the amount of mental effects. Until the growing fire reaches a sufficiently smoke and the amount of heat produced by a fire is highly high level of heat release,closer spacing of smoke detectors dependent upon the fuel and the way it is burning, on the ceiling may not significantly improve the response research has shown that the relationship between temper- of the detectors to the fire. Therefore, where considering ature and optical density of smoke remains essentially con- ceiling height alone,smoke detector spacing closer than 30 stant within the fire plume and on the ceiling in the prox- ft (9.1 m)may not be warranted except in instances where imity of the plume. an engineering analysis indicates additional benefit will [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] result. Other construction characteristics must also be con- 2-289 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 90 90 80 80 70 60 60 x rn c c 50 coo 50 N N m - �o y 40 Od=1000 Btu/sec c 30 .r1-1T1,VIAII11_ 30 , - Od=1000 Btu/sec 20 12 . 100C- ?50 500 7 750 100 250 500 750 77 IT 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Ceiling height(ft) Ceiling height(ft) Figure B•5.5.1(a) Smoke detector—fast fire. Figure B•5.5.1(c) Smoke detector—slow fire. sidered; see the appropriate sections of Chapter 5 dealing 90 with smoke detectors and smoke detectors for the control of smoke spread. B0 B-5.6 The method used to determine the spacing of smoke detectors is similar to that used for heat detectors and is based on fire size,fire growth rate,and ceiling height. 70 B-5.6.1 In order to use Figures B-5.5.1(a), (b), or (c) to determine the installed spacing of a smoke detector, the designer must first select Qd,the threshold flaming fire size 60 at which detection is desired. CD B-5.6.2 In addition to threshold flaming fire size, Qd, the m 50 designer must consider the expected fire growth rate. Fig- ures B-5.5.1(a), (b), and (c)are used for fast-, medium-, and m slow-growing flaming fires, respectively. See section B-2.2.2 2 40 for heat release rate and fire growth rate information. c Od=1000 Btu/sec [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] 30 : - B-5.6.2.1 Figures B-5.5.1(a),(b), and (c) use the following :., values for tg: 20 Fast fire growth rate, tg = 150 seconds Medium fire growth rate, tg = 300 seconds 12 -'IX. 250 ' 500 750 Slow fire growth rate, tg = 600 seconds. [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C] 10 20 30 40 A 50 60 70 B-5.6.3 Example 1. Determine the installed spacing of a Ceiling height(ft) smoke detector on a 30-ft(9.1-m)ceiling required to detect a 750 Btu/sec fire that is growing at a medium rate, use Figure B-5.5.1(b) Smoke detector—medium fire. Figure B-5.5.1(b). 2-290 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Input: The calculations used to produce the spacing curves Ceiling height: 30 ft (9.1 m) assume that the ratio of the actual convective heat release to the theoretical heat release for all fuels is equal to that Qd: 750 Btu/sec (791 kW) ratio for wood crib fires. Fire growth rate: Medium, tg = 300 seconds Required installed spacing: B-6.3 Heat Detector Model. The heating of a heat detec- tor is given by the equation: From Figure B-5.5.1(b), using the 750 Btu/sec (791 kW) curve, installed spacing is 41 ft (12.8 m). ATs clt = (Tg -Td)/T B-5.6.4 Example 2. Consider a 20-ft(6.1-m)ceiling with a Where: threshold fire size of 250 Btu/sec growing at a medium rate. Ts = the temperature rating or set point of the detector Input: Tg = the gas temperature at the detector Ceiling height: 20 ft(6.1 m) T = detector time constant. Qd: 250 Btu/Sec (264 kW) Fire growth rate: Medium, tg = 300 seconds The time constant is a measure of the detector's sensitiv- Required installed spacing: ity and is given by: From Figure B-5.5.I(b), using the 250 Btu/sec (264 kW) T = (mc)/(hA) curve, installed spacing for the smoke detector is 30 ft(9.1 m), since the intersection of a vertical line at 20 ft (6.1 m) Where: and the Qd = 250 curve falls within the shaded area below m = the detector element's mass 30 ft(9.1 m) spacing. (See B-5.2.1.2.) = NOTE: Both a slow and fast rate-of-growth fire would c the detector element's specific heat result in the same 30-ft (9.1-m) spacing using Figures h = the convection heat transfer coefficient for the B-5.5.1(a)and(c).Engineering judgment and consideration detector of all factors affecting smoke movement and transport should be exercised in deciding whether a reduced spacing A = the surface area of the detector's element. is warranted. h varies approximately as the square root of the gas veloc- B-5.6.5 Smoke detector spacings of less than 30 ft(9.1 m) ity, U. may be used for detection of flaming fires where no other It is customary to speak of the time constant at a reference detector type is suitable and where environmental condi- velocity of uo = 5 ft/sec. tions allow the use of a smoke detector. T —_ To(U Ou)112 B-6 Theoretical Considerations. to can be measured most easily by a plunge test. It can B-6.1 Introduction. The design methods of this appen- also be related to the listed spacing of a detector through a dix are the joint result of extensive experimental work and calculation; Table B-3.2.2 results from these calculations. of mathematical modeling of the heat and mass transfer This model uses the temperature and velocity of the gases processes involved. This section outlines models and data at the detector to predict the temperature rise of the detec- correlations used to generate the design data presented in for element. Detector operation occurs when the preset this appendix. Only the general principles are described. conditions are reached. More detailed information may be obtained from refer- The detector's sensitivity can also be expressed in units ences 4, 9, 10, and 14 in Appendix C. that are independent of the air velocity used in the test to B-6.2 Temperature and Velocity Correlations. In order determine the time constant.This is known as the response time index (RTI). to predict the operation of any detector, it is necessary to characterize the local environment created by the fire at RTI = T the detector location. For a heat detector, the important variables are temperature and velocity of the gases at the detector. Through a program of full-scale tests and using The RTI value can therefore be obtained by multiplying to mathematical modeling techniques, general expressions for values by moo; for example, where uo = 5 ft/sec, a To of 30 temperature and velocity at a detector location have been sec corresponds to an RTI of 67 sec"ft'or 36 sec112 m1"2 developed. (See references 4, 9, 10, and 14 in Appendix C.)The A detector having a RTI of 67 sec" ft112 would have a To expressions are valid for fires that grow according to: of 23.7 sec, if measured in an air velocity of 8 ft/sec. Q = ate B-6.4 Ambient Temperature Considerations. (See also Where: B-3.2.3.)The maximum ambient temperature expected to Q = the theoretical fire heat release rate occur at the ceiling dictates the choice of temperature rat- a = the fire intensity coefficient characteristic of a par- ing for a fixed temperature heat detector application. But ticular fuel and configuration the minimum ambient temperature likely at the ceiling constitutes the worst-case condition for response by that t = time. detector to a fire. 2-291 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE The mass, specific heat, heat transfer coefficient, and NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Sys- surface area of a detector's sensing element characterize tems, 1993 edition. that detector's time constant.The response time of a given NFPA 12B, Standard on Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing detector to a given fire depends only on the detector's time Systems, 1990 edition. constant and the difference between the detector's temper- ature rating and the ambient temperature at the detector NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, where the fire starts. When ambient temperature at the 1991 edition. ceiling decreases, more heat from a fire will be needed to NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and bring the air surrounding the detector's sensing element Hose Systems, 1993 edition. up to its rated(operating) temperature; this translates into slower response and, in the case of a growing fire, a larger NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire fire size at the time of detection. In a room or work area Protection, 1990 edition. that has central heating, the minimum ambient tempera- NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, ture would usually be about 68°F (20°C). Certain ware- 1990 edition. house occupancies may only be heated enough to prevent water pipe freeze-up; in this case, the minimum ambient NFPA 70,National Electrical Code, 1993 edition. should be considered 35°F(2°C)even though during many NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows, 1992 months of the year the actual ambient is much higher.An edition. unheated building in northern states and in Canada NFPA 90A, Standard or the Installation o Air Conditioning should be presumed to have a minimum ambient of-407 f f g (-40°C) or lower. and Ventilating Systems, 1993 edition. NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heat- B-6.5 Heat and Smoke Analogy — Smoke Detector ing and Air Conditioning Systems, 1993 edition. Model. For smoke detectors, the temperature of the NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke-Control Sys- gases at the detector is not directly relevant to detection, tems, 1993 edition. but the mass concentration and size distribution of partic- ulates is relevant. For many types of smoke, the mass con- NFPA 92B, Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, centration of particles is directly proportional to the optical Atria, and Large Areas, 1991 edition. density of the smoke, Do.A general correlation for flaming NFPA 101,Life Safety Code, 1991 edition. fires has been shown to exist between the temperature rise of the fire gases at a given location and the optical density. NFPA 170,Standard for Firesafety Symbols, 1991 edition. If the optical density at which a detector responds, Do, NFPA 231C, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials, 1991 was known and was independent of particle size distribu- edition. tion, the response of the detector could be approximated NFPA 1221, Standard on the Installation, Maintenance, and as a function of heat release rate of the burning fuel, rate Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems, 1991 edi- of fire growth, and ceiling height, assuming that the above tion. correlation held. However, the more popular ionization and light- C-2 Bibliography. This part of the appendix lists other scattering detectors exhibit widely different Do when parti- publications pertinent to the subject of this NFPA docu- cle size distribution is changed; hence, where Do for these ment and which may or may not be referenced. detectors is measured in order to predict response, the test aerosol used must be very carefully controlled so that par- 1.Alpert, R."Ceiling Jets."Fire Technology,August 1972. ticle size distribution is constant. 2. Alpert and Ward, "Hazard Analysis of Unsprinklered [From NFPA 72E- 1990,Appendix C modified] Risk."SFPE Technology Report, 1984. 3. Babrauskas, V.; Lawson, J. R.; Walton, W. D.; and Twilley,W. H. "Upholstered Furniture Heat Release Rates Appendix C Referenced Publications Measured with a Furniture Calorimeter," (NBSIR 82-2604) (Dec. 1982). National Institute of Standards and C-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- Technology(formerly National Bureau of Standards),Cen- erenced within this code for informational purposes only ter for Fire Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20889. and thus are not considered part of the requirements of 4. Beyler, C. "A Design Method for Flaming Fire Detec- this document. The edition indicated for each reference is tion." Fire Technology, Volume 20, Number 4, November the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of 1984. this document. 5. DiNenno, P., ed. Chapter 3-1 of"SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering," by R. Schifiliti, September C-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- 1988 ciation, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. 6. Evans, D. D., and Stroup, D. W. "Methods to Calcu- late Response Time of Heat and Smoke Detectors Installed NFPA 11, Standard for Low Expansion Foam and Combined Below Large Unobstructed Ceilings," (NBSIR 85-3167) Agent Systems, 1988 edition. (February 1985, Issued July 1986). National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly National Bureau of NFPA I IA, Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Standards), Center for Fire Research, Gaithersburg, MD Foam Systems, 1988 edition. 20889. 2-292 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 7. Heskestad, G. "Characterization of Smoke Entry and 11. Heskestad,G., and Delichatsios, M.A. "Update:The Response for Products-of-Combustion Detectors." Pro- Initial Convective Flow in Fire."Fire Safety Journal,Volume ceedings, 7th International Conference on Problems of 15, Number 5, 1989. Automatic Fire Detection, Rheinish-Westfalischen Technis- 12. International Organization for Standardization, chen Hochschule Aachen (March 1975). Audible Emergency Evacuation Signal, ISO 8201:1987. 8. Heskestad, G. "Investigation of a New Sprinkler Sen- 13. Lawson, J. R.; Walton, W. D.; and Twilley, W. H. sitivity Approval Test: The Plunge Test." FMCR Tech. "Fire Performance of Furnishings as Measured in the NBS Report 22485, Factory Mutual Research Corporation, 1151 Furniture Calorimeter, Part 1," (NBSIR 83-2787) (August Providence Turnpike, Norwood, MA 02062. 1983). National Institute of Standards and Technology 9. Heskestad, G. "The Initial Convective Flow in Fire: (formerly National Bureau of Standards), Center for Fire Seventeenth Symposium on Combustion." The Combus- Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20889. tion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA(1979). 14. Schifiliti,R."Use of Fire Plume Theory in the Design 10. Heskestad, G., and Delichatsios, M. A. "Environ- and Analysis of Fire Detector and Sprinkler Response." ments of Fire Detectors — Phase 1: Effect of Fire Size, Master's thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Center for Ceiling Height and Material." Measurements vol. I (NBS- Firesafety Studies, Worcester, MA, 1986. GCR-77-86), Analysis vol. II (NBS-GCR-77-95). National 15. Title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, Communica- Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA tions Act of 1934 Amended. 22151. 2-293 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Cross Reference List Former Reference New Reference NFPA 71 3-8.7.7 NFPA 71 3-8.7.8 NFPA 71,Title 4-3 NFPA 71, 1-1.1 4-3.1 NFPA 71, 1-1.2 4-3.2.1 NFPA 71, 1-1.3 1-3, 1-3.1,and 1-3.2 NFPA 71, 1-2.2 4-3.2.2 NFPA 71, 1-2.3 1-7.2.3 NFPA 71, 1-2.3.1 1-7.2.3.1 and 1-7.2.3.1.2 NFPA 71, 1-2.3.1.1 1-7.2.3.1.1 NFPA 71, 1-2.3.2 1-7.2.3.2,4-3.2.3,4-3.2.3.1,4-3.2.3.1.1,4-3.2.3.1.2,4-3.2.3.2, 4-3.2.3.2.1,and 4-3.2.3.2.2 NFPA 71, 1-2.3.2.1 1-7.2.3.2.1 NFPA 71, 1-2.3.2.2 1-7.2.3.2.2 NFPA 71, 1-2.4 4-3.2.4 NFPA 71, 1-2.5 4-3 Note NFPA 71, 1-3 1-4 NFPA 71, 1-4.1 1-7.1.1 and 4-3.2.5 NFPA 71, 1-4.1(b) 7-1.5, 7-1.5.1, 7-1.5.2, 7-1.5.3,7-1.6, 7-2,and 7-7.1 NFPA 71, 1-4.2 1-5.3, 1-5.3.1,and 7-2.1.1 NFPA 71, 1-4.3 1.7.2.1 and Figure 1-7.2.1 NFPA 71, 1-4.5 1-7.3,4-3.6.2.1,and 7-5.3 NFPA 71, 1-5 1-5.5.2 NFPA 71, 1-5.1 1-5.5.2.1 NFPA 71, 1-5.2 I-5.5.2.2 NFPA 71, 1-5.3 1-5.5.5 NFPA 71, 1-5.4 1-5.5.2.3 and 7-4.3 NFPA 71, 1-5.5 1-5.5.3 NFPA 71, 1-6.2 4-3.3.1 NFPA 71, 1-7 4-3.3 NFPA 71, 1-7.1 4-3.4.1 NFPA 71, 1-7.2 4-3.4.4 NFPA 71, 1-7.2.1 4-3.4.4.1 NFPA 71, 1-7.2.2 4-3.4.4.2 NFPA 71, 1-7.2.3 4-3.4.4.3 NFPA 71, 1-7.2.4 4-3.4.4.4 and 7-4.4 NFPA 71, 1-9.1 4-3.5.1 NFPA 71, 1-9.1.2 4-3.5.1.1 NFPA 71, 1-9.5 A-7-2.1 NFPA 71, 1-9.5(a), (h), (i) 7-1.3 NFPA 71, 1-10 7-5 NFPA 71, 1-10.1 4-3.6.2.2 NFPA 71, 1-10.2 4-3.6.1 NFPA 71, 1-10.2.1 4-3.6.1.1 NFPA 71, 1-10.2.2 4-3.6.1.2 NFPA 71, 1-10.2.2.1 4-3.6.1.2.1 NFPA.71, 1-10.2.3 4-3.6.1.3 NFPA 71, 1-10.2.4 4-3.6.1.4 NFPA 71, 1-10.2.5 4-3.6.1.5 NFPA 71,2-1 1-5.5.4 NFPA 71,2-2.1.1 1-5.2.1 NFPA 71,2-2.1.1 3rd paragraph 1-5.2.3 2nd paragraph NFPA 71, 2-2.1.1 2nd paragraph 1-5.2.3 Exception No. I, Exception No. 2,and Note NFPA 71,2-2.1.3 1-5.2.2 NFPA 71,2-2.1.4 1-5.2.4 NFPA 71,2-2.1.5 1-5.2.5 NFPA 71,2-2.1.6 1-5.2.6 NFPA 71, 2-2.1.8 1-5.2.6.1 NFPA 71,2-2.2 1-5.2.5 NFPA 71,2-2.3.1 1-5.2.9.1 NFPA 71, 2-2.3.2 1-5.2.9.1 NFPA 71, 2-2.3.3 1-5.2.9.1 NFPA 71, 2-2.3.4 1-5.2.9.2 NFPA 71,2-2.3.5 1-5.2.9.3 NFPA 71,2-2.3.6 1-5.2.9.4 and 1-5.2.9.5 NFPA 71,2-2.4 1-5.2.8 NFPA 71,2-2.4.1 1-5.2.8.2 NFPA 71, 2-2.4.2 1-5.2.8.3 2-294 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 71,2-2.5.1 1-5.2.11 and 1-5.2.11.1 NFPA 71,2-2.5.2 1-5.2.11.2 NFPA 71,2-2.5.4 1-5.2.11.3 NFPA 71,2-2.6 1-5.2.10 NFPA 71, 2-2.6.1 without Exception 1-5.2.10.1 NFPA 71, 2-2.6.2 1-5.2.10.2 NFPA 71,2-2.6.3 1-5.2.10.4 NFPA 71, 2-2.6.4 1-5.2.10.3 NFPA 71,2-2.6.5 1-5.2.10.6 NFPA 71,2-4 1-5.8 NFPA 71,2-4.1 1-5.8.1 NFPA 71,2-4.1 Exception No. 5 1-5.8.6.1 Exception No. 2 NFPA 71, 2-4.1 Exception No. 8 1-5.8.4 Exception No. 3 NFPA 71,2-4.1 Exception No. 9 1-5.8.6.1 Exception No. 3 NFPA 71, 2-4.1 Exception No. 11 1-5.8.4 Exception No. 1 NFPA 71, 2-4.1 Exception No. 12 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 11 NFPA 71, 2-4.1 Exception No. 13 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 7 and Note NFPA 71,2-4.2 1-5.4.6 NFPA 71, 2-4.2.1 1-5.4.6.1 and 1-5.4.6.2 NFPA 71,3-1.1.1 5-9 and 5-9.1 NFPA 71, 3-2.2 3-8.1.1 NFPA 71,3-2.2.1 3-8.13.1 NFPA 71,3-2.2.2 3-8.13.2 NFPA 71, 3-2.2.3 3-8.13.3 NFPA 71, 3-2.2.4 3-8.13.4 NFPA 71, 3-2.2.6 3-8.13.5 NFPA 71, 3-2.2.7 3-8.13.6 NFPA 71,3-3.2.1 3-8.1.2 NFPA 71, 3-4.1.1 5-9.1.1 NFPA 71, 3-4.2.1 5-7.3 NFPA 71, 3-4.3 3-8.9 NFPA 71, 3-4.3.1 3-8.9.1 and 5-8.1 NFPA 71, 3-4.4 5-10 NFPA 71, 3-4.4.1 3-8.9.2 NFPA 71, 3-4.4.2 5-10.1 NFPA 71, 3-4.4.3 5-10.2 NFPA 71, 3-4.4.4 5-10.3 NFPA 71, 3-4.4.5 5-10.4 NFPA 71, 3-4.4.6 3-8.10.1 NFPA 71, 3-4.4.7 5-10.5 NFPA 7.1,4-1 4-2.2 NFPA 71,4-1.1 4-2.2.1 NFPA 71,4-1.2 4-2.2.2 NFPA 71,4-1.2.1 4-2.2.2.1 NFPA 71,4-1.2.2 4-2.2.2.2 NFPA 71,4-1.2.3 4-3.4.5 NFPA 71,4-2.1.1 4-2.4.1 NFPA 71,4-2.1.2 4-2.4.2 NFPA 71,4-2.1.3 4-2.3.1.2.3 NFPA 71,4-3.1 4-2.3.1.1 NFPA 71,4-3.1.1 4-2.3.1.2 NFPA 71,4-3.1.1.1 4-2.3.1.2.1 NFPA 71,4-3.1.1.2 4-2.3.1.2.2 NFPA 71,4-3.1.2 4-2.2.3,4-2.2.3.1,and 4-2.2.3.3 NFPA 71,4-3.1.3 4-2.2.4,4-2.2.4.1,and 4-2.2.4.2 NFPA 71,4-3.1.4 4-2.3.1.3 NFPA 71,4-4.1 4-2.3.1.4 NFPA 71,Table 4-4.1 Table 4-2.3.1.4 NFPA 71,4-4.2 4-2.3.1.5 NFPA 71,Chap. 5 4-2.3.2 NFPA 71,5-1 7-4.4.1(a) NFPA 71,5-1.1 4-2.2.1 NFPA 71,5-1.3 4-2.2.2.3 NFPA 71, 5-2 4-2.3.2.1 NFPA 71, 5-2.1 4-2.3.2.1.1 NFPA 71,5-2.2 4-2.3.2.1.2 NFPA 71, 5-2.3 4-2.3.2.1.3 2-295 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 71,5-2.4 4-2.3.2.1.4 NFPA 71,5-2.5 4-2.3.2.1.5 NFPA 71, 5-2.6 4-2.3.2.1.6 and 4-2.3.2.1.6.1 NFPA 71, 5-2.7 4-2.3.2.1.7 NFPA 71, 5-2.8 4-2.3.2.1.8 NFPA 71,5-2.8.1 4-2.3.2.1.9 NFPA 71, 5-2.9 4-2.3.2.1.10 NFPA 7.1, 5-3.1 4-2.3.2.2.1 NFPA 71, 5-3.1.1 4-2.3.2.2.1.1 NFPA 71, 5-3.1.2 4-2.3.2.2.1.2 NFPA 71, 5-3.2.1 4-2.4.1 NFPA 71,5-3.2.2 4-2.4.2 NFPA 71, 5-3.3 4-2.3.2.2.2 NFPA 71, 5-3.3.1 4-2.3.2.2.2.1 NFPA 71,5-3.3.2 4-2.3.2.2.2.2 NFPA 71, 5-3.3.3 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 NFPA 71,Table 5-3.3.3 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 (a)and(b) NFPA 71,5-3.3.4 4-2.3.2.2.2.4 NFPA 71, 5-3.3.5 4-2.3.2.2.2.5 NFPA 71, 5-4.1 1-5.8.6.2 NFPA 71,5-4.2 1-5.8.6.3 NFPA 71, 5-5 4-2.3.2.3, 7-4.4.2,and 7-4.4.3 NFPA 71,5-5.1 4-2.3.2.3.1 NFPA 71,5-5.2 4-2.3.2.3.2 NFPA 71, 5-5.3 4-2.3.2.3.3 NFPA 71, 5-5.4 4-2.3.2.3.4 NFPA 71,5-5.5 4-2.3.2.3.5 NFPA 71, 5-6 4-2.3.2.4 NFPA 71, 5-7 4-2.3.2.5 and 7-4.4.3.1 NFPA 71, 5-7.1 4-2.3.2.5.1 NFPA 71, 5-7.1.1 4-2.3.2.5.1.1 NFPA 71, 5-7.1.2 4-2.3.2.5.1.2 NFPA 71,5-7.2.1 4-2.4.1 NFPA 71, 5-7.2.2 4-2.4.2 NFPA 71, Chap.6 4-2.3.3 NFPA 71,6-1 7-4.4.3.2 NFPA 71, 6-1.1 4-2.2.1 NFPA 71, 6-2.1 4-2.3.3.1 NFPA 71, 6-2.1.1 1-5.4.2.1 and 4-2.3.3.1.1 NFPA 71,6-2.1.2 1-5.4.2 and 4-2.3.3.1.2 NFPA 71, 6-2.2 4-2.3.3.1.3 NFPA 71, 6-2.3 4-2.3.3.1.4 NFPA 71,6-3 4-2.3.3.2 NFPA 71, 6-3.1 4-2.3.3.2.1 NFPA 71,6-3.2 4-2.3.3.2.2 NFPA 71, 6-3.3 4-2.3.3.2.3 NFPA 71, 6-3.4 4-2.3.3.2.4 NFPA 71, 6-3.4.1 4-2.3.3.2.5 NFPA 71,6-3.4.2 4-2.3.3.2.6 NFPA 71,6-4 4-2.3:3.3 NFPA 71, 6-4.1.1 4-2.3.3.3.1 NFPA 71,6-4.1.2 3-8.6.3 and 4-2.3.3.3.2 NFPA 71, 6-4.1.3 4-2.3.3.3.3 NFPA 71,6-4.2 3-8.7.1.2 and 4-2.3.3.3.4 NFPA 71,6-4.3 4-2.3.3.3.5 NFPA 71,6-4.4 4-2.3.3.3.6 NFPA 71,6-4.5 4-2.3.3.3.7 NFPA 71,6-4.6 4-2.3.3.3.8 NFPA 71,Chap.7 4-2.3.4 NFPA 71, 7-1.1 4-2.2.1 NFPA 71, 7-1.2.1 4-2.2.2.1 NFPA 71,7-1.2.2 4-2.2.2.4 and 4-2.2.2.5 NFPA 71, 7-1.2.3 4-3.4.5 NFPA 71, 7-2.1.1 4-2.4.1 NFPA 71,7-2.1.2 4-2.4.2 NFPA 71, 7-2.1.3 4-2.3.4.1 NFPA 71,7-2.1.4 4-2.3.4.2 2-296 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 71,7-3 4-2.3.4.3 NFPA 71,7-3.1 4-2.3.4.3.1 NFPA 71,7-3.1.1 4-2.3.4.3.2 NFPA 71,7-3.1.2 4-2.2.3,4-2.2.3.1,and 4-2.2.3.3 NFPA 71,7-3.1.3 4-2.2.4,4-2.2.4.1,and 4-2.2.4.2 NFPA 71, 7-3.1.4 4-2.3.4.4 NFPA 71,7-4 4-2.3.4.5 NFPA 71,7-4.1 4-2.3.4.5.1 NFPA 71,Chap. 8,title 4-2.3.5 NFPA 71,8-1.1 4-2.2.1 and 4-2.2.2.3 NFPA 71,8-1.2.1 4-2.2.2.1 NFPA 71,8-1.2.2 4-2.2.2.4 and 4-2.2.2.5 NFPA 71,8-1.2.3 4-2.3.5.1 and 4-3.4.5 NFPA 71,8-2.1.1 4-2.4.1 NFPA 71,8-2.1.2 4-2.4.2 NFPA 71,8-2.1.3 4-2.3.5.2 NFPA 71, 8-2.1.4 4-2.3.5.3 and 4-2.3.5.3.1 NFPA 71,8-3 4-2.3.5.4 NFPA 71,8-3.1 4-2.3.5.4.1 NFPA 71,8-3.1.1 4-2.3.5.4.2 NFPA 71,8-3.1.2 4-2.2.3,4-2.2.3.1,4-2.2.3.2,and 4-2.2.3.3 NFPA 71,8-3.1.3 4-2.3.5.5 NFPA 71,8-4.1 4-2.3.5.6 NFPA 71,Table 8-4.1 Table 4-2.3.5.6 NFPA 71,8-4.2 4-2.3.5.7 NFPA 71,A-1-2.2 A-4-3.2.2 NFPA 71,A-1-2.4 A-4-3.2.4 NFPA 71,A-1-4.1 A-4-3.2.5 NFPA 71,A-1-7.1 A-4-2.4.2 NFPA 71,A-1-7.2.2 A-4-3.4.4.2 NFPA 71,A-1-10.2.3 A-4-3.6.1.3 NFPA 71,A-1-10.2.5(b) A-4-3.6.1.5(b) NFPA 71,A-2-2.1.6(c) A-1-5.2.6(c) NFPA 71,A-2-2.1.8 A-1-5.2.6.1 NFPA 71,A-2-2.3 A-1-5.2.9 NFPA 71,A-2-2.3.4(d) A-1-5.2.9.2(d) NFPA 71,A-2-2.5 A-1-5.2.11 NFPA 71,A-3-4.2.1 A-5-7.2 NFPA 71,A-3-4.3 A-5-8.1 NFPA 71,A-4-1.2.3 A-4-3.4.5 NFPA 71,A-4-2.1.3(b) A-4-2.3.1.2.3(b) NFPA 71,A-4-3.1 A-4-2.3.1.2 NFPA 71,A-5-2.3 A-4-2.3.2.1.3 NFPA 71,A-5-2.5 A-4-2.3.2.1.5 NFPA 71,A-5-2.7 A-4-2.3.2.1.7 NFPA 71,A-5-3.2.1 A-4-2.4.1 NFPA 71,A-5-3.3.1 A-4-2.3.2.2.2.1 NFPA 71,A-5-3.3.3 A-4-2.3.2.2.2.3 NFPA 71,A-5-3.3.4 A-4-2.3.2.2.2.4 NFPA 71,A-6-2.1.2 A-4-2.3.3.1.2 NFPA 71,A-6-3.4.1(c) A-4-2.3.3.2.5(c) NFPA 71,A-6-3.4.2(d)(3) A-4-2.3.3.2.6(d)(3) NFPA 71,A-6-4.3.1 A-4-2.3.3.3.5 NFPA 71,A-7-1.2.3 A-4-3.4.5 NFPA 71,A-7-3.1.4 A-4-2.3.4.4 NFPA 71,A-8-1.2.3 A-4-2.3.5.2 NFPA 72, 1-1 1-1 NFPA 72, 1-2.1 1-2 and 1-2.1 NFPA 72, 1-2.2 1-2.2 NFPA 72, 1-3.2 1-3, 1-3.1, 1-3.2,and 7-1.1.2 NFPA 72, 1-3.3 1-3.3 NFPA 72, 1-4 1-4 NFPA 72,2-1 1-5.5.2 NFPA 72, 2-1.1 1-5.5.2.1 NFPA 72, 2-1.2 1-5.3 and 1-5.3.1 NFPA 72, 2-1.3 1-5.5.2.2 NFPA 72, 2-1.4 1-5.5.4 2-297 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72,2-1.5 1-5.5.5 NFPA 72,2-1.6 1-5.6 NFPA 72,2-2 1-7 NFPA 72,2-2.1 1-7.1.1 and 7-1.4 NFPA 72,2-2.2 1-7.2.1, Figure 1-7.2.1,and 7-1.4 NFPA 72,2-3 1-5.5 NFPA 72,2-3.1 1-5.5.1 NFPA 72,2-3.2 1-5.5.6 NFPA 72,2-3.2.1 1-5.5.6.1 NFPA 72,2-3.2.2 1-5.5.6.2 NFPA 72,2-4.1 1-5.4.10 NFPA 72,2-4.2 1-5.7.1.2 NFPA 72,2-4.3 1-5.4.2, 1-5.4.2.1, and 5-9.1.3 NFPA 72,2-4.4 1-5.4.3 and 1-5.4.3.1 NFPA 72,2-4.5 1-5.4.3.2 NFPA 72,2-4.6 1-5.7.1 NFPA 72,2-4.6.1 1-5.7.1.1 NFPA 72,2-4.6.2 1-5.4.4 NFPA 72,2-4.6.3 1-5.4.5 NFPA 72,2-4.7 1-5.4.6 NFPA 72,2-4.7.1 1-5.4.6.1 and 1-5.4.6.2 NFPA 72,2-4.7.2 1-5.4.6.4 NFPA 72,2-4.7.2.1 1-5.4.6.4.1 NFPA 72,2-4.7.2.2 1-5.4.6.4.2 NFPA 72,2-4.8.3 6-2.2.2 and 6-2.3 NFPA 72,2-4.10 1-5.4.7 Distinctive Signals(a)-(c) NFPA 72,2-4.11 1-5.4.8 NFPA 72,2-4.12 1-5.4.9 NFPA 72,2-5.4 7-1.2 and 7-1.2.1 NFPA 72,2-5.6 1-5.5.2.3 NFPA 72,2-5.7 1-7.3 NFPA 72,2-6 3-4.2 Exceptions No. 2 and No. 3, and 3-5 NFPA 72,2-6.2 Table 3-5.1 NFPA 72,2-6.3 3-5.3 NFPA 72,2-7 3-6 NFPA 72,2-7.2 Table 3-6.1 NFPA 72,3-1 3-3 NFPA 72,3-2.1 5-9 and 5-9.1 NFPA 72,3-2.2 3-8.1.1 and 5-9.1.1 NFPA 72,3-2.3 5-9.1.2 NFPA 72,3-2.4 3-8.1.2 and 5-9.1.2 NFPA 72,3-2.5 3-8.1.3 NFPA 72,3-3 3-8.2 NFPA 72,3-3.1 3-8.2.1 NFPA 72,3-3.2 3-8.2.2 NFPA 72,3-3.3 3-8.2.3 NFPA 72,3-3.4 3-8.2.4 NFPA 72,3-3.5 3-8.2.5 NFPA 72,3-3.6 3-8.3 and 3-8.3.1 NFPA 72,3-3.6.1 3-8.3.1.1 NFPA 72,3-3.6.2 3-8.3.1.2 NFPA 72,3-3.6.3 3-8.3.2 NFPA 72,3-3.6.4 3-8.3.3 NFPA 72,3-3.6.5 3-8.3.4 NFPA 72,3-3.7 3-8.4 NFPA 72,3-4 5-10 NFPA 72,3-4.1 3-8.6 NFPA 72,3-4.1.1 3-8.6.1,5-7,and 5-7.1 NFPA 72,3-4.1.2 5-7.2 NFPA 72,3-4.1.4 3-8.6.2 NFPA 72,3-4.2 3-8.7 NFPA 72,3-4.2.1 3-8.7.1 NFPA 72,3-4.2.2 3-8.7.2 NFPA 72,3-4.2.3 3-8.7.3 NFPA 72,3-4.2.4 3-8.7.4 NFPA 72,3-4.2.5 3-8.7.3 Note,3-8.7.5,and 5-10.1 NFPA 72,3-4.2.6 5-10.2 2-298 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72, 3-4.2.7 5-10.3 NFPA 72, 3-4.2.8 5-10.4 NFPA 72,3-4.2.9 3-8.10 and 3-8.10.2 NFPA 72, 3-4.3 3-8.11 NFPA 72, 3-4.3.1 3-8.11.1 NFPA 72, 3-4.3.2 3-8.11.2 NFPA 72, 3-5 3-8.12 NFPA 72,3-5.1.1 3-8.12.2 NFPA 72,3-5.1.3 3-8.12.3 NFPA 72, 3-5.2 3-8.13 NFPA 72, 3-5.2.1 3-8.13.1 NFPA 72, 3-5.2.2 3-8.13.2 NFPA 72,3-5.2.3 3-8.13.3 NFPA 72, 3-5.2.4 3-8.13.4 NFPA 72,3-5.2.5 3-8.13.5 NFPA 72, 3-5.2.6 3-8.13.6 NFPA 72, 3-5.2.7 3-8.12.3 NFPA 72,3-6 3-8.14 NFPA 72, 3-6.1 3-8.14.1 NFPA 72, 3-6.2 3-8.14.2 NFPA 72,3-6.3 3-8.14.3 NFPA 72,3-6.4 3-8.14.4 Exception NFPA 72,3-6.5 3-8.14.5 NFPA 72, 3-7.1 1-5.4.1 NFPA 72, 3-7.2.1 3-8.9.3 NFPA 72,3-7.3 3-8.15 NFPA 72, 3-7.3.1 3-8.15.1 NFPA 72,3-7.3.2 3-8.15.2 NFPA 72, 3-7.3.3 3-8.15.3 NFPA 72,3-7.3.5 3-8.15.4 and(a) NFPA 72, 4-2 1-5.8 NFPA 72,4-2.1 1-5.8.1 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 1 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 1 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 2 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 2 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 5 1-5.8.1 Exception No.4 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 6 1-5.8.6.1 Exception No. 2 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 7 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 3 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 8 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 5 and 1-5.8.4 Exception No. 2 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 9 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 6 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 10 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 7 and Note NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 11 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 8 NFPA 72,4-2.1 Exception No. 12 1-5.8.1 Exception No. 9 NFPA 72,4-2.2 1-5.8.2 and 4-2.3.6.3 NFPA 72,4-2.3 1-5.8.3 NFPA 72,4-3 1-5.8.1 NFPA 72,4-4 1-5.8.5.1 NFPA 72,4-5 1-5.8.6 NFPA 72,4-5.1 1-5.8.6.1 NFPA 72,4-5.2 1-5.8.6.1 NFPA 72,5-1 1-5.2.1 NFPA 72, 5-2 1-5.2.2 NFPA 72, 5-3 1-5.2.3 Exception No. 1, Exception No. 2,and Note NFPA 72,5-3.1 1-5.2.3 Exception No. 1, Exception No. 2,and Note NFPA 72,5-3.2 1-5.2.4 NFPA 72,5-3.3 1-5.2.5 NFPA 72,5-3.5 1-5.2.7 NFPA 72,5-4 1-5.2.8 NFPA 72, 5-4.1 1-5.2.8.1 NFPA 72, 5-4.2 1-5.2.8.2 NFPA 72,5-4.3 1-5.2.8.4 NFPA 72,5-5 1-5.2.9 NFPA 72,5-5.1 1-5.2.9.2 NFPA 72,5-5.2 1-5.2.9.1 NFPA 72,5-5.3 1-5.2.9.4 and 1-5.2.9.5 NFPA 72,5-5.4 1-5.2.9.3 NFPA 72,5-6 1-5.2.10 NFPA 72,5-6.1 1-5.2.10.1 2-299 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72,5-6.2 1-5.2.10.2 NFPA 72, 5-6.3 1-5.2.10.4 NFPA 72,5-6.4 1-5.2.10.5 NFPA 72,5-6.5 1-5.2.10.6 NFPA 72,6-1 3-2 Exception NFPA 72,6-2.2 3-8.6.3 NFPA 72,6-2.3 3-8.7.1.2 NFPA 72,6-3 1-5.8.1 NFPA 72,6-4 Table 3-7.1 NFPA 72,6-5 3-13 NFPA 72, 6-5.1 3-13.1 NFPA 72,6-5.2 2-3.1.2 Exception No. 2 and 3-13.2 NFPA 72,6-5.3 3-13.3 NFPA 72,6-5.3.1 3-13.3.1 NFPA 72,6-5.3.2 3-13.3.2 NFPA 72,6-5.3.3 3-13.3.3 NFPA 72,6-5.3.4 3-13.3.4 NFPA 72,6-5.3.5 3-13.3.5 NFPA 72, 6-5.4 3-13.4 NFPA 72,6-5.4.1 3-13.4.1 NFPA 72,6-5.4.2 3-13.4.2 NFPA 72, 6-5.4.3 3-13.4.3 NFPA 72,6-5.4.4 3-13.4.4 NFPA 72,6-5.4.5 3-13.4.5 NFPA 72,6-5.4.6 3-13.4.6 NFPA 72,Chap. 7 4-7 NFPA 72, 7-1 4-7.1 NFPA 72, 7-2 4-7.2 NFPA 72, 7-2.3 4-7.2.1 NFPA 72,7-2.4 4-7.2.2 NFPA 72, 7-2.5 4-7.2.3 NFPA 72, 7-2.6 4-7.2.4 NFPA 72,7-3 4-7.4.1 NFPA 72, 7=3(a) 4-7.4.1(a) NFPA 72, 7-3(b) 4-7.4.1(b) NFPA 72,7-3(c) 4-7.4.1(c)and Note NFPA 72, 7-4.2 4-7.4.4 NFPA 72, 7-4.2.1 4-7.4.4.1 NFPA 72,7-4.2.2 4-7.4.4.2 NFPA 72,7-4.2.3 4-7.4.4.3 NFPA 72,7-4.2.4 4-7.4.4.4 NFPA 72,7-4.7 4-7.4.4.5 NFPA 72, 7-6.1.1 4-7.4.1(b)l. NFPA 72, 7-6.1.2 4-7.4.1(b)2. NFPA 72,7-6.1.3 4-7.4.1(b)3. NFPA 72, 7-6.1.4 4-7.4.1(b)4. NFPA 72, 7-6.1.5 4-7.4.1(b)5. NFPA 72,7-6.1.6 4-7.4.1(b)6. NFPA 72, 7-6.1.7 4-7.4.1(b)7. NFPA 72,7-6.1.8 4-7.4.1(b)8. NFPA 72, 7-6.2.1 4-7.4.1(a)1. NFPA 72,7-6.2.2 4-7.4.1(a)2. NFPA 72, 7-6.3.1 4-7.4.1(c)1. NFPA 72,7-6.3.2 4-7.4.1(c)2. NFPA 72, 7-6.3.3 4-7.4.1(c)3. NFPA 72,Chap. 8 4-5 NFPA 72,8-1.1 4-5.1 NFPA 72,8-2 4-5.2 NFPA 72,8-2.1 4-5.2.1 NFPA 72,8-2.2 4-5.3.1 NFPA 72,8-2.3 4-5.3.2 NFPA 72,8-2.4 4-5.3.3 NFPA 72,8-2.5 4-5.5 NFPA 72,8-2.6 4-5.2.2 NFPA 72,8-3.1 4-5.6.1 NFPA 72,8-3.2 4-5.4.4 NFPA 72,8-3.3 4-5.6.2 2-300 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72, 8-3.4 4-5.4.1.2 and 4-5.4.1.5 NFPA 72,8-3.5 4-5.4.1.2 NFPA 72,8-3.6 4-5.4.1.5 NFPA 72,8-4 4-5.6.4 NFPA 72,8-5 4-2.3.6.5 NFPA 72, 8-5.1 4-2.3.6.5.1 NFPA 72,8-5.4 4-2.3.6.5.2 NFPA 72,8-5.9 4-2.3.6.5.2 Note NFPA 72,8-6.1 4-2.3.6.1 NFPA 72,8-6.2 4-2.3.6.2 NFPA 72,8-6.3 4-2.3.6.4 NFPA 72,8-7 4-2.3.2 NFPA 72,8-7.1.3 4-2.2.2.3 NFPA 72,8-7.2 4-2.3.2.1 NFPA 72,8-7.2.1 4-2.3.2.1.1 NFPA 72,8-7.2.2 4-2.3.2.1.2 NFPA 72,8-7.2.3 4-2.3.2.1.3 NFPA 72,8-7.2.4 4-2.3.2.1.4 NFPA 72,8-7.2.5 4-2.3.2.1.5 NFPA 72,8-7.2.6 4-2.3.2.1.6 and 4-2.3.2.1.6.1 NFPA 72,8-7.2.7 4-2.3.2.1.7 NFPA 72,8-7.2.8 4-2.3.2.1.8 NFPA 72,8-7.2.9 4-2.3.2.1.10 NFPA 72,8-7.3.1 4-2.3.2.2.1 NFPA 72,8-7.3.1.1 4-2.3.2.2.1.1 NFPA 72,8-7.3.1.2 4-2.3.2.2.1.2 NFPA 72,8-7.3.2.1 4-2.4.1 NFPA 72,8-7.3.2.2 4-2.4.2 NFPA 72,8-7.3.3 4-2.3.2.2.2 NFPA 72,8-7.3.3.1 4-2.3.2.2.2.1 NFPA 72,8-7.3.3.2 4-2.3.2.2.2.2 NFPA 72,8-7.3.3.3 4-2.3.2.2.2.3 NFPA 72,8-7.3.3.4 4-2.3.2.2.2.4 NFPA 72,8-7.3.3.5 -4-2.3.2.2.2.5 NFPA 72,Chap 9 4-4 NFPA 72,9-1 4-4.2.3 NFPA 72,9-2 4-4.2 NFPA 72,9-2.1 4-4.3.1 NFPA 72,9-2.2 4-4.3.2 NFPA 72,9-2.3 4-4.5.1 and 4-4.5.2 NFPA 72,9-2.4 4-4.5.3 NFPA 72,9-3.1 4-4.6.4 NFPA 72,9-3.2 4-4.6.5 NFPA 72,9-3.3 4-4.6.6 NFPA 72,9-3.4 4-4.6.7.4 NFPA 72,9-4 4-4.6.2 NFPA 72,9-5 4-2.3.7 NFPA 72,9-5.1 4-2.3.7.1 NFPA 72,9-5.2 4-2.3.7.2 NFPA 72,9-5.3 4-2.3.7.3 NFPA 72,9-6 4-4.3.5 NFPA 72,9-7.1 4-4.4 and 4-4.4.1 NFPA 72,9-7.3 4-4.4.2 NFPA 72,9-8.1.1 4-4.4.3 NFPA 72,9-8.1.2 4-4.4.4 NFPA 72,9-8.1.3 4-4.4.5 NFPA 72,9-8.2 4-4.4.6 NFPA 72,9-8.3.1 4-4.4.7 NFPA 72,9-8.3.2 4-4.4.8 NFPA 72,9-8.3.3 1-5.4.6.3 and 4-4.4.9 NFPA 72,9-9 4-4.4.10 NFPA 72,9-10 4-4.6.7 NFPA 72,9-10.1 4-4.6.8.1 and 4-4.6.8.2 NFPA 72,9-10.2 4-4.6.7.1 NFPA 72,9-10.3 4-4.6.7.2 NFPA 72,9-10.4 4-4.6.7.3 NFPA 72,9-10.5 4-4.6.7.4 2-301 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72, Chap. 10 3-12 NFPA 72, 10-2.2 1-5.8.5.2 NFPA 72, 10-2.4 7-5.2 NFPA 72, 10-3.1 3-2.4 NFPA 72, 10-3.2 3-12.1,3-12.2, 3-12.3,and 3-12.3.1 NFPA 72, 10-3.3 3-12.3.2 NFPA 72, 10-3.4 3-12.3.3 NFPA 72, 10-3.5 3-12.3.4 NFPA 72, 10-4 3-12.4 NFPA 72, 10-4.1 3-12.4.1 NFPA 72, 10-4.2 3-12.4.2 NFPA 72, 10-4.3 3-12.4.3 NFPA 72, 10-4.3.1 3-12.4.3.1 NFPA 72, 10-4.3.2 3-12.4.3.2 NFPA 72, 10-4.3.3 3-12.4.3.3 NFPA 72, 10-4.4.1 3-12.4.4 NFPA 72, 10-4.5 3-12.4.5 NFPA 72, 10-4.5.1 3-12.4.5.1 NFPA 72, 10-4.5.2 3-12.4.5.2 NFPA 72, 10-4.6 3-12.4.6 NFPA 72, 10-4.6.1 3-12.4.6.1 NFPA 72, 10-4.6.2 3-12.4.6.2 NFPA 72, 10-4.6.3 3-12.4.6.3 NFPA 72, 10-5 3-12.6 NFPA 72, 10-5.1 3-12.6.1 NFPA 72, 10-5.2 3-12.6.2 NFPA 72, 10-5.3 3-12.6.3 NFPA 72, 10-5.5 3-12.6.4 NFPA 72, 10-5.6 3-12.6.5 NFPA 72, 10-5.7 3-12.6.6 NFPA 72,A-1-2.1 A-1-2.1 NFPA 72,A-2-1.4 A-1-5.5.4 NFPA 72,A-2-2.2 A-1-5.8.5.1 and A-1-7.2.1 NFPA 72,A-2-2.3(a) 1-7.2.2, 1-7.2.2.1, 1-7.2.2.2,and 1-7.2.2.2.1 NFPA 72,A-2-3.1(a) A-I-5.5.1(a) NFPA 72,Figure A-2-4.10(a)(1) Figure A-2-2.2.2(a)and Figure A-3-7.2(a)(1) NFPA 72, Figure A-2-4.I 0(a)(2) Figure A-2-2.2.2(b)and Figure A-3-7.2(a)(2) NFPA 72, Figure A-2-4.I 0(a)(3) Figure A-2-2.2.2(c)and Figure A-3-7.2(a)(3) NFPA 72,A-2-4.10(b) A-1-5.4.7(b) NFPA 72,A-2-4.3 A-I-5.4.2.1 and A-4-2.3.3.1.2 NFPA 72,A-2-6.2 A-3-4.1,A-3-4.2,A-3-5.1,and A-3-6.1 NFPA 72,A-2-7.2 A-3-4.1,A-3-4.2,A-3-5.1,and A-3-6.1 NFPA 72,A-3-3.6.5 A-3-8.2.3 and A-3-8.3.4 NFPA 72,A-3-3.7 A-3-8.4 NFPA 72,A-3-4.1.2 A-5-7.2 NFPA 72,A-3-4.3.2 A-3-8.11.2 and A-3-8.14.1 NFPA 72,A-3-7.3.5(a)and(b) A-3-8.15.4 NFPA 72, Figure A-3-7.3.5(a) Figure A-3-8.15.4(a) NFPA 72,Figure A-3-7.3.5(b) Figure A-3-8.15.4(b) NFPA 72, Figure A-7-3(a)(1) Figure A-4-7.4.I(a)(1) NFPA 72, Figure A-7-3(a)(2) Figure A-4-7.4.I(a)(2) NFPA 72, Figure A-7-3(b)(1) Figure A-4-7.4.I(b)(1) NFPA 72, Figure A-7-3(b)(2) Figure A-4-7.4.I(b)(2) NFPA 72, Figure A-7-3(c) Figure A-4-7.4.I(c) NFPA 72,A-8-7.2.3 A-4-2.3.2.1.3 NFPA 72,A-8-7.2.5 A-4-2.3.2.1.5 NFPA 72,A-8-7.2.7 A-4-2.3.2.1.7 NFPA 72,A-8-7.3.2.1 A-4-2.4.1 NFPA 72,A-8-7.3.3.1 A4-2.3.2.2.2.1 NFPA 72,A-8-7.3.3.3 A-4-2.3.2.2.2.3 NFPA 72,A-8-7.3.3.4 A-4-2.3.2.2.2.4 NFPA 72,A-9-1 A-4-4.2.3 NFPA 72,A-9-3.2 A-4-4.6.5 NFPA 72,A-9-3.3 A-4-4.6.6 NFPA 72,A-9-5.2(b) A-4-2.3.7.2(b) NFPA 72,A-10-4.1 A-3-12.4.1 NFPA 72,A-10-4.6.2 6-3.1.3,6-3.1.4,and 6-3.1.5 2-302 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72E, 1-1 5-1.1 NFPA 72E, 1-1.2 5-1.2.1 NFPA 72E, 1-2.1 5-1.1 NFPA 72E, 1-2.2 5-1.2.2 NFPA 72E, 1-2.3 5-1.2.2 NFPA 72E, 2-1 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-1.1 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-2.1 1-4 NFPA 72E,2-2.1.1 5-2.3.1.1 NFPA 72E, 2-2.1.3 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-2.1.3.1 5-1.2.3 NFPA 72E, 2-2.1.3.2 5-1.2.4 NFPA 72E, 2-2.1.4 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-2.1.5 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-2.2.1 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-2.2.2 1-4 NFPA 72E,2-2.2.3 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-2.3.1 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-2.3.2 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-3 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-3.1 1-4 NFPA 72E,2-3.1.1 1-4 NFPA 72E,2-3.1.2 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-4 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-4.1 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-4.1.1 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-4.1.2 1-4 NFPA 72E, 2-4.1.3 1-4 NFPA 72E,2-4.1.4 1-4 NFPA 72E,2-5.1 1-5.3 and 1-5.3.1 NFPA 72E,2-5.1.1 1-5.3.2 NFPA 72E, 2-5.1.2 1-7.1.1 NFPA 72E,2-5.1.3 1-7.1.2 NFPA 72E,2-7 5-1.3 NFPA 72E,2-7.1 5-1.3.1 NFPA 72E,2-7.2 5-1.3.2 NFPA 72E,2-7.3 5-1.3.3 NFPA 72E,2-7.4 5-1.3.4 NFPA 72E,2-7.5 5-1.3.5 and A-5-1.3.5 NFPA 72E,2-7.6 5-1.3.6 NFPA 72E,2-7.7 5-1.4.1 NFPA 72E,Chap.3 5-2 NFPA 72E,3-1 5-2.1 NFPA 72E,3-1.1.1 5-2.1 NFPA 72E, 3-1.1.2 5-2.2 NFPA 72E,3-2 5-2.3 NFPA 72E,3-2.1 5-2.3.1 NFPA 72E,3-2.1.2 5-2.3.1.2 NFPA 72E,3-2.1.3 5-2.3.1.3 NFPA 72E,3-2.2 5-2.3.2 NFPA 72E,3-2.2.1 5-2.3.2.1 NFPA 72E,3-2.2.2 5-2.3.2.2 NFPA 72E,3-2.3 5-2.3.3 NFPA 72E,3-2.3.1 5-2.3.3.1 NFPA 72E,3-2.3.2 5-2.3.3.2 NFPA 72E,3-3 5-2.4 NFPA 72E,3-3.1 5-2.4.1 and Table 5-2.4.1 NFPA 72E,3-3.1.1 5-2.4.1.1 NFPA 72E,3-4 5-2.5 NFPA 72E,3-4.1 5-2.5.1 NFPA 72E,3-4.2 5-2.5.2 NFPA 72E,3-4.3 5-2.6 NFPA 72E,3-5 5-2.7 NFPA 72E,3-5.1 5-2.7.1 NFPA 72E,3-5.1.1 5-2.7.1.1 NFPA 72E,3-5.1.2 5-2.7.1.2 NFPA 72E,Table 3-5.1.2 Table 5-2.7.1.2 2-303 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72E, 3-5.2 5-2.7.2 NFPA 72E,3-5.3 5-2.7.3 NFPA 72E,3-5.4 5-2.7.4 NFPA 72E, 3-5.4.1 5-2.7.4.1 NFPA 72E,3-5.4.2 5-2.7.4.2 NFPA 72E,3-5.4.3 5-2.7.4.3 NFPA 72E,Chap.4 5-3 NFPA 72E;4-1 5-3.1 NFPA 72E,4-1.1 5-3.1.1 NFPA 72E,4-1.2 5-3.1.2 NFPA 72E,4-1.2.1 5-3.1.3 NFPA 72E,4-1.2.2 5-3.1.4 NFPA 72E,4-1.3 5-3.2 NFPA 72E,4-2 5-3.3 and 5-3.4 NFPA 72E,4-2.1 5-3.3.1 NFPA 72E,4-2.1.1 5-3.3.1.1 NFPA 72E,4-2.1.2 5-3.3.1.2 NFPA 72E,4-2.2 5-3.3.2 NFPA 72E,4-2.2.1 5-3.3.2.1 NFPA 72E,4-2.2.2 5-3.3.2.2 NFPA 72E,4-2.3 5-3.3.3 NFPA 72E,.4-2.3.1 5-3.3.3.1 NFPA 72E,4-2.3.2 5-3.3.3.2 NFPA 72E,4-2.4 5-3.3.4 NFPA 72E,4-3.1 5-3.4.1 NFPA 72E,4-3.1.1 5-3.4.2 NFPA 72E,4-4 5-3.5 NFPA 72E,4-4.1 5-3.5.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.1.1 5-3.5.1.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.1.2 5-3.5.1.2 NFPA 72E,4-4.2 5-3.5.2 NFPA 72E,4-4.2.1 5-3.5.2.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.3.1 5-3.5.3.1 NFPA 72E;4-4.3.1.1 5-3.5.3.1.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.4 5-3.5.4 NFPA 72E,4-4.5 5-3.5.5 NFPA 72E,4-4.5.1 5-3.5.5.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.5.1.1 5-3.5.5.1.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.5.2 5-3.5.5.2 NFPA 72E,4-4.6 5-3.5.6 NFPA 72E,4-4.6.1 5-3.5.6.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.6.2 5-3.5.6.2 NFPA 72E,4-4.7 5-3.5.7 NFPA 72E,4-4.7.1 5-3.5.7.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.7.2 5-3.5.7.2 NFPA 72E,4-4.7.3 5-3.5.7.3 NFPA 72E,4-4.7.4 5-3.5.7.4 NFPA 72E,4-4.8 5-3.5.8 NFPA 72E,4-4.8.1 5-3.5.8.1 NFPA 72E,4-4.8.2 5-3.5.8.2 NFPA 72E,4-4.9 5-3.5.9 NFPA 72E,4-4.10 5-3.5.10 NFPA 72E,4-5 5-3.6 NFPA 72E,4-5.1 5-3.6.1 NFPA 72E,4-5.2 5-3.6.2 NFPA 72E,4-5.2.1 5-3.6.2.1 NFPA 72E,4-6 5-3.7 NFPA 72E,4-6.1 5-3.7.1 NFPA 72E,4-6.1.1 5-3.7.1.1 NFPA 72E,4-6.1.2 5-3.7.1.2 NFPA 72E,4-6.1.3 5-3.7.1.3 NFPA 72E,4-6.2.1 5-3.7.2.1 NFPA 72E,4-6.2.2 5-3.7.2.2 NFPA 72E,4-6.3 5-3.7.3 NFPA 72E,4-6.3.1 5-3.7.3.1 NFPA 72E,4-6.3.2 5-3.7.3.2 NFPA 72E,4-6.4 5-3.7.5 2-304 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72E,4-6.5 5-3.7.6 NFPA 72E,4-6.5.1 5-3.7.6.1 NFPA 72E,4-6.5.3 5-3.7.6.2 NFPA 72E,4-6.5.4 5-3.7.6.3 NFPA 72E,4-6.5.4(a) Figure 5-3.7.6.3 NFPA 72E,4-6.5.4(b) Table 5-3.7.6.3 NFPA 72E,5-1.1 5-4.1.2 NFPA 72E, 5-1.2 5-4,5-4.1,and 5-4.1.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2 5-4.2 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.1 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.2 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.3 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.4 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.5 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.6 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.7 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.8 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.1.9 5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.2 5-4.2.2 NFPA 72E, 5-2.2.1 5-4.2.2.1 NFPA 72E, 5-2.2.2 5-4.2.2.2 NFPA 72E, 5-2.2.3 5-4.2.2.3 NFPA 72E,5-2.2.4 5-4.2.2.4 NFPA 72E, 5-2.3 5-4.2.3 NFPA 72E, 5-2.3.1 5-4.2.3 NFPA 72E,5-3 5-4.3 NFPA 72E,5-3.1 5-4.3.1 NFPA 72E, 5-4 5-4.4 NFPA 72E, 5-4.1 5-4.4.1 NFPA 72E, 5-4.1.1 5-4.4.1.1 NFPA 72E, 5-4.1.2 5-4.4.1.2 NFPA 72E, 5-4.2 5-4.4.2 NFPA 72E,5-4.2.1 5-4.4.2.1 NFPA 72E,5-4.2.2 5-4.4.2.2 NFPA 72E,5-4.2.3 5-4.4.2.3 NFPA 72E,5-4.2.4 5-4.4.2.4 NFPA 72E,5-4.2.5 5-4.4.2.5 NFPA 72E,5-4.2.6 5-4.4.2.6 NFPA 72E, 5-4.3 5-4.5 NFPA 72E, 5-4.3.1 5-4.5.1 NFPA 72E,5-4.3.2 5-4.5.2 NFPA 72E, 5-4.3.3 5-4.5.3 NFPA 72E, 5-4.3.4 5-4.5.4 NFPA 72E, 5-4.3.5 5-4.5.5 NFPA 72E, 5-4.3.6 5-4.5.6 NFPA 72E,5-5.1 5-4.4.2.5 NFPA 72E, 5-6 5-4.6 NFPA 72E, 5-6.1 5-4.3.2 NFPA 72E,5-6.2 5-4.6.1 NFPA 72E,5-6.3 5-4.6.2 NFPA 72E,5-6.4 5-4.6.3 NFPA 72E,Chap.6 5-5 NFPA 72E,6-1.1.3 5-5.2 NFPA 72E,6-1.1.4 5-5.3 NFPA.72E,6-2 5-5.5 NFPA 72E,6-2.1 5-5.5.1 NFPA 72E,6-2.2 5-5.5.2 NFPA 72E,6-3 5-5.6 NFPA 72E,6-3.1 5-5.6.1 NFPA 72E,6-3.1.1 5-5.6.1.1 NFPA 72E,6-3.1.2 5-5.6.1.2 NFPA 72E,6-3.2 5-5.6.2 NFPA 72E,6-3.3 5-5.6.3 NFPA 72E,6-3.4 5-5.6.4 NFPA 72E,6-3.4.1 5-5.6.4.1 NFPA 72E,6-3.5 5-5.6.5 2-305 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72E,6-3.5.1 5-5.6.5.1 NFPA 72E,6-3.5.2 5-5.6.5.2 NFPA 72E,6-3.6 5-5.6.6 NFPA 72E, 6-3.6.1 5-5.6.6.1 NFPA 72E,6-3.6.2 5-5.6.6.2 NFPA 72E,6-3.6.3 5-5.6.6.3 NFPA 72E,6-3.7 5-5.6.7 NFPA 72E,6-3.7.1 5-5.6.7.1 NFPA 72E,6-3.7.2 5-5.6.7.2 NFPA 72E,6-3.8 5-5.6.8 NFPA 72E,6-3.9 5-5.6.9 NFPA 72E,6-4 5-5.7 NFPA 72E,6-4.1 5-5.7.1 NFPA 72E,6-4.2 5-5.7.2 NFPA 72E,6-4.2.1 5-5.7.2.1 NFPA 72E,6-5 5-5.8 NFPA 72E,6-5.1 5-5.8.1 NFPA 72E, 6-5.1.1 5-5.8.1.1 NFPA 72E,6-5.1.2 5-5.8.1.2 NFPA 72E,6-5.1.3 5-5.8.1.3 NFPA 72E,Chap. 7 5-6 NFPA 72E,7-1 5-6.1 NFPA 72E, 7-1.1.2 5-6.2 NFPA 72E,7-2.1 5-6.3 NFPA 72E, 7-2.2 5-6.4 NFPA 72E, 7-3 5-6.5 NFPA 72E, 7-3.1 5-6.5.1 NFPA 72E, 7-3.2 5-6.5.2 NFPA 72E,7-3.3 5-6.5.3 NFPA 72E, 7-3.4 5-6.5.4 NFPA 72E, 8-1.2 7-1.1.1 NFPA 72E, 8-1.3 7-1.2 NFPA 72E, 8-1.3.1 7-1.2 NFPA 72E, 8-1.3.2 7-1.2.2 NFPA 72E, 8-1.4 7-1.3 NFPA 72E,8-3.2 7-3,7-3.1,7-3.1.1,and 7-3.1.2 NFPA 72E, 8-4.1 7-4.1 and 7-4.2 NFPA 72E, Chap. 9 5-11 NFPA 72E,9-1 5-11 Note NFPA 72E,9-1.1 5-11.1 NFPA 72E,9-1.2 5-11.2 NFPA 72E,9-1.3 5-11.3 NFPA 72E,9-2 5-11.4 NFPA 72E, 9-2.1 5-11.4.1 NFPA 72E,9-2.2 5-11.4.2 NFPA 72E,9-2.3 5-11.4.3 NFPA 72E,9-2.4 5-11.4.4 NFPA 72E,9-3 5-11.5 NFPA 72E,9-3.1 5-11.5.1 NFPA 72E,9-3.2 5-11.5.2 NFPA 72E,9-3.2.1 5-11.5.2.1 NFPA 72E, 9-3.2.2 5-11.5.2.2 NFPA 72E,9-4 5-11.6 NFPA 72E,9-4.1 5-11.6.1 NFPA 72E,9-4.2 5-11.6.2 NFPA 72E,9-4.3 5-11.6.3 NFPA 72E,9-4.4 5-11.6.4 NFPA 72E,9-4.5 5-11.6.5 NFPA 72E,9-4.6 5-11.6.6 NFPA 72E,9-4.7 5-11.6.7 NFPA 72E,9-5 5-11.7 NFPA 72E,9-5.1 5-11.7.1 NFPA 72E,9-5.2 5-11.7.2 NFPA 72E,9-5.3 5-11.7.3 NFPA 72E,9-5.4 5-11.7.4 NFPA 72E,9-5.4.1 5-11.7.4.1 NFPA 72E,9-5.4.1.1 5-11.7.4.1.1 and Figure 5-11.7.4.1.1 2-306 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72E, 9-5.4.1.2 5-11.7.4.1.2 NFPA 72E, 9-5.4.1.3 5-11.7.4.1.3 NFPA 72E,9-5.4.1.4 5-11.7.4.1.4 NFPA 72E, 9-5.4.2 5-11.7.4.2 NFPA 72E,9-5.4.3 5-11.7.4.3 NFPA 72E,9-5.4.3.1 5-11.7.4.3.1 and Figure 5-11.7.4.3.1 NFPA 72E,9-5.4.3.2 5-11.7.4.3.2 NFPA 72E, 9-5.4.3.3 5-11.7.4.3.3 NFPA 72E, 9-5.4.4 5-11.7.4.4 NFPA 72E,9-5.4.4.1 5-11.7.4.4.1 NFPA 72E,9-5.5 5-11.7.5 NFPA 72E,9-5.5.1 5-11.7.5.1 and 5-11.7.5.2 NFPA 72E,A-2-7.7 A-5-1.4 NFPA 72E, Figure A-2-7.7(a) Figure A-5-1.4(a) NFPA 72E, Figure A-2-7.7(b) Figure A-5-1.4(b) NFPA 72E, Figure A-3-4.1 Figure A-5-2.5.1 NFPA 72E, Figure A-3-5.1 Figure A-5-2.7.1 NFPA 72E,A-3-5.1(a) Figure A-5-2.7.I(a) NFPA 72E,A-3-5.1(b) Figure A-5-2.7.I(b) NFPA 72E, Figure A-3-5.1(c) Figure A-5-2.7.I(c) NFPA 72E, Figure A-3-5.1(d) Figure A-5-2.7.I(d) NFPA 72E, Figure A-3-5.1.1 Figure A-5-2.7.1.1 NFPA 72E,A-3-5.1.2 A-5-2.7.1.2 NFPA 72E,A-3-5.2 Figure A-5-2.7.2 NFPA 72E,A-3-5.3 A-5-2.7.3 (a)and (b) NFPA 72E,A-3-5.4.1 Figure A-5-2.7.4.1 NFPA 72E,A-3-5.4.2 Figure A-5-2.7.4.2 NFPA 72E,A-4-1.1 A-5-3.1.1 NFPA 72E,A-4-1.3 A-5-3.2 NFPA 72E,A-4-2.2 A-5-3.3.2 NFPA 72E,A-4-2.3 A-5-3.3.3 NFPA 72E,A-4-4.1 A-5-3.5.1 NFPA 72E,A-4-4.1.2 A-5-3.5.1.2 NFPA 72E,Figure A-4-4.1.2 Figure A-5-3.5.1.2 NFPA 72E,A-4-4.2 A-5-3.5.2 NFPA 72E,Figure A-4-4.3.1.1 Figure A-5-3.5.2.1 NFPA 72E,A-4-4.5.2 A-5-3.5.5.2 NFPA 72E, Figure A-4-4.5.2 Figure A-5-3.5.5.2 NFPA 72E,A-4-4.6 A-5-3.5.6 NFPA 72E,A-4-4.7.4 A-5-3.5.7.4 NFPA 72E,A-4-5.1 A-5-3.6.1 NFPA 72E,A-4-6.1.1 A-5-3.7.1.1 NFPA 72E,A-4-6.1.2 A-5-3.7.1.2 NFPA 72E,Table A-4-6.1.4 Table A-5-3.7.1.1 NFPA 72E,Table A-4-6.1.5(a) Table A-5-3.7.1.2(a) NFPA 72E,Table A-4-6.1.5(b) Table A-5-3.7.1.2(b) NFPA 72E, Figure A-4-6.1.8(a) Figure A-5-3.7.5(a) NFPA 72E, Figure A-4-6.1.8(b) Figure A-5-3.7.5(b) NFPA 72E,A-4-6.2.2 A-5-3.7.2.2 NFPA 72E,A-4-6.4 A-5-3.7.5 NFPA 72E,A-5-2.1.1 A-5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E,A-5-2.1.6 A-5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E,A-5-2.1.9 A-5-4.2.1 NFPA 72E,A-5-3.1 A-5-4.3.1 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.1.1 A-5-4.4.1.1 and Figure A-5-4.4.1.1 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.2.1 A-5-4.4.2.1 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.2.3 A-5-4.4.2.3 and Figure A-5-4.4.2.3 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.2.4 A-5-4.4.2.4 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.2.6 A-5-4.4.2.6 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.3.1 A-5-4.5.1 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.3.2 A-5-4.5.2 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.3.5 A-5-4.5.5 NFPA 72E,A-5-4.3.6 A-5-4.5.6 NFPA 72E,A-6-1.1.1 A-5-5.1 NFPA 72E,A-6-3.1 A-5-5.6.1 NFPA 72E,A-6-3.3 A-5-5.6.3 NFPA 72E,A-6-3.6.3 A-5-5.6.6.3 2-307 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72E,A-6-4.1 A-5-5.7.1 NFPA 72E,A-6-5.1.3 A-5-5.8.1.3 NFPA 72E,A-8-1.3.2 7-1.2.2 NFPA 72E,A-9-1.1 A-5-11.1 NFPA 72E,A-9-1.2(a)and(b) A-5-11.2 NFPA 72E,A-9-3.2.2 A-5-11.5.2.2 and Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(b) NFPA 72E,A-9-3.2.2(a) Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(a) NFPA 72E,A-9-3.2.2(b) Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(b) NFPA 72E,A-9-3.2.2(c) Figure A-5-11.5.2.2(c) NFPA 72E,A-9-4.8(a) Figure A-5-11.6.2(a) NFPA 72E,A-9-4.8(b) Figure A-5-11.6.2(b) NFPA 72E,A-9-4.8(c) Figure A-5-11.6.2(c) NFPA 72E,A-9-5.4.3.2 Figure A-5-11.7.4.3.2 NFPA 72E,A-9-5.4.3.3 Figure A-5-11.7.4.3.3 NFPA 72E, B-1-1 B-2.1.1 NFPA 72E, B-1-2 B-2.1.2 NFPA 72E, B-1-3 B-2.1.3 NFPA 72E,B-1-4 B-2.1.4 NFPA 72E, B-1-5 B-2.1.5 NFPA 72E,B-1-6 B-2.1.6 NFPA 72E, B-1-7 B-2.1.7 NFPA 72E,Appendix C Appendix B NFPA 72E,C-2-2.2.3 B-2.2.2.4 NFPA 72E,C-3-4.1.3 B-3.4.1.2 and B-3.4.2 NFPA 72E,C-5-2 B-1.2.2 NFPA 72E,C-5-2.2.1 Table B-3.2.2 NFPA 72E,Table C-5-2.2.2 Table B-2.2.2.3 NFPA 72E,C-5-2.3 B-1.2.4 NFPA 72E,C-5-3.4 B-3.3,B-3.3.1, B-3.3.2,and Table B-3.3.2 NFPA 72G, 1-2.1 6-1.1 NFPA 72G, 1-2.2 6-1.2 NFPA 72G, 1-2.3 6-1.5 NFPA 72G,Chap.2 6-1.4 NFPA 72G, 2-1.1 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-1.1.1 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-1.1.1.1 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-1.1.1.2 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-1.1.1.3 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-1.1.2 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-1.1.3 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-2 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-2.1 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-2.2 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-2.3 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-3.1 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-3.2 1-4 NFPA 72G,2-4 6-2.2 NFPA 72G,2-4.1 6-2.2.1 NFPA 72G,3-1 6-3 NFPA 72G,3-1.1.1 6-3.1.1 NFPA 72G,3-1.1.2 6-3.1.5 Note and 6-3.2 NFPA 72G,3-1.1.3 6-3.3 NFPA 72G,3-1.1.4 6-3.4 and A-6-3.1 NFPA 72G,3-2.1.1 6-4 and 6-4.1 NFPA 72G,3-2.1.2 6-4 and 6-4.1 NFPA 72G,3-2.2.1 6-6 NFPA 72G,3-2.2.2 6-6.1 NFPA 72G, 3-2.3.1 6-4.2 NFPA 72G,3-2.3.2 6-4.2.1 NFPA 72G,3-2.3.3 6-4.2.2 NFPA 72G,3-2.4.1 6-4.3 NFPA 72G, 3-3.1 6-5 NFPA 72G,3-4.2 6-1.3 NFPA 72G, 3-5.1 6-2.4 NFPA 72G,3-5.2 6-2.5 NFPA 72G,4-1.1 6-3.5,6-3.5.1, 6-3.5.2,and 6-3.6 NFPA 72G,4-2.1 6-3.1.2 2-308 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 72G,4-3.1 6-2.2.2 and 6-2.3 NFPA 72G,4-4.1 6-3.7 NFPA 72G, 5-2.1.1 6-4.4 NFPA 72G, 5-2.1.4 6-4.4.1, Figure 6-4.4.1,Tables 6-4.4.1(a)and (b),6-4.4.1.1, 6-4.4.1.2,6-4.4.2,Table 6-4.4.2, 6-4.4.2.1,6-4.4.2.2,6-4.4.3, Table 6-4.4.3,6-4.4.3.1,6-4.4.3.2,and 6-4.4.4 NFPA 72G,5-2.1.5 6-6.2 NFPA 72G, 5-3.1 6-2.2.2 and 6-2.3 NFPA 72G, 6-1.1 6-7 NFPA 72G,7-2.1.1 6-8,6-8.1,and 6-8.2 NFPA 72G, 7-3.1 6-2.2.2 and 6-2.3 NFPA 72G, 7-4.1 6-8.3 NFPA 72G,7-4.2 6-8.4 and 6-8.5 NFPA 72G,8-2.1 6-9.1 NFPA 72G, 8-2.1.1 6-9.1.1 NFPA 72G, 8-2.1.2 6-9.1.2 NFPA 72G,8-2.2 6-9.1.3 NFPA 72G, 8-4.1 6-9.2 NFPA 72G, 8-4.1 Exception 6-9.2 Exception NFPA 72G, 9-4.1 7-4.1 and 7-4.2 NFPA 72H, 1-1.3 7-1.1.2 NFPA 72H,2-1 7-5.2 NFPA 72H, 2-2.1 7-1.3 NFPA 72H,4-1 7-1.3, 7-2.2,Table 7-2.2,Table 7-3.1, 7-3.2,Table 7-3.2,7-3.4 NFPA 72H, Figure 7-2 Figure A-7-2.2(a) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-3 Figure A-7-2.2(b) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-4 Figure A-7-2.2(c) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-5 Figure A-7-2.2(d) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-6 Figure A-7-2.2(e) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-7 Figure A-7-2.2(f) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-8 Figure A-7-2.2(g) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-9 Figure A-7-2.2(h) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-10.2 Figure A-7-2.20) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-11 Figure A-7-2.2(k) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-12 Figure A-7-2.2(1) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-13 Figure A-7-2.2(i)and Figure A-7-2.2(m) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-14 Figure A-7-2.2(n) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-15 Figure A-7-2.2(o) NFPA 72H, Figure 7-17 Figure A-7-2.2(p) NFPA 74, 1-1 2-1.1 NFPA 74, 1-2 2-1.2 NFPA 74, 1-2.1 2-1.2.1 NFPA 74, 1-2.2 2-1.2.2 NFPA 74, 1-2.3 2-1.2.3 NFPA 74, 1-2.4 2-1.2.4 NFPA 74, 1-2.5 2-1.2.5 NFPA 74, 1-3 2-1.3 NFPA 74, 1-3.1.1 2-1.3.1 NFPA 74, 1-3.1.2 2-1.3.2 NFPA 74, 1-4 1-4 NFPA 74,Chap. 2 2-2 NFPA 74,2-1 2-2.1 NFPA 74,2-1.1 2-2.1.1 NFPA 74,2-1.1.1 2-2.1.1.1 NFPA 74, 2-1.1.2 2-2.1.1.2 NFPA 74,2-2 2-2.2 NFPA 74,2-2.1 2-2.2.1 NFPA 74,Chap. 3 2-3 and 2-3.1 NFPA 74, 3-1.1 2-3.1.1 NFPA 74, 3-1.1.1 2-3.1.2 Exception No. 3 NFPA 74, 3-2 2-3.2 NFPA 74,3-2.1 2-3.2.1 NFPA 74,3-2.2 2-3.2.2 NFPA 74, 3-2.3 2-3.2.3 NFPA 74, 3-2.4 2-3.2.4 NFPA 74, 3-2.5 2-3.2.5 NFPA 74, 3-2.7 2-3.2.6 2-309 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 74, 3-3 2-3.3 NFPA 74,3-3.1 2-3.3.1 NFPA 74, 3-3.1(a) 2-3.3.1(a) NFPA 74,3-3.1(b) 2-3.3.1(b) NFPA 74, 3-3.1(c) 2-3.3.1(c) NFPA 74,3-3.1(d) 2-3.3.1(d) NFPA 74,3-3.1(e) 2-3.3.1(e) NFPA 74,3-3.1(0 2-3.3.1(0 NFPA 74,3-3.1(g) 2-3.3.1(g) NFPA 74,3-4 2-3.5 NFPA 74,Chap. 4 2-4 NFPA 74,4-1 2-4.1 NFPA 74,4-2 2-4.2 NFPA 74,4-2.1 2-4.2.1 NFPA 74,4-3 2-4.3 and 5-2.4.2 NFPA 74,4-3.1 2-4.3.1 NFPA 74,4-4 2-4.4 NFPA 74,4-4.1 2-4.4.1 NFPA 74,4-5 2-4.5 NFPA 74,4-5.1 2-4.5.1 NFPA 74,4-5.2 2-4.5.2 NFPA 74,4-5.3 2-4.5.3 NFPA 74,4-5.4 2-4.5.4 NFPA 74,4-5.5 2-4.5.5 NFPA 74,4-7 2-4.7 NFPA 74,4-7.1 2-4.7.1 NFPA 74,4-7.2 2-4.7.2 NFPA 74,Chap.5 2-5 NFPA 74,5-1 2-5.1 NFPA 74,5-1.1 2-5.1.1 NFPA 74,5-1.1.1 2-5.1.1.1 NFPA 74,5-1.1.2 2-5.1.1.2 NFPA 74,5-1.1.3 2-5.1.1.3 NFPA 74,5-1.1.4 2-5.1.1.4 NFPA 74, 5-1.1.5 2-5.1.1.5 NFPA 74,5-1.2 2-5.1.2 NFPA 74,5-1.2.1 2-5.1.2.1 NFPA 74,5-2 2-5.2 NFPA 74,5-2.1 2-5.2.1 NFPA 74,5-2.1.1 2-5.2.1.1 NFPA 74, 5-2.1.2 2-5.2.1.2 NFPA 74,5-2.1.3 2-5.2.1.3 NFPA 74, 5-2.1.4 2-5.2.1.4 NFPA 74,5-2.1.5 2-5.2.1.5 NFPA 74, 5-2.2 2-5.2.2 NFPA 74,5-2.2.1 2-6.2.2.1 NFPA 74,5-2.2.2 2-5.2.2.2 NFPA 74,5-2.2.4 2-5.2.2.4 NFPA 74,5-2.2.5 2-5.2.2.5 NFPA 74,5-3 2-5.3 NFPA 74,Chap. 6 2-6 NFPA 74,6-1 2-6.1 NFPA 74,6-2 2-6.2.1 NFPA 74, 7-1.1.1 2-7 NFPA 74, 7-1.2.1 2-7(a) NFPA 74, 7-1.2.2 2-7(b) NFPA 74, 7-1.2.3 2-7(c) NFPA 74, 7-1.2.4 2-7(d) NFPA 74, 7-1.2.5 2-7(e) NFPA 74,7-1.2.6 2-7(o NFPA 74, 7-1.2.7 2-7(g) NFPA 74, 7-1.2.8 2-7(h) NFPA 74,7-1.2.9 2-7(i)and Exception NFPA 74,A-1-1 A-2-1.1 NFPA 74,A-2-1.1 A-2-2.1.1 and Figure A-2-2.1.1.2 NFPA 74,A-2-2 A-2-2.2 NFPA 74,A-4-3 A-2-4.3 and A-5-2.4.2 2-310 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 74,A-4-3.1 A-2-4.3.1 and A-5-2.6 NFPA 74,A-5-1.2.1 A-2-5.1.2.1 NFPA 74,A-5-2.1.6 A-2-5.2.1.6 2nd, 3rd,4th paragraphs NFPA 74,A-5-2.2.3 A-2-5.2.2.3 NFPA 74,A-5-2.2.5 A-2-5.2.2.5 and A-5-2.7 NFPA 74,A-6-1 A-2-6.1 NFPA 74,A-6-2 A-2-6.2 NFPA 74, B-1.1 A-2-5.2 NFPA 74, B-2 A-2-5.2.1 and A-2-5.2.1.6 1st paragraph NFPA 74, Figure B-2.1.1 Figure A-2-5.2.1(a) NFPA 74, Figure B-2.1.2 Figure A-2-5.2.1(b) NFPA 74, Figure B-2.1.3 Figure A-2-5.2.1(c) NFPA 74, B-3 A-2-5.2.2 NFPA 74, Figure B-3.2.1 Figure A-2-5.2.2(b) NFPA 74, Figure B-3.4.2 Figure A-2-5.2.2(d) NFPA 74,Appendix C A-2 NFPA 1221, 1-3 1-4 NFPA 1221, 2-1.10.2.2 A-7-2.2 and Note;A-7-3.2, Note,and (a)-(e) NFPA 1221,2-1.11.2 7-1.2.1 NFPA 1221,3-1.5.3.2 A-7-2.2 and Note;A-7-3.2, Note,and (a)-(e) NFPA 1221,Chap.4 4-6 NFPA 1221,4-1.1 4-6.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.1.1 4-6.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.1.2 1-5.3 Compatibility and 1-5.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.1.3 4-6.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.1.4 4-6.2.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.1.5 4-6.2.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.2 4-6.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.3 4-6.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.1 1-5.3 Compatibility and 1-5.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.3 1-5.5.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.4 4-6.4.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.6 1-5.5.2.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.9 1-5.5.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.10 1-5.5.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.11 1-5.5.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.4 5-9.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.1 4-6.4.2,4-6.4.3,and 5-9.2.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.2 4-6.4.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.3 4-6.4.5 and 5-9.2.8 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.4 4-6.4.6 and 5-9.2.8 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.5 4-6.4.7 and 5-9.2.9 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.6 5-9.2.10 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.7 1-5.5.4 and 5-9.2.10 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.1.8 4-6.4.8 and 5-9.2.7 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.10 1-5.5.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.3.11 1-5.5.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2 4-6.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.1 5-9.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.2 5-9.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.3 5-9.2.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.4 4-6.4.9 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.5 5-9.2.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.2.6 5-9.2.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.3 4-6.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.3.1 4-6.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.3.2 4-6.6 and A-4-6.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.4.3.3 4-6.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.1.1 1-5.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.1.2 1-5.2.8.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.1.4 1-5.2.8.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.2 1-5.2.3 Exception No. 1, Exception No. 2,and Note . NFPA 1221,4-1.5.2(a) 1-5.2.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.2(c) 1-5.2.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3 4-6.7 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1 4-6.7.1.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.1 4-6.7.1.7 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.1.1 4-6.7.1.1 2-311 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Former Reference New Reference NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.1.2 4-6.7.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.1.3 4-6.7.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.2 4-6.7.1.8 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.1.3 4-6.7.1.9 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.2 4-6.7.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.3.3 4-6.7.1.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4 4-6.7.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4.1 4-6.7.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4.2 4-6.7.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4.3 4-6.7.2.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.4.4 4-6.7.2.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5 1-5.2.10 and 4-6.7.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.1 4-6.7.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.2 1-5.2.10.2 and 4-6.7.3.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.3 4-6.7.3.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.4 1-5.2.10.4 ,1-5.2.10.5,and 4-6.7.3.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.5 1-5.2.10.5 and 4-6.7.3.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.6 1-5.2.10.3 and 4-6.7.3.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.7 1-5.2.10.6 and 4-6.7.3.7 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.5.8 4-6.7.3.8 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.6 4-6.7.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.6.1 1-5.2.9.1 and 4-6.7.4.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.6.2 1-5.2.9.1 and 4-6.7.4.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.5.6.3 1-5.2.9.1 and 4-6.7.4.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.6.2.3 A-7-2.2 and Note;A-7-3.2,Note,and(a)-(e) NFPA 1221,4-1.8 4-6.8 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1 4-6.8.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1.1 4-6.8.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1.2 4-6.8.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1.3 4-6.8.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.1.4 4-6.8.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2 4-6.8.2 NFPA 1221,•4-1.8.2.1 4-6.8.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(a) 4-6.8.2.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(b) 4-6.8.2.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(c) 4-6.8.2.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(d) 4-6.8.2.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(e) 4-6.8.2.1.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.1(0 4-6.8.2.1.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2 4-6.8.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2(a) 4-6.8.2.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2(b) 4-6.8.2.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2(c) 4-6.8.2.2.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2(d) 4-6.8.2.2.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2(e) 4-6.8.2.2.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.2.2(0 4-6.8.2.2.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3 4-6.8.2.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.1 4-6.8.2.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.2 4-6.8.2.3.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.3 4-6.8.2.3.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.4 4-6.8.2.3.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.3.5 4-6.8.2.3.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.4 4-6.8.2.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.4.1 4-6.8.2.4.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.4.2 4-6.8.2.4.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5 4-6.8.2.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.1 4-6.8.2.5.1 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.2 4-6.8.2.5.2 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.3 4-6.8.2.5.3 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.4 4-6.8.2.5.4 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.5 4-6.8.2.5.5 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.6 4-6.8.2.5.6 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.7 4-6.8.2.5.7 NFPA 1221,4-1.8.5.8 4-6.8.2.5.8 NFPA 1221,4-2.1 4-6.9.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1 4-6.9.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.1 4-6.9.1.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.2 4-6.9.1.1.2 2-312 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.3 4-6.9.1.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.4 4-6.9.1.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.1.5 4-6.9.1.1.5 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2 4-6.9.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.1 4-6.9.1.2.1 and 5-9.2.11 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.2 4-6.9.1.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.3 4-6.13 and 4-6.13.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.4 4-6.13.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.5 4-6.13.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.2.6 4-6.13.4 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.3 4-6.9.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.3.1 4-6.9.1.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.1.3.2 4-6.9.1.3.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.2 4-6.9.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1 4-6.9.1.4.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.1 4-6.9.1.4.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.2 4-6.9.1.4.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.3 4-6.9.1.4.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.4 4-6.9.1.4.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.5 4-6.9.1.4.1.5 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.1.6 4-6.9.1.4.1.6 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.2 4-6.9.1.4.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.2.1 4-6.9.1.4.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.2.2 4-6.9.1.4.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.2.3 4-6.9.1.4.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.3.1 4-6.9.1.4.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.3.2 4-6.9.1.4.3.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.3.3 4-6.9.1.4.3.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.2.3.4 4-6.9.1.4.3.4 NFPA 1221,4-2.3 4-6.10 NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1 4-6.10.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1.1 4-6.10.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1.2 4-6.10.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1.3 4-6.10.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.3.1.4 4-6.10.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-2.4 4-6.11 NFPA 1221,4-2.4.1 4-6.11.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.4.1.1 4-6.11.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.4.1.2 4-6.11.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.4.2.1 4-6.13.5 NFPA 1221,4-2.4.3 4-6.11.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.4.3.1 4-6.11.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.4.3.2 4-6.11.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.4.3.3 4-6.11.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.5 4-6.12 NFPA 1221,4-2.5.1 4-6.12.1 NFPA 1221,4-2.5.2 4-6.12.2 NFPA 1221,4-2.5.3 4-6.12.3 NFPA 1221,4-2.5.4 4-6.12.4 NFPA 1221,4-2.5.5 4-6.12.5 NFPA 1221,4-3 4-6.14 NFPA 1221,4-3.1 4-6.14.1 NFPA 1221,4-3.1.1 4-6.14.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-3.1.2 4-6.14.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-3.1.3 4-6.14.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-3.2.1 4-6.9.1.1.1 and 4-6.9.1.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-3.2.2 4-6.14.2 NFPA 1221,4-3.3 5-9.2.12 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.1 5-9.2.12.1 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.1 5-9.2.12.2 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.2 5-9.2.12.3 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.3 5-9.2.12.4 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.4 5-9.2.12.5 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.2.5 5-9.2.12.6 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3 5-9.2.13 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.1 5-9.2.13.1 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.2 5-9.2.13.2 2-313 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Fortner Reference New Reference NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.3 5-9.2.13.3 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.4 5-9.2.13.4 NFPA 1221,4-3.3.3.5 5-9.2.13.5 NFPA 1221,4-3.4 4-6.14.3 NFPA 1221,4-3.4.2 4-6.14.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-3.4.2.1 4-6.14.3.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-3.4.2.2 4-6.14.3.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-3.4.2.3 4-6.14.3.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-3.4.3 4-6.14.3.2 NFPA 1221,4-3.4.3.1 4-6.14.3.2.1 NFPA 1221, 4-3.4.3.2 4-6.14.3.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-3.5 4-6.14.4 NFPA 1221,4-3.6.1 4-6.14.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-3.7 4-6.12 NFPA 1221,4-3.7.1 4-6.14.6 NFPA 1221,4-3.7.2 4-6.12.2 NFPA 1221,4-3.7.3 4-6.12.3 NFPA 1221,4-3.7.4 4-6.12.4 NFPA 1221,4-3.7.5 4-6.12.5 NFPA 1221,4-4 4-6.15 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.1.1 4-6.9.1.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.1.2 4-6.9.1.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.1.3 4-6.9.1.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.1.4 4-6.9.1.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.1.5 4-6.9.1.1.5 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.2.1 4-6.15.6 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.2.2 4-6.15.7 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.2.3 4-6.15.8 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.3 4-6.9.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.3.1 4-6.9.1.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.1.3.2 4-6.9.1.3.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.2 4-6.9.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.1 4-6.9.1.4.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.1.1 4-6.9.1.4.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.1.2 4-6.9.1.4.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.1.3 4-6.9.1.4.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.1.4 4-6.9.1.4.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.1.5 4-6.9.1.4.1.5 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.1.6 4-6.9.1.4.1.6 NFPA 1221,44.2.2 4-6.9.1.4.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.2.1 4-6.9.1.4.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.2.2 4-6.9.1.4.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.2.3 4-6.9.1.4.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.3.1 4-6.9.1.4.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.3.2 4-6.9.1.4.3.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.3.3 4-6.9.1.4.3.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.2.3.4 4-6.9.1.4.3.4 NFPA 1221,4-4.3 4-6.10 NFPA 1221,4-4.3.1 4-6.10.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.3.1.1 4-6.10.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.3.1.2 4-6.10.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.3.1.3 4-6.10.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.3.1.4 4-6.10.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-4.4 5-9.2.14 NFPA 1221,4-4.4.1 5-9.2.14.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.4.2 5-9.2.14.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.5.1 4-6.15.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.5.2 4-6.15.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.5.3 4-6.15.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.5.4 4-6.11.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.5.5 4-6.11.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-4.5.6 4-6.15.4 NFPA 1221,4-4.5.7 4-6.15.5 NFPA 1221,4-4.5.8 4-6.11.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.7 4-6.12 NFPA 1221,4-4.7.1 4-6.12.1 NFPA 1221,4-4.7.2 4-6.12.2 2-314 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Former Reference New Reference NFPA 1221,4-4.7.3 4-6.12.3 NFPA 1221,4-4.7.4 4-6.12.4 NFPA 1221,4-4.7.5 4-6.12.5 NFPA 1221,4-5 4-6.16 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.1.2 4-6.9.1.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.1.3 4-6.9.1.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.1.4 4-6.9.1.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.1.5 4-6.9.1.1.5 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.2 4-6.16.1 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.2.1 4-6.16.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.2.2 4-6.16.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.2.3 4-6.16.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-5.1.3 4-6.16.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-5.2 4-6.9.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.1 4-6.9.1.4.1 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.1.1 4-6.9.1.4.1.1 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.1.2 4-6.9.1.4.1.2 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.1.3 4-6.9.1.4.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.1.4 4-6.9.1.4.1.4 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.1.5 4-6.9.1.4.1:5 NFPA 122.1,4-5.2.1.6 4-6.9.1.4.1.6 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.2 4-6.9.1.4.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.2.3 4-6.9.1.4.3 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.3.1 4-6.9.1.4.3.1 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.3.2 4-6.9.1.4.3.2 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.3.3 4-6.9.1.4.3.3 NFPA 1221,4-5.2.3.4 4-6.9.1.4.3.4 NFPA 1221,4-5.3 4-6.16.1.5 NFPA 1221,4-5.4 5-9.2.14 NFPA 1221,4-5.4.1 5-9.2.14.2 NFPA 1221,4-5.4.2 5-9.2.14.1 NFPA 1221,4-5.5 4-6.16.2 NFPA 1221,4-5.5.1 4-6.16.2.1 NFPA 1221,4-5.5.6 4-6.16.2.2 NFPA 1221,4-5.5.7 4-6.16.2.3 NFPA 1221,4-5.5.8 4-6.11.1.3 NFPA 1221,4-5.7 4-6.12 NFPA 1221,4-5.7.1 4-6.12.2 NFPA 1221,4-5.7.2 4-6.12.3 NFPA 1221,4-5.7.3 4-6.12.4 NFPA 1221,4-5.7.4 4-6.12.5 NFPA 1221,4-5.7.5 4-6.16.2.4 NFPA 1221,A-2-1.10.2.2(b) A-7-2.2 Note NFPA 1221,A-4-1.4.1.5 A-4-6.4.7 and A-5-9.2.9 NFPA 1221,A-4-3.3.2.2 A-5-9.2.12.3 NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.1(a) Figure A-4-6.7.1.7(a) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.1(b)(1) FigureA-4-6.7.1.7(b)(1) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.1(b)(2) Figure A-4-6.7.1.7(b)(2) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.1(c) Figure A-4-6.7.1.7(c) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.2(a) Figure A-4-6.7.1.8(a) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.2(b)(1) Figure A-4-6.7.1.8(b)(1) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.2(b)(2) Figure A-4-6.7.1.8(b)(2) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.3(a) Figure A-4-6.7.1.9(a) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.3(b)(1) Figure A-4-6.7.1.9(b)(1) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.3(b)(2) Figure A-4-6.7.1.9(b)(2) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.1.5.3.1.3(c) Figure A-4-6.7.1.9(c) NFPA 1221, Figure B-4.3.4.2.1 Figure A-4-6.14.3.1.1 2-315 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Index 0 1993 National Fire Protection Association,All Rights Reserved. The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes.The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to this index.This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permission of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. -A- Ceiling surface(definition) ...................................:..... 1-4 Active multiplex systems .......................................4-2.3.1 Central station(definition) ......................................... 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Central station fire alarm systems ....................... 1-7.2.3,4-3 Active signaling element(definition) ............................. 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Addressable device(definition) .................................... 1-4 Central station service(definition) ................................ 1-4 Adverse condition(definition) ..................................... 1-4 Certificate of completion .......................... 1-7.2, Fig. 1-7.2.1 Air duct systems,smoke detectors for ......................5-11.5.2 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Air sampling-type detectors .....................5-3.7.4,A-5-3.7.4.1 Certification(definition) ............................................ 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Certification of personnel(definition) ......................:..... 1-4 Alarm(definition) .................................................... 1-4 Channel(definition) ................................................. 1-4 Alarm notification appliances....................................2-2.2 Circuit breakers ................................................ 1-5.2.8.4 Hearing impaired and..........................................2-2.3 Circuit interface(definition) ...........................:........... 1-4 Testing ..:.................................................Table 7-2.2 Circuit styles .....................................................A-7-2.2 Alarm service(definition) ........................................... 1-4 Coded alarm signals .......................................... 1-5.4.2.1 Alarmsignals ..................................................... 1-5.4.2 Definition .........................................................6-2.1 Deactivation .................................................... 1-5.4.8 Designations ..................................A-I-5.4.2.1,A-5-9.1.3 Intensity ...........................................................2-4.4 Coded supervisory signals ................................... 1-5.4.3.1 Alarm-silencing switch..........................................214.5.4 Combination detector(definition) ................................. 1-4 Alarm verification feature(definition) ............................ 1-4 Combination fire alarm(definition) ............................... 1-4 Alert tone(definition) ............................................... 1-4 Combination system ...............................................2-4.7 Ambient temperature .............................................B-6.4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Analog initiating(sensor)device(definition) ................... 1-4 Communication channel(definition) .........................:... 1-4 Annunciation(visible initiation) ................................ 1-5.7 Compatibility listed(definition) ................................... 1-4 Annunciators Compatibility of equipment(definition).......................... 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Concealed detectors ...............................................3-8.4 Testing ....................................................Table 7-2.2 Control equipment,protection of ............................... 1-5.6 Approved(definition) ................................................. 1-4 Control unit(definition) ............................................ 1-4 Audible trouble-silencing switch ................. 1-5.4.6.4,2-4.5.4 Authority having jurisdiction(definition) ....................... 1-4 Automatic drift compensation ......................... .........3-8.5. -D- DACR............see Digital alarm communicator receiver(DACR) Automatic extinguishing system operation detector DACS ............ .see Digital alarm communicator system(DACS) (definition) ........................................................... 1-4 DACT ........see Digital alarm communicator transmitter(DACT) Automatic extinguishing system supervision(definition)..... 1-4 DARR.......................see Digital alarm radio receiver(DARR) Automatic fire detectors DARS .........................see Digital alarm radio system(DARS) Definition ........................................................... 1-4 DART ...................see Digital alarm radio transmitter(DART) Spacing ............................................................. B-1 Dead air space ..................................A-2-5.2.1.6,A-2-5.2.2 Auxiliary box(definition)........................................... 1-4 Definitions ........................................... 1-4,5-4.2.1,6-2.1 Auxiliary fire alarm systems .........................:..............4-7 uenc Delin signal definition 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Delinquency s gn (definition) .................................... Equipment :.......4-7.4 Derived channel ...............................................4-2.3.2.6 Definition .......... Digital alarm communicator receiver(DACR) Definition ........................................................... 1-4 .B. Supervising station systems ..:............................4-2.3.2.2 Testingg..........................................................7-4.4.2 Charging ........A-7-3.2 Digital alarm communicator system(DACS)(definition)...... 1-4 Primary . 1-5.2.11 Digital alarm communicator transmitter(DACT) Storage ............................................. 1-5.2.9,A-1-5.2.9 Definition ........................................................... 14 Testing ....................................................Table 7-2.2 Supervising station systems ...............................4-2.3.2.1 Beam construction ...........................5-2.7.3,5-3.5.7,5-5.6.6 Testing..........................................................7-4.4.1 Definition ......................................................I..... 1-4 Digital alarm communicators ....................................2-4.9 Box batterydefinition 1-4 Digital alarm radio receiver(DARR) Bridging point(definition) ....:.................................... 1-4 Definition ............•............................................... 1-4 Supervising station systems ...............................4-2.3.2.5 Testing .......................................................7-4.4.3.1 Digital alarm radio system(DABS) -C- Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Carrier(definition) ................................................... 1-4 Supervising station systems ...............................4-2.3.2.3 Carrier system(definition).......................................... 1-4 Testing..........................................................7-4.4.3 Ceiling(definition) ................................................... 1-4 Digital alarm radio transmitter(DART) Ceilingheight ......................................................B-2.3 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 14 Supervising station systems ...............................4-2.3.2.4 Fire development and ............................................B-2 Directly-connected noncoded systems .......................4-2.3.6 2-316 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Display(definition) .................................................. 1-4 -G- Distinctive signals........................................ 1-5.4.7, 3-7.2 Gas-sensing fire detectors ..........................................5-5 Documentation........................................................ 1-7 General alarm signals .............................................6-2.1 Door release service ......................................3-9.4,5-11.7 Girders(definition) .................................................. 1-4 Door unlocking devices ...........................................3-9.5 Grounding ........................................................ 1-5.5.5 Dry cell battery(definition) ........................................ 1-4 Guard signal(definition) ............................................ 1-4 Dual control(definition) ............................................ 1-4 Guard's tour Delinquency .................................................4-4.6.7.2 Equipment testing .......................................Table 7-2.2 Supervision ................................................ 1-4,3-8.12 -E- Guard's tour box(definition) ..... 1-4 Elevator recall or re fighters'service .......................3-8.15 ................................. Elevator shutdown................................................3-8.16 Ember(definition) ...............................................5-4.2.1 Ember detector sensitivity(definition) .......................5-4.2.1 Ember detectors ........................... 5-4.2.3,5-4. -H- """""""' 5 Hearin impaired,alarm notification 2-2.3 Definition............... . . . 5-1.2.4,5-4.2.1 g P ' Emergency voice/alarm communications .......................3-12 eat Definition ............................................ Engine-driven generator ...................................... 1-5.2.10 Definition .calc ........................:........................... 1-4 TestingTable 7-2.2 Heating of,calculation .........................................B-6.3 .................................................... Installation .........A-2-5.2.2 Evacuation definition 1-4 """"""""""""""""""""' (definition) .............................................. Location............................................2-5.2.2,A-2-5.2.2 Evacuation signals .................................................3-7.2 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Spacing analysis ..............................2-5.2... B-1. B 3. B-5 Tone generator,defined 1-4 System analysis ....................................................B-4 g """"""""""""""""""""' Heating,ventilating,and air conditioning(HVAC) ..5-3.6, 5-5.7 Zoning ...........................................................3-12.5 ...........5-3.7.6, Fi Exit plan definition High air movement areas .......... g. 5-3.7.6.3 P (definition) ................................................ 1-4 High ceilings ...................................................5-2.7.1.2 High rack storage ...................................5-3.7.5,A-5-3.7.5 Hold-up alarms .................................................. 1-5.4.7 -F- Household(definition) .............................................. 1-4 Family living unit(definition) ..................................... 1-4 Household fire alarm system(definition) ........................ 1-4 Field of view(definition) .......................................5-4.2.1 Household fire warning equipment ...................Chap. 2,A-2 Fire alarm control(panel)unit(definition) ...................... 1-4 Basic requirements ................................................2-2 Fire alarm signal Combination system ............................................2-4.7 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Detector location/spacing ......................................2-5.2 Tone generator,defined ......................................... 1-4 Equivalency ....................................................2-1.3.3 Fire alarm signals Heat detectors ...................................................2-4.3 Initiation..........................................................3-8.2 Installation .........................................................2-5 Fire alarm systems ....2-6.2.2;see also Inspections; Maintenance; Maintenance/testing.............................................2-6.2 Protected premises fire alarm systems;Testing Marking/instructions ..............................................2-7 Central station service ............................................4-3 Performance........................................................2-4 Common fundamentals ........................................ 1-5.1 Power supplies .....................................................2-3 Compatibility..................................................... 1-5.3 Required protection ............................................2-2.1 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Smoke detectors .................................................2-4.2 Documentation .................................................... 1-7 Hunt group(definition) ............................................. 1-4 Equipment ..................................................... 1-5.1.2 Installation/monitoring ......................................... 1-5.8 Interfaces ........................................................... 1-6 Notification appliances for .................................Chap. 6 -I- Performance/limitations ........................................ 1-5.5 Indicating lights...............................................A-4-6.4.7 Power supply .................................................... 1-5.2 Initiating device circuits Protection of control equipment .............................. 1-5.6 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Signaling channels,monitoring ............................... 1-5.8 Performance/capacities ............................3-5,Table 3-5.1 System functions ................................................ 1-5.4 Initiating devices ..................................... 1-5.5.6,Chap.5 Visible initiation(annunciation)............................... 1-5.7 Automatic extinguishing systems,detection of................5-8 Fire command center(definition) ................................. 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Fire command station .........................................3-12.4.5 Gas-sensing fire detectors ........................................5-5 Fire development,ceiling height and ............................B-2 Heat detectors .....................................................5-2 Fire-gas detector(definition) ....................................... 1-4 Location/installation ............................................5-1.3 Fire growth .......................................................B-2.2.3 Manually actuated .................................................5-9 Fire rating(definition) .............................................. 1-4 Other fire detectors ...............................................5-6 Fire safety function control device(definition) ................. 1-4 Publicly accessible fire service(street)boxes ................5-9.2 Fire safety functions .................................................3-9 Radiant energy-sensing detectors ...............................5-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Smoke detectors ............................................5-3,5-11 Fire size vs.distance ..................................Fig.A-5-4.4.1.1 Sprinkler waterflow alarm .......................................5-7 Fire supervisory control units(definition)....................... 1-4 Supervisory signal ...............................................5-10 Fire warden(definition) ............................................. 1-4 Testing ....................................................Table 7-2.2 Fixed temperature detectors ...................................5-2.3.1 Inspections .........................................Chap. 7, Fig.7-5.1 Spacing ...........................................................B-3.2 Frequency ..........................................................7-3 Flame(definition) ................................................5-4.2.1 Records .............................................................7-5 Flame detector sensitivity(definition) .......................5-4.2.1 Integrated system(definition)...................................... 1-4 Flame detectors .........................................5-4.2.2,5-4.4.2 Interconnected fire alarm control units ........................3-1 1 Definition.............................................5-1.2.3,5-4.2.1 Intermediate fire alarm control unit(definition) ............... 1-4 2-317 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Ionization smoke detection ....................................5-3.3.1 Other fire detectors(definition) ................................... 1-4 Irregular areas .................................................5-2.7.1.1 Overcurrent protection Light and power service ................................... 1-5.2.8.3 Storage batteries ............................................ 1-5.2.9.3 -L- Owner's manuals,fire alarm systems .................... 1-7.2.2.1.1 Labeled(definition) Ownership(definition) .............................................. 1-4 Leg facility(definition) .............................................. 1-4 Level ceilings(definition) ........................................... 1-4 Light pulse characteristics .......................................6-4.2 -P- Line-type detector(definition) ..................................... 1-4 Paging system(definition) .......................................... 1-4 Listed(definition) .................................................... 1-4 Parallel telephone system(definition) ............................ 1-4 Loading capacity(definition) ...................................... 1-4 Partitions ..............................................5-3.5.10,5-5.6.9 Local control(panel)unit(definition) ............................ 1-4 Peaked ceiling types ..................5-2.7.4.1, 5-3.5.8.1, 5-5.6.7.1 Local fire alarm system definition Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Local fire safety functions ...................................... 1-5.4.1 Permanent visual record(recording) (definition) .............. 1-4 Local supervisory system(definition) ............................ 1-4 Photoelectric light obscuration smoke detection...........5-3.3.3 Local system(definition) ............................................ 1-4 Photoelectric light-scattering smoke detection .............5-3.3.2 Loss of power(definition) .......................................... 1-4 Plant(definition) ..................................................... 1-4 Loudspeakers............................................3-12.4.6,6-8.2 Positive alarm sequence .......................................'...3-8.3 Low power wireless systems 2-4.8,3-13 Definition ...................:....................................... 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Power suPPIY Special requirements .........................................A-3-13 Continuity ...................................................... 1-5.2.6 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Remotely located control equipment ...................... 1-5.2.7 Presignal feature ............................................... 1-5.4.10 .M. Pressure supervision ...................... 3-8.7.7 ..... ................ Maintenance ................. ........................ 1-4,Chap. 7, 7-4 Pressure supervisory signal-initiating devices ..............5-10.2 P Y >m � g Manual fire alarm box(definition) ................................ 1-4 Primary battery ................................................. 1-5.2.1 1 Manual fire alarm signal initiation .............................3-8.1. Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Master box(definition) .............................................. 1-4 Primary power supply ................... 1-5.2.4,2-3.2, 2-3.3, 2-3.5 Master control(panel)unit(definition) .......................... 1-4 Primary trunk facility definition McCulloh systems .......................4-2.3.3,4-2.3.3.3,7-4.4.3.2 Prime contractor definition Metering......................................................... 1-5.2.9.4 Private microwave radio systems 4-2.3.7 ............................. Monitoring Private operating mode alarm signals ..................6-2.1,6-3.2 Emergency voice/alarm communication systems ......... 1-5.8.5 Private radio signaling(definition) ............................... 1-4 Installation conductors ................................. 1-5.8,2-4.6 Projected beam-type detectors ..........5-3.5.3,5-3.5.5.2,5-3.7.3 Power supplies ................................................ 1-5.8.6 Proprietary fire alarm system(definition) ....................... 1-4 Signaling channels .............................................. 1-5.8 Proprietary supervising station Multiple-station alarm device(definition) ..................... . 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Multiple-station detector interconnection ...................2-5.1.2 Systems ..............................................................4-4 Multiple-station smoke detectors .............................2-6.2.1 Protected premises ..........................................4-2.3.5.3.2 Multiplexing(definition)............................................ 1-4 Definition ............. ... Municipal fire alarm(street)box(definition) ................... 1-4 Protected premises fire alarm systems Chap. 3 ..................... Municipal fire alarm system(definition) ......................... 1-4 Applications ........................................................3-3 Municipal transmitter(definition) ................................ 1-4 Emergency voice/alarm communications ......................3-12 Fire safety control functions ............................:........3-9 General.....................................................:........3-2 .N. Initiating device, performance ..................................3-4 Noncoded alarm signals ..................................6-2.1,6-3.6 Initiating device circuits,performance .........................3-5 Nonrestorable initiating device(definition) ..................... 1-4 gti " Interconnected fire alarm control units ......................3-1I Notification appliance circuits ................ 1-4,3-7,Table 3-7.1 Low power radio system requirements .......................3-13 Notification appliance definition 1-4 Notification appliance, performance ...........................3-4 Notification appliances for fire alarm systems ............Chap. 6 Notification appliance circuits ...................................3-7 Audible characteristics ........................ Signaling line circuits,performance ......................3-4, 3-6 Coded appliance characteristics .................................6-7 Suppression system actuation ..................................3-10 Definitions.......... ..........6-2.1 System requirements..............................................3-8 Signal classification ..............................................6-2.1 Public fire alarm reporting systems .....:.................4-6,'5-9.2 Sleeping areas 6-3.5 Coded radio reporting systems ..............................4-6.14 P g "'..•...."".'•".•.....••• Coded wired reporting systems ••••••••.••.•••.•••. 4-6.13Supplementary visible signaling method 6-6 Textual audible appliances.......................................6-8 Design,series/parallel .......................................5-9.2.14 Textual visible appliances .......... 6-9 Design of boxes . ...........................................4-6.5 ••••�' �" •'•••�•�•••••••"" Equipment/installation Visible characteristics,private mode ..........6-5 4-6.4 ................. Visible characteristics,public mode 6-4 Interconnections,requirements...............................4-6.8 P "' "' Location of boxes Power supply ...........................................4-6.7,4-6.10 Radio coded ..................................................5-9.2.12 -O- Receiving equipment ..........................:...............4-6.11 Off-hook(definition) ................................................. 1-4 Signal transmission facilities ...................................4-6.9 Off-premises fire alarm systems ...................................4-2 Supervision .....................................................4-6.12 One-way private radio alarm systems ........................4-2.3,4 Telephone(parallel)reporting systems ....................4-6.16 On-hook(definition) ................................................. 1-4 Telephone(series)reporting systems .......................4-6.15 Operating mode,private alarm signals ........................6-2.1 Testing ....................................................Table 7-2.2 2-318 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 10-2 Public fire service communication center(definition) ......... 1-4 Door release service ...........................................5-11.7 Public operating mode alarm signals ...................6-2.1,6-3.1 Environmental conditions and ................Table A-5-3.7.1.1, Public switched telephone network(definition) ................ 1-4 Table A-5-3.7.1.2 Pump supervision ................................................3-8.10 Installation ...........................................5-3,A-2-5.2.1.6 Purpose of standard ................................................. 1-2 Location ....................................2-5.2.1,5-3.5,A-2-5.2.1 Spacing .................................................2-5.2.1, 5-3.5 Smoke spread,detectors for control of .........................5-11 Smooth ceiling(definition) ......................................... 1-4 Smooth ceiling spacing 5-2.7.1,5-3.5.5, 5-5.6.4 RACSR ..........see Radio alarm central station receiver(RACSR) Solid joist construction .....................5-2.7.2,5-3.5.6, 5-5.6.5 Radiant energy-sensing fire detectors ............................5-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Definition ..................:........................................ 1-4 Radio alarm central station receiver(RACSR)(definition) ... 1-4 Spacing(definition) .................................................. 1-4 Spark(definition) ........5-4.2.1 ........................................ Radio alarm satellite station receiver(RACSR) (definition) ... 1-4 Spark detector sensitivity(definition) ........................5-4.2.1 Radio alarm system(RAS)(definition) ........................... 1-4 Spark detectors ...........................................5-4.2.3,5-4.5 Radio alarm transmitter(RAT) (definition)...................... 1-4 Definition.............................................5-1.2.4, 5-4.2.1 'Radio channel......................................................... 1-4 Special hazard equipment Raised floors ......................................................5-3.5.9 Testing ......Table 7-2.2 Y (RAS) Spot-typ detectors ............5-3.5.2, 5-3.5.5.1,5-3.7.2,5-5.6.4.1 RAS......................................see Radio alarm system RAS RACSR ..........see Radio alarm satellite station receiver(RACSR) Definition ........................................................... 1-4 RAT ...............................see Radio alarm transmitter(RAT) Sprinkler waterfiow alarm-initiating devices ....................5-7 Rate compensation detectors ..................................5-2.3.2 Standard signal...................................................2-2.2.2 Rate-of-rise detector .............................................5-2.3.3 Record drawings definition Storage batteries ................................................. 1-5.2.9 g (definition) ....................................... 1-4 Story(definition) ..................................................... 1-4 Records......................................................... 1-7.3, 7-5 Street fire alarm box definition 1-4 Referenced publications.................................Chap. 8, C-1 Subscriber(definition)............................................... 1-4 Relocation(definition) .................. ............................. 1-4 Subsidiarystation definition h1-4 Remote station fire alarm system(definition) ................... 1-4 on(definition) � Supervising station fire alarm systems .....................Chap. 4 Remotely located control equipment Adverse conditions ............................................4-2.2.3 Power supply .................................................. 1-5.2.7 Auxiliary 4-7 Repeater facility(definition) ....................................... 1-4 Central station service ............................................4-3 Repeater station(definition) ........................................ 1-4 Communication methods 4-2.3 Residential sprinkler systems 2-2.1.1. • """"""""""""""•" 3 Communication methods,off-premises ........................4-2 Restorable initiating device(definition) .......................... 1-4 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Return air system ............................................5-1 1.5.2.2 Digital alarm communicator systems.......................4-2.3.2 Room temperature supervisory signal-initiating devices ..5-10.5 Equipment ...........................4-2.2.2 Runner(definition) .................................................. 1-4 Facilities ...................................................4-3.3,4-5.3 Runner service(definition) ......................................... 1-4 Personnel .........................................................4-4.5 Proprietary .........................................................4-4 Public alarm reporting systems .................................4-6 -S. Remote ..............................................................4-5 Sampling-type smoke detector.................................5-3.5.4 System classification ........................................4-2.3.1.3 Satellite trunk definition 1-4 System loading capacities ..............4-2.3.1.4,Table 4-2.3.1.4 Scanner(definition) .................................................. 1-4 Transmitters .................................................4-2.3.3.1 Scope of standard .................................................... . 1-1 Supervisory service(definition).................................... 1-4 Secondary(standby)power supply 2-3.4 Supervisory signals.................................. 1-5.4.3,4-4.6.7.3 Capacity/sources............................................... 1-5.2.5 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Testing Table 7-2.2 Initiating devices .................................................5-10 Secondary trunk facility definition ............ 1-4 Initiation ..........................................................3-8.7 Separate sleeping area(definition) ................................ 1-4 Silencing ........................................................ 1-5.4.9 Shall(definition)...................................................... 1-4 Supplementary(definition) ......................................... 1-4 Shapes of ceilings definition 1-4 Supply air system ............................................5-1 1.5.2.1 Shed ceiling types........... 5-2.7.4.2,5-3.5.8.2,5-5.6.7.2 Suppression system actuation ....................................3-10 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Suspended ceilings .....................................5-3.5.9, 5-5.6.8 Should(definition) ................................................... 1-4 Switched telephone network(definition) ......................... 1-4 Signal annunciation 3-8.8 System interfaces ..................................................... 1-6 Signal(definition) .................................................... 1-4 System reacceptance testing......................................7-1.6 Signal transmission sequence definition 1-4 System unit(definition) ............................................. 1-4 Signaling line circuit interface(definition)...................... 1-4 Signaling line circuits Definition ........................................................... 1-4 -T- Performance/capabilities of.......................3-6,Table 3-6.1 Tampering .........................................................3-8.11 Signaling systems..............................see Fire alarm systems Testing ..............................................Chap. 7, Fig. 7-5.1 Single-station alarm device(definition) .......................... 1-4 Frequency ..........................................................7-3 Single-station smoke detectors ................................2-6.2.1 Methods ........................................A-7-2.2,Table 7-2.2 Sloped ceilings ...............................5-2.7.4,5-3.5.8, 5-5.6.7 Records ............................................................. 7-5 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Textual alarm signals .............................................6-2.1 Smoke detectors ....................................................2-4.2 Textual audible appliances .........................................6-8 Air duct systems ....................................5-11.5.1,5-11.6 Textual visible appliances ..........................................6-9 Control of smoke spread .......................................5-11 Thermal lag.....................................................5-2.3.1.2 Definition ........................................................... I-4 Three-wire power supply....................................... 1-5.2.8 Design ...............................................................5-3 Transmission channel(definition) ................................ 1-4 2-319 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Transmitters ....................................................4-2.3.3.1 -V- . Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Visible characteristics,public mode ......6-4, Fig.6-4.4.1,Table Transponder(definition)............................................ 1-4 6-4.4.1 Trouble signals ...................................... 1-5.4.6,4-4.6.7.4 Visible zone alarm indication.................................. 1-5.7.1 Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Voice/alarm signaling service ..................................3-12.4 Testing ....................................................Table 7-2.2 Voice and tone devices ........................................3-12.4.4 Troubleshooting ............................................. 1-7.2.2.1.1 Trunk facility Definition ........................................................... 1-4 Primary ............................................................ 1-4 W. Secondary........................................................... 1-4 Water level supervisory signal-initiating devices ...........5-10.3 Two-way RF multiplex systems ...............................4-2.3.4 Water temperature supervision ...............................3-8.7.8 Two-way telephone communications service 3-12.6 Signal-initiating devices .......................................5-10.4 Two-wire power supply ......................................... 1-5.2.8 WaterHow alarm signal initiation ...............................3-8.6 WATS(Wide Area Telephone Service)(definition) ............ 1-4 Wavelength(definition) .........................................5-4.2.1 Wiring ............................................................. 1-5.5.4 Diagrams .......................................................A-7-2.2 -U. Under-voltage detection ...................................... 1-5.2.9.5 Uninterrupted power supply(UPS) -Z- Testing ....................................................Table 7-2.2 Zone(definition) ...................................................... 1-4 Uninterruptible power system bypass ...................:. 1-5.2.6.1 Zone of origin ................................................... 1-5.7.1.2 2-320 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 24-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 24-1 AIRCRAFT FUELING See Sections 2401.15 and 2402.2.1, Uniform Fire Code The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Air- 2-3.1. Use on Public Roadways.Aircraft fuel servicing tank craft Fuel Servicing,NFPA 407-1990,is hereby adopted by vehicles which are used on public roadways shall also comply reference as UFC Standard 24-1. with the requirements of UFC Standard 79-4. The provisions of this standard shall apply to the fuel servicing of 8.Sec.2-3.3 is revised as follows: aircraft with liquid petroleum fuel except when a provision of Uni- 2-3.3.Cargo tanks shall be supported by and attached to,or be a form Fire Code, Volume 1 or an amendment specified in Section part of,the tank vehicle upon which it is carried in accordance with 24.101 is applicable,in which case Uniform Fire Code,Volume 1 UFC Standard 79-4. provisions or the amendment shall take precedence. 9.Secs.2-3.7.3,2-3.7.4 and 2-3.7.5 are revised by substitut- Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 407-1990 shall ing the phrase "(See the Electrical Code.)" for the phrase only be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. (See NFPA 70,National Electrical Code.). 10.Sec.2-3.12.1 is revised by substituting the phrase"UFC NFPA 407-1990 is available from the National Fire Protection Standard 79-4"for the phrase"Article 22 of NFPA 385,Rec- Association, I Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- ommended Regulatory Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flam- setts 02269-9101. mable and Combustible Liquids." 11.Sec.2-3.12.2 is revised by changing the last sentence as SECTION 24.101 -AMENDMENTS follows: 2-3.12.2.Aluminum alloys for high-strength welded construc- The Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing,NFPA 407-1990,ap- tion shall be joined by an inert gas arc-welding process using filler plies to the fueling of aircraft on airport grounds, except as fol- metals (commercial designation) R-GR40A, E-GR40A (5154 lows: alloy)and R-GM50A,E-GM50A(5356 alloy). 1.Sec. 1-1 is revised by adding a new subsection(d)as fol- 12.Sec.2-3.12.5 is revised as follows: lows: 2-3.12.5. Venting shall be in accordance with UFC Standard (d)Conditions Regulated by Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. 79-4. When the provisions of Uniform Fire Code,Volume 1 apply,they 13.Sec.2-4.4.1 is revised as follows: shall take precedence over the provisions of this standard. 244.1 General.The construction and spacing of fuel storage 2.Sec.1-3 is revised by amending the definition of"author- tanks shall conform to the applicable requirements of Uniform ity having jurisdiction'as follows: Fire Code Article 79. AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- 14.Sec.2-4.6.4 is revised as follows: sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. 2-4.6.4 Basic Design Criteria.Piping,valves and fittings shall The definitions of"approved,""labeled"and"listed"shall be metal,suitable for aviation service,and designed for working be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. pressures and the mechanical, thermal and structural stresses to which they could be subjected.The minimum requirements of na- The definition of"should"is deleted. tionally recognized standards and Uniform Fire Code Article 79 3.Sec.2-1.2.4 is revised as follows: shall be used as the basic design criteria. See Uniform Fire Code Article 90. 2-1.2.4.Type C hose constructed in accordance with nationally 15.Sec.2-4.6.10 is revised as follows: recognized standards shall be used to prevent electrostatic dis- charges but shall not be used to accomplish required bonding.See 2-4.6.10 Welded joints shall be made by qualified welders using Uniform Fire Code Article 90.Type A hose constructed in accord- materials and methods in accordance with nationally recognized ance with nationally recognized standards and hose having a static standards. See Uniform Fire Code Article 90. wire in the hose wall shall not be used. 16.Sec.2-4.9(e)is revised as follows: 4.Sec.2-1.6.2 is revised as follows: (e)Portable electrical equipment used during the repair of the 2-1.6.2.Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided and main- vehicle shall conform to the requirements of the Electrical Code. tained in accordance with UFC Standard 10-1. 17.Sec.2-4.11 is revised as follows: 5.Sec.2-2.1 is revised as follows: 2-4.11.Ramps used for aircraft fueling shall slope away from buildings and loading walkways at a grade of not less than 1 per- 2-2.1 Performance Requirements. Hose and couplings shall cent for the first 50 feet(15 240 mm).The balance of such ramps be designed for aviation fuel service and shall be in accordance shall slope to a drainage system at a grade not less than 1/2 percent. with nationally recognized standards. See Uniform Fire Code When drainage inlets are provided,they shall be at least 50 feet Article 90. (15 240 mm)from buildings and loading walkways. 6.Sec.2-2.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"nationally 18.Sec.2-5.2.1 is revised as follows: recognized standard, see Uniform Fire Code Article 90" for 2-5.2.1 Basic Construction and Protection Requirements.In the phrase API 1529. addition to the special requirements of this chapter,heliports shall 7.Sec.2-3.1 is revised as follows: comply with Uniform Fire Code Article 24 and the Building Code. 2-321 STANDARD 24-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 19.Sec.2-5.11 is revised as follows: ply with Uniform Fire Code Article 79 and with the applicable 2-5.11 Fire Protection.Fixed fire-protection systems shall be portions of Chapters 3,4 and 5 of this standard. in accordance with Uniform Fire Code Article 10. 21.Sec.3-2.5 is revised as follows: 20.Sec.2-6.1 is revised as follows' 3-2.5 Unauthorized Discharge. Unauthorized discharges of hazardous materials shall be reported and documented in accord- 2-6.1 General.In addition to the special requirements of this ance with Uniform Fire Code Article 80. chapter,the fuel storage,dispensing and piping system shall com- 22.Chapter 4 is deleted. 2-322 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) VEHICULAR FUEL SYSTEMS See Sections 5201.1, 5204.2 and 5204.10.2.3.5, Uniform Fire Code This standard, with certain exceptions, is based on the 6.Sec.4-4.2.4 is revised to read as follows: National'Fire Protection Association Standard for Com- 4-4.2.4 Compression, storage and dispensing equipment out- pressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems, NFPA doors shall be located not less than 10 feet(3048 mm) from the 52-1992.1 nearest public street or sidewalk line,at least 25 feet(7620 mm) Part I of this standard contains the exceptions to NFPA from the nearest rail of any railroad track, and at least 50 feet 52-1992.1 (15 240 mm)from the nearest rail or any railroad main track or any railroad or transit line where power from train propulsion is pro- Part 11 of this standard contains NFPA 52-19921 reproduced in vided by an outside electrical source such as third rail or overhead its entirety with permission of the publisher. catenary. © vertically in the margin of Part II indicates there is a 7.Sec.4-4.3 is revised to read as follows: revision to the provisions within Part 1. 4-4.3 Indoors. Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 52-19921 shall be 4-4.3.1 General.Compression,dispensing equipment and stor- considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. age containers connected for use are allowed to be located inside of buildings. The buildings shall be constructed in accordance The current edition is NFPA 52-1995. with the Building Code and the requirements of Uniform Fire Part I Code Article 80 for flammable gases. 4-4.3.1.1 Quantity Limit.Storage shall be limited to not more SECTION 52.101 —AMENDMENTS than 10,000 cubic feet(283 168 L)of natural gas in each building. EXCEPTION:Compressed natural gas stored in vehicle-mounted The Standard for Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)Vehicular Fuel fuel-supply containers. Systems applies to the design,construction,installation, mainte- 4-4.3.2 Explosion Control. Explosion control shall be pro- nance and operation of containers, compression and dispensing vided in accordance with Uniform Fire Code Article 80. equipment,and associated equipment used for the storage and dis- 4-4.3.3 Automatic Fire-extinguishing System. Rooms or pensing of compressed natural gas,except as otherwise provided buildings used for the storage,compression or dispensing of CNG in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 and the Mechanical Code and shall be protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system. except as follows: The automatic sprinkler system shall be designed in accordance 1.Sec. 1-1 is deleted. with Uniform Fire Code Article 80 and the Building Code (see 2.Sec. 1-2 is deleted. UBC Standard 9-1). 4-4.3.4 Mechanical Ventilation.Ventilation shall be provided 3.Sec. 1-3 is revised to read as follows: throughout for buildings or rooms used for the storage,compres- 1-3 Retroactivity. The provisions of this standard shall be sion or dispensing of CNG. Ventilation shall be by a continuous applied in accordance with UFC Section 102. mechanical ventilation system or by a mechanical ventilation sys- 4.Sec.1-5 is revised-by changing the definitions as follows: tem activated by a supervised methane gas-detection system when a gas concentration of not more than 20 percent of the lower flam- AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official mability limit is present.Failure of the mechanical ventilation sys- responsible for the administration and enforcement of this stand- tem shall shut down the fuel compression and dispensing system. ard. The mechanical ventilation system shall be in accordance with The definitions of"approved,""labeled"and"listed"shall Uniform Fire Code Article 80 and the Mechanical Code.In addi- be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. tion,the mechanical ventilation system shall be designed for both The definition of"code"is revised by changing the first sen- lighter than air and heavier than air vapors. tence as follows: EXCEPTION:When approved,the mechanical ventilation system can be designed for methane when the building or room is used exclu- CODE.For new construction,"Code"shall mean the applica- sively for the dispensing of CNG. ble edition of the ASME Code referenced in this UFC standard. 4-4.3.5 Supervised Methane Gas-detection System.A super- (Remainder of definition to remain as printed.) vised methane gas-detection system shall be provided throughout buildings or rooms used for the storage,compression or dispens- Add the following definition: ing of CNG.The gas-detection system shall sound a distinct alarm HAZARDOUS MATERIALS are those chemicals or sub- signal when a gas concentration of not more than 20 percent of the stances which are physical hazards or health hazards as defined lower flammability limit is present. Activation of the gas-detec- and classified in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. tion system shall shut down the fuel compression and dispensing Delete the definitions of "limited-combustible material". system. and"noncombustible material." 4-4.3.6 Electrical Service. Buildings and rooms used for the 5.Sec.4-3.8 is revised to read as follows: storage,compression or dispensing of CNG shall be classified in accordance with Table 4-12 for installations of electrical equip- 4-3.8 Engine driven compressor installations shall conform, ment. Electrical equipment shall be installed in accordance with where applicable,to nationally recognized standards. the Electrical Code. 2-323 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-4.3.7 Emergency Shutdown Devices.Emergency shutdown from property lines and building openings. When approved, ve- devices shall be provided in rooms or buildings used for the stor- hicle fueling appliances may be installed indoors when installed in age, compression or dispensing of CNG. Such devices shall be accordance with Section 5-2.1.3 and Uniform Fire Code Article provided at each dispenser,at each exit,and at the room or build- 52. ing used for the storage or compression of CNG.Activation of the 5-2.1.1 Foundation. Vehicle fueling appliances shall be fas- emergency shutdown devices shall shut down the compression tened to a foundation to resist loads in accordance with the Build- and dispensing equipment. ing Code. 4-4.3.8 Discharge of Relief Devices.Pressure-relief devices on 5-2.1.2 Physical and Impact Protection. Equipment related storage and compression systems shall be provided with an to the vehicle fueling appliance shall be protected to minimize the approved means of discharging CNG outside of the building.The possibility of physical damage. When subject to vehicle impact, point of discharge shall be a minimum of 10 feet(3048 mm)from vehicle fueling appliances shall be provided with vehicular im- building and ventilation openings,property lines,public ways and pact protection. See Uniform Fire Code Section 8001.11.3. paths of egress.The point of discharge shall not impinge on the building. 5-2.1.3 Safe Functioning of the Appliance. The vehicle fuel- ing appliance shall be located to prevent damage resulting from 4-4.3.9 Signs. Rooms or buildings used for the storage, com- flooding, ice buildup or blockage of ventilation. pression or dispensing of CNG shall be provided with warning signs with the words WARNING-NO SMOKING-FLAM- 5-2.2 Appliance Vent Lines. MABLE GAS.The wording shall be in plainly legible red letters 5-2.2.1 General. Vehicle fueling appliances shall be provided on a white, retroreflective background, with letters no less than with an approved method to discharge methane outdoors as the re- f inch(25.4 mm)high. sult of the operation of a relief valve or device. 8.Sec.4-6.1 is revised by deleting"(See 4-4.3.9.)"at the end 5-2.2.2 Arrangement. Relief valves or devices shall be pro- of the paragraph. vided with an approved means of safely discharging natural gas 9.Sec.4-6.4 is added as follows: outside of buildings.The method employed shall be designed such that the design flow capacity of the relief valve or device is not re- 4-6.4 Sufficient pressure safety-relief devices shall be installed stricted. on CNG pressure vessels to allow each relief device to be individ- ually isolated for testing or maintenance while maintaining the 5-2.2.3 Location. Relief valves or devices shall be terminated in accordance with the following minimum requirements: required pressure-relieving capacity.When only one relief device is required, a full-opening three-way shutoff valve shall be 1. Sources of ignition.Relief valves or devices shall terminate installed. a minimum of 36 inches(914 mm)from sources of ignition. EXCEPTION: DOT-approved cylinders used for the storage of 2. Building openings.Relief valves or devices shall terminate CNG. a minimum of 36 inches (914 mm) horizontally and 12 inches 10.Sec.4-11.6 is deleted. (304.8 mm)vertically above openings or vents into buildings or a 11.Sec.4-12 is revised by substituting"the Electrical Code" space where flammable vapors are likely to accumulate. for "NFPA 70,National Electrical Code" in the main para- 3. Paths of egress.Relief valves or devices shall not terminate graph. within 5 feet(1524 mm)of sidewalks or paths of egress. 12.Sec.4-14.2 is revised by deleting"(See 4-6.3.)"at the end 5-2.2.4 Termination. Relief valves or devices shall be termi- of the paragraph. nated so as to prevent the entry of water,insects,ice or other mate- 13.Sec.4-14.8 is revised by deleting"(See 4-4.3.)"at the end rials. of the paragraph. 5-2.3 Hoses. 14.Sec.4-15 is revised to read: 5-2.3.1 General. Hoses used for the supply of natural gas to 4-15 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided at the dis- the vehicle fueling appliances or the dispensing of natural gas into pensing area as set forth in the Uniform Fire Code. motor vehicles shall be in accordance with Section 5-2.1.3. 15.Chapters 5 and 6 are deleted and substitute Chapter 5 as 5-2.3.2 Supply Hoses. A single hose having a maximum follows: length of 3 feet(914 mm)is allowed to be used to terminate the natural gas supply into the intake of the vehicle fueling appliances. 5-1 Vehicle Fueling Appliances. The hose shall be installed when it is necessary to prevent abrasion 5-1.1 Applicability. Vehicle fueling appliances shall be damage resulting from vibration at the compressor intake or dis- installed, operated and maintained in accordance with this chap- charge. ter, Uniform Fire Code Article 52,the Mechanical Code and the 5-2.3.3 Dispensing Hoses. The use of hoses for dispensing of Plumbing Code. natural gas from vehicle fueling appliances into a motor vehicle 5-1.2 Permits. For vehicle fueling permits,see Section 105.8, shall be in accordance with the following minimum requirements: Permit m.3. 1. Length. The maximum length of hose shall not exceed 5-1.3 Maximum Flow and Pressure. Vehicle fueling ap- 25 feet(7620 mm). pliances shall not exceed a flow rate of 10 standard cubic feet per 2. Protection. Hoses shall be protected from abrasion, me- minute(4.7 L/s)at a discharge pressure of 4,000 psi(27 579 kPa) chanical damage and being driven over. at NTR Vehicle fueling appliances used for residential service 3. Number of hoses.The number of hoses that may be used for shall not exceed a flow rate of 5 standard cubic feet per minute the dispensing of natural gas into motor vehicles shall be in ac- (2.35 Us)at a discharge pressure of 4,000 psi(27 579 kPa)at NTP. cordance with the appliance's listing. 5-2 Location and Installation. 4. Breakaway protection.The vehicle dispensing hose shall 5-2.1 Vehicle fueling appliances shall be installed outside of be equipped with a breakaway connection.Operation of the break- buildings.The appliance shall be a minimum of 3 feet(914 mm) away connection shall stop the flow of natural gas from the vehicle 2­324 1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 fueling appliance.The maximum force necessary to effect break- 1. Mechanical ventilation. The room or area where natural away shall be 40 pounds(177.9 N)in any horizontal direction. gas is dispensed shall be provided with mechanical ventilation 5-2.4 Signs. that is designed to not recirculate air.The ventilation system shall terminate outside of the building.The ventilation system shall be 5-2.4.1 General. Signs concerning the safe operation of ve- designed to provide a minimum ventilation rate of at least 10 times hicle fueling appliances shall be provided in accordance with Sec- the maximum flow rate of the vehicle refueling appliance. lion 5-2.4. 2. Gas detection.The room or area where natural gas is dis- 5-2.4.2 No Smoking. NO SMOKING WITHIN 3 FEET signs pensed shall be provided with an approved listed gas-detection shall be provided at the vehicle fueling appliance. system.The detector shall be designed to activate an audible and 5-2.4.3 Automobile Ignition. TURN OFF IGNITION BE- visual alarm and shut off the gas flow when the amount of natural FORE FUELING signs shall be provided at the vehicle fueling ap- gas exceeds 25 percent of the lower flammability limit for meth- pliance. ane. 5-2.4.4 Electrical Disconnect. Approved CNG COMPRES- 3. System failure. Failure of the mechanical ventilation sys- SOR EMERGENCY ELECTRICAL DISCONNECT signs shall tem or the gas-detection system shall shut off power to the vehicle be provided at the electrical disconnect switch. fueling appliance. 5-2.5 Electrical Disconnect. 5-4 Maintenance and Inspection. 5-2.5.1 An emergency electrical disconnect switch shall be 5-4.1 General. Installation and maintenance of vehicle fuel- provided in an approved location not less than 5 feet(1524 mm)or ing appliances shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's in- more than 25 feet(7620 mm)away from the vehicle fueling ap- structions and listing. pliance.The disconnect switch shall be in view of the vehicle fuel- 5-4.2 Identification. A water-resistant tag,label or other ap- ing appliance. proved means shall be affixed to the vehicle fueling appliance 5-2.6 Gas Supply. which identifies that the appliance has been serviced in accord- ance with the manufacturer's instructions. 5-2.6.1 Vehicle fueling appliances shall be provided with an approved method of shutting off the supply of natural gas. Part II 5-3 Dispensing of CNG. Reproduced with permission from the Standard for Com- 5-3.1 General. The exterior and interior dispensing of natural pressed Natural Gas (CNG)Vehicular Fuel Systems, NFPA 52, gas into motor vehicles shall be in accordance with this section. copyright 1992,National Fire Protection Association, 1 Battery- 5-3.2 Exterior dispensing. The exterior dispensing of natural march Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachusetts 02269-9101.Per- gas into motor vehicles shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 of sons desiring to reprint in whole or part any portion of the Standard this standard and Uniform Fire Code Article 52. for Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems, NFPA 52-1992,must secure permission from the National Fire 5-3.3 Interior Dispensing. When approved,the fueling of ve- Protection Association.The following standard is not necessarily hicles inside of buildings shall be in accordance with Section 5-3.1 the latest revision used by NFPA.If the reader desires to compare and the following requirements: with that version,the same is available from NFPA. 2-325 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Contents Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 5 1-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 5 1-2 Alternate Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 5 1-3 Retroactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 5 1-4 Metric Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 5 1-5 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 5 Chapter 2 General CNG and Equipment Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 7 2-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 7 2-2 Gas Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 7 2-3 Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 7 2-4 Design and Construction of Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 7 2-5 Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 8 2-6 Pressure Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 8 2-7 Pressure Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 8 2-8 Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 8 2-9 Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 9 2-10 Hoses and Hose Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 9 2-11 Vehicle Fueling Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 9 Chapter 3 Engine Fuel Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 9 3-1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52- 9 3-2 System Component Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-10 3-3 Installation of Fuel Supply Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-10 3-4 Installation of Venting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-11 3-5 Installation of Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-11 3-6 Installation of Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-11 3-7 Installation of Pressure Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-12 3-8 Installation of Pressure Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-12 3-9 Installation of Fueling Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-12 3-10 Wiring Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-12 3-11 Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-12 3-12 System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-12 3-13 Maintenance and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-12 Chapter 4 CNG Compression, Storage, and Dispensing Systems . . . . . . . . . 52-13 4-1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-13 4-2 System Component Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-13 4-3 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-13 4-4 Siting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-13 4-5 Installation of Containers and Container Appurtenances (Other than Pressure Relief Devices) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-14 4-6 Installation of Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-14 4-7 Installation of Pressure Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-15 4-8 Installation of Pressure Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-15 4-9 Installation of Piping and Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-15 4-10 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-15 4-11 Installation of Emergency Shutdown Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-15 4-12 Installation of Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-16 4-13 Stray or Impressed Currents and Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-16 4-14 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-16 4-15 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-17 4-16 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-17 4-17 Vehicle Fueling Appliances in Commercial Applications . . . . . . . . . . 52-17 2-326 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 Chapter 5 Residential Fueling Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-17 5-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-17 5-2 System Component Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-17 5-3 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-17 5-4 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 5-5 Installation of Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 5-6 Installation of Pressure Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 5-7 Pressure Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 5-8 Piping and Hose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 5-9 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 5-10 Installation of Emergency Shutdown Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 5-11 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 5-12 Maintenance and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-18 Chapter 6 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-19 Appendix A Explanatory Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-19 Appendix B Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-23 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-24 2-327 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE NFPA 52 Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having jurisdiction." Standard for N0'FE: The National Fire Protection Association does not Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials nor does it approve ur evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of Vehicular Fuel Systems installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on com- pliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the 1992 Edition absence of such standards, said authority may require evi- dence of proper installation,procedure or use.'I'he author- NO'HCE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter it),having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or label- designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on ing practices of an organization concerned with product that paragraph in Appendix A. evaluations which is in a position to determine compliance Information on referenced publications can be found with appropriate standards for the current production of in Chapter 6 and Appendix B. listed items. ASME Code. The American Society of Mechanical Chapter I Introduction Engineers'Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. 1-1* Scope. This standard applies to the design and Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having installation of compressed natural gas (CNG) engine fuel jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual Isystems on vehicles of all types including aftermarket and responsible for"approving"equipment,an installation or a OEMs and to their associated fueling (dispensing) systems. procedure. Exception: Vehicles complying with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety N0'YE: The phrase"authority having,lurisdiction"is used standards covering the installation of CNG fuel systems on vehi_ in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions cles and certified by the manufacturer as meeting these standards and "approval" agencies vary as do their responsibilities. s/:all not be re uirerl to cony 1 with 2-8.4 and Chapter 3, Engine Where public safety is primary,the"authority having juris- 4 p y g diction" may be a federal, state, local or other regional Fuel Systems(except 3-11, Labeling). department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, health 1-2 Alternate Provisions. It is recognized that advance- department,building official, electrical inspector,or others ment in technology and improvements in system design having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an and equipment may result in equipment fabrication meth- insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other ods, component design requirements, and installation and insurance company representative may be the "authority operating practices that differ from those specifically called having jurisdiction." In many circumstances the property for in this standard. Such deviations or improvements mayowner or his designated agent assumes the role of the "authority having jurisdiction';at government installations, Provide desirable safety and compatible operation meeting thecommanding officer or departmental official may be the the intent of this standard. Such deviations may bee "authority having jurisdiction.' accepted when the authority having jurisdiction has seen evidence that a special investigation of all factors has been Bulk Storage. Storage in pressure vessels other than made and, based on sound experience and engineering cylinders. judgment, has concluded that the proposed deviations meet the intent of this standard. Capacity. The water volume of a container in standard 1-3 Retroactivity. The provisions of this document are ( cu ft (m) per gallons. considered necessary to provide a reasonable level of pro tection from loss of life and property from fire and explo- Cascade Storage System. Storage in multiple pressure vessels, cylinders, or containers- sion. They reflect situations and the state of the art at the time the standard was issued. Code. For new construction, "Code" shall mean the Unless otherwise noted, it is not intended that the pro- applicable edition of the ASME Code referenced in this visions of this document be applied to facilities,equipment, edition of NFPA 52. For secondhand pressure vessels and structures, or installations that were existing or approved existing installations, the term "Code" shall include those for construction or installation prior to the effective date of editions of the ASME Code that were current at the time the document,except in those cases where it is determined that a pressure vessel was built. by the authority having jurisdiction that the existing situa- tion involves a distinct hazard to life or adjacent property. Composite Container. A container fabricated of two or more materials that interact to facilitate the container 1-4 Metric Practice. Metric units in this standard are design criteria. based on ASTM-380, Standard for Metric Practice. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Mixtures of hydro- 1-5 Definitions. carbon gases and vapors, consisting principally of methane in gaseous form that has been compressed fi>r use as a ANSI. American National Standards Institute. vehicular fuel. 2-328 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 Container. A pressure vessel or cylinder used to store Limited-Combustible Material. A material (as defined CNG. in NFPA 220,Slandu)-d at 7'y/)es o/'Buihlirtg Conslowtiou) not connplving with the definition of'noncombustible material Container Appurtenances. Devices connected to con- that, in the firm in which it is used, has it potential heat tainer openings fin- safety, control, or operating purposes. value not exceeding 3500 Btu per lb(8141 kj/kg)and corn- plies with one of the following paragraphs (a)or (b). Mate- Container Valve. A valve connected directly to it con- rials subject to increase in combustibility or flame spread tainer outlet. rating beyond the limits herein established through the effects of age, moisture, or other atmospheric condition shall be considered combustible. (See NFP,l 259, Slcntda)-d Cylinder. A container constructed, inspected, and Test Melhod for Poleulial Heat of Building Male,•ialc.) maintained according to DOT or TC regulations, ANSI/ AGA NGV`?, or (:SA B51 standards. (a) Materials having a structural base of noncombustible material, with a surfacing not exceeding a thickness of Dew Point (at Container Pressure). The dew point 1/ti in. (3.2 nun) that has a flame spread rating not greater than 50. value of the gas at the maximum anticipated container pressure of the CNG vehicular fuel system (usually urea- (b) Materials, in the form and thickness used,other than cured in the container prior to pressure reduction). When as described in (a), having neither it flame spread rating presenting or referencing dew point, the value shall be greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive given in terms of the container pressure, e.g., -4°F dew combustion and of such composition that surfaces that point at 3600 psig. would be exposed by cutting through the material on an)• plane would have neither a flame spread rating greater Dew Point Temperature. 'The temperature,referred to it than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion. I specific pressure,at which water vapor begins to condense. Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list pub- lished by an organization acceptable to the "authority hav- Dispensing Station. A natural gas installation that dis- ing jurisdiction" and concerned with product evaluation, penses CNG from storage containers or a distribution pipe- that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed line by means of a compressor or pressure booster into fuel equipment or materials and whose listing states either that supply containers or into portable cylinders. the equipment or material meets appropriate standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in it specified Enclosure. A structure whose purpose is to protect manner. equipment fi•om the environment or to provide noise attenuation. NOTE: The means f6r identifjing listed equipment nrcv vary for each organization concerned with product evalua- Flexible Metal and Wire Braid Hose. A metal hose Lion, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed made from continuous Lubin that is corrugated for flexi- unless it is also labeled.The"authority having jurisdiction" g g should utilize the system employed by the listing organiza- bility and that, for pressurized applications, shall have an tion to identify a listed product. external wire braid. Metallic Hose. A hose in which the strength of the Fuel Line. The pipe, tubing, or hose, including all hose depends primarily on the strength of metallic parts; it related fittings, on a vehicle through which natural gas may have metallic liners and/or covers. passes. Natural Gas. Mixtures of hydrocarbon gases and Fuel Supply Container. A container mounted on a vapors consisting principally of methane in gaseous form. vehicle to store CNG as the fuel supply to the internal Noncombustible Material. A material (as defined in combustion engine of this vehicle. NFPA 220, Standard on Ty/)es of Building Construction) that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions Installation. A system that includes natural gas contain- anticipated, will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or ers, pressure booster, compressors, and all attached valves, release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat. piping, and appurtenances.When filling containers or tans- Materials reported as noncombustible, when tested in (erring natural gas directly from distribution lines by means accordance with ASTM E-136, Standard Method of Test for of a compressor,an installation includes the compressor and Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace al 750°C,shall all piping and piping components beyond the shutoff valve be considered noncombustible materials. between the distribution system and the compressor. Point of Transfer. The point where the fueling con- Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been nection is made. attached a label, symbol or other identifying mark of'an organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdic- Pressure Relief Device. A pressure and/or tempera- tion" and concerned with product evaluation, that main- ture activated device used to prevent the pressure from tains periodic inspection of production of labeled equip- rising above a predetermined maximum and thereby pre- ment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer vent the rupture of a normally charged cylinder when sub- indicates compliance with appropriate standards or perfor- jected to a standard fire test as required by 49 CFR mance in a specified manner. 173.34(d) or 73.34(d) of the TC Regulations. Pressure 2-329 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Irelief devices for. DOT/TC cylinders shall also include Natural gas introduced into any system covered by this devices capable of protecting partially charged cylinders standard shall have a distinctive odor potent enough for its when subjected to these fire tests. presence to be detected down to a concentration in air of not over 1/5 of the lower limit of flammability. Pressure Relief Device Channels. The passage or pas- sages beyond the operating parts of the pressure relief device 2-3 Approval. through which fluid must pass to reach the atmosphere. 2-3.1 Systems and/or system components, as follows,shall Pressure Vessel. A container or other component be listed or approved: designed in accordance with the ASME Code. (a) Containers ISCF. Cu ft of gas determined at 14.7 Asia and 60°F (b) Pressure relief devices, including pressure relief (101 kPa and 16°C). valves Service Pressure. The settled pressure at a uniform (c) Pressure gauges gas temperature of 70°F (21°C) and full gas content. It is the pressure for which the equipment has been con- structed, under normal conditions. (e) Valves Service Valve. A valve operated by hand connected (f) Hose and hose connections directly to the outlet of a container other than a cylinder (g) Vehicle fueling connections not larger than 1/4-in. pipe size and having an inlet diame- ter not exceeding the internal diameter of 1/2-in.,Schedule (h) Engine fuel systems 80 pipe. (i) Electrical equipment related to CNG systems. Settled Pressure. The pressure in a container at 70°F (21°C) that cannot exceed the marked service or design 2-3.2 Devices not otherwise specifically provided for shall pressure on the container. be constructed to provide safety equivalent to that required for other parts of a system. Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. 2-4* Design and Construction of Containers. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required. 2-4.1 Containers shall comply with 2-4.2 through 2-4.6 or shall be designed,fabricated, tested,and marked using cri- Sources of Ignition. Devices or equipment that, teria that incorporate an investigation to determine that because of their modes of use or operation, are capable of they are safe and suitable for the proposed service,are rec- providing sufficient thermal energy to ignite flammable ommended for that service by the manufacturer, and are compressed natural gas-air mixtures when introduced into acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. such a mixture or when such a mixture comes into contact with them and that will permit propagation of flame away 2-4.1.1 Containers shall be fabricated of steel, aluminum, from them. or composite materials. The container shall be designed to be suitable for CNG Chapter 2 General CNG and Equipment service and permanently marked CNG by the manufacturer. Qualifications Containers manufactured prior to the effective date of 2-1* General. The provisions of this chapter apply only this standard may be used in CNG service if recommended to pressurized system components handling CNG. for CNG service by the container manufacturer or accept- able to the authority having jurisdiction. 2-2* Gas Quality. Gas quality in the container shall com- ply with the following: 2-4.2 Cylinders shall be manufactured, inspected, marked, tested, retested, equipped, and used in accor- H2S and soluble sulfides partial pressure .....0.05 psi, max dance with U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) or water vapor......................................7.0 lb/MMCF, max Canada Transport(TC)regulations, exemptions,or special CO., partial pressure.....................................7 psi, max permits, or ANSI/AGA NGV2, Basic Requirements of 7jpe 02..................................................0.5 volume %, max 3NG Fuel Containers, specifically for CNG service and shall have a rated service pressure of not less than 2400 psig at Exception: When the dew point of the gas entering.the cylinder 70°F (16.5 MPa at 21.1°C). is below the lowest anticipated container temperature at the maxi- mum anticipated container pressure, the above shall not apply. NO'I•E I: Current DUF and TC specifications, exemptions, and specific permits do not address the use of cylinders as I NOTE: For additional information on gas quality see SAE vehicle fuel containers."I•he intent of the reference in this stan- J 1616, Stuface Vehicle Recommended Practice for Naurral Gas dard is to permit only those cylinders that are approved fir Vehicle Fuel Composition. the transportation of natural gas to be used in CNG service. 2-330 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 NO'I'E 2: Four relevant cylinder inspection standards that' dance with CGA S-1.1 and of the type, temperature rating, are useful are Compressed Gas Association, Inc.pamphlets: pressure rating, number,and location used in the fire tests. (a) C-6, Standards for Visual Insperlion of Compressed Gas 2-5.1.2 The pressure relief device shall be in direct com- C,y inders• I munication with the fuel and be vented to the atmosphere N C-6.1,Standards for Visual lnsperlion of High Pressure Al,- by a method that will withstand the maximum pressure rims,Compressed Gas Cylinders• that will result. (c) C-6.2,Guidelines for Visual Inspedion and Regualifiraliou of Fiber Rei»�mred High Pressure C:1'linriers' The discharge flow rate of the pressure relief device (d) C-10, Rermnmendalions for Changes of Service for Corn- shall not be reduced below that required for the capacity of pressed Gas Cylinders Including Procedures for 1»spertion and the container upon which the device is installed. Co»lanunant Removal. 2-4.3 Pressure vessels shall be manufactured, inspected, Pressure relief devices shall be located so that the tem- marked, and tested in accordance with the Rules for the perature to which they are subjected shall be representa- Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII tive of the temperature to which. the cylinder is subjected. (Division 1) or Section X, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel 2-5.2 Pressure vessels complying with 2-4.3 shall be pro- Code. vided with one or more springloaded pressure relief valves 2-4.3.1 Adherence to applicable ASME Code case inter- set to open in accordance with the ASME Code. pretations and addenda shall be considered as compliance 2-5.2.1 The minimum rate of discharge of pressure relief with the ASME Code. devices on containers shall be in accordance with GGA Pamphlet S-1.1, Pressure Relief Device Standards - Part 1, 2-4.4 The "+" (plus) and "*" (star) markings on DOT Cylinders for Compressed Gases or the ASME Boiler-and Pres- and TC cylinders shall not apply in accordance with DOT sure Vessel Code, whichever is applicable. and TC regulations for cylinders for flammable com- pressed gases. The star marking shall be removed/ 2-5.2.2 Pressure relief valves for CNG service shall not be obliterated. The removal of the marking shall be done by fitted with lifting devices. The adjustment, if external,shall peening and otherwise in accordance with DOT or TC reg- be provided with means for sealing the adjustment to pre- ulations. Grinding is prohibited. vent tampering by unauthorized persons. If at any time it is necessary to break such seal, the valve shall be removed 2-4.5 In addition to the marking required by documents from service until it has been reset and sealed. Any adjust- cited in 2-4.2 and 2-4.3, such containers and any used ments necessary shall be made by the manufacturer or other under the provisions of 2-4.1 shall be labeled with the companies having competent personnel and adequate facili- words "CNG ONLY"in letters at least I in. (25 man) high in ties for the repair,adjustment,and testing of such valves.The contrasting color and in a location that will be visible after organization making such adjustment shall attach a perma- installation. Decals or stencils are acceptable. (See 3-11.1.) nent tag with the setting, capacity, and date. 2-4.6 Welding or brazing for the repair or alteration of 2-5.3 Containers and pressure vessels complying other- an ASME pressure vessel shall comply with the documents wise with 2-4.1 shall be provided with pressure relief under which the pressure vessel was fabricated. Other devices approved by the authority having jurisdiction. welding or brazing is permitted only on saddle plates, lugs, or brackets attached to the pressure vessel by the pressure 2-6 Pressure Gauges. vessel manufacturer. 2-6.1 A pressure gauge, if provided, shall be capable of The exchange or interchange of pressure vessel appur- reading at least 1.2 times the system design pressure. tenances (see definition) intended for the same purpose is not considered a repair or alteration. 2-6.2 A gauge shall have an opening not to exceed 0.055 in. (1.4 mm) (No. 54 drill size)at the inlet connection. 2-5 Pressure Relief Devices. 2-7 Pressure Regulators. 2-5.1 Each fuel supply cylinder complying with 2-4.2 2-7.1 A pressure regulator inlet and each chamber shall shall be fitted with one or more pressure relief devices in I be designed for its maximum service pressure with a pres- accordance with 2-5.1.1 and 2-5.1.2. sure safety factor of at least 4. 2-5.1.1 Pressure relief devices for cylinders shall be in 2-7.2 Low pressure chambers shall provide for overpres- accordance with Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Pam- sure relief or shall be able to withstand the service pressure phlet S-1.1, Pressure Relief Device Standards - Part 1, Odin- of the upstream pressure chamber. ders for Compressed Gases. 2-8 Piping. Cylinders produced under DOT and TC exemptions or special permits that require fire tests for design qualifica- 2-8.1 Pipe, tubing, fittings, gaskets, and packing material tion shall be equipped with pressure relief devices in actor- shall be compatible with the fuel under the service conditions. 2-331 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 2-8.2 Pipe, tubing, fittings, and other piping compo- 2-10 Hoses and Hose Connections. nents between a container and the first shutoff valve shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test of at least four 2-10.1 Hose and metallic hose shall be of or lined with times the rated service pressure without structural failure. materials that are resistant to corrosion and the actions of natural gas. 2-8.3 Natural gas piping shall be fabricated and tested in accordance with ANSI/ASME B31.3,American National Stan- 2-10.2 Hose, metallic hose, flexible metal hose, tubing, dard Code for Chemical Plant and Petroleum.Refinery Piping. and their connections shall be suitable for the most severe pressure and temperature conditions expected under nor- 2-8.4 The following components shall not be used: mal operating conditions with a burst pressure of at least �(a) Fittings, street ells, and other piping components of four times the service pressure. cast irons other than those complying with ASTM A-536 2-10.3 Hose assemblies shall be tested by the manufac- (Grade 60-40-18),A-395, and A-47 (Grade 35018), turer or its designated representative prior to use to at (b) Plastic pipe, tubing, and fittings for high pressure least twice the service pressure. service, 2-10.4 Hose and metallic hose shall be distinctly marked (c) Galvanized pipe and fittings, by the manufacturer, either by the manufacturer's perma- (d) Aluminum pipe, tubing, and fittings, nently attached tag or by distinct markings, indicating the manufacturer's name or trademark, applicable service Exception No. 1: Refueling connection may be made of n.onspar- . identifier, and design pressure. king wrought aluminum alloy suitable for the pressure employed. 2-11 Vehicle Fueling Connection. Exception No. 2: Aluminum pipe, tubing, and fittings may be used downstream of the first stage Pressure regulator in an engine 2-11.1 A vehicle fueling connection shall provide for the fuel system. ' reliable and secure connection of the fuel system contain- (e) Pipe nipples for the initial connection to a container, ers to a source of high pressure natural gas. and 2-11.2 The fueling connection shall be suitable for the (0 Copper alloy with copper content exceeding 70 percent. pressure expected under normal conditions and corrosive conditions that might be encountered. 2-8.5 Piping components such as strainers,snubbers,and expansion joints shall be permanently marked by the man- 2-11.3 The fueling connection shall prevent escape of gas ufacturer to indicate the service ratings. when the connector is not properly engaged or becomes separated. 2-9 Valves. 2-11.4 The refueling receptacle on an engine fuel system 2-9.1 Valves, valve packing, and gaskets shall be suitable shall be firmly supported and shall: for the fuel over the full range of pressures and tempera- (a) Receive the fueling connector and accommodate the tures to which they may be subjected under normal oper- ating conditions. I service pressure of the vehicle fuel system, (b) Incorporate a means to prevent the entry of dust, 2-9.1.1 Shutoff valves shall have a rated service pressure water, and other foreign material. If the means used is not less than the rated service pressure of the entire system capable of sealing system pressure it shall be capable of and shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test of at being depressurized before removal, and least four times the rated service pressure without rupture. (c) Have a different fueling connection for each pres- Leakage shall not occur at less than 1 /2 times the rated sure base vehicle fuel system. service pressure using dry air as the test medium. 2-9.2 Valves of cast irons other than those complying 2-11.5 Where refueling is available for use by the general with ASTM A-536 (Grade 60-40-18), A-395, and A-47 public, a vehicle fueling connection complying with ANSI/ (Grade 35018) shall not be used as primary stop valves. AGANGVI, Standard for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle (NGIJ) Fueling Connection Devices, Requirement 1-90, shall 2-9.3 Valves of a design that will allow the valve stem to be provided. be removed without removal of the complete valve bonnet or disassembly of the valve body shall not be used. Chapter 3 Engine Fuel Systems 2-9.4 The manufacturer shall stamp or otherwise perma- nently mark the valve body to indicate the service ratings. 3-1* Application. Exception: Container valves incorporating integral pressure 3-1.1 This chapter applies to the design, installation, relief devices marked in accordance with CGA 5-1.1 need no addi- inspection, and testing of CNG fuel supply systems for tional marking. vehicular internal combustion engines. 2-332 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 13-1.2 Components shall be installed in accordance with UP their manufacturers' instructions. 3-2 System Component Qualifications. Forward 3-2.1 System components shall comply with the appropri- ate provisions in Chapter 2 and with 3-2.2 through 3-2.4. 3-2.2 Components in the engine compartment shall be suitable for service over a range of temperatures from Left Right -40°F to 250°F (40 to 121°C). All other components shall be suitable for service over a range of-40°F to 180°F (40 to 82.20C). 3-2.3 Aluminum or copper pipe, tubing, or fittings shall not be used between the fuel container and the first stage pressure regulator. Backward 3-2.4 Fuel carrying components shall be labeled or Down stamped with the following: (a) The manufacturer's name or symbol, Figure 3.3.3 The six principal directions. (b) The model designation, (c) The design service pressure, (d) Direction of fuel flow when necessary for correct directions (see Figure 3-3.3) of eight times the weight of the installation, and fully pressurized container with a maximum displacement (e) Capacity or electrical rating as applicable. of 1/2 ill. (13 nim). f xreption: ATot applicable to container valves, Gibing, anti fittings. 3-3.4 The container weight shall not be supported by out- let valves, manifolds, or other fuel connections. 3-3 Installation of Fuel Supply Containers. 3-3.5 Fuel supply containers located less than 8 in. 3-3.1 Fuel supply containers on vehicles may be located (200 mm) from the exhaust system shall be shielded within,below,or above the driver or passenger compartment against direct heat. provided all connections to the container(s) are external to, or sealed and vented from, these compartments. 3-3.6 The mounting system shall minimize f►•etting corro- sion between the container and the mounting system. 3-3.2 Each fuel supply container shall be mounted in a location to minimize damage from collision. No part of a 3-3.7 Fuel supply containers shall not be installed so as to container or its appurtenances shall protrude beyond the adversely affect the driving characteristics of the vehicle. sides or top of the vehicle at the point where it is installed. 3-3.2.1 The fuel system shall be installed with as much 3-3.8 Metal clamping bands and their supports shall not road clearance as practical but not less than the minimum be in direct contact with a container.A resilient non-water- road clearance of the vehicle when loaded to its gross vehi- retaining gasket shall be installed between the clamping cle weight rating. This minimum clearance shall be urea- bands and their supports and a container. surcd from the lowest part of the fuel system. 3-3.9 A container,when located in a vehicle compartment 3-3.2.2 No portion of a fuel supply container or container capable of accumulating natural gas,shall be installed such appurtenance shall be located ahead of the front axle or that: behind the rear bumper mounting face of a vehicle. Con- tainer valves shall be protected from physical damage (a) The pressure relief device for the protection of the using the vehicle structure, valve protectors, or a suitable container is installed in the same vehicle compartment as metal shield. the container; 3-3.3 Each container rack shall be secured to the vehicle (b) The discharge from a pressure relief device referred body,bed,or frame to prevent damage from road hazards, to in (a) above is: slippage, loosening, or rotation using a method capable of (i) Vented to the outside thorough a smooth walled withstanding a static force in the six principal directions metallic tube no smaller than the outlet diameter of the (see Figure 3-3.3) of eight times the weight of a fully pres- relief device , secured at 12-in. (300-mm) intervals when surized container(s). the tube exceeds 24 in. (610 min) in length, and 3-3.3.1 Each fuel supply container in the rack shall be (ii) Located so that the vent opening will not be secured to its cradle in such a manner that it is capable of blocked by debris thrown up from the road, such as snow, withstanding a static force applied in the six principal ice, mud, etc., or otherwise affected by the elements. 2-333 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3-3.10 Where a container is installed above the operator 3-4.6 The neck of the container and all CNG fittings or passenger compartment of a vehicle: within the compartment shall be enclosed in a gastight (a) The container, its piping, fittings, and valve shall be enclosure made of linear low density polyethylene having a protected from damage by, minimum thickness of 8 mils (200 µm) or an equally gastight alternative enclosure that is vented directly outside (i) A guard rail or similar device that is designed to of the vehicle. absorb the impact of a collision with a stationary object when the vehicle is moving either forward or backward at 3-5 Installation of Piping. 5 mph (8 kph),and the guard rail or similar device shall be free of projections that could damage a container, its valves 3-5.1 Manifolds connecting fuel containers shall be fabri- and fittings, and cated to minimize vibration and shall be installed in a pro- (ii) A shield designed to absorb impacts that may tected location or shielded to prevent damage fi•om unse- occur during loading, unloading, or use of the vehicle and cured objects. the shield shall be free of projections that could damage a container, its vale, and fittings, 3-5.2 A pipe thread jointing material impervious to the action of the natural gas used in the system shall be applied (b) The top of the container and any CNG piping, fit- to all male pipe threads prior to assembly. ting,valve, housing, guard rail, or shield shall not be more than 13.5 ft (4.12 m) above the road surface. 3-5.3 Piping and fittings shall be clear and free from cut- (c) The cylinder shall be protected by metallic or non- ting or threading burrs and scales, and the ends of all pip- metallic covers from accidental contact with overhead elec- ing shall be reamed. trical wiring, 3-5.4 Where necessary to prevent abrasion, fuel lines 3-3.11 The minimum clearance from the road to a con- passing through a panel shall be protected by grommets or tainer, its housing and fittings, whichever is lowest when similar devices. the container is installed below the frame and between the axles of a CNG vehicle,shall not,with the vehicle loaded to 3-5.5 Fuel lines shall have the maximum practical clear- its gross weight rating, be less than: ante from the engine exhaust system. (a) 7 in. (175 mm)for a vehicle having a wheel base less 3-5.6 Fuel lines shall be mounted, braced, and supported than or equal to 127 in. (3230 mm), or to minimize vibration and protected against damage, cor- (b) 9 in. (225 mm) for a vehicle having a wheel base rosion, or breakage due to strain or wear. A fuel line shall greater than 127 in. (3230 mm). be supported at least every 24 in. (610 nun). 3-3.12 Containers that are installed behind a rear axle of 3-5.7 Abend in piping or tubing is prohibited where such a CNG vehicle shall be installed transversely. a bend weakens the pipe or tubing. Exception: Containers shall be permitted to be installed in other 3-5.8 A joint or connection shall be located in an accessi- orientations when the container valve and fittings are located at ble location. the end of the container most protected from a source of impact. 3-6 Installation of Valves. 3-4 Installation of Venting Systems. 3-6.1 Every container shall be equipped with a manual or 3-4.1 All pressure relief devices and connections between normally closed remotely actuated shutoff valve connected pressure carrying components installed within a closed directly to the container. Remotely actuated vales shall be compartment (see 3-3.1) shall be vented to the outside of equipped with a provision to manually bleed the container. the vehicle in a suitable location. 3-6.2 In addition to the valve required by 3-6.1, a manual I NO'I'E: It is not permitted to terminate the sent outlet in shutoff vale shall be installed in an accessible location that the engine compartment. will permit isolation of the container(s)fi-om the remainder of the fuel system.The manual shutoff vale shall have no more 3-4.2 The venting system for the discharge of pressure I than a 90-degree rotation fi•om open to closed positions. relief devices (pressure relief device channels) shall be con- structed of metallic tubing with threaded, compression, or 3-6.2.1 The valve shall be securely mounted and shielded flare fittings and shall be secured at the outer end. or installed in a protected location to minimize damage from vibration and unsecured objects. 3-4.3 The vent or vents for the venting system shall not exit into a wheel well. 3-6.2.2 The valve location shall be marked with the words "MANUAL SHUTOFF VALVE." Decals or stencils are 3-4.4 A vent shall not restrict the operation of a container acceptable. pressure relief device or pressure relief device channel. 3-6.3 A valve shall be provided in the system that auto- 34.5 Vent outlets shall be protected by caps, covers, or matically prevents the flow of gaseous fuel to the engine other means to keep water,dirt,and insects from collecting in when the engine is not running even if the ignition is the lines. Protective devices shall not restrict the flow of gas. switched on. 2-334 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 3-6.4 Where multiple fuel systems are installed on the (b) System service pressure, vehicle,automatic valves shall be provided, as necessary,to (c) Installer's name or company, shut off the fuel not being used. (d) Container retest date(s) or expiration date, 3-6.5 The fueling system shall be equipped with a back- (e) Total container water volume in gallons (liters). flow check valve that will prevent the return flow of gas from the container(s) to the filling connection. 3-11.1.2 A label located at the fueling connection recepta- NOTE: Electronic fuel injectors are considered to be auto- cle shall include the following: matic valves. (a) CNG fueled vehicle, 3-7 Installation of Pressure Gauges. (b) System working pressure, (c) Container retest date or expiration date. 3-7.1 A pressure gauge located within a driver or passen- ger compartment shall be installed in such a manner that Exception: If both labels are located in one of the above areas, no gas will flow through the gauge in the event of failure. the labels can be combined into a single label. 3-7.2 A pressure gauge installed outside a driver or pas- 3-11.2 Each vehicle shall be identified with a weather- senger compartment shall be equipped with a limiting ori- resistant, diamond-shaped label located on an exterior verti- fice, a shatterproof dial lens, and a body relief. cal or near vertical surface on the lower right rear of the vehicle(on the trunk lid of a vehicle so equipped,but not on 3-7.3 Gauges shall be securely mounted, shielded, and the bumper of any vehicle)inboard from any other markings. installed in a protected location to prevent damage from The label shall be a minimum of 4s/4 in. (120 mm) long by vibration and unsecured objects. 31/4 in. (83 mm) high.The marking shall consist of a border and the letters "CNG" [1 in. (25 mm) minimum height cen- 3-8 Installation of Pressure Regulators. tered in the diamond] of silver or white reflective luminous material on a blue background. 3-8.1 An automatic pressure reducing regulator(s) shall be installed to reduce the fuel container pressure to a level 3-12 System Testing. consistent with the service pressure required by the gas-air mixer. 3-12.1 The complete assembly shall be leak tested using natural gas or inert gas (carbon dioxide or nitrogen or a 3-8.2 Means shall be provided to prevent regulator mal- mixture of these). functions due to refrigeration effects. 3-12.2 Before use,every connection shall be checked'with 3-8.3 Regulators shall be installed so that their weight is a nonammonia soap solution or a leak detector instrument not placed on, or supported by, the attached gas lines. after the equipment is connected and pressurized to its service pressure. 3-9 Installation of Fueling Connection. 3-12.3 If the completed assembly is leak tested with natu- 3-9.1 A fueling connection receptacle complying with Sec- ral gas, the testing shall be done under adequately venti- tion 2-11 shall be installed in each vehicle. lated conditions. 3-9.2 The fueling connection receptacle shall be mounted 3-12.4• When a vehicle is involved in an accident or fire to withstand the breakaway force specified in 4-11.8. The causing damage to the CNG container, the CNG container receptacle shall be installed in accordance with the manu- shall be replaced or removed, inspected, and retested in facturer's instructions. accordance with the document under which it was origi- 3-10 Wiring Installation. nally manufactured before being returned to service. 3-12.5 When a vehicle is involved in an accident or fire 3-10.1 All wiring shall be secured and protected from causing damage to any part of the CNG fuel system, the abrasion and corrosion to the same standard as the origi- system shall be repaired and retested (see Section 3-13) nal wiring on the vehicle. before being returned to service. 3-10.2 All wiring shall be sized and fuse-protected with 3-13 Maintenance and Repair. the fuse rating adequate to the current draw. 3-11 Labeling. 3-13.1 Damaged fuel lines shall be replaced, not repaired. 3-11.1 A vehicle equipped with a CNG fuel system shall 3-13.2 The owner or user or both shall maintain all con- bear the following durable labels. tainers, container appurtenances, piping systems, venting systems, and other components in a safe condition. The compartment A label readily visible and located in the engine above individual(s) shall be responsible for verifying work- ing pressure and container retest date or expiration date (a) CNG fueled vehicle, currentness. 2-335 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3-13.3 Pressure relief devices on cylinder shall be main- 4-3.7 When CNG compression equipment is operated tained in accordance with CGA pamphlet S-1.1 unattended,it shall be equipped with a high discharge and low suction pressure automatic shutdown control. Pressure relief devices on all other containers shall be maintained in accordance with the following: 4-3.8 Engine driven compressor installations shall confirm, (a) Pressure relief device channels or other parts that Where applicable, to NFPA 37,Standard.for the Installation and could interfere with the functioning of the device shall not Use of Stalnonay Combustion Engines and Gas Tnrbines. be plugged by paint or accumulation of dirt. 4-3.9 Compression equipment shall incorporate an auto- (b) Compressed natural gas containers shall be stored so matic condensate system to eliminate liquid carryover to as to avoid damage. the storage system. (c) Only qualified personnel shall be allowed to service pressure relief devices. 4-4 Siting. (d) Only assemblies or original manufacturer's parts shall be used in the repair of pressure relief devices unless 4-4.1 CNG compression, storage, and dispensing shall be the interchange of parts has been proved by suitable tests. located and conducted outdoors or indoors in compliance with 4-4.2 and 4-4.3. Chapter 4 CNG Compression, Storage, and 4-4.2 Outdoors. Dispensing Systems 4-4.2.1 CNG storage containers charged with CNG not connected for use shall be located outdoors. 4-1' Application. This chapter applies to the design, construction, installation, and operation of containers, 4-4.2.2 A facility in which CNG compression,storage,and pressure vessels, compression equipment, buildings and dispensing equipment is sheltered by an enclosure con- structures, and associated equipment used for storage and strutted of noncombustible or limited-combustible materi- dispensing of CNG as an engine fuel in fleet and public als that has at least one side predominantly open and a dispensing operations. roof designed for ventilation and dispersal of escaped gas shall be regarded as outdoors. 4-2 System Component Qualification. System compo- nents shall comply with the appropriate provisions in 4-4.2.3 Compression, storage, and dispensing equipment Chapter 2 and with Sections 4-5 through 4-13. outdoors shall be located aboveground, not beneath elec- tric power lines or where exposed by their failure, and a minimum of 10 ft (3.0 m) from the nearest important building or line of adjoining property that may be built 4-3.1 Where systems are served by a gas utility, the utility upon or source of ignition. shall be notified of all CNG installations. 4-3.2 Equipment related to a compression, storage, or 4-4.2.4 Compression, storage, and dispensing equipment dispensing installation shall be protected to minimize the outdoors shall be located not less than 10 ft (3.0 m) from possibilities of physical damage and vandalism. the nearest public street or sidewalk line and at Ieast 50 ft (15 m) from the nearest rail of any railroad main track. 4-3.3 Control devices shall be installed so that internal or 4-4.2.5 A clear space of at least 3 ft (1 m) shall be external icing or hydrate formation will not cause malfunction. pro- vided for access to all valves and fittings of multiple groups 4-3.4 Vehicles shall not be considered a source of ignition of containers. with respect to the provisions of this chapter. 4-4.2.6 Readily ignitable material shall not be permitted Exception: Vehicles containing fuel-fired equipment, e.g., recre- within 10 ft (3.0 m) of any stationary container. alional vehicles and catering trucks, shall be considered a source of ignition unless this equipment is shut off completely before enter- 4-4.2.7 The minimum separation between containers and ing an area in which ignition sources are prohibited. aboveground tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids shall be 20 ft (6.1 in). 4-3.5 The fueling connection shall prevent escape of gas where the connector is not properly engaged or becomes 4-4.2.8 During outdoor fueling operations, the point of separated. transfer (see definition) shall be located at least 10 ft (3.0 m) from any important building, mobile home, public side- 4-3.6 Compression equipment shall be designed for use walk, highway, street, or road and at least 3 ft (1 m) from with CNG and for the pressure and temperatures to which storage containers. it may be subjected under normal operating conditions. It shall have pressure relief devices that shall limit each stage Exception: At the discretion of the authority having jnlrisdiction, pressure to the maximum allowable service pressure for the point of transfer may be located at a lesser distance from build- the compression cylinder and piping associated with that ings or walls constructed of concrete or nnasomy materials, but at stage of compression. least ]Oft (3.0 m)from any building openings. 2-336 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 4-4.3 Indoors. of the lower flammable limit is present. In either case, the system shall shut down the fueling system in the event of 4-4.3.1 General. Compression, dispensing equipment, failure of the ventilation system. and storage containers connected for use may be located inside of buildings reserved exclusively for these purposes 4-4.3.4.2 The ventilation rate shall be at least 1 cu ft/min or in rooms within or attached to buildings used for other per 12 cu ft (1 m'/min per 12 m") of room volume. purposes in accordance with 4-4.3. NOTE: "Phis corresponds to 5 air changes per hour. 4-4.3.1.1 Storage shall be limited to not more than 4-4.3.4.3 A ventilation system for a room within or 10,000 cu ft (283 tn') of natural gas in each building or attached to another building shall be separate from any room. ventilation system for the other building. Exception: CNG stored in vehicle mounted fuel supply containers. 4-4.3.5 A gas detection system shall be equipped to sound an alarm when a maximum of one-fifth of the lower flam- 4-4.3.2 Deflagration Venting. Deflagration (explosion) triable limit is reached. venting shall be provided in exterior walls or roof only. Vents shall be permitted to consist of any one or any com- 4-4.3.6 Reactivation of the fueling system shall be by bination of the following: manual restart conducted by trained personnel. (a) Walls of light material; 4-4.3.7 Buildings and rooms used for compression, stor- (b) Lightly fastened hatch covers; age, and dispensing shall be classified in accordance with (c) Lightly fastened, outward opening doors in exterior Table 4-12 for installations of electrical equipment. walls; 4-4.3.8 Sources of ignition, other than electrical as per- (d) Lightly fastened walls or roof, mitted by 4-4.3.7, shall be prohibited. NO'I'E: For information on venting of explosions see 4-4.3.9 Pressure relief devices on storage systems shall NFPA 68,Guide for the Venting of Deftagrations. have pressure relief device channels to convey escaping gas to the outdoors and then upward to a safe area so as not to Where applicable, snow loads shall be considered. impinge upon buildings, other equipment, or areas that could be occupied by the public, e.g., sidewalks. 4-4.3.3 Rooms within Buildings. Rooms within or 4-4.3.10 Access doors shall have warning signs with the attached to other buildings shall be constructed of non- words "WARNING—NO SMOKING—FLAMMABLE combustible or limited-combustible materials. Interior GAS." Such wording shall be in plainly legible, bright red walls or partitions shall be continuous from floor to ceiling, letters on a white background with letters not less than shall be securely anchored, and shall have a fire resistance I 1 in. high. rating of at least 2 hours.At least one wall shall be an exte- rior wall. Windows and doors shall be located so as to be 4-5 Installation of Containers and Container Appurte- readily accessible in case of emergency. nances (Other than Pressure Relief Devices). Exception: Window glazing shall be permitted to be plastic. 4-5.1• . Storage containers shall be installed aboveground on stable, noncombustible foundations or in vaults with 4-4.3.3.1 Explosion venting shall be provided in actor- I ventilation and drainage. Horizontal containers shall have dance with 4-4.3.2. no more than two points of support longitudinally. Where flooding can occur, they shall be securely anchored to pre- 4-4.3.3.2 Access to the room shall be from outside the vent floating. primary structure. 4-5.2 Containers shall be protected by painting or other Exception: If such access is not possible, access from within the equivalent means where necessary to inhibit corrosion. primary structure is permitted provided such access is made Horizontally installed containers shall not be in direct con- through a barrier space having two vapor-sealing,self-closing fire tact with each other. doors suitable for installation in a wall having the fire resistance rating selected. Exception: Composite containers shall not be painted without prior permission from the container manufacturer. 4-4.3.4 Indoor locations shall be ventilated utilizing air 4-5.3 Adequate means shall be provided to prevent the supply inlets and exhaust outlets arranged to provide air flow or accumulation of flammable or combustible liquids movement as uniformly as practical. Inlets shall be uni- under containers, such as by grading, pads, or diversion formly arranged on exterior walls near floor level. Outlets curbs. shall be located at the high point of the room in exterior walls or the roof. 4-6 Installation of Pressure Relief Devices. 4-4.3.4.1 Ventilation shall be by a continuous mechanical 4-6.1 Pressure relief valves shall be so arranged that they ventilation system or by a mechanical ventilation system will discharge to a safe area and so that escaping gas will activated by a continuous monitoring natural gas detection not impinge upon buildings, other equipment, or areas system when a gas concentration of not more than one-fifth that could be occupied by the public. (See 4-4.3.9.) 2-337 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-6.2 Pressure relief valves on pressure vessels shall be 4.10 Testing. installed so that any discharge will be in a vertical position and shall be fitted with suitable raincaps. 4-10.1 Piping, tubing and hoses, and hose assemblies shall be leak tested after assembly to prove them free from 4-6.3 A pressure relief device shall be provided in the leaks at a pressure equal to at least the normal service pres- transfer system to prevent overpressure in the vehicle. I sure of that portion of the system. t� 4-7 Installation of Pressure Regulators. Regulators shall 4-10.2 Pressure relief valves shall be tested at least every be designed, installed, or protected so their operation will five years. not be affected by the elements (freezing rain, sleet, snow) or ice,mud,or debris.This protection may be integral with 4-11 Installation of Emergency Shutdown Equipment. the regulator. 4-11.1 Manually operated container valves shall be pro- 4-8 Installation of Pressure Gauges. Gauges shall be vided for each container. installed to indicate compression discharge pressure, stor- age pressure, and fuel supply container fill pressure. 4-11.2 The fill line on a storage container shall be 4-9 Installation of Piping and Hoses. equipped with a back-flow check valve to prevent discharge of natural gas from the container in case of line, hose, or 4-9.1 Piping and hoses shall be run as directly as practi- fittings rupture. cal with adequate provisions for expansion, contraction, 4-11.3 A manually operated shutoff valve shall be jarring, vibration, and settling. Exterior piping shall be either buried or installed aboveground and shall be well installed s manifold as close to a container or group of supported and protected against mechanical damage. I containers as practical. This valve shall be downstream of Underground piping shall be buried not less than 18 in. the back-flow check valve referred to in 4-11.2. (460 mm)below the surface of the ground unless otherwise protected. Underground and aboveground piping shall be 4-11.4 Where excess-flow check valves are used, the clos- protected from corrosion in compliance with present rec- ing flow shall be less than the flow rating of the piping sys- ognized practices. Threaded pipe and fittings shall not be tem that would result from a pipeline rupture between the used underground. excess-flow valve and the equipment downstream of the excess-flow check valve. 4-9.1.1 Manifolds connecting fuel containers shall be fab- ricated to minimize vibration and shall be installed in a 4-11.5 Gas piping from an outdoor compressor or stor- protected location or shielded to prevent damage from age system into a building shall be provided with shutoff unsecured objects. valves located outside the building. 4-9.1.2 A pipe thread jointing material impervious to the 4-11.6 An emergency manual shutdown device shall be action of the natural gas used in the system shall be applied provided at the dispensing area and also at a location to all male pipe threads prior to assembly. remote from the dispensing area. This device, when acti- vated,shall shut off the power supply and gas supply to the 4-9.1.3 Piping and fittings shall be clear and free from compressor and the dispenser. cutting or threading burrs and scales, and the ends of all piping shall be reamed. 4-11.6.1 Emergency shutdown devices shall be distinctly marked for easy recognition with a permanently affixed 4-9.1.4 A bend in piping or tubing is prohibited where legible sign. such a bend weakens the pipe or tubing. 4-11.7 Breakaway protection shall be provided in a man- 4-9.1.5 A joint or connection shall be located in an acces- ner such that, in the event of a pullaway, natural gas will sible location. cease to flow at any separation. 4-9.2 Natural gas shall only be vented to a safe point of 4-11.8 A breakaway device shall be installed at every dis- discharge. A vent pipe or stack shall have the open end pensing point. Such a device shall be arranged to separate suitably protected to prevent entrance of rain, snow, and by a force not greater than 44 lb (20 kg) when applied in solid material. Vertical vent pipes and stacks shall have any horizontal direction. provision for drainage. 4-9.3 The use of hose in an installation shall be limited to: 4-11.9 Control circuits shall be arranged such that when an emergency shutdown device is activated or electric (a) A vehicle fueling hose; power is cut off, systems that shut down shall remain down (b) An inlet connection to compression equipment; until manually activated or reset after a safe situation is (c) A section of metallic hose not exceeding 36 in. restored. (910 mm) in length in a pipeline to provide flexibility 4-11.10 Each line between a gas storage facility and a dis- where necessary. Each section shall be so installed that it penser at a fast-fill station shall have a valve that will close will be protected against mechanical damage and be when: readily visible for inspection. The manufacturer's identifi- cation shall be retained in each section. (a) The power supply to the dispenser is cut off, or 2-338 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 (b) Any emergency shutdown device at the refueling sta- NOTE: The electrical classification under Table 4-12 niav tion is activated. be permitted to be reduced, or hazardous areas limited or eliminated,by adequate positive pressure ventilation from a 4-11.11 A fast closing, "quarter turn" manual shutoff source of clean air or inert gas in conjunction with effective safeguards against ventilator failure by purging methods valve shall be provided at a fast fill station upstream of the P P recognized in NFPA 496,Standard.for Purged and Pressurized breakaway device referred to in 4-11.8, where it is readily Enclosures for Electrical Equipnrenl. Such changes should be accessible to a person dispensing natural gas unless: subject to approval by the authority having jurisdiction. (a) The self-closing valve referred to in 4-11.10 is 4-13 Stray or Impressed Currents and Bonding. located immediately upstream of the dispenser, or (b) The dispenser is equipped with a self-closing valve 4-13.1 When stray or impressed currents are used or may that closes each time the control arm is turned to the be present on dispensing systems(such as cathodic protec- "OFF" position or an emergency device is activated. tion), protective measures to prevent ignition shall be taken in accordance with API RP 2003, Protection Against 4-11.12 A self-closing valve shall be provided on the inlet Ignitions Al7sing Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents. of the compressor that will shut off the gas supply to the compressor when: 4-13.2 Static protection is not required when CNG is loaded or unloaded by conductive or nonconductive hose, (a) An emergency shutdown device is activated; flexible metallic tubing, or pipe connections where both (b) A power failure occurs; or halves of the metallic couplings are in contact. (c) The power to the compressor is switched off. 4-14 Operation. 4-12* Installation of Electrical Equipment. Electrical 4-14.1 A cylinder shall not be charged in excess of the equipment shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 70, design pressure at normal temperature for that cylinder. National Electrical Code,®for Class I,Group D, Division 1 or DOT and TC cylinders shall be charged in accordance with 2 locations in accordance with Table 4-12. DOT and TC regulations. Exception: Electrical equipment on internal combustion engines DOT and TC cylinders shall not be subjected to pressure installed in accordance with NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation in excess of 125 percent of the marked service pressure and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines. even if on cooling it settles to the marked service pressure. Pressure vessels shall be charged in accordance with the requirements of ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1. Table 4-12 Electrical Installations 4-14.1.1 A fuel supply container shall not have a settled pressure above the service pressure stamped on the con- Extent of tainer and displayed on a label near the filling connection, Location Division Classified Area* corrected for the ambient temperature at time of filling. Containers(other than 2 Within 10 ft of 4-14.2 CNG dispensing systems shall be equipped to mounted fuel supply container containers) automatically stop fuel flow when a fuel supply container reaches the temperature-corrected fill pressure. (See 4-6.3.) Area containing com- pression and ancillary 4-14.3 The transfer of CNG into a fuel supply container equipment I shall be performed in accordance with instructions posted Outdoors 2 Up to 15 ft from at the dispensing station. equipment Indoors 2 U 15 ft from 4-14.4 When CNG is being transferred to or from a motor vehicle, the engine shall be stopped. equipment Dispensing equipment 4-14.5 During the transfer of CNG to or from cargo vehi- Outdoors** I Inside dispenser cles, the hand or emergency brake of the vehicle shall be enclosure set and chock blocks used to prevent rolling of the vehicle. Outdoors** 2 From 0 to 20 ft from 4-14.6 Transfer systems shall be capable of depressuriz- the dispenser ing to facilitate disconnection. Bleed connections shall lead Indoors I Inside the dispenser to a safe point of discharge. enclosure Indoors 2 Entire room, with 4-14.7 CNG shall not be used to operate any device or adequate ventilation equipment that has not been designed or properly modi- (See 4-4.3) fied for CNG service. *The classified area shall not extend beyond an unpierced wall,roof,or 4-14.8 Sources of ignition shall not be permitted within vaportight partition. I •'Refer to Figure A-4-12 for an illustration of classified areas in and 10 ft(3 m)of any filling connection during a transfer oper- around dispensers. atlon. (See 4-4.3.) 2-339 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-14.9 Warning signs with the words "STOP MOTOR," Chapter 5 Residential Fueling Facility "NO SMOKING," "FLAMMABLE GAS" shall be posted at dispensing station and compressor areas. The location of 5-1 Scope. Isigns shall be determined by local conditions, but the let- tering shall be large enough to be visible and legible frorn 5-1.1 A residential fueling facility (RFF) is an assembly each point of transfer. used for the compression and delivery of natural gas into vehicles with its associated equipment and piping. The 4-15 Fire Protection. A portable fire extinguisher having capacity of an RFF shall not exceed 5 SCFM of natural gas. a rating of not less than 20-B:C shall be provided at the Storage of CNG, except in the vehicle fuel supply con- dispensing area. tainer, is prohibited. 4-16 Maintenance. 5-1.2 This chapter applies to the design, construction, 4-16.1 Containers and their appurtenances, piping sys- installation, and operation of an RFF as defined in 5-1.1. tems, compression equipment, controls, and devices shall be maintained in proper operating condition. 5-1.3 The provisions of this chapter shall apply to all res- idential refueling installations except where prohibited by 4-16.2 After the original installation,vehicle fueling hoses local laws. shall be examined visually at such intervals as are necessary to assure that they are safe for use. Hose shall be tested for 5-2 System Component Qualifications. leaks at least annually,and any unsafe leakage shall be rea- son for rejection. 5-2.1 System components not part of a listed fueling 4-16.3 While in transit, fueling hose and flexible metal I appliance shall comply with the appropriate provisions in hose on a cargo vehicle to be used in a transfer operation, Chapter 2. including their connections, shall be depressurized and 5-2.2 Fueling appliances shall be listed. protected from wear and injury. 4-16.4 Pressure relief valves shall be maintained in 5-2.3 VFAs shall be exempt from the requirements for proper operating condition. Sections 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-6, 4-8 through 4-16, and 2-5 4-16.4.1 As a precaution to keep pressure relief devices in through 2-9. reliable operating condition,care shall be taken in the han- 5-3 General. dling or storing of compressed natural gas containers to avoid damage. Care shall also be exercised to avoid plug- 5-3.1 All equipment related to RFF installation shall be ging by paint or other dirt accumulation of pressure relief protected to minimize the possibilities of physical damage device channels or other parts that could interfere with the and vandalism.This requirement may be met by enclosing functioning of the device. Only qualified personnel shall be the compressor package in an enclosure, similar to that of allowed to service pressure relief devices. Only assemblies a central air conditioner. or original manufacturer's parts shall be used in the repair of pressure relief devices unless the interchange of parts 5-3.2 All equipment related to RFF installation shall be has been proved by suitable tests. designed for the pressure, temperature, and service 4-17 Vehicle Fueling Appliances in Commercial expected. Applications. 5-3.3 Vehicles shall be considered as unclassified electri- 4-17.1 Vehicle fueling appliances (VFAs)shall not exceed cally with respect to Article 500 of NFPA 70,National Elec- a gas flow of 10 scfm. VFAs shall be listed. trical Code. 4-17.2 The installation of VFAs shall be exempt frorn the requirements of Sections 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-6, and 4-8 Exception: Vehicles containing fuel-Erred equipment, e.g., rene- through 416. The VFA shall be exempt from Sections 2-5 ational vehicles,shall be considered a source of ignition unless this through 2-16.0. equipment is shut off completely before entering an area in which ignition sources are prohibited. 4-17.3 A VFA installed with storage containers shall com- ply with.the provisions of Chapters 2 and 4. 5-3.4 Natural gas shall not be vented to the atmosphere 4-17.4 The installation of VFAs shall comply with the under normal operation. requirements of Chapter 5, other than those for gas flow. Exception: Leakage of 1.0 standard cu in. of gas shall be per•- 4-17.5 Where more than one VFA are located in a com- rnitted to be released to the atmosphere per filling during discon- mon area, spacing between the VFAs shall not be less than nection of the fueling hose. 3 ft (1 m) unless permitted in the installation instructions. 5-3.5 Unless specifically permitted in the installation 4-17.6 Unless specifically permitted in the installation instructions of a listed VFA, multiple VFAs shall not be instructions, multiple VFAs shall not be manifolded manifolded together on the discharge side. together on the discharge side. 4-17.7 VFAs shall not be installed within 10 ft (3 m) of 5-3.6 Where more than one VFA are installed in a com- any storage. mon area, spacing between the VFAs shall not be less than 3 ft(I m)unless the installation instructions of a listed VFA Exception: Storage in the vehicle fuel supply container. permit spacing less than 3 ft (1 m). 2-340 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 54 Installation. 5.8.2 All gas piping to the RFF shall be installed in accor- dance with NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code. 54.1 General. 5-8.3 The use of hose in an installation is restricted to: 5-4.1.1 Approval of residential refueling installations shall be obtained from the authority having jurisdiction and the (a) A fueling hose that shall be limited to a maximum natural gas distribution company. length of 25 ft ('7.6 m) and shall be supported above the floor/ground level or otherwise protected from mechanical 5-4.1.2 The primary concern for the location of the refu- damage from abrasion and being driven over. eling system shall be based solely upon its safety, whether (b) A maximum of 3 ft (1 m) in length when used to it be indoors or outdoors. CNG compression and dispens- prevent abrasion damage, resulting from vibration on the ing shall be located and conducted outdoors wherever inlet and/or outlet. practicable. However, where not practicable, e.g., where inclement weather is common, compression and dispens- 5-8.4 Transfer systems shall be capable of depressurizing ing can be located indoors. I to facilitate disconnection. Bleed connections shall lead to a safe point of discharge. 5-4.1.3 All RFF equipment shall be installed in accor- dance with the equipment manufacturer's instructions. 5-9 Testing. All piping and tubing shall be tested after assembly to prove free from leaks at a pressure equal to the 5-4.1.4 The RFF shall have a nameplate marked with maximum service pressure of that portion of the system. minimum and maximum gas inlet pressure and flow rate, gas outlet maximum pressure,and electrical requirements. 5-10 Installation of Emergency Shutdown Equipment. 5-4.2 Indoor Installations. 5-10.1 An RFF shall be equipped with emergency manual shutdown of the gas supply and electric power. The emer- 54.2.1 Where it is necessary to install the compression gency electrical switch shall be at least 5 ft(1.5 m) from the equipment and refueling connection indoors,the compres- RFF and in view of the RFF. sion unit shall be mounted to or otherwise located adjacent to an outside wall to facilitate the rapid venting of released 5-10.2 Break-away protection shall be provided in a man- gases. The room or garage shall be considered for an ner such that, in the event of a pull-away, natural gas will acceptable site when the compressor enclosure is vented to cease to flow. the outside. 5-4.2.2 When the RFF or the vehicle being fueled is 5-10.2.1 A breakaway device shall be installed at every located indoors, a gas detector set to operate at one-fifth dispensing point. Such a device shall be arranged to sepa- the lower limit of flammability of natural gas shall be rate by a force not greater than 44 lb(20 kg)when applied installed in the room.The detector shall be located within in any horizontal direction. 6 in. (150 mm) of the ceiling or highest point in the room. The detector shall stop the compressor and operate an 5-11 Operation. audible or visual alarm. 5-11.1 An RFF shall be operated in accordance with the 5-4.3 Outdoor Installations. The RFF shall be installed manufacturer's instructions. on a firm,noncombustible support to prevent undue stress on piping and conduit. 5-11.2 A fuel supply container shall not be charged in excess of its maximum allowable service pressure at normal 5-5 Installation of Pressure Relief Valves. Pressure temperature. DOT and TC containers shall be charged in relief valves shall have pressure relief device vents or vent accordance with DOT and TC regulations. lines to convey escaping gas to outdoors and then upwards to a safe area so as not to impinge on buildings, other 5-11.3 When CNG is being transferred to a motor vehi- equipment, or areas that could be occupied by the public, cle, the engine shall be stopped. e.g., sidewalks. 5-6 Installation of Pressure Gauges. For measurement 5-12 Maintenance and Inspection. and test purposes, pressure gauges may be installed but are not required. 5-12.1 All RFF equipment shall be inspected and main- tained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 5-7 Pressure Regulation. An RFF shall be equipped to automatically stop fuel flow when container(s) reach tem- 5-12.2 After installation,all hoses shall be examined visu- perature corrected fill pressure. ally as part of this inspection. Hoses that are kinked or worn shall be replaced. 5-8 Piping and Hose. 5.12.3 All safety relief valves shall be maintained in 5-8.1 All piping and hose from the outlet of the compres- proper operating condition, in accordance with sor shall be supplied as part of the RFF. manufacturer's/supplier's recommendation. 2-341 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Chapter 6 Referenced Publications 6-1.2.5 API Publication. American Petroleum Institute, 2101 L St., NW, Washington, DC 20037. 6-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- API RP 2003, Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of erenced within this standard and shall be considered part Static, Lightning and Stray Currents, Fourth Edition, 1982. of the requirements of this document. The edition indi- cated for each reference is the current edition as of the 6-1.2.6 AGA Publications. American Gas Association, date of the NFPA issuance of this document. 1515 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209. 6-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- ANSI/AGA NGV1, 1994, Standard for Compressed Natural ciation, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA Gas Vehicle (NGV)Fueling Connection Devices 02269-9101. ANSI/AGA NGV2, 1992,Basic Requirements for Compressed NFPA 37,Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV)Fuel Containers Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, 1990 edition 6-1.2.7 CSA Publication. Canadian Standards Association, 55 Scarsdale Rd., Don Mills,Ontario, Canada M3B 2R3. NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code, 1992 edition CSA B51-1991, Boiler, Pressure Vessel and Pressure Piping NFPA 70,National Electrical Code, 1993 edition Code. NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, Appendix A Explanatory Material 1992 edition This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of meat, but is included for information purposes only. Building Materials, 1987 edition A-1-1 Properties of CNG. Natural gas is a flammable NFPA 496, Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures gas. It is colorless, tasteless, and nontoxic. It is a light gas, for Electrical Equipment, 1989 edition. weighing about two-thirds as much as air. As used in the systems covered by this standard, it tends to rise and dif- 6-1.2 Other Publications. fuses rapidly in air when it escapes from the system. Natural gas burns in air with a luminous flame.At atmo- 6-1.2.1 ASME Publications. American Society of Mechani- spheric pressure, the ignition temperature of natural gas- cal Engineers, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017. air mixtures has been reported to be as low as 900°F (482°C). The flammable limits of natural gas-air mixtures ANSI/ASME B31.3 (1980), American National Standard at atmospheric pressure are about 5 percent to 15 percent Code for Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refine?y Piping by volume natural gas. Natural gas is nontoxic but can cause anoxia (asphyxia- Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (1986). tion)when it displaces the normal 21 percent oxygen in air 6-1.2.2 ASTM Publications. American Society for Test- in a confined area without adequate ventilation. ing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. A-2-1 Vehicle Fuel Systems. A typical vehicle fuel system consists of one or more (if more than one, the containers ASTM A-47-1984, Specification for Malleable Iron Castings are manifolded together) fuel supply containers holding CNG at high pressure and fitted with pressure relief ASTM A-395-1986, Specification. for Ferritic Ductile Iron: devices and manual shutoff valves,a filling connection with Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated Temperatures a check valve to prevent flow back out of the connection,a manual valve downstream from the container valve or ASTM A-536-1984, Specification for Ductile Iron Castings valves, a valve that will automatically.close if the engine stops for any reason, a pressure regulator to reduce fuel ASTM E-136-1982,Standard Method of Test for Behavior of supply container pressure to a low engine service pressure, Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 7500C a gas-air mixer to produce a flammable mixture, and a pressure gauge to show fuel supply container pressure. ASTM 380, Standard for Metric Practice. Systems are designed to operate at fuel supply container pressures of 2400,3000,or 3600 psi(16.5, 20.6,or 25 MPa). 6-1.2.3 CGA Publication. Compressed Gas Association, Fueling connections are designed to accommodate compati- Inc., 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202. ble filling nozzles suitable only for the proper pressure. CGA S-1.1, Cylinders for Compressed Gases (1979). Fuel supply containers are installed on either the outside of the vehicle or inside the vehicle. If inside,all connections 6-1.2.4 U.S. DOT and TC container data is available from to the containers are either external to a driver or passen- the U.S. Department of Transportation, 400 7th St., SW, ger compartment or inside a compartment that is gastight Washington, DC 20590 and the Canadian Transport Com- With respect to a driver or passenger compartment. The mission, Transport Canada Building, Place de Ville, compartment is vented to outside the vehicle. Ottawa, Ontario, K1A ON5. See Figure A-2-1. 2-342 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 •3-6.3 3-g — 2-10 S 3-5 3-6.2 2-11 r------------------------- ----------------1 Required for each container I I I I 3-6.1 � I I 2-5 1 I j I I I j I I I 1 I 3-4.2 I I 1 I 1 � I I 2-4 1 I 1 I 1 L---------------------------------------------J Figure A-2-1 Typical vehicular fuel system components. A-2-2 Natural gas is not a unique, specific substance with As a result of such a failure in a cylinder comprising one a common composition at all times and in all places. While, of several such in a tube trailer in 1978, the U.S. Depart- as noted in the definition of Compressed Natural Gas in ment of Transportation has specified CNG composition for Section 1-5, natural gas consists principally of methane, it CNG being transported in interstate commerce. The limits also contains ethane, small amounts of propane, butane, for carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water are very and higher hydrocarbons and may contain small amounts low, e.g., the limit for water is 0.5 lb per million cu ft. of nitrogen,carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and helium. The quantity of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sul- fide, and helium will vary from zero to a few percent There is a substantial body of opinion on the Committee depending upon the source, seasonal effects, etc. that the DOT-stipulated composition is intentionally con- servative and would require expensive, sophisticated gas As distributed in the extensive gas transmission and dis- conditioning equipment to be used.This view is supported tribution piping network in the United States and Canada, by experience of up to 15 years'duration with no failure of natural gas also contains water vapor. This "pipeline qual- either storage or fuel supply containers in CNG vehicle ity"gas can contain up to 7 lb or more of water per million applications.This experience has largely been with carbon cu ft of gas. steel cylinders fabricated to DOT 3A or 3AA specification and,therefore,relatively subject to internal corrosion if the Some constituents of natural gas,especially carbon diox- conditions are present. ide and hydrogen sulfide in the presence of liquid water, can be corrosive to carbon steel, and the corrosive effect is increased by pressure.The pressures used in CNG systems Corrosion protection can also be addressed by the use of covered by NFPA 52 are substantial and well above those materials that are corrosion resistant. A number of exemp- used in transmission and distribution piping and in other tions and special permits have been issued by DOT and TC natural gas consuming equipment. As excessive corrosion for cylinders made of materials other than carbon steel. can lead to sudden explosive rupture of a container, this However, the impetus for these materials has come from hazard must be controlled. other considerations, principally lighter weight. 2-343 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE The Committee encouraged the conducting of a Where storage containers are used,the system is known research program to explore this gas quality/material mat- as a "fast-fill" system with a vehicle filling time of about 3-5 ter and the research work was performed by Southwest minutes. Where storage containers are not used, the sys- Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas. Funding was tem is known as a "slow-fill" system, and filling times can provided by the New York State Energy Research and be several hours. Development Authority (NYSERDA), the New York Gas Group (NYGAS), and the U.S. Department of Energy The suction pressure for compressors ranges from about (DOE). The Committee gratefully acknowledges both the 2-500 psig kPa). khe 3.4 delivery with most being under financial support of NYSERDA, NYGAS, and DOE and the 60 psig (40 kPa). The delivery pressure is more than the cooperation and contributions of management, engineering, Vehicle system pressure but less than 5000 psi (35 MPa), and operating personnel of the gas transmission companies, with most around 3600 psi (25 MPa). gas distribution companies,and CNG container manufactur- CNG is stored in two types of storage systems — bulk ers who supplied technical data,used gas cylinders,test mate- storage and cascade storage. They differ in the manner in rials,and test gases for this research program. which the CNG is withdrawn from them. The principal objective of the research program was to A-3-12.4 define natural gas contaminant concentration limits neces- sary to insure that internal corrosion of CNG containers 1. Before a CNG vehicle is returned into service follow- does not constitute a hazard over the lifetimes of the con- ing an accident that caused damage or dislocation to the tainers. A secondary objective included definition of the CNG fuel system, or following the repair or replacernent of effects of materials variables, container fabrication proce- any part of a CNG fuel system that is subject to container dures, and other CNG system parameters on internal cor- pressure, the system should be tested in compliance with rosion of CNG containers and container materials. Accom- Section 3-12. plishment of the research program objectives permitted 2. Prior to maintenance or repair of a CNG fuel system: the Committee to define the limiting concentrations of cor- (a) The supply of CNG should be shut off before rosive contaminants in CNG necessary to prevent corro- sion or corrosion-related damage to vehicle fuel and stor- age containers. operating the engine until the engine stops running and ensure that the valves remain shut off throughout the As a control of the amount of hydrogen sulfide and sul- entire inoperative period. fides, water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, Section 2-2 (b) CNG should not be vented indoors. reflects a Committee consensus that if the water content is (c) Upon completion of the work, leak test the CNG limited the other potentially corrosive constituents should not be a major concern. fuel system in accordance with the requirements of Section 3-12. A-2-4 Container Capacity. Containers are described by 3. Prior to making repairs to gasoline related equip- their liquid capacity and the design and allowable service ment on a CNG vehicle, to other than the CNG fuel sys- pressures.The liquid capacity(cu ft of water)is the volume tem, the following should be done: of liquid that would be required to fill the container. The (a) Prior to removal of the natural gas mixer, shut allowable service pressure is the maximum pressure at off the supply of CNG by closing the shut off valves and which the container should be operating. From the liquid operating the engine until the engine stops running and capacity and allowable service pressure, the gas storage ensure that the valves remain off throughout the entire capacity can be calculated. inoperative period; and The amount of gas being stored in a cylinder can be cal- (b) Upon completion of the work, replace the natu- culated by applying the "Ideal gas law" taking account of ral gas mixer in its original location without any change or the "compressibility factor" (or `supercompressibility") of adjustment before the CNG shutoff valves are reopened. the specific gas being stored. The ideal gas law states that, if the absolute pressure of 4. Prior to making collision repairs on a CNG vehicle a certain volume of gas is doubled, the volume will to other than the CNG fuel system shall the following decrease to half(at a constant temperature). However, nat- should be done: ural gas does not follow the ideal gas law exactly.The term (a) Close the shutoff valve at the outlet of the CNG "supercompressibility," as it relates to natural gas, simply container before commencing the work and ensure that indicates that more natural gas can be stored in a given the valve remains off throughout the entire inoperative volume [below about 5,000 psig (35 MPa)] than would be period; and indicated by the ideal gas law. (b) The CNG vehicle owner or operator should be instructed to take the vehicle to a vehicle conversion center A-3-1 Fueling Systems. A typical fueling system consists for inspection of the CNG fuel system before the shut off of one or more compressors taking suction from a natural valve referenced in (a) above is reopened. gas transmission or distribution pipeline or a building pip- A4-1 Bulk storage of CNG can be accomplished with one ing system connected to a transmission or distribution large container or a number of smaller containers manifolded pipeline with the compressor discharging into either one together. As vehicles draw CNG from bulk storage, all con- or more storage containers or to a dispensing system, and a dispensing system consisting of a hose and nozzle and tainers draw down(reduce in pressure)at the same rate. sometimes a meter. Where a storage container is present, Bulk storage provides less "available" CNG storage than it discharges to a dispensing system. the cascade system. 2-344 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 Storage containers arranged in a cascade can provide and Bank 2 will "top up" the vehicle container(s). Succes- more "available" CNG storage than a bulk system for the sive vehicles will draw from Banks 3 and 2 as above, until same size containers.A brief description of the operation of Bank 1 is required to "top up" the vehicle container(s). a typical cascade system is as follows: When Bank 1 pressure is reduced to a preset value, the compressor will bypass the cascade and fill the vehicle A cascade is usually arranged in at least three banks of directly. At the completion of the last vehicle fill, the com- containers with the containers in any one bank manifolded pressor will continue running, and refill the cascade by together so that each bank acts as one large container.The priority fill. banks are separated by automatic switching valves. The valve sequencing is controlled automatically by a sequenc- Cascade valving can be arranged to provide more avail- ing control panel. able storage than the system described. The cascade banks are initially filled with CNG in sequence A-4-5.1 Where space is at a premium or not available, by the compressor to the normal service pressure of the sys- consideration should be given to installation of storage tem. The highest pressure bank is refilled first ("Bank 1"), containers on a roof made of noncombustible material at followed by successively lower pressure banks ("Bank 2," fueling stations. "Bank 3,"etc.).This sequence is called"priority fill." A-4-12 See Figure A-4-12. Vehicles can then be fueled from the cascade,beginning with Bank 3 (for a three-bank cascade). A-5-2.2 For information on standards for listing fueling appliances see AGA Requirements for Natural Gas Vehicle If there is insufficient CNG in Bank 3 to pressurize the (NGV) Fueling Appliances, No. 2-90 (November 1, 1990). vehicle fuel supply container(s), Bank 3 will be valved off 2-345 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Dispensing Area Class 1,Division 1 Class 1,Division 2 f .'.10 t 0 t Dispenser s er qw s 20 ft f 20 ft ....................................... DisP enser Figure A-4-12 Classified areas in and around dispensers as detailed in Table 4.12. Appendix B Referenced Publications C-6.1 Standards for Visual Inspection of High Pressure Alu- minum Compressed Gas Cylinders (1984) B-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- erenced within this standard for informational purposes C-6.2 Guidelines for Visual Inspection and Requalijrration of only and thus are not considered part of the requirements Fiber Reinforced High Pressure Cylinders (1982) of this document.The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance C-10 Recommendations for Changes of Service for Compressed of this document. Gas Cylinders Including Procedures for Inspection and Contami- nant Removal (1985). B-1.1 CGA Publications. Compressed Gas Association, B-1.2 SAE Publication. Society of Automotive Engineers, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington, VA 22202. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096, C-6 Standards for Visual Inspection of Compressed Gas Cylin- SAE j 1616,Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice for Natu- ders (1984) ral Gas Vehicle Fuel Composition. 2-346 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 52-1 Index 1992 National Fire Protection Association,All Rights Reserved. The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes.The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to this index.This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permission of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. .A- Design and construction .........................................2-4 Fuel supply Alternate provisions................................................. 1-2 Definition ........................................................ 1-5 ANSIInstallation ......................................................3-3 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Installation .........................................................4-5 Approval ................................................................2-3 Container valves .............................................see Valves ASME code Currents strayor impressed P .....................................4-13 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Cylinders ...................................2-4.2;see also Containers Definition ........................................................... 1-5 .B. D. Bonding,electrical ................................................. 4-13 Bulk storage Dew point Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Dew point temperature Definition ........................................................... 1-5 .C. Dispensing station Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Capacity Dispensing systems ..................see Compression,storage and Definition ............................................. ............. I-5 dispensing systems Carbon dioxide .........................................see Gas quality Cascade storage system Definition ........................................................... 1-5 CF -E. Definition ........................................................... 1-5 CNG ............................see Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Electrical equipment,installation of ............................4-12 Code Emergency shutdown equipment ......................... 4-11,5-10 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Enclosures Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Engine fuel systems ............................................Chap. 3 Gasquality..........................................................2-2 Application .........................................................3-1 Properties of.............................................A-1-1,A-2-2 Installations ............................................3-3 thru 3-10 Compression,storage and dispensing systems ............Chap.4 Maintenance and repair ........................................3-13 Appliances,vehicle fueling .....................................4-17 System component qualifications ...............................3-2 Application .........................................................4-1 System testing ....................................................3-12 Component qualifications .......................I.................4-2 Equipment qualification .......................................Chap. 2 Fire protection ...................................................4-1 5 General..............................................................4-3 Installations................................4-5 thru 4-9,4-1 1,4-12 _F Maintenance ......................................................4-16 Operation .........................................................4-14 Shutdown equipment 4-11 Fire protection ...................................................... 4-1 5 Siting ..............................................................4 el line 4-4 Fuel ........................................................... 1-5 Outdoors ......................................................4-4.2 Fueling appliances,vehicle .......................................4-17 Stray or impressed currents and bonding 4-13 Fueling connection ................see Connections,vehicle fueling Fueling systems ............................................A-3-1,A-4-1 Venting..........................................4-4.3.2 thru 4-4.3.4 Compression equipment ..................................4-3.2,4-3.6 Connections -G- Hose ...............................................................2-10 Vehicle fueling Gas quality Installation .................................................3-4, 3-9 Gauges............................................. see Pressure gauges Qualification ...................................................2-11 Container appurtenances Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Installation .........................................................4-5 H. Containers Capacity ..........................................................A-2-4 Hose connections ............................. see Connections,hose Composite Hoses Definition........................................................ 1-5 Flexible metal and wire braid Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Definition ........................................................ 1-5 2-347 STANDARD 52-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Installation ....................................................4-9, 5-8 Pressure relief devices Qualifications .....................................................2-1 0 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 .resting .......................................................4-10, 5-9 Installation ....................................................4-6, 5-5 Hydrogen sulfide.......................................see Gas quality Qualification ........................................................ 2-5 Ventingof ..........................................................3-4 Pressure vessels ....................:.......................2-4.3,2-5.2 -I- Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Pressurized system components .............................Chap. 2 Ignition,sources of Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Inspection,residential fueling facilities ........................5-12 Q Installation Qualifications,equipment.................................... Chap.2 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 -R- -L- Repair ................................... see Maintenance and repair Labeling Residential fueling facility................................... Chap. 5 Containers ................................................2-4.4,2-4.5 Component qualification .........................................5-2 Vehicles............................................................3-11 General..............................................................5-3 Limited-combustible material Installations.......................................5-4 thru 5-6,5-10 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Maintenance and inspection ...................................5-12 Operation .........................................................5-11 Piping and hose ...................................................5-8 .M. Pressure regulation ...............................................5-7 Testing ..............................................................5-9 Maintenance and repair Retroactivity of standard............................................ 1-3 Compression,storage and dispensing systems ..............4-11 Engine fuel systems ..............................................3-13 _S_ Residential fueling facility ......................................5-12 Metric practice........................................................ 1-4 SCF Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Service pressure ...........................................see Pressure .N. Settled pressure ...........................................see Pressure Scope of standard .................................................... 1-1 Natural gas .............. see also Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Shutdown .....................see Emergency shutdown equipment Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Static electricity .....................................................4-13 Noncombustible materials Storage .........see Compression,storage and dispensing systems Definition ........................................................... 1-5 .T- -O- Temperature............................. see Dew point temperature Testing,piping,tubing,and hoses ........................ 4-10,5-9 Oxygen ......................................... see Gas quality (CNG) -V- -P- Valves Container Piping/materials Definition........................................................ I-5 Installation of ...........................................3-5,4-9,5-8 Installation 3-6, 5-5 .................................................... Qualification ..................................................2-8,2-9 Qualification 2-9 .................................................... Testing .......................................................4-10,5-9 Service Point of transfer Definition ........................................................ 1-5 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Vehicles Pressure Fuel connection ..2-11,3-4,3-9 . ..................................... Service Fuel systems .....................................................A-2-4 Definition........................................................ 1-5 Fueling appliances ...............................................4-17 Settled Labeling ...3-1 I Definition........................................................ 1-5 Venting systems 4-4.3.2 thru 4-4.3.4 Working Installation .........................................................3-4 Definition........................................................ 1-5 Pressure gauges Installation...............................................3-7,4-8, 5-6 _W_ Qualification........................................................2-6 Pressure regulators Water capacity Installation ....................................................3-8,4-7 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Qualification ..................................................2-7,5-7 Water vapor .............................................see Gas quality Pressure relief device channels Wiring,installation .................................................3-10 Definition ........................................................... 1-5 Working pressure .........................................see Pressure 2-348 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 62-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 62-1 OVENS AND FURNACES See Sections 6201 and 6205.1, Uniform Fire Code The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Ovens 8.Sec.3-2 is revised by substituting the phrase"Electrical and Furnaces, NFPA 86-1990, is hereby adopted by refer- Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical Code." ence as UFC Standard 62-1. 9. Sec. 3-3.3.1 is revised by changing Notes 1 and 2 as fol- The provisions of this standard shall apply to Classes A and B lows: ovens except when a provision of Uniform Fire Code,Volume 1 or 1.Installation of LPG storage and handling systems shall com- an amendment specified in Section 62.101 is applicable,in which ply with UFC Standard 82-1. case Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 provisions or the amendment 2.piping from the point of delivery to the equipment isolation shall take precedence. valve shall comply with the Plumbing Code and the Mechanical Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 86-1990 shall only Code as appropriate. be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. 10.Sec.3-3.4.2.1 is revised as follows: NFPA 86-1990 is available from the National Fire Protection 3-3.4.2.1 Material for piping and fittings shall comply with the Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- Plumbing and Mechanical codes as appropriate. setts 02269-9101. 11.Sec.3-3.9.2,subparagraphs(c)and(d),is revised by sub- stituting the phrase"Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA SECTION 62.101 -AMENDMENTS 70,National Electrical Code." 12. Sec. 3-4.4.1 is revised by adding the phrase "as refer- The Standard for Ovens and Furnaces,NFPA 86-1990 applies to enced in the Mechanical Code"at the end of the sentence. ovens and furnaces operating at approximately atmospheric pres- 13.Sec.3-5.3.1 is revised as follows: sures and vacuum furnaces operating at below atmospheric pres- sures for the processing of materials and also to bakery ovens, 3-5.3.1 Design,materials of construction,installation and tests except where the provisions of Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 and of piping shall comply with the applicable sections of nationally the Mechanical Code apply,and except as follows: recognized standards. See Uniform Fire Code Article 90. 1.Sec. 1-1 is revised by amending the fourth subparagraph 14.Sec.3-5.3.2 is revised as follows: as follows: 3-5.3.2 Oxygen piping and controls shall be in accordance with This standard also applies to listed bakery ovens and hereby re- nationally recognized standards. quires all bakery ovens to be listed. 15.Sec.3-5.3.8 is revised as follows: 2.Sec. 1-4 is revised by changing definitions as follows: 3-5.3.8 Oxygen piping and controls shall be inspected and AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- maintained in accordance with nationally recognized standards. sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. 16.Sec.3-6.1.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"Elec- FUEL OIL is an approved liquid hydrocarbon fuel for an oven trical Code" for the phrase "NFPA 70, National Electrical or a furnace. Code." HEATER, INDUCTION, is a heating system by means of 17.Sec.3-6.2.3.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"Elec- trical Code for the phrase"in Article 725 of NFPA 70,Nation- which acurrent-carrying conductor induces the transfer of electri- al Electrical Code." Nation- cal energy to the work by eddy currents. The definitions of"approved,""Electrical Code,""hazard- 18.Sec.3-6.3.1 is revised by substituting the phrase"Elec- ous material,""labeled"and "listed"shall be as set forth in trical Code � for the phrase NFPA 70, National Electrical Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. Code with special reference to Article 665,entitled Induction and Dielectric Heating Equipment." The definition of"should"is deleted. 19.Sec.3-6.3.3.2 is revised by amending the second sentence 3.Sec. 1-5.3 is revised as follows: of the note as follows: 1-5.3 Wiring shall be in accordance with the Electrical Code. Dry transformers shall have 150°C rise insulation. 4.Sec.2-1.4.5 is revised by deleting the note. 20.Sec.3-6.3.3.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"Elec- trical5.Sec.2-1.5.3,Item(d),is revised by substituting the phrase Code" for the phrase "NFPA 70, National Electrical "Electrical Code"for the phrase"Article 356...of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code." 21.Sec.3-7.1 is revised by changing the note as follows: 6.Sec.2-2.3.3.1,Note 4,is revised as follows: NOTE:The construction and controls for steam boilers shall be in accordance with the Mechanical Code. 4. Explosion control shall be in accordance with the Building 22.Sec.3-7.2.1 is revised by adding the following after the Code. first sentence: 7.Sec.2-2.4.13 is revised by changing the note as follows: Piping and fittings associated with steam heat exchangers shall NOTE: For additional information,see the Uniform Building be in accordance with nationally recognized standards.See Uni- and Uniform Mechanical codes. form Fire Code Article 90. 2-349 STANDARD 62-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 23.Sec.4-8 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Plumb- 32.Sec. 10-2.2.1 is revised as follows: ing Code or Mechanical Code,as appropriate"for the phrase "NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code." 10-2.2.1 Carbon dioxide systems shall be in accordance with approved nationally recognized standards and shall be designed to 24. Sec.4-12.2.1 is revised by substituting the phrase"See be activated either automatically or manually. the Electrical Code" for the phrase "See NFPA 70,National Electrical Code." 33.Sec. 10-2.3.1 is revised as follows: 25.Sec.4-16 is revised by substituting the phrase"Electrical 10-2.3.1 Foam automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall be Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical Code." designed and installed in accordance with UFC Standard 79-1. 26. Sec. 6-5.1.1 is revised by deleting the last sentence and 34.Sec. 10-2.4.1 is revised as follows: substituting"Approved standards shall be followed:' 10-2.4.1 Dry chemical automatic fire-extinguishing systems 27.Sec.6-5.1.3 is revised as follows: shall be of an approved design.Such systems shall be designed in 6-5.1.3 ASME tank-relief devices shall be provided,sized,con- accordance with nationally recognized standards or shall be listed structed and tested in accordance with nationally recognized as a pre-engineered assembly. standards. See Uniform Fire Code Article 90. 35.Sec.10-3.1 is revised by changing the last sentence as fol- 28. Sec.6-5.1.4 is revised by deleting the last sentence and lows: substituting"Approved standards shall be followed:' Such installations shall be in accordance with UFC Standard 29.Sec. 10-1.2 is revised as follows: 10-1. 10-1.2 Dip tanks and drain boards within the oven enclosure 36.Sec. 10-3.2 is revised as follows: shall be protected with an automatic fire-extinguishing system in accordance with Uniform Fire Code Article 45. 10-3.2 Hose connections shall be in accordance with the Build- 30.Sec. 10-1.3.1 is revised as follows: ing Code. 10-1.3.1 Automatic sprinkler systems shall be in accordance 37.Sec. 10-4.1 is revised as follows: with the Building Code(see UBC Standard 9-1). 10-4.1 Inspection. All fire-protection equipment shall be in- 31.Sec. 10-1.4.1 is revised as follows: spected and maintained in accordance with Uniform Fire Code 10-1.4.1 Automatic water-spray fire-extinguishing systems Article 10. shall be in accordance with UFC Standard 79-2. 38.Chapter 11 is deleted. 2-350 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 74-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 74-1 MEDICAL GAS AND VACUUM SYSTEMS See Section 7404.2.3, Uniform Fire Code This standard, with certain exceptions, is the National Fire 4. Sec. 4-3.1.2.2 (a) is revised by substituting the phrase Protection Association Standard for Health Care Facilities, "UFC Standard 74-1"for the phrase"NFPA 50,Standard for NFPA 99-1993,Chapter 2,Definitions,and Chapter 4,Gas Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites." and Vacuum Systems,adopted by reference. 5.Sec.4-3.1.2.4(b)is revised by substituting the phrase"the The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Health Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical Care Facilities, NFPA 99-1993, Chapter 2, Definitions, and Code." Chapter 4,Gas and Vacuum Systems,are hereby adopted by refer- ence as UFC Standard 74-1. Also: The provisions of this standard shall apply to medical gas and vac- Sec.4-3.1.2.4(c)is revised by substituting the phrase"theMechanical Code" for the phrase "NFPA 90A,Standard for u systems except when a provision of Uniform Fire Code, Vol the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems." Vol- ume me 1 or an amendment specified in Section 74.101 is applicable,, in which case Uniform Fire Code, Volume I provisions or the Also: amendment shall take precedence. Sec. 4-3.1.2.4(f)is revised by substituting the phrase"the Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 99-1993,Chapter Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical 2 or 4,shall only be considered as guideline standards subject to Code." approval by the chief. 8.Sec.4-3.4 is revised by changing the note to read as fol- NFPA 99-1993 is available from the National Fire Protection lows: Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- NOTE: Refer to Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 and the setts 02269-9101. Mechanical Code. SECTION 74.101 —AMENDMENTS 9.Sec.4-4.2.11.1 is revised by deleting the exception. The Standard for Health Care Facilities,NFPA 99-1993,Chap- 10. Sec.4-4.2.11.2 is revised by deleting the exception. ter 2, Definitions, and Chapter 4, Gas and Vacuum Systems, 11. Sec. 4-4.3.5 is revised by substituting the phrase "the applies to medical gas and vacuum systems,except as follows: Mechanical Code and UFC Standard 82-1" for the phrase 1. Sec. 4-3.1 is revised by substituting the phrase "UFC "NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code, and NFPA 58,Standard for Standard 74-1"for the phrase"NFPA 50,Standard for Bulk the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. Oxygen Systems on Consumer Sites." 12.Sec.4-4.3.6 is revised by substituting the phrase"nation- 2.Sec.4-3.1.1.2 is revised by deleting the last sentence and ally recognized standards and Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1" substituting as follows: for the phrase "NFPA 50A9 Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Labels and stencils shall be lettered in accordance with nation- Systems at Consumer Sites. ally recognized standards. 13.Sec.4-8.1.1(d)is revised by substituting the phrase"the 3.Sec.4-3.1.2.1(d)is revised by substituting the phrase"the Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National ElectricalCode." Electrical Code"for the phrase"NFPA 70,National Electrical Code." 14.Sec.4-8.1.2.1 is revised by deleting Note 1 in its entirety. 2-351 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-1 FOAM FIRE-PROTECTION SYSTEMS See Sections 7902.2.4.2 and 7902.2.8.2, Uniform Fire Code The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Low- 2. Sec. 1-4 is revised by changing the definition of Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems, NFPA "authority having jurisdiction'as follows: 11-1988, is hereby adopted by reference as UFC Standard AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- 79-1. sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. The provisions of this standard shall apply to low-expansion foam The definitions of "approved," "combustible liquid," and combined agent systems except when a provision of Uniform "flammable liquid," "labeled" and "listed" shall be as set Fire Code,Volume 1 or an amendment specified in Section 79.101 forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. is applicable,in which case Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 provi- The definition of"flammable and combustible liquids" is sions or the amendment shall take precedence. deleted. Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 11-1988 shall only 3. Sec.3-2.11.2 is revised by changing the second sentence be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. as follows: NFPA 11-1988 is available from the National Fire Protection When a covered floating roof tank is not designed according to Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- Uniform Fire Code Article 79, it shall be treated as a fixed roof setts 02269-9101. tank. 4.Sec.5-2.2 is revised as follows: SECTION 79.101 —AMENDMENTS 5-2.2 Pressure Tests.Piping shall be subjected to a two-hour The Standard for Low-Expansion Foam and Combined Agent hydrostatic pressure test at 200 psig(1379 kPa)or 50 psi (344.7 Systems,NFPA 11-1988,applies to the characteristics of foam- kPa)in excess of the maximum pressure anticipated,whichever is producing materials and the requirements for design,installation, greater,in accordance with the Building Code. testing, operation and maintenance of equipment and systems EXCEPTION: Piping handling expanded foam for other than sub- used for protecting stationary tanks used for the storage of Class I surface application. or II liquids aboveground and outside of buildings except as fol- Normally dry horizontal piping shall be inspected for drainage lows: pitch. 1. Secs. 1-1 and 1-2 are deleted. 5.Chapter 7 is deleted. 2-353 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-2 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-2 FIXED WATER-SPRAY AUTOMATIC FIRE-PROTECTION SYSTEMS See Sections 7902.1.14.4 and 7902.2.6.3.4, Uniform Fire Code The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Water 1-11 Certification of Water-spray Systems. The contractor Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection,NFPA 15-1990,is shall prepare and submit plans and specifications of the system hereby adopted by reference as UFC Standard 79-2. and its boundaries of protection,maintenance and instruction bul- letins and certify that the work has been completed and is tested in The provisions of this standard shall apply to fixed systems except accordance with the plans and specifications before requesting fi- when a provision of Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 or an amend- nal approval of the fixed water-spray automatic fire-protection ment specified in Section 79.201 is applicable,in which case Uni- system. form Fire Code, Volume 1 provisions or the amendment shall take Build- precedence. 4.Sec.2-1.3 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Build- ing Code � for the phrase NFPA 13. Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 15-1990 shall only 5.Sec 2-4.1 is revised as follows: be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. 2-4.1 Pipe and tube used in water-spray systems shall be of NFPA 15-1990 is available from the National Fire Protection welded or seamless ferrous piping, electric resistance-welded Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- steel pipe or wrought steel pipe in accordance with the Building setts 02269-9101. Code.Pipe and tube used in water-spray systems shall be designed to withstand a working pressure of not less than 175 psi(1206.6 kPa).Materials which are allowed are listed in Table 2-4.1. SECTION 79.201 —AMENDMENTS 6.Sec.2-11.3 is revised as follows: The Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, 2-11.3 Electrical equipment for use in hazardous locations shall NFPA 15-1990,applies to the design,installation,maintenance be in accordance with the Electrical Code. and testing of automatic water-spray fixed systems where re- 7.Sec.4-6.2(d)is revised as follows: quired by Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 for fire-protection serv- (d)For the methods of drainage and diking, see Uniform Fire ice, except as follows: Code Article 79. 1.Sec. 1-3 is revised by changing definitions to read as fol- 8. Sec. 4-7.1.1.1 (d) is revised by deleting the second sen- lows' tence. AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- 9.Sec.4-9.2.2.9 is revised as follows: sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. 4-9.2.2.9 The welding procedures, welders and welding ma- FLAMMABLE(EXPLOSIVE)LIMITS is the minimum and chine shall be approved. maximum percentages of air mixtures with vapors or gases below 10.Sec.5-2 is revised as follows: or above which propagation of flame will not occur when the mix- ture is exposed to an ignition source. 5-2 Hydrostatic Pressure Tests. New system piping shall be The definitions of "approved," "combustible liquid," hydrostatically tested in accordance with the Building Code. "flammable liquid," "labeled" and "listed" shall be as set 11. Sec. 8-1 is revised by substituting the phrase "UFC forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. Standard 10-2"for the phrase"NFPA 72E,Standard on Auto- matic Fire Detectors." The definitions of "flammable and combustible liquids" and"should"are deleted. 12. Sec. 8-4.1 is revised by substituting the phrase "UFC Standard 10-2"for the phrase"NFPA 72E,Standard on Auto- 2.Sec. 1-6 is revised by deleting the second paragraph. matic Fire Detectors." 3.Sec. 1-11 is revised as follows: 13.Chapter 9 is deleted. 2-355 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-3 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HEALTH, FLAMMABILITY AND REACTIVITY OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS See Section 209,Table 4703-A and Sections 6307.4,6319, 7401.5.2,7902.1.3.2, 8001.4.3.3, 8004.1.15, 8004.2.2.2 and 8004.4.3, Uniform Fire Code This standard,with certain exceptions,is based on the Nation- 1-2.1 Facilities for the manufacturing,storage or use of hazard- al Fire Protection Association Standard System for the Identi- ous materials shall be identified by markings complying with this fication of the Fire Hazards of Materials,NFPA 704-1990.1 standard when required by Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. Part I of this standard contains the exceptions to NFPA 2. Sec. 1-5.1 is revised by deleting the last sentence in the 704-1990.1 paragraph. Part II of this standard contains NFPA 704-19901 reproduced in 3.Sec. 1-5.3 is revised as follows: its entirety with the permission of the publisher. 1-5.3 The hazard evaluation shall be performed by experienced, technically competent persons based on the inherent hazards of ©vertically in the margin of Part II indicates there is a re- the material,including the extent of change in behavior to be an- vision to the provision within Part I. ticipated under exposure to fire or to fire-control procedures.See Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 704-19901 shall be Uniform Fire Code Article 47 for fumigant hazard signals. considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. part II IThe current edition is NFPA 704-1996. Reproduced with permission from the Standard System for the Part I Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials,NFPA 704,copy- right 1990,National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachusetts 02269-9101.Persons de- SECTION 79.301 —AMENDMENTS siring to reprint in whole or part any portion of the Standard Sys- The Standard System for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of tem for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials,NFPA Materials,NFPA 704-1990,applies to facilities for the manufac- 704-1990, must secure permission from the National Fire Pro- ture, storage or use of hazardous materials,except as follows: tection Association.The following standard is not necessarily the latest revision used by NFPA.If the reader desires to compare with 1.Sec. 1-2.1 is revised as follows: that version,the same is available from NFPA. 2-357 STANDARD 79-3 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 5 Chapter 1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 5 1-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 5 1-2 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 5 1-3 Purpose . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 5 1-4 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 5 1-5 Assignment of Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 5 Chapter 2 Health Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 6 2-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 6 2-2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 6 2-3 Degrees of Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 6 Chapter 3 Flammability Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 7 3-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 7 3-2 Degrees of Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 7 Chapter 4 Reactivity (Instability) Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 8 4-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 8 4-2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 8 4-3 Degrees of Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 9 Chapter 5 Special Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 9 5-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 9 5-2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704- 9 Chapter 6 Identification of Materials by Hazard Signal System . . . . . . . . . 704- 9 Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704-11 Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704-12 Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704-13 Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704-14 Appendix E Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704-14 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704-15 2-358 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-3 NFPA 704 1-2 Applicability. Standard System for the 1-2.1 This standard is applicable to industrial,commercial, and institutional facilities that manufacture, process, use,or Identification of the Fire Hazards of store hazardous materials. 1-2.2 This standard is not applicable to transportation or Materials to use by the general public. 1-2.3 This standard is not applicable to chronic exposure 1990 Edition or to nonemergency occupational exposure. 1-3 Purpose. This system is intended to provide basic infor- Information on referenced publications can be found in mation to fire fighting, emergency, and other personnel, Appendix E. enabling them to more easily decide whether to evacuate the area or to commence emergency control procedures. It is also intended to provide them with information to assist in select- Foreword ing fire fighting tactics and emergency procedures. The Committee on Fire Hazards of Materials has been 1-4 Description. working on the material in this standard since early 1957. A great deal of preliminary work was developed as a man- 1-4.1 This system identifies the hazards of a material in ual by the Sectional Committee on Classification, Labeling terms of three principal categories: "health,""flammability," and Properties of Flammable Liquids of the NFPA Commit- and "reactivity." It indicates the degree of severity by a tee on Flammable Liquids starting in 1952. Progress reports numerical rating that ranges from four(4),indicating severe were given on this activity at NFPA Annual Meetings and hazard, to zero (0), indicating no hazard. reported in the NFPA Quarterly in July issues of 1954, 1956, and 1958. The material was tentatively adopted as a guide 1-4.2 The information is presented by a spatial arrangement in 1960, adopted in 1961, and further amended in 1964, of numerical ratings with the health rating always at the 1966, 1969, 1975, and 1980. nine o'clock position; the flammability rating always at the As originally conceived, the purpose of the standard is to twelve o'clock position;and the reactivity rating always at the safeguard the lives of those individuals who may be concerned three o'clock position. Each rating is located in a square-on- with fires occurring in an industrial plant or storage location point field,each of which is assigned a color:blue for health where the fire hazards of materials may not be readily hazard;red for flammability hazard;yellow for reactivity haz- apparent. ard. Alternately, the square-on-point field may be any con- venient contrasting color and the numbers themselves may be colored. See pages 9-10 for examples of the spatial arrangements. Chapter 1 General 14.3 The fourth space,at the six o'clock position,is reserved 1-1 Scope. for indicating any unusual reactivity with water. The stan- 1-1.1 This standard shall address the health,flammability, dard symbol for indicating unusual reactivity with water is reactivity, and related hazards that may be presented by the letter "W" with a line through the center: -W. No short-term, acute exposure to a material during handling special color is associated with this symbol. under conditions of fire, spill, or similar emergencies. 1-4.3.1 This space may also be used to indicate other 1-1.2 This standard provides a simple,readily recognized, unusual hazards,but only if not needed to indicate reactiv- e P Y g ity with water.Approved symbols will be designated in Chap- easily understood system of markings that provides a gen- ter 5 of this standard. eral idea of the hazards of a material and the severity of these hazards as they relate to handling,fire prevention,exposure, 1-5 Assignment of Ratings. and control. The objectives of the system are: (a) to provide an appropriate signal or alert and on-the- 1-5.1 While the system is basically simple in application,the spot information to safeguard the lives of both public and hazard evaluation required to determine the correct numer- private emergency response personnel; ical ratings for a specific material shall be performed by per- sons who are technically competent and experienced in the (b) to assist in planning for effective fire and emergency interpretation of the hazard criteria set forth in this Standard. control operations, including clean-up; Assignment of ratings shall be based on factors that encom- (c) to assist all designated personnel,engineers,plant and pass a knowledge of the inherent hazards of the material, safety personnel in evaluating hazards; including the extent of change in behavior to be anticipated under conditions of exposure to fire or fire control proce- 1-1.3 It is recognized that local conditions will have a bear- dures. (For additional information, see NFPA 49,Hazardous ing on evaluation of hazards; therefore, discussion must be Chemicals Data,and NFPA 325M,Fire Hazard Properties of Flam- kept in general terms. mable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids.) 11 2-359 STANDARD 79-3 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 1-5.2 The system is based on relative rather than absolute the conditions anticipated by this standard. In such cases,the values.Therefore, it is anticipated that conditions of storage health hazard ratings should also be based on data for the and use may result in different ratings being assigned to the more likely routes of exposure. same material by different persons. Furthermore, the guid- ance presented in the following chapters is necessarily lim- 2-1.4 This chapter shall consider two major categories of ited. For example, flash point is the primary criterion for health hazards in emergencies.One originates with the inher- assigning the flammability rating,but other criteria may be ent physical and toxic properties of the material; the other of equal importance. For example,autoignition temperature, arises from the generation of toxic products during decom- flammability limits,and susceptibility of a container to fail- position or combustion of the material. For purposes of ure due to fire exposure also must be considered. For reac- assigning the health hazard rating,only the inherent phys- tivity, emphasis has been placed on the ease by which an ical and toxic properties of the material shall be considered energy-releasing reaction is triggered. For health,consider- unless the combustion or decomposition products present a ation is given not only to inherent hazard but also to pro- significantly greater degree of risk. tective measures that must be taken to minimize effects of short-term exposure. 2-1.5 The degree of hazard shall indicate to fire fighting and emergency response personnel one of the following: that 1-5.3 In some situations,such as warehouses,storage rooms they can work safely only with specialized protective equip- or buildings; laboratory facilities,etc.,a variety of materials ment;that they can work safely with suitable respiratory pro- may be present in one localized area. In such cases consid- tective equipment; or that they can work safely in the area erable judgement may be needed to properly assign ratings with ordinary clothing. to the area. 2-2 Definitions. Health Hazard. The likelihood of a material to cause, Chapter 2 Health Hazards either directly or indirectly, temporary or permanent injury or incapacitation due to an acute exposure by contact, inha- 2-1 General. lation, or ingestion. 2-1.1 This chapter shall address the capability of a mate- 2-3 Degrees of Hazard. rial to cause personal injury due to contact with or envy into the body via inhalation,ingestion, skin contact,or eye con- 2-3.1 The degrees of health hazard shall be ranked accord- tact.Only the hazards that arise from an inherent toxic prop- ing to the probable severity of the effects of exposure to per- erty of the material or its products of decomposition or sonnel as follows: combustion shall be considered. Injury resulting from the heat of a fire or from the force of an explosion shall not be Materials that,on very short exposure,could cause considered. death or major residual injury,including those that are too dangerous to be approached without spe- cialized protective equipment.This degree usually 2-1.2 In general, the health hazard that results from a fire includes: or other emergency condition is one of acute(single)short- Materials that, under normal conditions or term exposure to a concentration of a hazardous material. This exposure may vary from a few seconds to as long as one under fire conditions, are extremely hazardous hour. The physical exertion demanded by fire-fighting or (i.e., toxic corrosive) through inhalation ortro other emergency activity may be expected to intensify the through contact with or absorption by the skir; effects of any exposure. In addition, the hazard under ambi- Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity .s ent conditions will likely be exaggerated at elevated temper- less than or equal to 5 milligrams per kilogram atures. Health hazards that may result from chronic or (mg/kg); repeated long-term exposure to low concentrations of a haz- Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity ardous material shall not be considered. is less than or equal to 40 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg); 2-1.3 The oral route of exposure, i.e. ingestion, is highly Dusts and mists whose LC51 for acute inhalation unlikely under the conditions anticipated by this standard. toxicity is less than or equal to 0.5 milligrams per If situations are encountered, however, where the oral tox- liter (mg/L); icity values indicate a significantly different health hazard rat- Any liquid whose saturated vapor concentration ing than from other,more likely routes of exposure or where at 20 °C is equal to or greater than ten times its the oral toxicity values would tend to either exaggerate or LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity,if its LC50 is less minimize the hazards likely to be encountered,then profes- than or equal to 1000 parts per million (ppm); sional judgement shall be exercised in assigning the health Gases whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity hazard rating. In such cases, other routes of entry may be is less than or equal to 1000 parts per million considered to be more appropriate to assessing the hazard. (ppm). Also, based on professional judgement, it may be appropri- ate to either increase or decrease the health hazard rating �! Materials that,on short exposure,could cause seri- to more accurately assess the likely degree of hazard that will 3 ous temporary or residual injury,including those be encountered under the conditions anticipated by this stan- requiring protection from all bodily contact.This dard.Similarly,inhalation of dusts and mists is unlikely under degree usually includes: 2-360 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-3 Materials that give off highly toxic combustion 1 Materials that,on short exposure,could cause irri- products; tation, but only minor residual injury, including Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity is those requiring the use of an approved air- greater than 5 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), purifying respirator.This degree usually includes: but less than or equal to 50 milligrams per kilo- Materials that, under fire conditions, give off gram (mg/kg); irritating combustion products; Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity Materials that,under fire conditions,cause skin is greater than 40 milligrams per kilogram irritation, but not destruction of tissue; (mg/kg),but less than or equal to 200 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg); Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity is Dusts and mist whose LC50 for acute inhalation greater than 500 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), toxicity is greater than 0.5 milligrams per liter but less than or equal to 2000 milligrams per kilo- (mg/L),but less than or equal to 2 milligrams per gram (mg/kg); liter(mg/L); Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity Any liquid whose saturated vapor concentration is greater than 1000 milligrams per kilogram at 20 °C is equal to or greater than its LC50 for (tng/kg),but less than or equal to 2000 milligrams acute inhalation toxicity, if its LC51 is less than or per kilogram (mg/kg); equal to 3000 parts per million (ppm) and that Dusts and mists whose LC.50 for acute inhalation does not meet the criteria for degree of hazard 4; toxicity is greater than 10 milligrams per liter Gases whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity (mg/L), but less than or equal to 200 milligrams is greater than 1000 parts per million(ppm), but per liter(mg/L); less than or equal to 3000 parts pet-million(ppm); Gases and vapors whose LC50 for acute inhala- Materials that either are severely corrosive to tion toxicity is greater than 5000 parts per million skin on single, short exposure or cause irrevers- (ppm),but less than or equal to 10,000 parts per ible eye damage. million (ppm); Materials that are moderate respiratory irritants 2 Materials that,on intense or short exposure,could or that cause slight to moderate eye irritation. cause temporary incapacitation or possible resid- ual injury,including those requiring the use of res- O Materials that on short exposure under fire con- piratory protective equipment that has an ditions,would offer no hazard beyond that of ordi- independent air supply. This degree usually nary combustible materials. This degree usually includes: includes: Materials that give off toxic or highly irritating combustion products; Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity is greater than 2000 milligrams per kilogram Materials that,under normal conditions or fire (mg/kg); conditions,give off toxic vapors that lack warning properties; Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity Materials whose LD51 for acute oral toxicity is greater than 2000 milligrams per kilogram is greater than 50 milligrams per kilogram, but (mg/kg); less than or equal to 500 milligrams per kilogram Dusts and mists whose LC50 for acute inhalation (mg/kg); toxicity is greater than 200 milligrams per liter Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity (mg/L); is greater than 200 milligrams per kilogram Gases and vapors whose LC50 for acute inhala- (mg/kg),but less than or equal to 1000 milligrams tion toxicity is greater than 10,000 parts per per kilogram (mg/kg); million (ppm). Dusts and mists whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 2 milligrams per liter (mg/L),but less than or equal to 10 milligrams per Chapter 3 Flammability Hazards liter (mg/L); Any liquid whose saturated vapor concentration 3-1 General. at 20°C is equal to or greater than one-fifth (1/5) its LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity,if its LC50 is 3-1.1 This chapter shall address the degree of susceptibil- less than or equal to 5000 parts per million(ppm) ity of materials to burning. Since many materials will burn and that does not meet the criteria for either under one set of conditions but will not burn under others, degree of hazard 3 or degree of hazard 4; the form or condition of the material shall be considered, Gases whose LC.50 for acute inhalation toxicity along with its inherent properties. is greater than 3000 parts per million(ppm),but less than or equal to 5000 parts per million (ppm); 3-2 Degrees of Hazard. Materials that cause severe but reversible res- 3-2.1 The degrees of hazard shall be ranked according to piratory, skin, or eye irritation. the susceptibility of materials to burning as follows: 2-361 STANDARD 79-3 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4 Materials that will rapidly or completely vaporize Materials that will burn in air when exposed to at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient tem- a temperature of 1500°F(815.5 °C) for a period perature or that are readily dispersed in air, and of 5 minutes or less; which will burn readily. This degree usually Liquids, solids, and semisolids having a flash includes: point above 200°F(93.4°C) (i.e. Class I I I B com- Flammable gases; bustible liquids); Flammable cryogenic materials; Most ordinary combustible materials. Any liquid or gaseous material.that is liquid while under pressure and has a flash point below O 73 °F (22.8°C) and a boiling point below 100°F Materials that will not burn.This degree usually (37.8 (i.e. Class IA flammable liquids); includes any material that will not burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 1500°F(815.5°C)for Materials that ignite spontaneously when a period of 5 minutes. exposed to air. 3 Liquids and solids that can be ignited tinder almost Chapter 4 Reactivity (Instability) Hazards all ambient temperature conditions. Materials in this degree produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, 4-1 General. though unaffected by ambient temperatures, are 4-1.1 This chapter shall address the degree of susceptibil- readily ignited under almost all conditions. This ity of materials to release energy. Some materials are capa- degree usually includes: ble of rapid release of energy by themselves,as by self-reaction Liquids having a flash point below 73 °F or polymerization,or can undergo violent explosive reaction (22.8 °C) and having a boiling point at or above if contacted with water or other extinguishing agents or with 100°F (37.8°C) and those liquids having a flash certain other materials. point at or above 73 °F (22.8 °C) and below 100°F (37.8°C) (i.e. Class IB and Class IC flam- mable liquids); 4-1.2 The violence of reaction or decomposition of mate- rials may be increased by heat or pressure, by mixture with Materials that on account of their physical form certain other materials to form fuel-oxidizer combinations, or environmental conditions can form explosive or by contact with incompatible substances, sensitizing con- mixtures with air and that are readily dispersed taminants, or catalysts. in air,such as dusts of combustible solids and mists of flammable or combustible liquid droplets; Materials that burn with extreme rapidity, usu_ 4-1.3 Because of the wide variations of accidental combi- ally by reason of self-contained oxygen (e.g., dry nations possible in fire or other emergencies, these extrane- nitrocellulose and many organic peroxides). ous hazard factors (except for the effect of water)cannot be applied in a general numerical scaling of hazards.Such extra- Materials that must be moderately heated or 2 neous factors must be considered individually in order to establish appropriate safety factors,such as separation or seg- exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures regation.Such individual consideration is particularly impor- before ignition can occur. Materials in this degree tint where significant amounts of materials are to he stored would not under normal conditions form hazard- or handled. Guidance for this consideration is provided in ous atmospheres with air, but under high ambi- NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals Data. ent temperatures or under moderate heating may release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.This degree usu- 4-1.4 The degree of reactivity hazard shall indicate to fire ally includes: fighting and emergency personnel that the area should be Liquids having a flash point above 100 °F evacuated, that a fire must be fought from a protected loca- (37.8 °C), but not exceeding 200 °F (93.4 °C) tion, that caution must be used in approaching a spill or fire (i.e. Class II and Class IIIA combustible liquids); to apply extinguishing agents,or that a fire nta} be fought Solid materials in the form of coarse dusts that using normal procedures. may burn rapidly but that generally do not form 4-2 Definitions. explosive atmospheres with air; Solid materials in a fibrous or shredded form 4-2.1 For the purposes of this standard, a reactive mater- that may burn rapidly and create flash fire haz- ial is one that can enter into a violent chemical reaction with ards, such as cotton, sisal, and hemp; water. Reactions with other materials may also result in Solids and semisolids that readily give off flam- violent release of energy but are beyond the scope of this mable vapors. standard. '1 Materials that must be preheated before ignition 4-2.2 For the purposes of this standard,an unstable mate- can occur. Materials in this degree require consid- rial is one that,to the pure state or as commerially produced, erable preheating,under all ambient temperature will vigorously polymerize,decompose or condense,become conditions, before ignition and combustion can self-reactive,or otherwise undergo a violent chemical change occur. This degree usually includes: under conditions of shock, pressure, or temperatw•e. 2-362 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-3 4-2.3 Stable materials are those that normally have the Materials that exhibit an exotherm at temper- capacity to resist changes in their chemical composition, atures greater than 150°C,but less than or equal despite exposure to air, water, and heat as encountered in to 300°C,when tested by differential scanning cal- fire emergencies. orimetry. 4-3 Degrees of Hazard. O Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions. This degree usually 4-3.1 The degrees of hazard shall be ranked according to includes: ease, rate, and quantity of energy release as follows: Materials that do not react with water; Materials that exhibit an exotherm at temper- 4 Materials that in themselves are readily capable of atures greater than 300°C but less than or equal detonation or explosive decomposition or explo- to 500°C when tested by differential scanning cal- sive reaction at normal temperatures and pres- orimetry; sures.This degree usually includes materials that Materials that do not exhibit an exotherm at are sensitive to localized thermal or mechanical temperature less than or equal to 500 °C when shock at normal temperatures and pressures. tested by differential scanning calorimetry. 3 Materials that in themselves are capable of deto- nation or explosive decomposition or explosive Chapter 5 Special Hazards reaction,but that require a strong initiating source or that must be heated under confinement before 5-1 General. initiation. This degree usually includes: Materials that are sensitive to thermal or 5-1.1 This chapter shall address the other properties of the mechanical shock at elevated temperatures and material that may cause special problems or require special pressures; fire fighting techniques. Materials that react explosively with water with 5-1.2 Special hazards symbols shall be shown in the fourth out requiring heat or confinement. (space of the diagram or immediately above or below the 2 entire symbol. Materials that readily undergo violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures. 5-2 Symbols. This degree usually includes: Materials that exhibit an exotherm at temper- 5-2.1 Materials that demonstrate unusual reactivity with atures less than or equal a 1 th when tested r- water shall be identified with the letter W with a horizontal line through the center O. differential scanning calorimetry; Materials that may react violently with water or 5-2.2 Materials that possess oxidizing properties shall be form potentially explosive mixtures with water• identified by the letters OX. Materials that in themselves are normally stable, but that can become unstable at elevated temper- Chapter 6 Identification of Materials by Hazard atures and pressure.This'degree usually includes: Signal System Materials that change or decompose on expo- 6-1 One of the systems delineated in the following illustra- sure to air, light, or moisture; tions shall be used for the implementation of this standard. Adhesive-backed plastic Flammability White painted background,or background pieces,one signal-- white paper or card stock needed for each numeral, red three needed for each Health j Reactivity complete signal signal-- signal-- 4 blue 4 yellow IF 4 2 2 323 Figure 1 For use where specified Figure 2 For use where white Figure 3 For use where white color background is used with background is necessary. background is used with painted numerals of contrasting colors. numerals,or for use when signal is in the form of sign or placard. Figure 6-1 Alternate arrangements for display of NFPA 704 Hazard Identification System. 2-363 STANDARD 79-3 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Minimum Dimensions of White A A Background for Signals(White Background is Optional) Size of Signals B B H W T A B 1 0.7 5/32 2 1/2 1 1/4 2 1.4 5/16 5 21/2 3 2.1 15/32 7 1/2 3 3/4 4 2.8 5/8 10 5 6 4.2 115/161 15 1 7 1/2 All dimensions given in inches When painted(use same When made from Exception: For containers with a capacity of dimensions for sign or adhesive-backed plastic(one one gallon or less,symbols may be reduced placard) for each numeral,three in size,provided: necessary for each complete 1. This reduction is proportionate. signal) 2. The color coding is retained. Color of numerals 1,2,3,4 3. The vertical and horizontal dimensions should be as indicated of the diamond are not less than 1 in.(2.5 cm). 4. The individual numbers are no T smaller than 118 in. tall. H O T 7'z 4.,L T yy yy yy Note: Style of numerals shown is optional. Figure 6-2 Dimensions of NFPA 704 placard and numerals. Arrangement and Order of Signals— Optional Form of Application Distance at which Minimum size of Note: This shows the correct spatial signals must be signals required arrangement and order of signals used for legible identification of materials by hazard. 50 feet 1' 75 feet 2' 100 feet 3' 200 feet 4' 300 feet 6' 1 Figure 6-3 Minimum size of numerals for legibility at distance. 2-364 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-3 Appendix A and characteristics of materials that are known or can be determined by standard methods. Technical terms, expres- This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document, sions, trade names, etc., are purposely avoided as this sys- but is included for information purposes only. tem is concerned only with the identification of the involved hazard from a standpoint of safety. A-1 This is a system for the identification of hazards to life and health of people in the prevention and control of fires The explanatory material in this Appendix is to assist users and explosions in the manufacture and storage of mater- of this standard, particularly the person who assigns the ials.The bases for identification are the physical properties degree of hazard in each category. Identification of Health Hazard Identification of Flammability Identification of Reactivity Color Code: BLUE Color Code: RED (Stability) Color Code: YELLOW Type of Possible Injury Susce ibility of Materials to Burning Susceptibility to Release of Energy Signal Signal Signal Materials that will rapidly or Materials that in themselves are Materials that on very short completely vaporize at atmo- readily capable of detonation or of 4 exposure could cause death 4 sphereic pressure and normal 4 explosive decomposition or reaction or major residual injury. ambient temperature, or that at normal temperatures and pres- are readily dispersed in air sures. and that will burn readily. Materials that in themselves are Materials that on short Liquids and solids that can be capable of detonation or explosive 3 exposure could cause seri- 3 ignited under almost all ambi- 3 decomposition or reaction but ous temporary or residual ent temperature conditions. require a strong initiating source or injury. which must be heated under con- finement before initiation or which react explosively with water. Materials that on intense or Materials that must be moder- Materials that readily undergo vio- continued but not chronic ately heated or exposed to rel- lent chemical change at elevated 2 exposure could cause tem- 2 atively high ambient tem- 2 temperatures and pressures or porary incapacitation or peratures before ignition can which react violently with water or possible residual injury. occur. which may form explosive mixtures with water. Materials that on exposure Materials that must be pre- Materials that in themselves are ut which can 1 would cause irritation but 1 heated before ignition can '' normally stable,become unstable b elevated only minor residual injury. 1 occur. tem- peratures and pressures. Materials that on exposure Materials that in themselves are under fire conditions would Materials that will not burn. normally stable, even under fire 0 offer no hazard beyond 0 0 exposure conditions,and which are that of ordinary combusti- not reactive with water. ble material. A-2 In developing this edition of NFPA 704,the Commit- lished criteria for oral and dermal toxicity,as well as corro- tee on Fire Hazards of Materials determined that the stan- sivity. Based upon these criteria,the UN assigns a given mate- dard should provide quantitative guidelines for determining rial to categories called Packing Groups I, II,or II1.Packing the numerical health hazard rating of a material. In addi- Group I materials represent a severe hazard in transport, tion, the Committee agreed that a "4" or a "3" health haz- Group II materials a serious hazard, and Group III mate- ard rating should be assigned to any material classified as a rials a low hazard. "Poison - Inhalation Hazard" by the U.S. Department of The Committee decided to adopt the UN criteria for tox- Transportation(DOT).This classification,"Poison-Inhalation icity and corrosivity,and correlate Packing Groups 1, I1,and Hazard",was adopted by DOT from the United Nations(UN) III with the health hazard ratings"4,""3,"and"2,"respec- criteria detailed in the UN publication, Recommendations on tively. Adoption of the UN system has several advantages. the Transport of Dangerous Goods,4th Edition- Revised, 1986. First, it addresses hazards in transportation,which are sim- (See also Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,Federal Register,Vol. ilar to the type of emergencies likely to be encountered by 50, p 5270 et seq., February 7, 1985, and Notice of Final fire fighting personnel and emergency responders. Most Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 50, p. 41092 et seq., other hazard ranking systems have been developed for occu- October 8, 1985.) pational exposures. Secondly, the UN system is well estab- The UN criteria for inhalation toxicity is based upon the lished, and it is presumed that a large number of chemical LC50 and saturated vapor concentration of the material. Fur- manufacturers have already classified (or can easily clasify) thermore,in addition to inhalation toxicity,the UN has estab- materials into the appropriate Packing Groups. Finally,users 2-365 STANDARD 79-3 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE of chemicals can assign "4," "3," or "2" health hazard rat- encountered by man during transport.The result is expressed ings by establishing if chemicals have been assigned to UN in milligrams per liter of air for dusts and mists or in mil- Packing Groups due to toxicity or corrosivity. lilitres per cubic meter of air(parts per million) for vapors." In order to establish "1"and "0" health hazard rankings, The following information quoted from Section 6.4 of the the Committee utilized criteria for the "1" and "0" ratings above-cited Recommendations also applies: contained in the Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS)"')developed by the National Paint&Coatings Asso- "The criteria for inhalation toxicity of dusts and mists are ciation (NPCA) (Hazardous Materials Identification System based on LC50 data relating to 1 hour exposures and where Revised, Implementation Manual, 1981).Although the NPCA such information is available it should be used. However, criteria were developed for occupational exposure, the "1" where only LC,.,()data relating to 4 hour exposures to dusts and "0"criteria are on the low end of the hazard spectrum and mists are available,such figures can be multipled by four and are fairly consistent with,and complementary to,the"4," and the product substituted in the above criteria, i.e. LC5o "3,"and "2"ratings based upon the UN criteria. No UN cri- (4 hour) x 4 is considered equivalent of LC51 0 hour). teria was established for eye irritation, and the Committee adopted NPCA"3," "2,"and "I," and "0"criteria as health "The criteria for inhalation toxicity of vapors are based on hazard ratings for eye irritation. LC,,o data relating to 1 hour exposures,and where such infor- The Committee made a number of revisions to the pro- mation is available it should be used. However, where only posed hazard rating system to provide conformity with exist- LC5o data relating to 4 hour exposures to dusts and mists ing industrial practice and to recognize limitations and are available,such figures can be multiplied by two and the availability of corrosivity and eye irritation into a single product substituted in the above criteria, i.e. LC.)()(4 hour) "skin/eye contact"category and utilize descriptive terms for x 2 is considered equivalent of LC50 (1 hour)." the health hazard ratings. Minor changes were made to the "2,""1,"and"0"criteria for oral toxicity and to the"1"and "0" criteria for dermal toxicity. Specifically, the distinction Appendix B between solids and liquids in the oral toxicity criteria was eliminated,and the cutoff between "1"and "0" rankings for This Appendix is not o part of the repironews of this A)FPA dono,)ew, oral and dermal toxicity was lowered from 5000 to 2000 but is inchuhed for information p)oposes only. mg/kg. In summary, the"4," "3,"and"2"health hazard rankings The information contained within Appendix B is derived for oral,dermal,and inhalation toxicity are based primarily from introductory explanatory material on the 704 system on UN criteria.The"1"and"0" health hazard rankings for contained within NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals Data; and oral,dermal,and inhalation toxicity,and all of the"skin/eye NFPA 325M,Fire Hazard Properties of Flannnahle Liquids, Gases, contact" rankings are based primarily on NPCA criteria. and Volatile Solids.The following paragraphs summarize the meanings of the numbers in each hazard category and For the assistance of the user of this standard, the follow- explain what a number should tell fire fighting personnel ing definitions are quoted from Section 6.5 of Recommen- about protecting themselves and how to fight fires where the dations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Fourth hazard exists. Revised Edition, 1986,published by the United Nations, New York, NY. Health. "LD;o for acute oral toxicity: "That dose of the substance administered which is most In general, health hazard in fire fighting is that of a sin- likely to cause death within 14 days in one half of both male gle exposure that may vary from a few seconds up to an hour. and female young adult albino rats.The number of animals The physical exertion demanded in fire fighting or other tested shall be sufficient to give a statistically significant result emergency conditions may be expected to intensify the effects and be in conformity with good pharmacological practice.The of any exposure. Only hazards arising out of an inherent result is expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight. property of the material are considered.The following expla- nation is based upon protective equipment normally used by "LD;o for acute dermal toxicity: fire fighters. "That dose of the substance which, administered by con- tinuous contact for 24 hours with the bare skin of albino rab- 4 Materials too dangerous to health to expose fire bits,is most likely to cause death within 14 days in one half fighters. A few whiffs of the vapor could cause of the animals tested.The number of animals tested shall be death,or the vapor or liquid could be fatal on pen- sufficient to give a statistically significant result and be in con- etrating the fire fighter's normal full protective formity with good pharmacological practice. The result is clothing.The normal full protective clothing and expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight. breathing apparatus available to the average fire department will not provide adequate protection "LC5o for acute toxicity on inhalation: against inhalation or skin contact with these ma- "That concentration of vapour,mist or dust which,admin- terials. istered by continuous inhalation to both male and female young adult albino rats for one hour, is most likely to cause Materials extremely hazardous to health but areas death within 14 days in one half of the animals tested. If the may be entered with extreme care. Full protective substance is administered to the animals as dust or mist,more clothing,including self-contained breathing appa- than 90 percent of the particles available for inhalation in the ratus,coat, pants,gloves,boots,and bands around test must have a diameter of 10 microns or less,provided that legs,arms, and waist should be provided. No skin it is reasonably forseeable that such concentrations could be surface should be exposed. 2-366 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-3 2 Materials hazardous to health, but areas may be Z Materials that(in themselves)are normally unsta- entered freely with full-faced mask self-contained ble and readily undergo violent chemical change breathing apparatus that provides eye protection. but do not detonate. Includes materials that can undergo chemical change with rapid release of 1 Materials only slightly hazardous to health. It may energy at normal temperatures and pressures or be desirable to wear self-contained breathing appa- that can undergo violent chemical change at ele- ratus. vated temperatures and pressures. Also includes those materials that may react violently with water O Materials that on exposure under fire conditions or that may form potentially explosive mixtures would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary with water. In advanced or massive fires, fire fight- combustible material. ing should be done from a safe distance or from a protected location. Flammability. Materials that(in themselves)are normally stable Susceptibility to burning is the basis for assigning degrees but which may become unstable at elevated tem- within this category.The method of attacking the fire is influ- peratures and pressures or which may react with enced by this susceptibility factor. water with some release of energy but not violently. Caution must be used in approaching the fire and 4 Very flammable gases very volatile flammable applying water. liquids. Shut off flow and keep cooling water streams on exposed tanks or containers. 0 Materials that(in themselves)are normally stable even under fire exposure conditions and that are Materials that can be ignited under almost all nor- not reactive with water. Normal fire fighting pro- 3mal temperature conditions. Water may be inef- cedures may be used. fective because of the low flash point. 2 Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition will occur. Water spray may be used to Appendix C Flammability extinguish the fire because the material can be cooled below its flash point. This Appendix is not a pmr of the requirements(recommendations)of this NFPA document, bia is included for infontialion purposes only. 1 Materials that must be preheated before ignition The selection of the flash point breaks for the assigning can occur. Water may cause frothing if it gets of degrees within the Flammability category has been based below the surface of the liquid and turns to steam. upon the recommendations of the Technical Committee on However, water fog gently applied to the surface Classification and Properties of Flammable Liquids of the will cause a frothing that will extinguish the fire. NFPA Committee on Flammable Liquids. This Technical Committee initiated the study that led to the development OMaterials that will not burn. of this standard. Close cooperation between the Technical Committee and the Committee on Fire Hazards of Materi- Reactivity (Stability). als has continued. The assignment of degrees in the reactivity category is Flash point tells several things. One, if the liquid has no based upon the susceptibility of materials to release energy flash point, it is not a flammable liquid.Two, if it has a flash either by themselves or in combination with water. Fire expo- point,it must be considered flammable or combustible.Three, the flash point is normally an indication of susceptibility to sure is one of the factors considered along with conditions of shock and pressure. ignition. The flash point test may give results that would indicate 4 Materials that(in themselves) are readily capable that the liquid is nonflammable or that it comes under degree of detonation or of explosive decomposition or 1 or 2 when it is a mixture containing, for example,carbon explosive reaction at normal temperatures and tetrachloride.As a specific example,sufficient carbon tetra- pressures. Includes materials that are sensitive to chloride can be added to gasoline so that the mixture has no mechanical or localized thermal shock. If a them- flash point. However,on standing in an open container,the ical with this hazard rating is in an advanced or carbon tetrachloride will evaporate more rapidly than the gas- massive fire, the area should be evacuated. oline. Over a period of time, therefore, the residual liquid will first show a high flash point, then a progressively lower 3 Materials that(in themselves) are capable of det- one until the flash point of the final 10 percent of the orig- onation or of explosive decomposition or of explo- inal sample will approximate that of the heavier fractions of sive reaction but which require a strong initiating the gasoline. In order to evaluate the fire hazard of such liq- source or which must be heated under confine- uid mixtures,fractional evaporation tests can be conducted ment before initiation. Includes materials that are at room temperature in open vessels. After evaporation of sensitive to thermal or mechanical shock at ele- appropriate fractions,such as 10, 20,40,60,and 90 percent vated temperatures and pressures or that react of the original sample,flash point tests can be conducted on explosively with water without requiring heat or the residue. The results of such tests indicate the grouping confinement. Fire fighting should be done from into which the liquid should be placed if the conditions of a location protected from the effects of an ex- use are such as to make it likely that appreciable evapora- plosion. tion will take place. For open system conditions, such as in 2-367 STANDARD 79-3 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE open dip tanks, the open-cup test method may give a more usually detected by the DSC test at temperatures higher than reliable indication of the flammability hazard. that expected in systems that are more adiabatic (insulated In the interest of reproducibility of results, it is recom- tanks, large masses of material, etc.) mended that: Small changes in the composition of a material can have The flash point of liquids having a viscosity less than 45 a significant effect on its thermal behavior. For example, a p q g y material may not decompose in the container in which DSC sn SUS(Saybolt Universal Seconds)at 100°F(37.8°C)and a flash is doe, but it may be catalytically decomposed by the tnate- point below 200°F(93.4°C)may be determined in accordance i construction of the container used in service. with ASTM D-56-79, Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester. (In those countries that use the Abel The DSC is a screening test that is used primarily to deter- or Abel-Pensky closed cup tests as an official standard, these mine if further testing is required. tests will be equally acceptable to the Tag Closed Cup Method.) The flash point of aviation turbine fuels may be determined Appendix E Referenced Publications in accordance with ASTM D3828-81, Test Method for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester. E-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- erenced within this standard for informational purposes only For liquids having flash points in the range of 32°F(0°C) and thus are not considered part of the requirements of this to 230°F (110°C) the determination may be made in accor- document.The edition indicated for each reference is the cur- dance with ASTM D3278-82,Flash Point of Liquids by Setaflash rent edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this Closed Tester. document. For viscous and solid chemicals the determination may be made in accordance with ASTM E502-74,Flash Point of Chem- E-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- icals by Closed Cup Methods. ciation, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. The flash point of liquids having a viscosity of 45 SUS(Say- bolt Universal Seconds)or more at 100°F(37.8°C)or a flash NFPA 49-1975, Hazardous Chemicals Data point of 200 °F (93.4 °C) or higher may be determined in NFPA 325M-1984,Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liq- accordance with ASTM D-93-79,Standard Method of Test for uids, Gases, and Volatile Solids. Flash Point by the Pensky-Martens Closed Tester. E-1.2 ASTM Publications. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Appendix D Reactivity, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) ASTM D-56-87,Standard Method for Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester This Appendix is not a part of the requirements(recommendations)of this ASTM D-3828-87, Test Method for Flash Point by Setaflash NFPA document, but is included for information purposes only. Closed Tester Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is the primary ASTM D-3278-82,Flash Point of Liquids by Setaflash Closed screening test for assessing reactivity hazard. It indicates Tester whether a material undergoes an exothermic or endother- mic reaction,and a general temperature range in which the ASTM D-93-85, Test Methods for Flash Point by the. Peusky- reaction occurs. Martens Closed Tester This test is routinely run before other more sophisticated ASTM E-502-84, Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup tests are run,such as an Accelerating Rate Calorimetry(ARC) Methods. test or drop weight testing. Heats of reaction,heats of decom- position,and heats of fusion,as well as kinetic information, E-1.3 Other Publications. can be determined by DSC for homogenous solids and liq uids, as well as heterogenous systems. Tou, J.C. and Whiting, L.F.; "A Cradle-Glass Ampoule Sample Container for Differential Scanning Calorimetric Anal- DSC data should be used with caution,avoiding any infer- ysis";Thermochimica Acta; Vol. 42; Elsevier Scientific Pub- ence that the'test conditions duplicate those that the mate- lishing Co.;Amsterdam; 1980. rial will experience in a foreign environment. Whiting, L.F., LaBean, M.S.,and Eadie,S.S.; "Evaluation A DSC test consists of heating a small quanity of material of a Capillary Tube Sample Container for Differential Scan- (typically 1-10 milligrams) held in a sample container from ning Calorimetry";Thermochimica Acta; Vol. 136; Elsevier room temperature to approximately 500°C. Exotherms are Scientific Publishing Co.;Amsterdam; 1988. 2-368 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 794 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-4 VEHICLES FOR TRANSPORTING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS See Sections 2402.2.1 and 7904.6.1, Uniform Fire Code The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Tank 2-3.Continued use of existing cargo tanks is allowed only when Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, NFPA authorized by the chief. 385-1990,is hereby adopted by reference as UFC Standard 5.Sec.2-3.2 is deleted and substitute as follows: 79-4. 2-3.2 Material.Sheet and plate material for shells,heads,bulk- The provisions of this standard shall apply to the design and con- heads and baffles for cargo tanks shall provide reasonable safety struction of tank vehicles used for transporting combustible and to personnel and property,such as the safety provided by alumi- flammable liquids except when a provision of Uniform Fire Code, num alloys(commercial designation)5052, 5086,5154,5254 or Volume 1 or an amendment specified in Section 79.401 is applica- 5652,in accordance with nationally recognized standards such as ble,in which case Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 provisions or the the specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and amendment shall take precedence. Plate, ASTM B 209. Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 385-1990 shall 6.Sec.2-3.4.1 is revised as follows: only be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. 2-3.4.1 Maximum Stress Values. The maximum calculated NFPA 385-1990 is available from the National Fire Protection stress value shall not exceed 20 percent of the minimum ultimate Association, I Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- strength of the material as authorized, except when the pressure setts 02269-9101. vessel satisfies the design requirements of nationally recognized standards. See Uniform Fire Code Article 90. 7.Sec.2-4.1 is revised by substituting the phrase"5.82 cen- SECTION 79.401 -AMENDMENTS tistokes"for the phrase"45 Saybolt Universal Seconds." The Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible 8.Sec.2-4.1.1 is revised by substituting the phrase"5.82 cen- Liquids,NFPA 385-1990,applies to tank vehicles used for the tistokes"for the phrase"45 Saybolt Universal Seconds" transportation of asphalt or normally stable flammable and com- 9.Sec.2-5 is revised by substituting the phrase"5.82 centis- bustible liquids with a flash point below 200°F(182.2°C),except tokes"for the phrase 1145 Saybolt Universal Seconds." as follows: 10.Sec.6-2.8 is revised as follows: 1.Sec. 1-1.4 is revised as follows: 6-2.8 The secondary shutoff control system shall be labeled as 1-1.4 The requirements for aircraft fuel servicing tank vehicles to the manufacturer and type.Electrical systems shall be labeled are contained in UFC Standard 24-1. as to the manufacturer and type.Electrical systems used for sec- t. Sec. 1-2 is revised by changing the definitions of"ap- ondary shutoff shall be in accordance with the Electrical Code. proved," "combustible liquid," "flammable liquid," "flash 11.Sec.6-3.1 is revised as follows: point," "liquid," "listed" and "vapor pressure" to be as set 6-3.1 Each tank vehicle manufactured shall be equipped with at forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. least one portable fire extinguisher having at least a 2-A:20-B:C 3.Sec.2-2 is revised by substituting the phrase"UFC Stand- rating. and 82-1"for the phrase "Chapter 6 of the Standard for the 12.Sec.6-3.2 is revised as follows: Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases, NFPA 6-3.2 Fire extinguishers shall be kept in good operating condi- 58:' lion at all times,and they shall be located in an accessible place on 4.Sec.2-3.1 is revised as follows: each tank vehicle. Extinguishers shall be maintained in accord- 2-3.1 General.Cargo tanks constructed after the effective date ance with UFC Standard 10-1. of this standard shall be constructed in accordance with Section 13.Chapter 7 is deleted. 2-369 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-5 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-5 PORTABLE FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID TANKS See Sections 7902.1.8.1.1 and 7902.5.11.2.4, Uniform Fire Code The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Porta- The definitions of "approved," "combustible liquid," ble Shipping Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, "flammable liquid,""flash point,""liquid,""listed"and"va- NFPA 386-1990, is hereby adopted by reference as UFC por pressure"shall be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Vol- Standard 79-5. ume 1. The provisions of this standard shall apply to portable shipping The definition of"should"is deleted. tanks used for the transportation of flammable and combustible 3. Sec. 2-1.3 is revised by changing the second sentence as liquids except when a provision of Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 follows: or an amendment specified in Section 79.501 is applicable, in In case of doubt,the supplier or producer of the liquid,or other which case Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 provisions or the competent authority,as deemed appropriate by the chief,shall be amendment shall take precedence. consulted as to the suitability of the material to be used in Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 386-1990 shall construction. only be considered as guideline standards subject to approval by 4.Sec.2-2.4 is revised by changing the first sentence of the the chief. second paragraph as follows: NFPA 386-1990 is available from the National Fire Protection Sheet for shells,including tops,bottoms,baffles and bulkheads Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- of portable shipping tanks shall provide reasonable safety to per- setts 02269-9101. sons and property such as the safety provided by aluminum alloys (commercial designation)5052,5454,5154,5086,5254 or 5652, in accordance with nationally recognized standards, such as the SECTION 79.501 —AMENDMENTS Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate,ASTM B 209. The Standard for Portable Shipping Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids,NFPA 386-1990,applies to the design and 5. Sec. 2-4.1 is revised by adding a second sentence as fol- construction of portable tanks used for Class I,II or III-A liquids, lows: except as follows: The chief is authorized to require retesting when there is indica- 1.Sec. 1-1.4.1 is revised by deleting the second sentence. tion that the portable shipping tank has suffered physical damage, shows signs of deterioration or when information satisfactory to 2.Sec. 1-2 is revised by adding the following definition: the chief is not available to show that the portable shipping tank AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- has been properly tested. sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. 6.Chapters 4 and 5 are deleted. 2-371 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-6 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-6 INTERIOR LINING OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS Supplemental standards referenced in UFC Standard 79-6 shall only be considered as guideline standards subject to approval by the chief. See Section 7902.6.10, Uniform Fire Code SECTION 79.601 —GENERAL 79.601.4 Permits and Plans. 79.601.1 Scope. Interior lining of steel underground tanks used 79.601.4.1 Permit application. Prior to engaging in any activi- for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall be in ties relating to the alteration or repair of tanks or equipment in con- accordance with this standard. Included under the scope of this nection with the storage, handling, use or sale of flammable or standard is the protection of tanks from internal corrosion and the combustible liquids regulated by the Uniform Fire Code,a permit lining of steel tanks for product compatibility.All applicable safe- shall be obtained from the chief.On-site work shall not be initiated ty and health laws,regulations and ordinances shall be complied until a permit has been issued. See Uniform Fire Code Article 1. with.The contractor shall be knowledgeable of the contents of this 79.601.4.2 Documents. At the time a permit is applied for,the standard as well as the referenced material listed herein. applicant shall submit all certificates,specifications,licenses,cer- 79.601.2 Application. This standard applies to the opening,lin- tificates of insurance,and other documents required by this stand- ing and testing of steel tanks. and and the chief. 79.601.3 Definitions. For the purposes of this standard,certain 79.601.5 Materials. terms are defined as follows: 79.601.5.1 General. Materials used for the interior lining of un- APPROVED. See UFC Article 2. derground tanks shall be approved.Materials shall satisfy the re- quirements of Section 79.601.5 and be in accordance with nationally recognized and accepted standards, principles and COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID.See UFC Article 2. tests. FLAMMABLE LIQUID.See UFC Article 2. 79.601.5.2 Immersion conditioning. Representative coating LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT(LFL)is the minimum con- samples shall be tested to determine compatibility.Samples shall centration of vapor in air or oxygen below which propagation of a be immersed in the liquids listed below at either 100ooF(37.8 C) flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition. for periods of one,three and six months,or 74 F(23.3 C)for peri- ods of one,three, six and 12 months: PURGING is the method by which gases, vapors or other air- Intended Service Liquids: borne impurities are displaced from a confined space. Unleaded gasoline QUALIFIED PERSON is a person designated by the employ- Leaded gasoline er,in writing,as capable,by education or specialized training,of anticipating, recognizing and evaluating employee exposure to No.2 fuel oil or diesel fuel hazardous substances or other unsafe conditions in a confined Gasohol(10 percent ethanol) space; capable of specifying necessary control or protective Gasoline and five percent methanol with appropriate co-solvent action to ensure worker safety; and knowledgeable of the proce- dures described in this standard. Gasoline SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS is a por- Additional Liquids: table respiratory protective device designed to protect the wearer (These liquids are not intended for service; however,the liner from an oxygen-deficient or other hazardous atmosphere.It sup- materials are to be tested in these liquids to further demonstrate the plies a respirable atmosphere that is either carried in or generated liner's immersion resistance.) by the apparatus and is independent of the ambient environment.It ASTM Reference Fuel C is normally equipped with a full-face piece and is approved by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Toluene STANDBY PERSON is a person trained in emergency rescue Xylene procedures and assigned to remain on the outside of the confined Distilled water space and to be in communication with those working inside. 79.601.5.3 Post-immersion tests. Upon completion of each im- STATIC ELECTRICITY is the electrification of materials mersion period, samples shall be tested in accordance with ap- through physical contact and separation and the various effects proved procedures. See the following: that result from the positive and negative charges so formed,par- TEST PURPOSE ticularly where they constitute a fire or explosion hazard. ASTM D 4541-85,Pull-off Bonding Strength VAPOR AREA.See UFC Article 2. Strength of Coating Using WHITE-METAL FINISH is a surface with a gray-white uni- Portable Adhesion Testers form metallic color roughened to form a minimum 11/2-mil(0.04 ASTM D 790-86,Flexural Flexural Strength mm)anchor profile pattern for linings.The surface,when viewed Properties of Unreinforced without magnification,shall be free of all oil,grease,dirt,visible and Reinforced Plastics mill-scale,rust,corrosion products,oxides,paint or other foreign and Electrical Insulating matter. Materials 2-373 STANDARD 79-6 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE TEST PURPOSE 79.602.2.2 Electrical disconnect. Electrical switches supply- ASTM D 2794-84,Resistance of Impact Resistance ing electrical current to submerged pumps and other equipment Organic Coating to the Effects connected to the tank shall be disconnected and locked. of Rapid Deformation(Impact) 79.602.3 Removal of Liquid Product. Product,water and sedi- ASTM D 2583-81, (Using Hardness ment shall be removed as thoroughly as is possible using explo- Model 935)Indentation sion-proof or air-driven pumps. Pump motors and suction hoses Hardness of Rigid Plastics shall be bonded to the tank to prevent electrostatic ignition haz- by Means of a Barcol ards. See API 2003—March 1982.A small quantity of water is al- Impressor lowed to be pumped into the tank to float the product from a low ASTM D 543-87,Procedure 1, Film Integrity spot where it can be pumped from the tank.Also,where possible, Resistance of Plastics to b y fill or drop tubes shall be removed to allow for maximum removal Chemical Reagents of all liquids and to provide for adequate air ventilation. EXCEPTION: When purging using an eductor-type air mover,the 79.601.5.4 Conditions of acceptance. Each test sample shall be fill or drop tube shall remain in place.See Appendix I,Figure 79-6-1. visually examined after each immersion period and shall exhibit 79.602.4 Purging. no evidence of peeling,blistering,surface wrinkling or roughness. 79.602.4.1 Removal of flammable vapors (gas freeing). The Physical properties after the final immersion period shall be a tank shall be thoroughly purged with air to remove flammable va- minimum of 30 percent of the original physical properties before pors. The concentration of flammable vapors in a tank could go immersion with a stable trend indicating little or no further through the flammable range before a safe atmosphere is obtained. long-term deterioration for toluene,xylene and distilled water and Precautions shall be taken to eliminate the possibility of static 50 percent for all other listed materials. electricity discharge during gas-freeing procedures. See API Before storage of liquids other than those listed is allowed,test 2003—March 1982. results demonstrating the liner will meet the above requirements 79.602.4.2 Pressure limit. Air pressure in the tank must not ex- in such liquids shall be submitted by the manufacturer. ceed 5-pounds-per-square-inch (34.5 kPa) gage. To prevent ex- cess air pressure,the vent line shall be checked to make certain it is free from obstruction and traps. SECTION 79.602—SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 79.602.4.3 Methods. Ventilation of the tank shall be accom- plished by one of three methods as listed below: 79.602.1 Site Conditions. 1.An eductor-type air mover,usually driven by compressed air, 79.602.1.1 Ignition controls. Prior to excavation, the site shall shall be properly bonded to prevent the possibility of static elec- be safeguarded from all sources of ignition for an area of 25 feet tricity generation and discharge.When using this method,the fill (7620 mm)in all directions until the area is vapor free.All open or drop tube shall remain in place to ensure the vapors are drawn flame and spark-producing equipment within the area shall be from the bottom of the tank. An extension shall be used to dis- shut down. Barricades and warning signs reading FLAM- charge vapors to a minimum of 12 feet (3657.6 mm) above the MABLE—NO SMOKING shall be provided as required by the grade. See Appendix 1,Figure 79-6-1. chief. 2.A diffused air blower shall have the air-diffusing pipe proper- ly bonded to prevent the possibility of static electricity generation 79.602.1.2 Fire extinguishers. Two portable fire extinguishers, and discharge.Fill or drop tubes are allowed to be removed to en- each having a rating not less than 80B:C,shall be provided on the hance diffusion of the air in the tank.Air supply shall be from a site in accordance with UFC Standard 10-1 for extra(high)haz- compressor which has been checked to ensure a clean air supply, ard. free from volatile vapors.Air pressure in the tank shall not exceed 5-pounds-per-square-inch(34.5 kPa)gage. See Appendix I,Fig- 79.602.1.3 Emergency communications. A dependable meth- ure 79-6-2. od,acceptable to the chief,shall be available for notifying the fire department in the event of a fire or other emergency. 3. A fan-type air mover shall be used to blow air into the tank through the fill opening of the tank. The fan shall be driven by 79.602.1.4 Static electricity control. Precautions shall be taken compressed air or a Class I,Group D,Division 1 approved electric to prevent the accumulation and discharge of static electricity.See motor.The fan shall be properly bonded to the tank to prevent the API 2003—March 1982. possibility of static electricity generation and discharge. Fill or drop tubes are allowed to be removed to enhance diffusion of air in 79.602.1.5 Electrical equipment. Electrical equipment used in the tank.The tank vent shall be inspected to make sure it is free of the area shall be explosion proof, meeting the requirements of all obstructions. Air pressure in the tank shall not exceed Class I, Group D,Division 1,or approved for the service. 5-pounds-per-square-inch(34.5 kPa)gage. See Appendix I,Fig- ure 79-6-3. 79.602.2 Preparation for Opening the Tank. 79.602.5 Testing Flammable Vapor Concentrations. Tests , 79.602.2.1 Tank isolation. Before work on the exterior surface shall be conducted to determine flammability of the vapor in the of the tank begins,tanks shall be inspected to determine how the excavated area and in the tank. Such tests shall be made with a tank is to be isolated.If a tank is equipped with a manifold vent,fill combustible gas indicator,which is properly calibrated on hexane line or syphon assembly,necessary measures shall be taken to iso- in air and thoroughly checked and maintained in accordance with late the tank to be worked on from other tanks.Product and vapor- manufacturer's instructions.Persons responsible for testing shall recovery piping shall be disconnected and blanked off.The vent be trained and thoroughly familiar with the use of the instrument for the tank being lined shall be isolated from vents for other tanks and interpretation of the instrument's readings. which could still be in service.When necessary,a temporary,sep- When purging is being performed by a diffused air blower or fan arate vent for the tank being lined shall be installed. air blower,the tank shall be tested by placing the combustible gas 2-374 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-6 indicator probe into the fill opening with the fill or drop tube re- SECTION 79.603—TANK INSPECTION, moved.Readings shall be taken at the bottom, middle and upper PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATION portions of the tank,and the instrument shall be purged with fresh 79.603.1 Abrasive Blasting. air after each reading. When purging is being performed by an eductor-type air mover, readings shall be conducted through a 79.603.1.1 Precautions. Abrasive blasting personnel shall be probe hole provided at the base of the eductor. See Appendix I, familiar with ignition hazards and necessary precautions.See API Figure 79-6-1.Readings of 10 percent or less of the lower flam- Publication 2027—December 1982. mable limit,as indicated in the tank and at the vent riser or eductor, Before abrasive blasting, the tank shall be checked with the shall be obtained before the tank is considered safe for opening. combustible gas indicator to ensure that flammable vapors have 79.602.E Opening the Tank. not entered the tank. Abrasive blast cleaning operations shall not be conducted on 79.602.6.1 Steel tank. If no access opening exists in a tank,an surfaces that will be wet after blasting and before application of opening with the minimum dimension of 24 inches by 30 inches the lining material,when the surface is less than 5°F(2.8°C)above (609.6 mm by 762.0 mm)shall be cut in the top.The tank section the dewpoint or when the relative humidity of the air is greater to be removed shall be marked square with chalk, and a hole than 85 percent. drilled with a nonsparking drill,such as an air-driven drill,at one Abrasive blast operators shall wear approved helmets con- corner of the section using lubricating oil to reduce friction,heat nected to sources of clean air.Bonding shall be provided between and possible sparks.After the hole is drilled,the tank vapors shall the blasting nozzle and the work surface, or the blasting nozzle again be tested by inserting the meter probe into the hole to verify shall be grounded to provide equivalent protection from static that the vapor concentration does not exceed 10 percent of the charges. lower flammable limit. Separators and traps shall be used to remove oil and water from The tank shall be cut using a nonsparking tool, such as an compressed air utilized to operate blasting equipment. air-driven saber saw or a snipper,using lubricating oil to reduce 79.603.1.2 Preliminary inspection. A visual inspection and friction, heat and possible sparks.Prior to the final cut,the plate assessment of the tank's condition shall be conducted prior to shall be supported to prevent it from falling into the tank. sandblasting to determine if the tank will satisfy the criteria for ac- ceptance. 79.602.6.2 Purging safety. Purging, air ventilation and testing 79.603.1.3 Steel tanks. The entire internal tank surface shall be shall continue throughout the entire operation. During the abrasive blasted to a white-metal finish,completely free of scale, tank-cutting operation, minimal air pressure shall be maintained rust and foreign matter.See SSPC SP 5,White Metal Blast Clean- to prevent a blow out. ing-1985. 79.602.7 Tank Entry. Following completion of the abrasive blasting operation, the surface shall be brushed with a clean brush constructed of hair 79.602.7.1 Pre-entry procedures. When entering tanks, safe bristle or fiber,blown with compressed air and vacuum cleaned. entry procedures shall be followed. See API Publications 79.603.2 Tank Inspection and Testing. 2015—September 1985 and 2015A—June 1982.Procedures shall 79.603.2.1 Qualifications. Openings are allowed to be cut in include checking the oxygen content inside the tank with a proper- tanks for entry for inspection purposes. ly calibrated oxygen monitor.At all times,personnel entering the tank shall be equipped with positive-pressure air-supplied equip- 79.603.2.2 Equipment. During tank inspection,the entire inter- ment with full-face enclosure and safety harness connected to a nal surface of the tank shall be visually inspected using a light fix- safety line held by a standby person outside the tank. A self- ture and cords, if required, approved for Class I, Group D, contained breathing apparatus shall be immediately available to Division 1 hazardous locations. the standby person for rescue operations or other emergencies. 79.603.2.3 Steel tanks. The visual inspection of steel tanks shall Oil- and water-resistant rubber or neoprene boots and gloves determine the existence and extent of defects such as pitting,per- shall be worn.Clothing shall cover the arms,legs,torso and head forations, split seams, internal corrosion and evidence of shell of the tank entry personnel. Disposable clothing, impervious to metal thickness.Shell metal thickness shall be determined by one product, shall be used.Clothing saturated with product shall be re- of the following test methods: moved immediately. Personnel working inside the tank shall be 1. Ultrasonic technique,nondestructive test method. knowledgeable of safety requirements for working in tanks and 2. Other approved test methods. confined spaces. See ANSI Z117.1-1977. 79.603.2.4 Ultrasonic thickness gaging. Ultrasonic thickness 79.602.7.2 Post-entry procedures. Tests with the combustible gaging procedures, when used, shall establish that the average gas indicator shall be performed periodically in the tank to ascer- shell metal thickness is greater than 75 percent of the original shell tain that the tank vapors are 10 percent or less of lower flammable thickness. In no case shall the shell thickness be less than 1/8 inch limit. During sludge removal, monitoring shall be continuous. (3.2 mm). The vent line shall remain clear and unobstructed to allow contin- Ultrasonic thickness gaging qualifications,procedures,reports uous ventilation.All other lines and openings shall be plugged or and acceptance standards shall be approved. See Appendix II. capped off to ensure no liquids or vapors can enter the tank during the lining operation. SECTION 79.604—APPLICATION OF LINING AND TANK CLOSING 79.602.8 Sludge Removal. Sludge accumulation on the bottom 79.604.1 Application of Lining. of the tank shall be removed and placed in approved containers. Disposal and documentation shall be in accordance with appropri- 79.604.1.1 General. Personnel safety and clothing shall comply ate local,state and federal regulations. with the requirements of Sections 79.602.1 and 79.602.7. 2-375 STANDARD 79-6 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 79.604.1.2 Steel tanks. Prior to application of lining material,a tible liquids or vapors prior to conducting pressure tightness tests minimum 1/4-inch-thick(6.4 mm)steel reinforcing plate,rolled to of pipes. the contour of the tank,and with minimum dimensions of 8 inches by 8 inches(203.2 mm by 203.2 mm)shall be installed under the 79.604.2.3 Remedial action. Test failures shall require correc- fill or drop tube and the gaging tube.The plate shall be covered tion and retesting until test specifications are met. with fiberglass cloth embedded in resin. 79.604.3 Tank Closure. If an opening has been cut, the tank The blast-cleaned surface shall be lined or primed within eight shall be sealed as follows: hours after blasting and before any visible rusting occurs. Only 1.A 1/4-inch-thick-minimum(6.4 mm)steel cover plate,but not those lining materials meeting the specifications in Section less in thickness than the original size plate,rolled to the contour 79.601.5 shall be used. Manufacturer's instructions shall be fol- of the tank,shall be made to overlap the hole at least 2 inches(50.8 lowed on handling and mixing of resin compounds,and the com- mm)on each side.The cover shall be welded to the tank or sealed pounds shall be applied to the entire interior surface of the tank by in accordance with this section. the manufacturer or authorized distributor following the specified method of application.The lining shall be applied to a minimum 2. The cover shall be used as a template to locate 3/4-inch- thickness of 100 mils(2.54 mm)and a nominal thickness of 125 diameter(19.0 mm)holes not exceeding 5-inch(127.0 mm)cen- mils(3.2 mm)at the recommended application temperature. If a ters, 1 inch(25.4 mm)from the edge of the cover and tank opening. heater is used to accelerate the curing process, other work that 3.The cover plate and the tank shell exterior which will be un- might release flammable vapors in the work area shall be discon- der the cover plate shall be abrasive blasted to white metal on both tinued.The heating unit shall be attended whenever it is in opera- sides, and the entire inside cover surface shall be coated with a tion. gasket of interior lining material. 79.604.2 Post-lining Testing. 4.Before the gasket material on the cover cures,the cover shall be fastened to the tank using minimum 3/8-inch-diameter (9.5 79.604.2.1 Steel tanks. Upon completion of lining application, mm)by minimum 11/z-inch-long(38.1 mm)bolts,with washers the following tests shall be performed: sized to span the 3/4-inch(19.0 mm)holes in the cover plate. 1.A high-voltage electrical inspection,Holiday Tightness Test, When not using self-tapping bolts, the bolt shafts shall be shall be performed using a Tinker Rasor Holiday Detector Model placed through the holes from inside of the tank and held in place AP/W output power voltage pac 6,000 volt/1,600 volt 15-inch by spring clips,then fastened with washers and nuts.See Appen- (381.0 mm) silicon brush electrode, or other acceptable instru- dix I,Figure 79-6-4. ment to ensure the absence of air pockets or pin holes in the lining material.The test shall be conducted at a rate of 100 volts per mil 5.After being bolted to the tank,the cover plate and surround- (0.025 mm)of nominal lining thickness,but in no case less than ing tank surface shall be lined to a minimum distance of 4 inches 10,000 volts. See NACE Standard RP-02-74. (101.6 mm)on all sides of the cover plate and allowed to cure. 2.A lining thickness test shall be performed using an Elcometer 6. A high-voltage electrical inspection Holiday Test shall be thickness gage or other acceptable instrument to determine that performed on the cover plate in accordance with Section 79.604.2. the lining thickness meets the above requirements. 7.The cover plate seal shall be tightness tested by performing an 3. A lining hardness test shall be performed using a Barcol air-pressure test of the tank at no less than 3-pounds-per- Hardness Tester GYZJ 935 or other acceptable instrument to de- square-inch (20.7 kPa)gage and applying a soap solution to the termine that the lining hardness meets the manufacturer's specifi- cover and inspecting for bubbles. The test shall be performed cations. while the tank is free of petroleum product liquid and prior to cov- 79.604.2.2 Pipe testing. Prior to closing a tank,pressure tight- ering the entry area with backfill and paving. ness tests of the piping are allowed to be conducted from the interi- 79.604.4 Final Test. Lined tanks shall be tested as specified in or of the tank in accordance with Uniform Fire Code Section 7901 Uniform Fire Code Section 7902 as required for underground in lieu of conducting pipe line tests from the exterior after the tank tanks.Certification of tank tightness shall be provided by the tank has been closed.Piping shall be free of flammable and combus- owner. 2-376 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-6 APPENDIX I FIGURES MAKEUP AIR 12 FT. (3657.6 mm) EDUCTOR GRADE VENT FILL OR DROP AIR FLOW TUBE FIGURE 79-6-1-EDUCTOR-TYPE AIR MOVER 2-377 STANDARD 79-6 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE DIFFUSED AIR BLOWER 1 (SEE DETAIL) GRADE FILL OPENING FILL OR DROP TUBE BRASS PIPE 11/2 IN.(38.1 mm) DIAMETER WITH FOUR ROWS OR 35-1/4 IN. (6.4 mm)HOLES MAX (140 HOLES TOTAL) 5 PSIG (34.5 kPa) AIR FLOW 4 IN.(101.6 mm) PIPE SHALL TOUCH TANK TO FIRST HOLE BOTTOM FOR GROUND QUICK COUPLE HOSE TO AIR COMPRESSOR PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVE WITH GAUGE SHUTOFF GROUND CABLE VALVE (SEE NOTE) TO GROUND GRADE DETAIL NOTE: Ground cable brazed to pipe shall be clamped to fill pipe.Use 12-gage ground wire from fill pipe to water pipe or ground rod. FIGURE 79-6-2—DIFFUSED AIR BLOWER 2-378 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-6 1 FAN-TYPE AIR MOVER VENT GRADE o ?CPO 0 0 0 go. �o Do .0 0 o p O'o o FILL RISER q0 0 0 oe0$o 0000 00 o00 AIR FLOW ol 90 00 .000 00 e O'o o FIGURE 79-6-3—FAN-TYPE AIR MOVER SEE DETAIL ' ": �"' � 4 •"f'`FS�, 'A,P", y - k Y, COATING MATERIAL 11/2IN.x 1/2 IN. (38.1 mm x 12.7 mm)BOLT s NUT AND WASHER , SPRING CLIP SPRING CLIP STEELTANK STEELTANK SHELL SHELL FLAT WASHER COATING ON FLAT WASHER STEEL COVER PLATE TANK BOLTED IN PLACE INTERIOR WITH BOLT IN PLACE PRIOR CROSS SECTION TO COVER INSTALLATION DETAIL FIGURE 79-6-4—INSTALLATION OF TANK COVER PLATE 2-379 STANDARD 79-6 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE APPENDIX II ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAGING PROCEDURE 1. SCOPE 3 feet(914.4 mm by 914.4 mm)shall be measured and treated as additional quadrants. See Figure 79-6-5. Internal inspection and assessment of installed underground stor- age tanks by ultrasonic thickness gaging shall be in accordance Heads. Measurements for tank heads shall divide each head with this appendix.In general,this appendix prescribes personnel into four equal sections by establishing a horizontal and vertical certification requirements,test equipment capability,tank interior diameter line as an axis.Each section shall be divided into 3-foot- surface preparation,gaging procedures,minimum acceptable grid by-3-foot (914.4 mm by 914.4 mm) quadrants beginning at the patterns for ultrasonic thickness gaging,tank inspection report re- axis center point and extending outward on each axis line.Any ad- quirements, and pass and fail criteria. ditional area of the tank head which is less than 3 feet by 3 feet (914.4 mm by 914.4 mm)shall be measured and treated as addi- 2. PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION tional quadrants. See Figure 79-6-6. Personnel performing ultrasonic thickness gaging of installed un- Quadrant Gaging. Thickness gaging measurements shall be derground storage tanks shall be trained and certified in an ap- taken in the center of each quadrant of the tank wall and heads. proved manner.An acceptable level of training and certification is Thickness readings 75 percent or less than the original shell metal Nondestructive Testing,Level I,competence in accordance with thickness shall require further gaging as prescribed for subdivided the guidelines specified by the American Society for Nondestruc- quadrant gaging.Thickness readings greater than 75 percent of the tive Testing,Recommended Practice SNT-TC-lA-1988.Quali- original shell metal thickness shall establish the average measure- fication requirements shall be limited to ultrasonic thickness ment reported for the quadrant.See Figure 79-6-7. gaging. Gaging Quadrant Subdivisions.Quadrants with center gage Qualified personnel shall be responsible for conducting ultra- measurements of 75 percent or less than the original shell metal sonic thickness gaging,data interpretation and evaluation. thickness shall be further divided into nine equal subdivisions,ex- cept for perimeter subdivisions of head quadrants, which are The employer shall establish and maintain a written procedure allowed to be less than equal in size. See Figure 79-6-5.Thickness for administration of training, examination and certification of gaging measurements shall be taken in the center of each subdivi- nondestructive testing personnel. sion. The subdivision thickness readings shall be averaged, and the results shall establish the average measurement reported for 3. EQUIPMENT CAPABILITY SPECIFICATION the quadrant. See Figure 79-6-8. Subdivision thickness readings of less than 50 percent of the original shell metal thickness shall Equipment used for gaging shall meet the following minimum re- require further gaging as prescribed for target areas. See Figure quirements: 79-6-9. Measurement range 0.050 inch to 2 inches Thin Wall Target Area Gaging. Areas where the thickness (1.27 mm to 50.8 mm) gaging measurement is less than 50 percent of the original shell Resolution 0.002 inch(0.05 mm)minimum metal thickness shall each receive eight additional readings made 4. SURFACE PREPARATION at 1.5-inch(38.1 mm)and 3-inch(76.2 mm)radiuses around such identified areas.See Figure 79-6-9.The average of the nine read- After the tank has been emptied,the interior tank surfaces shall be ings shall establish the average measurement reported for the sub- cleaned as required for the use of ultrasonic thickness gaging division. See Figure 79-6-8. equipment. Tank Shell Average.Tank shell average thickness shall be es- 5. GAGING OBJECTIVE tablished from the computations in Figure 79-6-7. The objective of thickness gaging is to ensure the average tank & REPORTS shell thickness is greater than 75 percent of the original shell metal thickness through a series of identified, averaged measurements Thickness gaging readings shall be reported on an ultrasonic of 3-foot-by-3-foot(914.4 mm by 914.4 mm)quadrants; 1-foot- thickness gaging report. See Figures 79-6-7 and 79-6-8. by-l-foot (304.8 mm by 304.8 mm) subdivisions of quadrants; Reports shall be maintained for reference and shall be made perforations; and thin metal target areas. available to the chief.Computer recording,file maintenance and 6. ORIGINAL SHELL METAL THICKNESS reference retrieval are allowed to be used in lieu of the report forms in Figures 79-6-7 and 79-6-8. Original shell metal thickness shall be established by gage mea- surements taken at the tank top access way. 9. PASS/FAIL CRITERIA 7. ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAGING PROCEDURE A tank shall be considered unacceptable for interior lining if the average shell thickness is 75 percent or less than the original shell Control Quadrants. For gaging measurement control, tank metal thickness as computed in Figure 79-6-7,or walls shall be divided into quadrants as follows: Walls.Measurements for tank walls shall be divided into 3-foot If the average of the gage readings of the subdivisions of a quad- by 3-foot (914.4 mm by 914.4 mm) quadrants beginning at the rant is 50 percent or less than the original shell metal thickness as bottom of the end of the tank nearest the fill pipe and extending computed in Figure 79-6-8,or outward around the tank circumference and along the tank length. If the thickness of the shell wall is less than 1/8 inch(3.2 mm)at Any additional area of the tank wall which is less than 3 feet by any point. 2-380 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-6 APPENDIX III REFERENCED STANDARDS The following organizations publish standards referenced here- American Society for Testing and Materials in: 100 Barr Harbor Drive American National Standards Institute,Inc. West Conshohocken,PA 19428 1430 Broadway National Association of Corrosion Engineers New York,NY 10018 1440 South Creek Drive American Petroleum Institute Houston,TX 77084 1220 L. Street,N.W. Washington,DC 20005 Steel Structures Painting Council 4400 5th Avenue American Society for Nondestructive Testing Pittsburgh,PA 15213 1711 Arlingate Lane Post Office Box 28518 Columbus,OH 43228-0518 2-381 STANDARD 79-6 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE • QUADRANT i i TANK ACCESS \ ' ���i • � QUADRANT • . GAUGE POINT i TANK FILL /� \ • I� . TANK SHOWN WITH i END REMOVED � � / • i� / QUADRANT W/SUBDIVISIONS SUBDIVISION GAUGE POINT i 0 OA TANK LENGTH START(SEE FIGURE 79-6-7) ©TANK CIRCUMFERENCE START(SEE FIGURE 79-6-7) FIGURE 79-6-5-TANK WALL DIAGRAM TOP 12 FOOT(3657.6 mm)DIA. QUADRANT LINE 10 FOOT(3048.0 mm)DIA. 7 9 8 7 7 8 9 7 SUBDIVISION LINE 8 FOOT(2438.4 mm)DIA. 5 4 6' 5 4 4 5 ' -6 4 5 6 FOOT(1828.8 mm)DIA. 3 2 1 3- ' 2 1 1 2 ' .3 2 3 QUADRANT LINE 9 $' 7,1 9 ,8 7 7 8 . 9 7 $ 9 SUBDIVISION LINE 6 5 ,'4 6 5 4 4 5 6. 4', 5 6 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 LEFT RIGHT 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 , 6 5 4 6 5 4 4 5 fj' 4, 5 6 9 $, 7 9 8 7 7 8-- 9 7 8 9 14 2 1 3 .2 1 1 2, 3 1' 2 3 3 - 5 4 ti 5 r45 -6 4 5 7 x 9 9 7 BOTTOM FLOOR OF TANK FIGURE 79-6-6-TYPICAL TANK-HEAD DIAGRAM 2-382 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-6 ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAGING REPORT For subdivided quadrants and targets,use Figure 79-6-8 TANK WALLS Tank I.D.No: Station No: Date: 39 36 33 30 t 27 I 24 w Z 21 w w 18 LL 15 U cr U 12 9 f6 O 3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 O --► TANK LENGTH @ FLOOR —► TOTAL Scale:Each square represents a 3-foot-by-3-foot(914.4 mm by 914.4 mm)section of tank wall. TANK DIAMETER TANK LENGTH CYLINDER WALL FILL END TANKHEAD 1 2 Total of gages Total of gages Total No.of Gages — Av.Thk. Total No.of Gages = Av.Thk. OPPOSITE END TANKHEAD TOTAL TANK SHELL AVERAGE 3 4 Total of gages = Av.Thk. Total of gages Av.Thk. Total No.of Gages o Total No.of Gages Av.Thk. /o of x 100= Design Design Thk. Thk. This book is average of blocks 1,2&3 FIGURE 79-6-7—ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAGING REPORT 2-383 STANDARD 79-6 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE TANKHEAD NEAREST TO FILL OPPOSITE END TANKHEAD PIPE VERTICAL VERTICAL AXIS AXIS FOR SUBDIVIDED QUADRANTS AND TARGETS,USE FIGURE 79-6-8 TO DETERMINE VALUES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL AXIS AXIS SCALE:Each square foot represents a 3-foot-by-3-foot(914.4 mm by 914.4 mm)section of tankhead ACCEPT REJECT CERTIFIED INSTALLER CERTIFICATION LEVEL(SEE SECTION 2) DATE FIGURE 79-6-7—ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAGING REPORT—(Continued) 2-384 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-6 ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAGING REPORT FOR SUBDIVIDED QUADRANTS ❑ Perforation []Thin Metal QUADRANT NO. Subquadrant Average SUB-QUADRANT/TARGET#1 Target No. Thickness Location Thickness TL.AVG.THK. Each quadrant which is subdi- vided shall be assigned a number in the order it is identi- fied. Total of gages = Av.Thk. If average of quadrant Transfer the"Summary"Box to Total No.of Gages is 50%or less than the appropriate square on.Fig- Av.Thk. of original shell metal TOTAL x 100= Design n thickness,refer to Ure 79 6-7. Design Thk. Thk. Pass and Fall Crlte- Total of gages — Av. rla. Total No.of Gages Thk. ❑ Perforation ❑Thin Metal ❑ Perforation ❑Thin Metal ❑ Perforation ❑Thin Metal ❑ Perforation ❑Thin Metal SUB-QUADRANT/TARGET#2 SUB-OUADRANT/TARGET#3 SUB-OUADRANTlrARGET#4 SUB-QUADRANT/TARGET#5 Location Thickness Location Thickness Location Thickness Location Thickness = TOTA:L TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL Total of gages Total of gages Total of gages Total of gages Av. = Av. = Av. = Av. Total No.of Gages Thk. Total No.of Gages Thk. Total No.of Gages Thk. Total No.of Gages Thk. ❑ Perforation ❑Thin Metal ❑ Perforation ❑Thin Metal ❑ Perforation ❑Thin Metal ❑ Perforation ❑Thin Metal SUB-QUADRANTlrARGET#6 SUB-OUADRANT/rARGET#7 SUB-QUADRANT/TARGET#8 SUB-OUADRANT/rARGET#9 Location Thickness Location Thickness Location Thickness Location Thickness TOTAL TOTAL F TOTAL TOTAL Total of gages Total of gages Total of gages Total of gages Av. = Av. = Av. = Av. Total No.of Gages Thk. Total No.of Gages Thk. Total No.of Gages Thk. Total No.of Gages Thk. FIGURE 79-6-8—ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAGING REPORT FOR SUBDIVIDED QUADRANTS 2-385 STANDARD 79-6 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 11/2 IN.(38.1 mm)DIA. 7 3 IN.(76.2 mm)DIA. 2 6 5 1 3 8 4 \ I \ \ \ GAGE POINT SUBDIVISION OF QUADRANT FIGURE 79-6-9-THIN-WALL TARGET 2-386 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-7 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 79-7 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTED ABOVEGROUND TANKS Used to Store Motor Vehicle Fuels within the Scope of Appendix 11-17, Uniform Fire Code See Sections 7902.1.8.2.7, 7903.3.3 and Appendix II-F, Uniform Fire Code NOTE: This standard was formerly Uniform Fire Code Standard A-I1-F-1. SECTION 79.701 —SCOPE Schedule 40 iron pipe nipple a minimum of 6 inches(152.4 mm)in exposed length. The pipe diameter shall be consistent with the Aboveground atmospheric motor vehicle fuel storage tanks in- opening but shall not be less than 1 t/2 inches(38.1 mm). tended for use in conjunction with dispensing motor fuels into ve- hicles shall be in accordance with this standard. This standard 79.702.2 Type of Fire Test. includes requirements for test tanks, test tank conditioning, fire testing,postfire testing,physical testing and pass-fail criteria. 79.702.2.1 General. The tests shall be two-hour full-scale tests. Either a pool fire or a furnace test is acceptable as long as the re- This standard also establishes performance criteria for thermal quired heat flux is provided.The temperature of the environment and physical testing of protected aboveground atmospheric motor that generates the heat flux shall be between 1800°F and 2200°F vehicle fuel storage tanks and requires an evaluation of applicable (982.2°C and 1204.4°C)at all times after the first five minutes of environmental exposure factors. the test.The test specimen shall be exposed to heat flux and tem- The purpose of this test is to evaluate protected aboveground perature conditions representative of total engulfment in the lumi- atmospheric motor vehicle fuel storage tanks which are intended nous flame regime of a large free-burning liquid-hydrocarbon- to provide a level of thermal and physical protection similar to that fueled pool fire. achieved with underground tank installations. 79.702.2.2 Tank contents. Test specimens shall be empty dur- ing the two-hour test. SECTION 79.702—TESTING PROCEDURES 79.702.2.3 Furnace test. 79.702.1 Prefire Test Tank Condition and Configuration. 79.702.2.3.1 Heat flux. The furnace shall be capable of main- 79.702.1.1 Size of test tank. When test results are to be applied taining a total heat flux of 65,000 Btu per exposed square feet per to multiple tank sizes,the tank to be tested shall be that tank with hour ± 5,000 Btu per exposed square feet per hour (738 176 the greatest ratio of fire-exposed surface to tank volume.This is kJ/m2h±56 783 kJ/m2h). not necessarily the tank with the smallest capacity.One tank size test shall satisfy the testing need for all similarly designed tanks in 79.702.2.3.2 Furnace curve. The accuracy of the furnace Ion- a product line which have an equal or smaller ratio of fire-exposed trol shall be such that the area under the time-temperature curve, surface area to tank volume. obtained by averaging the results from the furnace probes, is within 7.5 percent of the desired temperature for a two-hour test. 79.702.1.2 Dryness. When the tank protective materials contain moisture such as water,solvents,etc.,the materials shall be condi- 79.702.2.4 Pool fire test. An average total cold wall heat flux of tioned such that the dampest portion of the material has achieved a 50,000 Btu per exposed square feet per hour±2,500 Btu per ex- moisture content corresponding to drying to equilibrium with air posed square feet per hour(567 828 kJ/m2h±28 391 kJ/m2h)av- in the range of 50 percent to 75 percent relative humidity at 73°F± eraged over the duration of the test on all exposed surfaces shall be 5°F(22.8°C±2.8°C). maintained. If samples dried in a heated building do not comply with these 79.702.3 Thermocouples. requirements after a 12-month conditioning period,or if the nature of the construction is such that drying of the sample interior will be 79.702.3.1 Placement. Thermocouples shall be placed uni- prevented by hermetic sealing,these requirements are allowed to formly on the interior surface of the primary tank with no more be waived,and the sample is allowed to be tested in the condition than 9 square feet(0.84 m2)per thermocouple and no less than one in which it then exists. thermocouple per segment and face or end.Thermocouples shall be placed no closer than 12 inches(304.8 mm)to any tank open- 79.702.1.3 Temperature. The ambient air temperature at the ing. beginning of the test shall be within the range of 50°F to 90°F (10.0°C to 32.2°C). 79.702.3.2 Recording. The thermocouple readings shall be re- corded at intervals not to exceed five minutes during the two-hour 79.702.1.4 Materials. The tank and all protective materials fire test. shall be in their normal operating condition. 79.702.4 Fire Test Pass/Fail. A tank shall be considered to be 79.702.1.5 Venting. Venting devices for normal and emergency acceptable under Section 79.702.2,provided that: operation shall be properly installed. 1.The thermocouple readings shall not exceed an average max- 79.702.1.6 Appurtenances and external equipment. Nonfer- imum temperature rise of 260°F(144.4°C), and maximum tem- rous external appurtenances which are intended to be installed in perature of any single thermocouple of 400°F(204.4°C), the tank openings shall be installed during the test to determine the 2.The structural integrity of the primary tank and its supports is potential for such appurtenances to melt and allow an explosive maintained, and condition to occur. Equipment external to the tank not installed during the test shall be represented by an uninsulated capped 3.The required emergency venting remains operational. 2-387 STANDARD 79-7 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 79.702.5 Postfire Testing. of the test tank to perform as intended to meet the requirements of 79.702.5.1 Hose stream test. Immediately after the fire test,the this standard for thermal and physical protection. protected tank shall be subjected to a hose stream test in accord- ance with the procedures established by the Building Code (see SECTION 79.703—REPORTING OF RESULTS UBC Standard 7-1,Section 7.108,for testing of wall assemblies). 79.703.1 Report of Test. The report of the test shall contain the 79.702.5.2 Leakage test. A leakage test shall be conducted on following: each primary tank tested using the production pressure test re- 1. Description of the test tank to include: drawings showing quired in the manufacturer's listing procedure,or a 24-hour leak- structural design, plan, elevation, principle cross-section, and age test shall be conducted on each primary tank tested other sections as needed for clarity. maintaining the tank completely full of water. 2.Location of thermocouples. 79.702.6 Postfire Testing Pass/Fail. The tank shall be consid- 3.General ambient conditions at test time. ered to be acceptable under Section 79.702.5, provided that the primary tank shall remain leak tight. 4.Information on the actual moisture content of the test tank protective material obtained within 72 hours prior to the test. 79.702.7 Physical Testing. 5. Average and individual temperature data measured in the 79.702.7.1 General. This phase of testing is allowed to be con- fire environment. ducted on either a tested tank or a tank not subjected to the tests 6.Visual observation made during the test. described in Section 79.702.2. 7.Photographs of the test tank prior to test,test in progress,and 79.702.7.2 Impact protection. When impact protection is not the test tank exterior—posttest. provided by guard posts,the tank shall be tested for resistance to 8.Performance for the protected tank with respect to damage. heavy vehicle impact by resisting an impact of 12,000 pounds at 10 mph(53 378.6 N at 16.1 km/h)or the equivalent impact energy. 9.Pass/fail criteria results. The load shall be applied over a 1 square foot(0.093 m2)area cen- 10. Results of the evaluation of the environmental exposures tered at a height of 18 inches(457.2 mm)above the grade.The test conducted to assess the ability of the protective characteristics of tank shall be anchored in accordance with the manufacturer's in- the tank to perform as intended to meet the requirements of this structions. standard for thermal and physical protection for the service life of 79.702.7.3 Projectile protection. When a projectile test is the tank. required by the chief,the protected tank shall be tested in accord- 11.Manufacturer's statement on the expected service life of the ance with the requirements for bullet resistance as specified in tank and limitations on the types of climates or environments to UFC Section 7702.3.4.3. which the tank could be exposed during its service life. 79.702.8 Physical Testing Pass/Fail. The tank shall be consid- 79.703.2 Labeling. A protected tank and other tanks in the same ered acceptable under Section 79.702.5,provided that the primary line of tanks manufactured to the specification of the tanks that tank shall remain leak tight. qualify as meeting the performance criterion of this standard are eligible for labeling.Each tank shall be labeled in the factory prior 79.702.9 Climatic/Environmental Testing. The evaluation of to installation.The label shall indicate compliance with this stand- climatic and environmental exposures to which a protected tank and including any limitations.It shall be permanently attached to could be exposed during its anticipated service life shall be made the exterior of the protected tank in a location which is readily vis- of the test tank to assess the ability of the protective characteristics ible after the tank is installed in the field. 2-388 1997 Uniform Fire Code on CD-ROM1997 Volume One of the Uniform Fire Codermis now UNIFORM available on CD-ROM. Fast,accurate and compre- hensive,this convenient format will help you to FIRE M <� 1r • Search any section that contains a certain provision • Cut and paste code provisions into correspondence, reports,etc. ' • Obtain printouts of sections of the code • Obtain a list of pages on which a provision appears Available for Windows 3.1,95 and NT-, This CD does not contain Volume 2 of the UFC. Macintosh;and UNIX To order return the free mail form ICBOAFCI below or call toll-free MEMBERS NONMEMBERS Single-user version $65.00 $81.25 1 -800-284-4406 Item No. 108C97 Prices subject to change. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ORDER FORM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BUILDING OFFICIALS To order,Cell,mail or fax ICBO. 5360 Workman Mill Road•Whittier,California 9 06 01-229 8 When ordering by phone,have your ICBO (800)284-4406•FAX (310)692-3853 membership or credit card number ready. For quantity discounts,call the ICBO Order Department at(800)284-4406. DATE OF ORDER 19 ICBO members may be invoiced for their order. All others,please enclose payment. DESCRIPTION ITEM No. QUANTITY MEMBER PRICE,EACH NONMEMBER PRICE,EACH TOTAL 1997 Uniform Fire Code on CD-ROM I 108C97 $ 65.00 $ 81.25 1997 Uniform Building Code on CD-ROM I 001C97 139.00 173.75 FOR NON PRE-PAID ORDERS/PURCHASE ORDERS ADD$7.50 TO ORDER FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING RESIDENTS OF CALIFORNIA,INDIANA,MISSOURI,TEXAS AND WASHINGTON NEED TO ADD APPLICABLE SALES TAX. 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The 1997 Uniform Building Codel"(UBC) is now available on CD-ROM.Fast accurate and comprehensive,this convenient format 1997 k UNIFORM will help you to 71997LJh, N"Wort)I xi Bt'1LDTNG Coj)L�, 't "00 • Scan chapters that contain a certain 411 provision BuILDING o C S • Cut and paste code provisions into : .CODE correspondence, reports,etc. • Obtain printout of sections of the UBC • Obtain a list of pages on which a provision appears Does not include NFPA Standards This is the fastest and easiest way to find what you are looking for in the 1997 UBC. Available for Windows 3.1,95 and NT, Macintosh;and UNIX Another valuable and innovative code product available only from the International Conference of Building Officials. 1CB0 MEMBERS NONMEMBERS To order, return the free mail form Single-user version $139.00 $173.75 Item No.001 C97 below or call toll-free Prices and availability subject to change. 1-800-284-4406 -------------------------------------------------------------- - ------ NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST-CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO.81 WHITTIER, CA POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY THE ADDRESSEE ATTN:ORDER DEPT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BUILDING OFFICIALS 5360 WORKMAN MILL RD WHITTIER CA 90601-9904 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-1 STORAGE, DISPENSING AND USE OF SILANE AND ITS MIXTURES See Sections 8003.8.1, 8003.8.2 and 8004.1.16, Uniform Fire Code SECTION 80.101 —GENERAL 80.102.1.4 Emergency power. Emergency power shall be pro- 80.101.1 Scope. The storage and use of silane gas and mixtures vided for ventilation systems. with a concentration of silane gas 2 percent or more by volume in 80.102.2 Outdoor Storage. Outdoor storage shall be in accord- excess of the exempt amounts in UFC Section 8001.15 shall be in ance with UFC Section 8003.8.2 and the following: accordance with this standard. 1. Maximum volume of 10,000 cubic feet(283.2 m3)of gas for 80.101.2 Applicability. Uniform Fire Code Article 80 shall each nest. apply in addition to this standard. 2. Storage nests shall be separated by aisles a minimum of 80.101.3 Building Construction. Indoor storage and use of 6 feet(1828.8 mm)in width. silane shall be within a room or building conforming to the Build- 3. Storage shall be located 25 feet(7620.0 mm)or more from ing Code. (See UBC Section 307.) property lines,streets,alleys,public ways,exits to public ways or 80.101.4 Valves. buildings. 4. Storage shall be separated from other hazardous materials in 80.101.4.1 General. Flow control and container, cylinder and accordance with UFC Section 8001.11.8. tank valves shall be in accordance with Section 80.101.4. 5. Security shall be provided in accordance with UFC Section 80.101.4.2 Flow control. Compressed gas containers,cylinders 8001.11.2. and tanks shall be equipped with reduced-flow valves equipped with restrictive-flow orifices not exceeding 0.010 inch (0.254 SECTION 80.103—USE AND DISPENSING mm)in diameter.The presence of the restrictive-flow orifice shall be indicated on the valve and on the container,cylinder or tank by 80.103.1 Indoor Use and Dispensing. means of a label placed at a prominent location by the manufac- 80.103.1.1 General. Indoor use and dispensing shall be in turer. accordance with UFC Sections 8004.1 and 8004.2 and Section EXCEPTIONS: 1. Manufacturing and filling facilities where 80.103.1. silane is produced or mixed and stored prior to sale. 2. Permanently mounted cylinders connected to a manifold, pro- 80.103.1.2 Gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures. When pro- vided that the outlet connection from the manifold is equipped with a vided,gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures shall be installed in restrictive flow orifice. accordance with UFC Sections 8003.3.1.3.2 and 8003.3.1.3.3. 80.101.4.3 Valves. Container,cylinder and tank valves shall be Gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures shall be internally sprin- constructed of stainless steel or other approved materials.Valves klered. The velocity of ventilation across unwelded fittings and shall be equipped with outlet fittings in accordance with nation- connections on the piping system shall not be less than 200 linear ally recognized standards. See Appendix VI-A, Section 4.2.2. feet per minute(1.02 m/s).The average velocity at the face of the access ports or windows in the gas cabinet shall not be less than 200 linear feet per minute(1.02 m/s)with a minimum velocity of SECTION 80.102—STORAGE 150 linear feet per minute(0.76 m/s)at any point of the access port or window. 80.102.1 Indoor Storage. 80.103.1.3 Purge gases. Purging of piping and controls located 80.102.1.1 General. Indoor storage shall be in accordance with in gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures shall only be performed UFC Section 8003.8 and Section 80.102.1. using a dedicated inert gas supply that is designed to prevent silane 80.102.1.2 Fire protection. When automatic fire-extinguishing from entering the inert gas supply.The use of nondedicated sys- systems are required,automatic sprinkler systems shall be used. tems or portions of piping systems is allowed on portions of the venting system that are continuously vented to atmosphere. 80.102.1.3 Gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures. When pro- Devices which could interrupt the continuous flow of purge gas to vided,gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures shall be installed in the atmosphere are prohibited. accordance with UFC Sections 8003.3.1.3.2 and 8003.3.1.3.3. EXCEPTION:Manufacturing and filling facilities where silane is Gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures shall be internally sprin- produced or mixed. klered. The velocity of ventilation across unwelded fittings and 80.103.1.4 Purging operations. Purging operations shall be connections on the piping system shall not be less than 200 linear performed b means ensuring complete purging of the piping and feet per minute(1.02 m/s).The average velocity at the face of the p y g p n g g p p g access ports or windows in the gas cabinet shall not be less than control system before the system is opened to the atmosphere. 200 linear feet per minute(1.02 m/s)with a minimum velocity of 80.103.2 Outdoor Use and Dispensing. The outdoor use and 150 linear feet per minute(0.76 m/s)at any point of the access port dispensing shall be in accordance with UFC Sections 8004.1 and or window. 8004.3 and Section 80.103.1. 2-389 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-2 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-2 INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BULK OXYGEN SYSTEMS See Sections 7401.1, 7501.1 and 8004.1.14, Uniform Fire Code NOTE: This standard was formerly Uniform Fire Code Standard 74-1. The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Bulk 2-1.1 Bulk oxygen storage systems shall be located above- Oxygen Systems on Consumer Sites,NFPA 50-1990,is here- ground out-of-doors,or shall be installed in Type I,Type II,Type by adopted by reference as UFC Standard 80-2. III One-Hour or Type IV buildings which are adequately vented The provisions of this standard shall apply to bulk oxygen systems and used for that purpose exclusively. on consumer premises except when a provision of Uniform Fire 5.Sec.2-2.1.1 is revised as follows: Code, Volume 1 or an amendment specified in Section 80.201 is 2-2.1.1 Not less than I foot(304.8 mm)from buildings of non- applicable, in which case Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 provi- combustible construction,not less than 50 feet(15 240 mm)from sions or the amendment shall take precedence. buildings of combustible construction, and not less than 50 feet Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 50-1990 shall only (15 240 mm)from property lines. be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. 6.Sec.2-2.1.2 is deleted. NFPA 50-1990 is available from the National Fire Protection 7.Sec.2-2.1.13 is deleted. Association, I Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- 8,Sec.3-1.2.1 is revised as follows: setts 02269-9101. 3-1.2.1 Be fabricated from materials meeting the impact test reference requirements in accordance with nationally recognized SECTION 80.201 -AMENDMENTS standards. See Uniform Fire Code Article 90.Containers operat- The Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites,NFPA ing at pressures above 15 psig(103.4 kPa)shall be designed,con- 50-1990, applies to the installation of bulk oxygen systems lo- structed and tested in accordance with the appropriate cated at industrial and institutional sites where the supply to con- requirements in accordance with nationally recognized standards. sumer premises originates outside the consumer premises and is See Uniform Fire Code Article 90.Insulation surrounding the liq- delivered by mobile equipment,except as amended by this part. uid oxygen container shall be noncombustible. This standard does not apply to bulk oxygen storage systems regu- 9.Sec.3-1.3.1 is revised as follows: lated by Uniform Fire Code Articles 49 and 75. 3-1.3.1 Containers shall be designed,constructed and tested in 1.Sec. 1-2.1 is deleted. accordance with nationally recognized standards. See Uniform 2.Secs. 1-2.4 and 1-2.5 are deleted. Fire Code Article 90. 3.Sec. 1-3 is revised by adding and changing the definitions 10. Revise Sec.3-2.2 as follows: as follows: 3-2.2 Material specifications and thickness requirements for AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- piping and tubing shall be in accordance with nationally recog- sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. nized standards. See Uniform Fire Code Article 90. DOT SPECIFICATIONS are the Specifications of the United 11.Sec.3-2.3 is revised as follows: States Department of Transportation as set forth in the Code of 3-2.3 Piping or tubing for operating temperatures below-20°F Federal Regulations. (-28.9°C) shall be fabricated from materials meeting the impact FIRE-RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION is a building which requirements in accordance with nationally recognized standards. complies with the requirements for Type I or Type II fire-resistive, See Uniform Fire Code Article 90. Type II One-hour, Type III One-hour or Type V One-hour con- 12.Sec.3-3.1 is revised as follows: struction in the Building Code. NONCOMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL is as defined in Uniform 3-3. Bulk oxygen storage containers, regardless design pressure, shall be equipped with safety-relief devices in accord- Fire Code Article 2. ance with nationally recognized standards. See Uniform Fire NONCOMBUSTIBLE/LIMITED-COMBUSTIBLE CON- Code Article 90. STRUCTION is a building which complies with the requirements 13.Sec.3-3.3 is revised as follows: for Type I or Type II construction in the Building Code. WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a building which 3-3.3 Bulk oxygen storage containers designed and constructed complies with the requirements for Type III-N,Type IV or Type V in accordance with Section 3-1.2.1 shall be equipped with a safe- construction in the Building Code. ty-relief valve meeting the provisions of nationally recognized standards for safety-relief devices for compressed gas storage The definitions of "approved," "combustible liquid," containers which has been approved. "flammable liquid," "labeled" and "listed" shall be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. 14.Sec. 3-5.9 is revised as follows: 4.Sec.2-1.1 is revised by changing the first sentence as fol- 3-5.9 Electrical wiring shall comply with the Electrical Code. lows: 15.Chapter 5 is deleted. 2-391 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-3 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-3 FLAMMABLE CRYOGENIC FLUID SYSTEMS AT CONSUMER SITES See Section 7501.1, Uniform Fire Code NOTE: This is a new standard. The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Lique- fluid system."The balance of the definition remains as pub- red Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites,NFPA 50B-1994, lished. is hereby adopted by reference as UFC Standard 80-3. The definition of"limited-combustible material"is deleted. The provisions of this standard shall apply to the installation, The definition of "portable containers" is deleted and inspection,maintenance and testing of bulk flammable cryogenic replaced with the definition of"portable tank"as set forth in fluid containers and systems at consumer sites except when a pro- Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. vision of Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 or an amendment speci- 3.Sec.2-1 is revised as follows: fied in Section 80.301 is applicable,in which case Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 provisions or the amendment shall take prece- 2-1 Containers. Flammable cryogenic fluid containers shall dence. comply with the following: Supplemental standards'referenced by NFPA 50B-1994 shall 1. Storage containers shall be designed,constructed and tested only be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. in accordance with nationally recognized standards. See UFC Section 9003, Standard a.5.L NFPA 50B-1994 is available from the National Fire Protection 2.Portable containers shall be designed,constructed and tested Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- in accordance with nationally recognized standards. See UFC setts 02269-9101. Section 9003, Standard u.3.3. 4.Sec.2-2 is revised as follows: Section 80.301 —AMENDMENTS 2-2 Supports. Permanently installed containers shall be pro- The Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer vided with substantial supports of noncombustible material Sites, NFPA 50B-1994, shall apply to the installation of bulk securely anchored on firm foundations constructed of noncom- flammable cryogenic fluid systems located at industrial sites bustible materials.Supports in excess of 18 inches(457.2 mm)in where the supply to consumer premises originates outside the height supporting flammable cryogenic fluid containers shall consumer premises and is delivered by mobile equipment,except have a minimum two-hour fire-resistive rating in accordance with as amended by this part.This standard does not apply to noncryo- nationally recognized standards. See UFC Section 9003, Stand- genic flammable fluid systems regulated by Uniform Fire Code and a.4.16. Articles 49,79 and 80 or to Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG)facili- 5.Sec.2-3 is revised as follows: ties regulated under NFPA 59-A-1994. The term "liquefied hydrogen"as used in Chapters 2 through 9 of the standard shall be 2-3 Marking.Each container shall be legibly marked to indi- replaced with the term "flammable cryogenic fluid" throughout cate"Liquefied(name of gas)—Flammable Gas." unless otherwise indicated. 6.Sec.2-4.1 is revised as follows: 1.Sec. 1-1.1 is deleted. 2-4.1 Stationary flammable cryogenic fluid containers shall be 2.Section 1-3 is revised by adding and changing the defini- equipped with pressure-relief devices sized in accordance with tions as follows: nationally recognized standards. See UFC Section 9003, Stand- ard c.1.5. AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official responsible for the administration and enforcement of this stand- ard. 2-4.2 Portable, flammable cryogenic fluid containers shall be CONTAINER is a cryogenic vessel used for transportation, equipped with pressure-relief devices in accordance with nation- handling or storage. ally recognized standards. See UFC Section 9003,Standard u.3.3. Pressure-relief devices shall be sized in accordance with nation- FLAMMABLE CRYOGENIC FLUID SYSTEM is a sys- ally recognized standards. See UFC Section 9003, Standards tem into which flammable cryogenic fluid is delivered and stored c.1.3 and c.1.4. and from which it is discharged in the liquid or gaseous form to user piping. The system may include stationary or portable con- tainers, pressure regulators, pressure-relief devices, manifolds, 2-5.2 Material specifications and thickness requirements for interconnecting piping,and controls as required.The system orig- piping and tubing shall conform to nationally recognized stand- inates at the storage container fill connection and terminates at the ards and shall be fabricated from materials meeting the impact point where flammable cryogenic fluid at service pressure first test requirements when tested at the minimum operating tempera- enters the user's supply line. ture to which the piping will be subjected in service. See UFC The definitions of "approved," "combustible liquid," Section 9003, Standard a.2.5. "flammable liquid," "labeled," "listed," and "noncombus- 9.Sec.2-5.5 is revised as follows: tible material'shall be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Vol- 2-5.5 Uninsulated piping and equipment o eratin at cryogenic ume 1. p p gp g fluid temperatures below—280°F(-173°C)shall be installed so as The term"liquefied hydrogen system"is deleted from the to prevent contact of liquid air with combustible materials and definition and replaced with the term"flammable cryogenic combustible surfaces located beneath such piping and equip- 2-393 STANDARD 80-3 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE ment. Drip pans installed under uninsulated piping and equip- 16.Sec.4-2.1 is revised as follows: ment shall retain and vaporize condensed liquid air. 4-2.1 Separate buildings containing more that 300 gal(1136 L) 10.Sec.2-7.1 is revised as follows: of flammable cryogenic fluid shall comply with the requirements 2-7.1 After installation, all field-erected piping shall be tested for Type I or Type II construction as specified in the Building and proved gastight at operating pressure and temperature.Test- Code.Explosion control shall be provided in accordance with the ing shall be performed in accordance with nationally recognized Building Code.Doors shall be located in such a manner that they standards. See UFC Section 9003, Standard a.2.5. will be readily accessible to personnel in an emergency. 11.Sec.2-9 is revised by changing the first sentence as fol- 17.Sec.4-2.2 is revised as follows: lows: Electrical wiring and equipment shall comply with this section 4-2.2 Ventilation shall be provided in accordance with UFC and the Electrical Code requirements for Class I locations. Section 8003.1.8. Mechanical ventilation systems shall be installed in accordance with the Mechanical Code.When natural 12.Sec.3-1.1 is revised by changing the second sentence as ventilation is provided it shall comply with the following: follows: Fire apparatus access roadways shall be provided. 1.Inlet openings shall be located near the floor level in exterior walls only.Outlet openings shall be located at the high point of the 13. Sec.3-1.6 is added as follows: room in exterior walls or the roof. 3-1.6 Storage of flammable cryogens in stationary containers is 2.Both the inlet and outlet vent openings shall have a minimum prohibited within the limits established by law as the limits of dis- total area of I square foot per 1,000 cubic feet(1 m2/305 m3)of tricts in which such storage is prohibited. (See sample adoption room volume. ordinance,UFC Section 8.) 14. Table 3-2.2 is revised by deleting and substituting the 3. Discharge from outlet openings shall be directed or con- following items under"Type of Exposure"as follows: ducted to a safe location in accordance with the requirements of I(a).Wall(s)of buildings of Type I or Type II construction adja- the Mechanical Code. cent to the system 18.Sec 4-3.1 is revised by changing the first sentence as fol- 2(b).Wall(s)of buildings of Type III,IV or V construction adja- lows: cent to the system Special rooms shall be located in buildings of Type I or Type II 5. Between stationary flammable cryogenic fluid containers construction as indicated in the Building Code. 6. Flammable gas storage other than the flammable cryogenic 19.Sec.4-3.3 is revised as follows: fluid stored 15.Sec.4-1.2 is revised as follows: 4-3.3 Explosion control shall be provided in accordance with 4-1.2 If walls,roofs,weather shelters or canopies are provided, the Building Code. they shall be constructed of Type I or Type II construction. 20.Chapter 8 is deleted. 2-394 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-4 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-4 INERT CRYOGENIC FLUID SYSTEMS AT CONSUMER SITES See Section 7501.1, Uniform Fire Code NOTE: This is a new standard. This standard,with certain exceptions,is based on the Com- Bulk inert gas systems not in accordance with Section 5.2 shall pressed Gas Association Standard for Bulk Inert Gas Systems be located outdoors.Installation of inert cryogenic fluids shall not at Consumer Sites,CGA P-18-1992. be diked. The location shall not expose the system to electric Part I of this standard contains the exceptions to CGA power lines,craneways,or utility or process piping in any manner 99 Part of which creates a hazard condition. 5. Sec.5.1.1 is revised as follows: Part II of this standard contains CGA P-18-1992 reproduced in 5.1.1 Other Storage Bulk inert gas systems installed out- its entirety with permission of the publisher. doors shall be installed so that liquid leakage and fire-protection © vertically in the margin of Part II indicates there is a water from stored flammable and combustible liquids cannot revision to the provisions within Part I. flow to the bulk inert gas system.When it is necessary to locate a bulk inert gas system at a lower ground level than adjacent flam- Supplemental standards referenced by CGA P-18-1992 shall mable or combustible liquid storage, the flammable or combus- only be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. tible liquids shall be diked or other means provided to divert any leaking flammable or combustible liquid away from the bulk inert Part I gas system. 6.Sec.5.1.2 is revised as follows: SECTION 80.401 —AMENDMENTS 5.1.2 Distance Between Bulk Inert Gas Systems and Expo- The Standard for Bulk Inert Gas Systems at Consumer Sites, sures The minimum distance between the bulk inert gas system CGA P-18-1992, applies to the installation, maintenance and and other exposures will be not less than required by UFC Article use of inert cryogenic fluid systems except as follows: 75. 1.Chapter 2 is revised as follows: 7.Sec.5.1.3 is revised as follows: The provisions of this standard shall apply to the installation, 5.1.3 Pressure-relief devices on containers installed out-of- inspection, maintenance and testing of bulk inert gas containers doors shall be protected against accumulation of ice, snow and and systems at consumer sites,except that when a Uniform Fire freezing moisture from the air. Code,Volume 1 provision or an amendment is specified,the Uni- 8,Sec.5.2.1 is revised as follows: form Fire Code, Volume 1 or amendment provisions specified shall be applicable. The gases might be stored as inert com- 5.2.1 When a bulk inert cryogenic fluid container or inert gas pressed gases or as inert cryogenic fluids in either stationary or storage system is installed in a building,room,courtyard or simi- portable containers. The bulk system terminates at the point lar confined area,the following provisions apply: where gas at service pressure enters the supply line. 9.Sec.5.2.1.1 is revised as follows: 2. Chapter 3 is revised by adding, deleting and changing 5.2.1.1 Connections used for filling and liquid level limit con- definitions as follows: trols shall be installed at an approved location at the exterior of the AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official building.In addition,they shall be in accordance with the follow- responsible for the administration and enforcement of this stand- ing: ard. 1.Filling controls shall be accessible to the delivery vehicle. CONTAINER is a cryogenic vessel used for transportation, 2.Liquid level limit controls and pressure gages on the storage handling or storage. vessel shall either be visible, readable and operable at the delivery NONCOMBUSTIBLE/LIMITED-COMBUSTIBLE point,or duplicate controls shall be provided. CONSTRUCTION is a building which complies with the 3.Filling controls shall be protected from the elements.Provi- requirements for Type I or Type II construction in the Building sions shall be made to prevent the accumulation of ice,snow and Code. freezing moisture from the air. The definition of"cryogenic liquid"is deleted and replaced 4.Filling controls shall be secured against unauthorized access. with the term "cryogenic fluid" as set forth in Uniform Fire 10.Sec.5.2.1.2 is revised as follows: Code, Volume 1. The definitions of "combustible liquid," "fire-resistive 5.2.1.2 When bulk inert gas systems are installed in a building construction,""flammable liquid"and"inert gas"shall be as of other than Type I or II construction, an approved, supervised set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1. smoke-detection system shall be provided in the room or area in which the system is installed. Activation of the smoke-detection The definitions of "commodity specification," "grade," system shall initiate a local alarm and transmit a signal to a "qualified representative," "quality verification level' and constantly attended control station. "should"are deleted. 11.Sec.5.2.1.4 is revised as follows: 3.Chapter 4 is deleted. 5.2.1.4 When bulk inert gas systems are installed in buildings, 4. Sec. 5.1 is revised by changing the first sentence as fol- continuous mechanical ventilation shall be provided in the room lows: or area in which the system is located in accordance with UFC 2-395 STANDARD 80-4 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Section 8003.1.4. Mechanical ventilation systems shall be 23.Sec.7.1.2.2 is revised by changing the second sentence as installed in accordance with the Mechanical Code. follows: 12.Sec.5.2.1.5 is revised as follows: Pressure-relief device discharge lines shall be designed in 5.2.1.5 Indoor storage areas shall be provided with a continu- accordance with nationally recognized standards. See UFC Sec- ous gas-detection system which monitors for an oxygen-deficient tion 9003,Standard a.5.1. atmosphere.The gas-detection system shall initiate a local alarm 24.Sec.7.1.3 is revised by changing the last sentence as fol- and transmit a signal to a constantly attended location.The alarm lows: shall be both visual and audible and shall be designed to provide Vacuum-insulated pipe is allowed for inert cryogenic fluid pip- warning both inside and outside of the storage area. ing installed underground. 13.Sec.5.2.3 is added as follows: 25.Sec.7.1.4 is revised as follows: 5.2.3 Bulk inert cryogenic fluid systems installed indoors shall 7.1.4 Protection Piping passing through walls shall be pro- be provided with a means to control spills to prevent the flow of tested from mechanical damage. liquid into adjoining areas in the building. 26.Sec.7.1.6 is revised as follows: 14.Sec.6.1.2 is revised as follows: 7.1.6 Labeling and Marking Piping systems shall be identi- 6.1.2 Pressure-relief Devices Inert cryogenic fluid contain- fied as required by UFC Article 75. ers and the annular space of insulating containers shall be equipped with pressure-relief devices as required by nationally 27.Sec.7.2.2 is deleted. recognized standards. See UFC Section 9003, Standard c.1.5. 28.Sec.7.2.3 is deleted. 15.Sec.6.1.3 is revised as follows: 29.Sec.7.3.1 is deleted. 6.1.3 Markings Portable containers shall be marked in 30.Sec.7.3.2 is revised by changing the first sentence as fol- accordance with nationally recognized standards. See UFC Sec- lows: tion 9003, Standard c.1.1. Vaporizers shall be anchored to prevent overturning and con- 16.Sec.6.2.1.1 is revised as follows: necting piping shall be designed to allow for expansion and con- 6.2.1.1 Fabricated and tested in accordance with nationally traction due to temperature changes. recognized standards. See UFC Section 9003, Standard a.5.1. 31.Sec.7.3.4 is revised by changing the second sentence as 17.Sec.6.2.1.2 is revised as follows: follows: 6.2.1.2 Designed, constructed, tested and maintained in When electric heat is used, installation shall be in accordance accordance with nationally recognized standards. See UFC Sec- with the Electrical Code. tion 9003, Standard u.3.3. 32.Sec.8.1.1 is deleted. 18.Sec.6.3.1.1 is revised as follows: 33.Sec.8.1.2 is revised by changing the first sentence as fol- 6.3.1.1 Designed, constructed and tested in accordance with lows: nationally recognized standards. See UFC Section 9003, Stand- Joints in piping and tubing shall be made by welding or brazing, and a.5.1. or by the use of flanged, threaded, slip or compression-type fit- 19.Sec.6.3.1.2 is revised as follows: tings. 6.3.1.2 Designed, constructed, tested and maintained in 34.Sec.8.1.4 is deleted. accordance with nationally recognized standards. See UFC Sec- 35.Sec.8.2.2 is deleted. tion 9003, Standard u.3.3. 36.Sec.8.2.3 is deleted. 20.Sec.6.3.1.3 is revised as follows: 37.Sec.8.3.1 is deleted. 6.3.1.3 Markings Portable containers shall be marked in 38.Sec.9 is deleted. accordance with nationally recognized standards. See UFC Sec- tion 9003, Standard c.1.1. Part 11 21.Sec.6.3.2 is revised by changing the second sentence as Reproduced with permission from the Standard for Bulk Inert follows and deleting the third sentence. Gas Systems at Consumer Sites, CGA P-18, copyright 1992, Cylinder valve outlets and manifold or regulator inlet connec- Compressed Gas Association,Inc., 1725 Jefferson Davis High- tions shall conform with nationally recognized standards. See way,Suite 1004,Arlington,Virginia 22202-4100.Persons desir- UFC Section 9003,Standard c.1.6. ing to reprint in whole or part any portion of the Standard for Bulk Inert Gas Systems at Consumer Sites, CGA P-18-1992, must 22.Sec.7.1.1.1 is revised as follows: secure permission from the Compressed Gas Association. The 7.1.1.1 Piping and Tubing Material specifications and thick- following standard is not necessarily the latest revision used by ness requirements for piping and tubing shall conform to nation- CGA.If the reader desires to compare with that version,the same ally recognized standards.See UFC Section 9003,Standard a.2.5. is available from CGA. 2-396 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 4 2. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................. 4 3. DEFINMONS ................................................................................................................... 4 4. GENERAL ........................................................................................................................... 5 4.1 Properties of inert gases ......................................................................................... 5 4.2 Cryogenic inert gases ............................................................................................... 6 4.3 Health hazards ............................................................................................................ 8 5. LOCATION OF BULK INERT GAS SYSTEMS ...................................................... 9 5.1 Outdoors ........................................................................................................................ 9 5.2 Indoors .......................................................................................................................... 9 6. INERT GAS STORAGE CONTAINERS .................................................................... 10 6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 10 6.2 Low pressure ............................................................................................................... 10 6.3 High pressure .............................................................................................................. 10 7. INERT GAS SYSTEM COMPONENTS ..................................................................... 10 7.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 10 7.2 Regulators .................................................................................................................... 11 7.3 Vaporizers ..................................................................................................................... 11 8. SYSTEM ASSEMBLY, INSTALLATION,OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ..................................................................:............................................ 11 8.1 Assembly and installation ...................................................................................... 11 8.2 Operation ...................................................................................................................... 12 8.3 Maintenance ................................................................................................................ 12 9. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 12 Tables 1.Properties of argon, nitrogen, and helium .............................................................. 6 2.Symptoms of oxygen deficiency ................................................................................. 8 2-397 STANDARD 80-4 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 1. INTRODUCTION 3.5 Commodity Specification This publication is one of a series compiled by the A specification for compressed gas or cryogenic Compressed Gas Association, Inc. to satisfy the liquid. demand for information relative to the production, 3.6 Cryogenic Liquid transportation,handling,and storage of compressed gases, cryogenic liquids, and related products. A liquefied gas having a boiling point lower than-130 2. SCOPE OF(-90 °C) at one atmosphere. The purpose of this standard is to provide informa- 3.7 Fire-Resistive Construction tion on installation of industrial bulk inert gas sys- A type of building construction defined in NFPA 220, tems at consumer sites for argon, nitrogen, and Standard on Types of Building Construction [3]. helium service. Large industrial and institutional users of argon, nitrogen, and helium need storage 3.8 Flammable Liquid units on their premises with greater capacity than A liquid having a closed cup flash point below 100 OF that provided by manifolded cylinders. These bulk (37.8°C)and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 lbs/ supply systems are an assembly of storage contain- sq. in. absolute (276 kPa) at 100 OF (37.8 °C). ers, pressure regulators, pressure relief devices, vaporizers, manifolds, and interconnecting piping. 3.9 Grade The inert gases may be stored as gas or liquid in Letter designation for a specification, i.e., Grade A either stationary or portable containers. The bulk helium. system terminates at the point where gas at service pressure enters the supply line. This standard does 3.10 High Pressure not apply to medical bulk inert gas systems or to Pressure higher than 250 psig (1724 kPa). carbon dioxide systems.For information on medical bulk inert gas systems, see Chapter 4 of NFPA-99, 3.11 Inert Gas Standard for Health Care Facilities [I];') informa- Argon, nitrogen and helium. tion on bulk carbon dioxide systems is given in CGA G-6.1, Standard for Low Pressure Carbon Dioxide 3.12 Low Pressure Systems at Consumer Sites [2]. Pressure not exceeding 250 psig (1724 kPa). 3. DEFINITIONS 3.13 Noncombustible/Limited-Combustible For the purposes of this standard, the following Construction definitions apply: A type of building construction as defined in NFPA 3.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction 220,Standard on Types of Building Construction [3]. The organization,office,or individual responsible for 3.14 Noncombustible Material approving equipment,an installation,or a procedure. A material which, in the form in which it is used 3.2 Bulk Systems and under the conditions anticipated,will not ignite, An assembly of equipment,such as storage contain- burn, support combustion, or release flammable ers, pressure regulators, pressure relief devices, vapors when subjected to fire or heat [3]. Materials vaporizers, manifolds, and interconnecting piping, reported as noncombustible, when tested in accor- which has a storage capacity of more than 20,000 scf dance with ASTM E-136, Standard Method of Test (566 m3) of compressed gas, including unconnected forBehaviorofMaterEals in a Vertical Tube Furnace reserves, on site. at 750 °C [4], shall be considered noncombustible 3.3 Combustible Liquid materials. A liquid having a closed cup flash point at or above 3.15 Design Pressure 100 OF (37.8 °C). The maximum gauge pressure that a pressure vessel, 3.4 Combustible material device, component, or system is designed to with- stand safely. A material made or surfaced with wood,compressed 3.16 Operating Pressure paper, plant fibers, plastics or other materials that will ignite or burn. The pressure at which the system normally operates. ')References in this document are shown by bracketed numbers and are listed in the order of appearance in Section 9,References. 2-398 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-4 3.17 Oxygen-Deficient Atmosphere 4.1.1.5 Some of the physical constants of argon Air in which the oxygen concentration by volume is are listed in Table 1 [6]. less than 19.5% or whose oxygen partial pressure is 4.1.2 Nitrogen less than 148 torr(mm Hg). 4.1.2.1 Nitrogen is an element which at atmo- 3.18 Qualified Representative spheric temperatures and pressures exists as a color- One familiar with the gases as well as the construc- less, odorless, tasteless gas.About four-fifths of the tion and operation of the equipment and the hazards atmosphere is nitrogen (78.09% by volume). involved. 4.1.2.2 Nitrogen is non-toxic, non-flammable and, for all practical purposes, chemically inert. It 3.19 Quality Verification Level (QVL) can act as an asphyxiant by displacing the necessary The impurity levels that have to be verified to meet amount of oxygen required to support life. a commodity specification. 4.1.2.3 As a gas at ambient temperature,nitro- 3.20 Shall gen is about 3%lighter than air.It may be liquefied to a colorless liquid which under atmospheric pressure Indicates a mandatory requirement. boils at-320.4 OF (-195.8 °C). As liquid at its normal 3.21 Should boiling point,nitrogen is about 81%as heavy as water. When heated above its critical temperature of Indicates a recommendation which is advised but is -232.5 OF(-147.0°C),nitrogen can exist only as a gas not mandatory. regardless of the pressure. 3.22 Standard Cubic Foot (SCF) 4.1.2.4 Nitrogen is classed according to type A cubic foot of gas measured at 70 OF (21 °C) and and grade(Quality Verification Level).Gaseous nitro- 14.7 psia (101 kPa absolute). gen is designated as Type I and liquefied nitrogen as Type II. The grade (QVL) indicates the maximum 4. GENERAL amount of impurities which may be present.Further details are given in CGA G-10.1,Commodity Specifi- 4.1 Properties of Inert Gases cation for Nitrogen [7]. 4.1.1 Argon 4.1.2.5 Some of the physical constants of nitro- 4.1.1.1 Argon is an element which at atmo- gen are listed in Table 1 [6]. spheric temperatures and pressure exists as a color- 4.1.3 Helium less, odorless, tasteless gas. About 1% of the atmo- 4.1.3.1 Helium is an element which at atmo- sphere is argon (0.93% by volume). spheric temperatures and pressures exists as a color- 4.1.1.2 Argon is non-toxic,non-flammable,and less,odorless,tasteless gas.The principal source of chemically inert. It can act as an asphyxiant by dis- helium is helium-bearing natural gas which is found placing the necessary amount of oxygen required to in certain gas fields in Kansas,Wyoming,Oklahoma, support life. Texas, and New Mexico. Helium is.extracted from 4.1.1.3 As a gas at ambient temperature,argon natural gas from wells containing 0.3-1%helium,but is about 38% heavier than air. It may be liquefied to wells with up to 8% helium have been found. The a colorless liquid which under atmospheric pressure helium content of the atmosphere is 5 ppm.Helium boils at-302.6 OF (-185.9 °C).As liquid at its normal is a depletable natural resource, and it is the only boiling point, argon is 1.39 times as heavy as water. industrial gas that diffuses out of the earth's atmo- When heated above its critical temperature of-188 sphere. OF(-122.3°C),argon can exist only as a gas regardless 4.1.3.2 Helium is non-toxic, non-flammable, of the pressure. and chemically inert. It can act as an asphyxiant 4.1.1.4 Argon is classed according to type and by displacing the necessary amount of oxygen to grade (Quality Verification Level). Gaseous argon is support life. designated as Type I and liquefied argon as Type II. 4.1.3.3 As a gas at ambient temperature,helium The grade (QVL) indicates the maximum amount of is about 86% lighter than air. Helium is the only impurities which may be present.Further details are known substance that will not freeze under its own given in CGA G-11.1, Commodity Specification for vapor pressure. It has no triple point, existing only Argon [5]. as a liquid under its vapor pressure to a temperature 2-399 STANDARD 80-4 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 1. Physical Constants of Inert Gases Argon Nitrogen Helium Chemical Formula Ar N2 He Vol. % in air 0.93 78.03 .0005 Gas Properties Density lb/ft3, 70 °F, 1 atm 0.1034 0.0725 0.0103 Density kg/m3, 15 °C, 1 atm 1.65 1.153 0.165 Ratio gas/air density 1.38 0.97 0.138 Ratio of vapor density at normal 4.7 3.8 1.4 boiling point to that of air at 70 °F and 1 atm. Liquid Properties Normal boiling point, °F —302.6 —320.4 —452.1 Normal boiling point, °C —185.9 —195.8 —268.9 Volume Expansion Ratio- 841.2 696.5 754.2 Liquid at normal boiling point to gas at 70 OF and 1 atm of absolute zero.Helium can be liquefied to a color- 4.2.1.2 Because of the extremely low tempera- less liquid with a boiling point of 452.1 OF(-268.9°C). tures of cryogenic inert gases,the physical properties As liquid at its normal boiling point,helium is about of materials with which they come in contact are apt 12%as heavy as water.When heated above its critical to be greatly altered. Metals used for liquefied inert temperature of 4502 OF(-267.9°C),helium can exist gas equipment must have satisfactory physical prop- only as a gas regardless of the pressure. erties at the operating temperature.Ordinary carbon 4.1.3.4 Helium is classed according to type and steels lose ductility at cryogenic temperatures and grade(Quality Verification Level).Gaseous helium is are considered unsafe for this service.Some suitable designated as Type I and liquefied helium as Type II. materials are austenitic chromium-nickel steels,cop- The grade(QVL)indicates the maximum amount of per, copper-silicon alloys, aluminum, monel, and impurities which may be present.Further details are some brasses and bronzes. Material selection must given in CGA G-9.1, Commodity Specification for be carefully considered wherever cryogenic inert Helium [8]. gases are handled.See CGA P-12,Safe Handling of 4.1.3.5 Some of the physical constants of Cryogenic Liquids [11]. helium are listed in Table 1 [6]. 4.2.1.3 Because of their extremely low temper- 4.2 Cryogenic Inert Gases atures,cryogenic inert gases should never be allowed to come into contact with the skin or with clothing. 4.2.1 Storage, Handling, and Use Contact can cause frostbite, an effect on the skin 4.2.1.1 Any area in which a liquefied inert gas similar to that of a burn. Skin damage can also be is used or stored should be properly ventilated.Never caused by contact with the cold surfaces of an unin- dispose of a liquefied inert gas in an indoor work or sulated pipe or vessel.Full face shields, gloves, storage area. Personnel working in an area where and aprons should be worn when handling the air has become enriched with argon,nitrogen,or cryogenic liquids. Leather gloves loose enough to helium can become unconscious without warning. permit quick removal are recommended. High-top See CGA P-14,Accident Prevention in Oxygen-Rich safety shoes with cuffless trousers worn outside the and Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres [9], and CGA shoes are desirable. Any clothing that is splashed SB-15,Avoiding Hazards in Confined Work Spaces with cryogenic liquid should be immediately During Maintenance, Construction, and Similar removed.If liquid does contact the skin,immediately Activities[10].Remove the victim to fresh air.When flood the skin area with large quantities of unheated necessary, artificial respiration should be adminis- water.If the skin has been blistered or the eyes have tered and a physician summoned. been affected, obtain medical treatment promptly. 2-400 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-4 �i 4.2.1.4 Removal of cold gas from large vessels liquefied inert gas at extremely low temperature is and deep pits can be difficult due to the relatively hazardous.There is a violent generation of cold gas high density of the gas compared to air. Air intro- and there is likely to be considerable splashing of duced into the bottom of such spaces tends to diffuse liquid. Personnel doing this work should be up through the dense gas without displacing it, and instructed on the hazards and should always wear a purging is liable to take much longer that expected. full face shield and appropriate protective clothing. It may be more effective to exhaust the gas from the bottom of the vessel or pit.Verify that the oxygen 4.2.1.11 All piping systems or vessels in which concentration is above 19.5% before entering liquefied inert gases may be trapped between closed and during activity in the vessel or pit. See valves shall be equipped with pressure relief devices. 4.3.1.3. In cases where liquefied inert gas may be trapped in any valve cavity,means of venting must be provided. 4.2.1.5 Although inert gases are used mostly in 4.2.1.12 All marking, labeling and placarding gaseous form,large amounts are shipped as liquid to must be done in accordance with applicable laws, minimize distribution costs.One cubic foot of liquid regulations, and nationally recognized standards. ar on (28.32 1) is the equivalent of 841.2 scf (23.8 m�) of gaseous argon; the corresponding figure for The product shipping name and product identifica- nitrogen is 696.5 scf(19.7 m3),and for helium, 754.2 tion number must be stencilled on the container or scf(21.4 m3).At the point of utilization,the liquid may appear on a label, in addition to the non-flammable be transferred into a storage unit on the premises and gas diamond label.See CGA C-7,Guide to the Prepa- subsequently converted to gas for use, or it may be ration of Precautionary Labeling and Marking of converted into gaseous form before storage. Compressed Gas Containers[12].If a cylinder is not labeled,return it to the supplier unused.If a regulator 4.2.1.6 Cryogenic liquids are stored and with the correct CGA connection does not fit the shipped in specially designed,well-insulated contain- cylinder valve outlet connection,return the container ers which maintain the pressure of the vapor above to the supplier.Adapters shall not be used. the liquid at atmospheric or a low positive pressure. 4.2.2 Inert Gas Piping and Manifold Systems The temperature of the liquid will remain at or near its normal boiling point and any heat leak into the 4.2.2.1 Piping and manifold systems for inert container will not alter the temperature if the con- gases should be designed in accordance with applica- tainer is vented to permit vaporized product to ble state,provincial or municipal codes and installed escape. under the supervision of a qualified representative. 4.2.1.7 Never attempt to transfer liquefied inert Consultation with gas suppliers is recommended. gas into a container or vessel that was not specifically 4.2.2.2 Piping systems and accessories used in designed for cryogenic liquid service. Containers liquid transfer operations must be fabricated from used in shipment,storage,and transfer of cryogenic materials suitable for inert gas service at the temper- liquids are fabricated from materials that are able to atures and pressures involved (i.e., copper, alumi- withstand impact shock at low temperatures as well num, brass, and stainless steel). as to sustain the thermal stresses created by extreme temperature changes during the cool-down period. 4.2.2.3 Design of low temperature piping must consider the contraction stresses which occur during 4.2.1.8 Cryogenic containers shall be provided system cool down.Another consideration is preven- with pressure relief devices to ensure that the maxi- tion of freezing of valve packing. Frozen packing mum design pressure of the container is not can leak and can also prevent valve operation.This exceeded.Portable containers such as small dewars problem can be minimized by the use of extended- or flasks shall be vented to the atmosphere,and the stem valves installed with the stem at an angle above vents should be inspected periodically to make sure the horizontal. the vent port has not become obstructed by ice.Small cryogenic containers should be loosely covered to 4.2.2.4 Pressure relief devices should be prevent condensation and freezing of atmospheric installed at every point in the system where liquid moisture by the cold liquid which could obstruct or can become trapped. Piping between two shut-off plug the container outlet. valves or between a shut-off valve and a regulator or 4.2.1.9 Cryogenic inert gas liquids in containers check valve are examples of locations where liquid should be handled or used only by trained personnel. may be trapped and will vaporize. Unless relieved, the resulting pressure increase could rupture the sys- 4.2.1.10 Introduction of a substance which is tem.A pressure relief device shall be installed with at room temperature,such as a transfer tube, into a a thermal extension if moisture from the air may 2-401 STANDARD 80-4 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE condense and freeze on the device and interfere with frostbite on skin and exposed eye tissue. When its operation. spilled,they tend to cover a surface completely,cool- 4.3 Health Hazards ing a large area.The vapor from these liquids is also extremely cold.Delicate tissues,such as those of the 4.3.1 Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres eyes, can be damaged by exposure to these cold 4.3.1.1 Hazards gases, even when the contact is too brief to affect the skin of the hands or face. Inert gases can displace oxygen in the air treat- 4.3.2.2 Boiling and Splashing ing an oxygen-deficient atmosphere which is a seri- ous hazard to life.Depending on the degree of oxygen Stand clear of boiling or splashing cryogenic liquid deficiency, the effects on humans can vary from and its vapors. Boiling and splashing always occur physiological changes to acute illness or even death when filling a warm container, or when inserting by asphyxiation. warm objects into a cryogenic liquid. Use tongs to introduce or withdraw objects immersed in a cryo- 4.3.1.2 Exposure to atmospheres containing genic liquid.Always perform these operations slowly 12%or less oxygen will bring about unconsciousness to minimize boiling and splashing. If liquid or cold without warning and so quickly that the individual vapor contacts the skin or eyes, follow the first aid cannot help or protect himself.See Table 2 for symp- recommendations in 4.3.3. toms of oxygen deficiency. 4.3.2.3 Flesh Tearing 4.3.1.3 Before any person enters a space where Never allow any unprotected part of the body to there is any possibility that the atmosphere may be touch uninsulated pipes or vessels which contain oxygen deficient, the atmosphere shall be analyzed cryogenic fluids.The extremely cold metal will cause for oxygen content with a calibrated,reliable, accu- the flesh to stick fast and tear when one attempts to rate analyzer.Entrance without a supplied air breath- withdraw from it. Even nonmetallic materials are ing system is permissible only if the oxygen concen- dangerous to touch at low temperatures. tration by volume is above 19.5% upon entry and remains above this level during occupancy of the 4.3.3 First Aid for Cold-Contact Burns confined area [10]. 4.3.3.1 In the event of contact with a liquid or 4.3.2 Personnel Contact cold gas,a cold-contact"burn"may occur.Actually, the skin or eye tissue freezes.Recommended emer- 4.3.2.1 Skin or Eye Frostbite gency treatment for a cold-contact burn is as follows: Always handle cryogenic liquids carefully. At 4.3.3.1.1 Remove any clothing that may restrict their extremely low temperatures,they can produce circulation to the frozen area. Do not rub frozen Table 2. Symptoms of Oxygen Deficiency Humans vary considerably in their reactions to an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. It is, therefore,not possible to predict exactly how people will react.A general indication of what is liable to happen is given,but it should be understood that individual reactions may be different from those listed. ,Oxygen Content Effects and Symptoms ('16 by volume) (at atmospheric pressure) 15-19% Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair coordination and may induce early symptoms in persons with coronary,pulmonary, or circulatory problems. 12-15% Respiration increased in exertion, pulse up, impaired coordination,perception, and judge- ment. 10-12%2) Respiration further increases in rate and depth; poor judgement; lips blue. 8-10% Mental failure;fainting,unconsciousness;ashen face;blueness of lips;nausea,and vomiting. 6-8% 8 minutes, 100% fatal; 6 minutes, 50% fatal;4-5 minutes, recovery with treatment. 4-6% Coma in 40 seconds; convulsions; respiration ceases, death. z)Exposure to atmosphere containing 12% or less oxygen will bring about unconsciousness without warning, and so quickly that the individual cannot help or protect himself. 2-402 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-4 parts, as tissue damage may result. Obtain medical ground level than adjacent flammable or combustible assistance as soon as possible. liquid storage, dikes, diversion curbs, or grading 4.3.3.1.2 As soon as practical, immerse the should be used to divert any leaking flammable or affected part of the body in a warm water bath which combustible liquid away from the bulk inert gas has a temperature not exceeding 105 T (40 °C). system. Never use dry heat. The victim should also be in a 5.1.2 Distance Between Bulk Inert Gas warm room. Systems and Exposures 4.3.3.1.3 If there has been massive exposure The minimum distance between the bulk inert gas so that the general body temperature is depressed, system and other exposures will be determined by prompt medical attention is imperative.If immediate applicable federal, provincial, state and municipal medical assistance is unavailable,the patient may be regulations and good engineering practice. rewarmed by immersion in 105°F(40°C)water.It is likely the patient will lapse into shock and standard 5.1.3 Containers in outdoor service must have valves and pressure relief devices protected against treatment for this condition should be administered. accumulation of ice, snow and to freezing moisture 4.3.3.1.4 Frozen tissues are painless and from the air. appear waxy with a possible yellow color. They become swollen,painful, and prone to infection 5.2 Indoors when thawed. Do not rewarm rapidly under any cir- 5.2.1 When a bulk container or inert gas storage cumstances. Thawing may require from 15 to 60 system is installed in a building,room,courtyard,or minutes and should be continued until the pale tint any confined area without adequate ventilation or of the skin turns pink or red. Medication may be access, the following additional provisions apply: required to control the pain during thawing and should be administered under professional medical 5.2.1.1 Fill connections and full trycock lines supervision. shall be extended to the outside and be accessible for 4.3.3.1.5 If the frozen area has thawed by the the delivery vehicle. If the liquid level and pressure time medical attention has been obtained,cover the gauges are not visible at the delivery point,duplicate area with a dry sterile dressing and with a large bulky gauges shall be installed at the filling connection to protective covering. enable the driver to fill the storage container and maintain the required pressure in the container.Out- 4.3.3.1.6 Alcoholic beverages and smoking side fittings and gauges at the filling location should decrease blood flow to the frozen tissues and should be protected from the elements and from access by not be used.Warm drinks and food may be given to unauthorized personnel. All pressure relief devices a conscious victim. and vents shall be piped to discharge outside in a 5. LOCATION OF BULK INERT GAS safe direction and configured so that rain or snow SYSTEMS cannot enter the discharge line.Discharge lines from pressure relief devices shall be designed in accor- 5.1 Outdoors dance with Section M-8 of the ASME Code [131. Bulk inert gas systems should preferably be located 5.2.1.2 When a bulk inert gas storage system outdoors and above-ground and not diked.The loca- container is installed in a building constructed of tion should not expose the system to electric power combustible materials,or close to combustible mate- lines, craneways, or utility or process piping in any rials or sources of heat that could endanger the integ- manner which could create a hazard. The location rity of the storage container, a heat and/or smoke shall be accessible to mobile supply equipment and detection system shall be installed in the building, be provided with adequate foundations, supports, room,or enclosure containing the storage container. lighting, vehicle protection and identification signs. When the temperature reaches 120 °F (48.9 °C), or Access shall be restricted to authorized personnel. when smoke is present, the system shall sound an 5.1.1 Other Storage audible alarm and/or activate warning lights at a con- When locating bulk inert gas systems near above- tinuously manned station. ground flammable or combustible liquid storage 5.2.1.3 Warning signs shall be posted at each which may be either indoors or outdoors,it is advis- entrance to the building, room, enclosure, or con- able to locate the system on ground higher than the fined space where the bulk inert gas system is flammable or combustible liquid storage. When it is installed. Wording for such signs shall include, as a necessary to locate a bulk inert gas system at a lower minimum, the following: 2-403 STANDARD 804 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE WARNING—(Name of Gas) 6.2.1.1 Fabricated from materials meeting the HIGH CONCENTRATION OF GAS MAY OCCUR impact test requirements of Paragraph UG-84 of the IN THIS AREA ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section AND MAY CAUSE ASPHYXIATION. VIII—Unfired Pressure Vessels [13]. Containers VERIFY THAT OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IS operating at pressures above 15 psig(103 kPa) shall ABOVE 19.5% BEFORE ENTERING be designed, constructed and tested in accordance AND DURING ACTIVITY IN THIS AREA. with appropriate requirements of the ASME Code. 5.2.1.4 Adequate ventilation is to be provided The container insulation shall be of noncombustible when bulk inert gas systems are installed in court- material in accordance with ASME E-84 [15]. yards and similar enclosed areas, and such areas 6.2.1.2 Designed,constructed,tested and main- shall be clearly posted,with a warning as recom- tained in accordance with U.S.Department of Trans- mended in paragraph. portation [16], Transport Canada [17], or Canadian Transport Commission [18] specifications and regu- 5.2.1.5 Storage areas where an accumulation lations. of inert gas could occur should be continuously mon- itored with an appropriate alarm system to indicate 6.3 High Pressure Containers an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. 6.3.1 Requirements 5.2.2 Portable containers in service inside a build- High pressure inert gas containers shall be either: ing shall be located a minimum of 20 ft(6.1 m)from 6.3.1.1 Designed, constructed, and tested in highly combustible materials and where they are not accordance with appropriate requirements of the liable to be exposed to temperatures in excess of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section 125°F(51.7°C),physical damage,or access by unau- VIII—Unfired Pressure Vessels, and the authority thorized personnel. Empty containers shall have having jurisdiction, or, E, their valves closed to prevent contamination. 6.3.1.2 Designed, constructed, tested, and 6. INERT GAS STORAGE CONTAINERS maintained in accordance with the U.S.Department 6.1 General of Transportation specifications and regulations[16] or Transport Canada specifications and regulations 6.1.1 Foundations and Supports which refer to CAN/CSA B 339 [17], and CAN/CSA Permanently installed containers shall be provided B 340 [18]. with substantial supports of non-combustible mate- 6.3.1.3 Markings rial and foundations of non-combustible materials. Each portable container shall be marked in 6.1.2 Pressure Relief Devices accordance with CGA C-7,Guide to the Preparation of Precautionary Labeling and Marking of Com- Every inert gas storage container shall be equipped pressed Gas Containers [12], and the requirements with the pressure relief devices required by the speci- of the authority having jurisdiction. fications to which the container was fabricated.The 6.3.2 Manifolds sizing of pressure relief devices for storage contain- ers shall be in accordance with CGA S-1.3,Pressure Manifolds shall be designed and constructed of Relief Device Standards Part 3 -Compressed Gas materials suitable for the specific inert gas and the Storage Containers [14], and the requirements of pressures involved.Cylinder valve outlets and mani- the authority having jurisdiction must be met. The fold or regulator inlet connections shall conform annular space of liquid containers shall be equipped with the ANSI/CSA/CGA V-1, Standards for Com- with suitable pressure relief devices. pressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connec- tions [19]. It is advisable to obtain manifolds from 6.1.3 Markings and install them under the supervision of a manufac- Each portable container shall be marked in accor- turer or supplier familiar with proper practices for dance with CGA C-7, Guide to Preparation of Pre- their construction and use.High pressure manifolds cautionary Labeling and Marking of Compressed shall be located in a secure area. Gas Containers [12], and the requirements of the 7. INERT GAS SYSTEM COMPONENTS authority having jurisdiction. 7.1 General 6.2 Low Pressure Containers 7.1.1 Piping, Tubing and Fittings 6.2.1 Requirements Piping,tubing,and fittings shall be suitable for the Low pressure inert gas storage containers shall be specific gas service and the pressures and tempera- either: tures involved. 2-404 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 804 7.1.1.1 Piping and Tubing 7.1.6 Labelling and Marking Material specifications and thickness require- All piping systems should be identified by appro- ments for piping and tubing shall conform to ASME priate labeling with the name of the gas and any other 1331.3, Code for Chemical Plant and Petroleum information required by authorities having jurisdic- Refinery Piping [20], and the requirements of the tion. authority having jurisdiction. 7.2 Regulators 7.1.2 Pressure Relief Devices 7.2.1 General 7.1.2.1 General Regulators and automatic pressure reducing valves shall be suitable for the intended service Pressure relief devices shall be installed in any including pressure and temperature. part of the system in which liquid or cold vapor could 7.2.2 Union Nuts and Connections be trapped.If liquefied inert gas may become trapped in any valve cavity, means of venting must be pro- vided. be inspected before attachment. Damaged nuts or connections should be replaced. 7.1.2.2 Venting 7.2.3 Testing,Repair, and Maintenance Pressure relief devices on bulk liquid storage Pressure gauges on regulators should be periodi- containers and on piping systems located indoors cally tested to ensure their accuracy.Repairs to regu- shall be vented outdoors away from personnel and lators shall be performed by qualified personnel. In suitably protected from the elements.Pressure relief general, it is advisable to return regulators to the device discharge lines shall be designed in accor- supplier for repairs, calibration, or adjustments. dance with Section M-8 of the ASME Code [13]. 7.3 Vaporizers 7.1.2.3 Protection 7.3.1 General All pressure relief devices shall be designed and Vaporizers are used for converting cryogenic liquid installed so that moisture cannot collect and freeze to gas. in a manner which would interfere with proper oper- 7.3.2 Installation ation of the device. The vaporizer shall be anchored and its connecting 7.1.3 Location piping shall be designed to allow for expansion and i m 1 contraction due to temperature changes. Adequate Gas piping located inside or outside of buildings provisions for drainage of melting ice are required. may be placed above or below ground. All piping Suitable foundations shall be provided to support the shall be run as directly as practicable,carefully pro- vaporizer weight as well as the maximum ice load. tected against physical damage,and with allowance 7.3.3 Pressure Relief for expansion, contraction and vibration. Under- ground pipe shall be below the frost line and ade- The vaporizer and its piping shall be adequately quately protected against corrosion and other physi- protected on the gas side and, where necessary, on cal damage.Underground piping shall be in ducts or the heating medium side, with pressure relief casings when it passes under roads, railroad tracks devices. or parking lots.Liquid nitrogen piping may be located 7.3.4 Heating Medium underground in vacuum insulated pipe. Heat for a vaporizer may be supplied by electricity, 7.1.4 Protection steam, air, water, or other heat transfer mediums. When electric heat is used,installation should be in Pipes passing through walls should be protected accordance with the National Electric Code[21]and from mechanical damage. applicable federal, provincial, state or municipal 7.1.5 Shut-off Valves codes. 8. SYSTEM ASSEMBLY, INSTALLATION, Shut-off valves shall be provided for all buildings OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE at outside locations where they are readily accessible for shutting off the gas supply to the building in case 8.1 Assembly and Installation of emergency.A shut-off valve at the gas supply shall 8.1.1 General also be provided.Signs clearly establishing the loca- Equipment assembled into an inert gas system tion and identity of shut-off valves are to be provided. shall be clean before being placed in service. 2-405 STANDARD 80-4 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 8.1.2 Joining and Sealing 8.3.2 Fire Prevention Joints in piping and tubing may be made by weld- The area within 15 feet (4.6 meters) of any inert ing or brazing,or by the use of flanged,threaded,slip, gas storage container shall be maintained free of or compression fittings. Gaskets or thread sealants paper,leaves,weeds,dry grass,or other combustible shall be suitable for the intended service. debris. 8.1.3 Accessories 8.3.3 Leak Tests Valves,gauges,and other accessories shall be suit- Leak testing should be carried out on a regular able for the intended service. basis while the system is in service. 8.1.4 Supervision 9. REFERENCES Installation of inert gas systems shall be super- [1]NFPA 99,Standard for Health Care Facilities, vised by personnel familiar with proper practices for National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch their construction and use. Park, Quincy, MA 02269. 8.1.5 Testing [2]CGA G-6.1,Standard forLow Pressure Carbon Dioxide Systems at Consumer Sites, Compressed After installation, all field-erected piping shall be Gas Association,Inc., 1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, proof pressure tested at 110%of the maximum opera- Arlington,VA 222024100. ting pressure and shall be tested bubble free to soapy [3]NFPA 220,Standard on Types of Building Con- water or leak detecting solution at a reduced pres- struction, National Fire Protection Association,Bat- sure.The test medium shall be oil-free dry air,or any terymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. inert gas. [4] ASTM E-136, Standard Method of Test for 8.2 Operation Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C, American Society for Testing and Materials, 8.2.1 General 1916 Race Street,Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187. Adequate operating instructions shall be provided [5] CGA G-11.1, Commodity Specification for for inert gas bulk systems.The operating instructions Argon, Compressed Gas Association,Inc., 1725 Jef- should be readily available on site. Personnel ferson Davis Highway,Arlington,VA 222024100. assigned to operate the equipment shall be ade- [6]Handbook of Compressed Gases, Compressed quately trained in the hazards of and safety precau- Gas Association,Inc.,1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, tions for operating inert gas systems. Arlington,VA 222024100. [7] CGA G-10.1, Commodity Specification for 8.2.2 Opening Valves Nitrogen, Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 1725 Never permit gas to enter unpressurized equip- Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington,VA 222024100. ment or piping systems suddenly. Always open all [8] CGA G-9.1, Commodity Specification for Helium, Compressed Gas Association,Inc.,1725 Jef- valves slowly.A valve should be opened to the full open position and then closed a quarter turn. This ferson Davis Highway,Arlington,VA 222024100. ensures easy turning of the hand wheel if someone [9] CGA P-14, Accident Prevention in Oxygen- checks the valve position. Rich and Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres, Com- pressed Gas Association, Inc., 1725 Jefferson Davis 8.2.3 Safety Information Highway,Arlington,VA 222024100. It is recommended that personnel handling inert [10] CGA SB-15,Avoiding Hazards in Confined gases review CGA P-1,Safe Handling of Compressed Work Spaces During Maintenance, Construction, Gases in Containers [22], CGA P-14,Accident Pre- and Similar Activities, Compressed Gas Associa- vention in Oxygen-Rich and Oxygen-Deficient tion, Inc., 1725 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington, Atmospheres [9], and CGA P-12, Safe Handling of VA 22202-4100. Cryogenic Liquids [I 1]. [11] CGA P-12, Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liq- uids, Compressed Gas Association,Inc.,1725 Jeffer- 8.3 Maintenance son Davis Highway,Arlington,VA 222024100. 8.3.1 Annual Inspection and Maintenance [12]CGA C-7,Guide to the Preparation ofPrecau- tionary Labeling and Marking of Compressed Gas Each inert gas system installed on consumer prem- Containers, Compressed Gas Association,Inc., 1725 ises shall be inspected at least annually and main- Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington,VA 222024100. tained by a qualified representative of the equipment [13]ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec- owner. tion VIII—Division I, Unfired Pressure Vessels, 2-406 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 80-4 American Society of Mechanical Engineers,345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017. [14] CGA S-1.3,Pressure Relief Device Standards Compressed Gas Storage Containers, Compressed Gas Association,Inc.,1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington,VA 22202-4100. [15]ASME E-84,Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017. [16] Code of Federal Regulations, Title CFR 49 Parts 100 to 199 (Transportation) U.S. Department of Transportation, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402. [17] CAN/CSA B 339, Cylinders, Spheres and Tubes for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Canadian Standards Association,178 Rexdale Boule- vard, Rexdale, Ont, CANADA M9W 1R3. [18] CAN/CSA B 340,Selection and Use of Cylin- ders, Spheres, Tubes and Other Containers for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods—Class 2, Canadian Standards Association,178 Rexdale Boule- vard, Rexdale, Ont. CANADA M9W 1R3. [19]CGA V-1,Standards for Compressed Gas Cyl- inder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections, Com- pressed Gas Association, Inc., 1725 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington,VA 222024100. [20] ASME B31.3, Code for Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping,American National Stan- dards Institute,1430 Broadway,New York,NY 10018; American Society of Mechanical Engineers,345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017. [21] NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy,MA 02269. [22]CGA P-1,Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers, Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 1725 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington,VA 22202- 4100. 2-407 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 HIGH-PILED GENERAL STORAGE OF COMBUSTIBLES IN BUILDINGS See Sections 8102.9.1, 8102.10.1,8103.2 and 8803.2, Uniform Fire Code This standard, with certain exceptions, is based on the 6. Sec. 4-2.1 is revised by substituting the phrase "UFC National Fire Protection Association Standard for General Article 11"for the phrase"NFPA 13,Standard for the Installa- Storage,NPFA 231-1990.1 tion of Sprinkler Systems." Part I of this standard contains the exceptions to NFPA 7.Sec.4-5 is revised as follows: 231-1990.1 4-5 Storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall be in Part II of this standard contains NFPA 231-19901 reproduced in accordance with UFC Article 79. its entirety with permission of the publisher. 8.Sec.5-1 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Building Code. See UBC Standard 9-1" for the phrase "NFPA 13, © vertically in the margin of Part II indicates there is a Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems,"wherever it revision to the provisions within Part I. appears. Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 231-19901 shall 9. Sec. 5-1.3 is revised by substituting the phrase "UFC only be considered as guideline standards subject to approval by Standard 81-2" for the phrase "NFPA 231C, Standard for the chief. Rack Storage of Materials." tThe current edition is NFPA 231-1995. 10.Sec.5-1.5 is revised to read as follows: Part 1 5-1.5 The densities and areas provided in the tables and curves in Chapters 6, 7 and 8 are based on fire tests using standard response, standard orifice 11/2 inch(12.7 mm)] and large orifice SECTION 81.101 -AMENDMENTS [17/32 inch (13.5 mm)] sprinklers. The use of extra large orifice sprinklers is allowed when listed for such use.For the use of large The Standard for General Storage,NFPA 231-1990, applies to drop and ESFR sprinklers,see Chapters 9 and 10 of this standard. the classification of commodities and the installation of fire- 11.Sec.5-3.1 is revised by changing the first sentence as fol- protection equipment used in conjunction with high-piled storage lows: in solid piles or similar configurations,except as follows: When required by UFC Table 81-A,small hose stations shall be 1.Sec. 1-1 is revised as follows: provided and shall be spaced such that they are accessible to reach 1-1 Scope. all portions of the high-piled storage area based on the length of This standard applies to storage of materials representing the hose and travel paths. broad range of combustibles, 30 feet (9144.0 mm) or less in 12. Sec.5-3.1 is revised by adding an exception as follows: height,including the storage of Groups B and C plastics in all con- EXCEPTION: In buildings served by a single automatic sprinkler figurations and free-flowing Group A plastics.This standard ap- system,the hose stations are allowed to be supplied from the ceiling plies to storage of Group A plastics, except free flowing, up to sprinkler piping downstream of the sprinkler control valve. 25 feet(7620.0 mm)in height. 13. Sec. 5-3.2 is revised by substituting the phrase "UFC Storage piled higher than the above stated heights are not within Article 10" for the phrase "NFPA 10,Standard for Portable the scope of this standard and require special consideration. Fire Extinguishers." This standard does not apply to: 14.Sec.5-4 is revised as follows: 1. Storage of commodities which, with their packaging and 5-4 The water supply requirements for protection of the build- storage aids,would be classified as noncombustible. ing and premises shall be in accordance with UFC Article 9. 2. Unpackaged bulk materials such as grain, coal, or similar 15.Sec.5-5 is deleted. commodities. 16.Sec.5-6 is revised by deleting all text following the first 3.Commodities covered by other standards except where spe- sentence. cifically mentioned herein. 17. Secs. 7-1.3 and 7-1.4 are revised by substituting the 4.Commodities presenting special fire hazards not covered by phrase "the hrase"NFPA Building Code. See UBC Standard 9-1" for the specific standards,e.g.,roll paper, wax-coated cartons,etc. 5. Storage on racks. 18.Figure 7-1.1,Note 1,is revised as follows: 2.Sec.1-2 is revised by deleting the definitions of"shelf stor- 1.Sprinklers rated at 2860F(141.1°C)shall be used unless spe- I age"and"should." cific tests verify fire control using sprinklers rated at other temper- atures for the proposed storage configuration and sprinkler system 3.Sec.2-1.1 is revised as follows: design. 2-1.1 Commodity classification shall be as set forth in UFC 19.Sec.8-1.2 is revised as follows: Article 81. 8-1.2 All requirements in the Building Code shall apply. See 4.Secs.2-1.2 through 2-1.5 are deleted. UBC Standard 9-1. 5.Sec.3-1 is deleted. 20.Sec.8-3.1 is deleted. 2-409 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 21.Sec.9-3.1 is revised as follows: sociation, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9 10 1,Quincy,Massachusetts 9-3.1 All requirements in the Building Code shall apply. See 02269-9101.Persons desiring to reprint in whole or part any por- UBC Standard 9-1. tion of the Standard for General Storage,NFPA 231-1990,must 22.Chapters 10 and 11 are deleted. secure permission from the National Fire Protection Association. The following is not necessarily the latest revision used by NFPA. Part II If the reader desires to compare that version,the same is available Reproduced with permission from the Standard for General from NFPA. Storage,NFPA 231,copyright 1990,National Fire Protection As- 2-410 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 7 1-1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 7 1-2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 7 Chapter 2 Classification of Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 231- 8 2-1 Commodity Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 8 Chapter 3 Building Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 9 3-1 Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 9 3-2 Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 9 Chapter 4 Storage Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 9 4-1 Piling Procedures and Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231- 9 4-2 Commodity Clearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-10 4-3 Aisles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-10 4-4 Storage of Idle Pallets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-10 4-5 Flammable and Combustible Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-10 Chapter 5 Fire Protection — General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-10 5-1 Automatic Sprinkler Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-10 5-2 High Expansion Foam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-11 5-3 Manual Inside Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-11 5-4 Hydrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-11 5-5 Fire Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-11 5-6 Alarm Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-12 Chapter 6 Fire Protection — Commodity Classes I through IV . . . . . . . . . 231-12 6-1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-12 6-2 Water Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-12 6-3 High Expansion Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 231-13 Chapter 7 Fire Protection — Plastics and Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-13 7-1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-13 7-2 Water Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-13 Chapter 8 Large Drop Sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-18 8-1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-18 8-2 Water Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2SI-18 8-3 Sprinkler System Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-18 Chapter 9 Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinklers . . . . . . . . . 231-19 9-1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 9-2 Water Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 9-3 Sprinkler System Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 Chapter 10 Building Equipment, Maintenance,and Operations . . . . . . . . 231-19 10-1 Mechanical Handling Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 10-2 Building Service Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 10-3 Cutting and Welding Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 10-4 Waste Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 10-5 Smoking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 10-6 Maintenance and Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 10-7 Refrigeration Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 2-411 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Chapter 11 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-19 AppendixA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-20 AppendixB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-23 Appendix C Protection of Outdoor Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-26 Appendix D Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-28 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231-28 2-412 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 NFPA 231 1-1.3.5 Storage on racks. Standard for 1-1.4 Nothing in this standard is intended to restrict new technologies or alternate arrangements providing the level General Storage of safety prescribed by the standard is not lowered. 1-2 Definitions. Unless expressly stated elsewhere, for 1990 Edition the purpose of this standard,the following definitions shall apply: NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter Array. designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A. Closed Array. A storage arrangement where air movement through the pile is restricted because of 6 in. Information on referenced publications can be found in (152 mm)or less vertical flues. Chapter 11 and Appendix D. Open Array.* A storage arrangement where air movement through the pile is enhanced because of vertical Chapter 1 Introduction flues larger than 6 in. (152 mm). 1-1 Scope. Available Height for Storage.* The maximum height at which commodities can be stored above the floor and 1-1.1 This standard applies to: still maintain adequate clearance from structural members and the required clearance below sprinklers. 1-1.1.1 Storage of materials representing the broad range Bin Box Storage. Storage in 5-sided wood, metal, or of combustibles up to 30 ft(9.1 m) in height. cardboard boxes with open face on the aisles. Boxes are self-supporting or supported by a structure so designed 1-1.1.2 Storage of plastics (Groups B and C — all config- that little or no horizontal or vertical space exists around urations; Group A— free-flowing only) up to 30 ft (9.1 m) boxes. in height. Clearance. The distance from the top of storage to the ceiling sprinkler deflectors. 1-1.1.3 Storage of Group A plastics (except free-flowing) up to 25 ft(7.6 m) in height. Commodity. Combinations of products, packing mate- rial, and container. 1-1.1.4 New buildings and existing buildings that are converted to storage occupancy. Compartmented.* The rigid separation of the prod- ucts in a container by dividers that form a stable unit under NOTE: It may be used as a basis for evaluating existing fire conditions. storage facilities. Container (shipping, master, or outer container).* A 1-1.1.5 Outdoor Storage of a Broad Range of Combusti- receptacle strong enough, by reason of material, design, bles. (See Appendix C.) and construction, to be shipped safely without further packaging. 1-1.2 Storage piled higher than stated in 1-1.1.1, 1-1.1.2, Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinklers. or 1-1.1.3 is not within the scope of this standard and A listed ESFR sprinkler is a thermosensitive device requires special consideration. designed to react at a predetermined temperature by auto- matically releasing a stream of water and distributing it in 1-1.3 This standard does not apply to: a specified pattern and quantity over a designated area so as to provide early suppression of a fire when installed on 1-1.3.1 Unsprinklered buildings. the appropriate sprinkler piping. Encapsulated. A method of packing consisting of a 1-1.3.2 Storage of commodities that,with their packaging plastic sheet completely enclosing the sides and top of a and storage aids, would be classified as noncombustible. pallet load containing a combustible commodity or com- bustible packages. 1-1.3.3 Unpackaged bulk materials such as grain,coal,or NOTE: Banding, i.e., stretch wrapping, around the sides similar commodities. only of a pallet load is not considered to be encapsulated. Expanded (foamed or cellular) Plastics. Those plas- 1-1.3.4 Inside or outside storage of commodities covered tics, the density of which is reduced by the presence of by other NFPA standards except where specifically men- numerous small cavities (cells), interconnecting or not, dis- tioned herein, e.g., pyroxylin plastics. persed throughout their mass. 2-413 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Exposed Group A Plastic Commodities. Those plastics Sprinkler Temperature Rating. A 165°F (74°C) rating not in packaging or coverings that will absorb water or includes temperature ratings between 135°F (57°C) and otherwise appreciably retard the burning hazard of the 175°F (80°C), and a 286°F (141°C) rating includes temper- commodity(paper wrapped and/or encapsulated should be ature ratings between 2507 (121°C) and 300°F (149°C). considered exposed). Storage Aids. Commodity storage devices, such as pal- Free-flowing Plastic Materials. Those plastics that will lets, dunnage, separators, and skids. fall out of their containers in a fire condition, fill flue spaces, and create a smothering effect on the fire. Exam- Unit Load. A pallet load or module held together in ple: Powder, pellets, flakes, or random packed small some manner and normally transported by material- objects (razor blade dispensers, 1-2 oz (28-57 g) bottles, handling equipment. etc.). Large Drop Sprinkler. A listed large drop sprinkler is characterized by a K factor between 11.0 and 11.5, and Chapter 2 Classification of Storage proven ability to meet prescribed penetration,cooling,and distribution criteria prescribed in the large drop sprinkler 2-1 Commodity Classification. examination requirements. The deflector/discharge char- acteristics of the large drop sprinkler generate large drops 2-1.1 Class I commodity is defined as essentially noncom- of such size and velocity as to enable effective penetration bustible products on combustible pallets, in ordinary cor- of the high-velocity fire plume. rugated cartons with or without single-thickness dividers, or to ordinary paper wrappings with or without pallets. Noncombustible. Commodities, packaging, or storage aids that will not ignite, burn, or liberate flammable gases Examples of Class I products are: when heated to a temperature of 1,380°F (749°C) for Foods. Noncombustible foodstuffs and beverages. 5 min. Foods in noncombustible containers; frozen foods; meats; Packa in Commodity wrapping, cushioning, fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or contain- Packaging. y ppn g' g' or con- ers;liquid dairy products in nonwax-coated paper contain- tainer. ers or in plastic-coated paper containers;beer and wine,up Palletized Storage. Storage of commodities on pallets to 20 percent alcohol,in metal,glass,or ceramic containers or other storage aids that form horizontal spaces between in ordinary corrugated cartons. tiers of storage. Glass Products. Glass bottles,empty or filled with non- Pile Stability.* combustible liquids, and mirrors. Stable Piles. Those arrays where collapse, spillage of Metal Products. Metal desks with plastic tops and trim; content, or leaning of stacks across flue spaces is not likely electrical coils; electrical devices in their metal enclosures; to occur soon after initial fire development. pots and pans; electrical motors; dry cell batteries; metal NOTE: Storage on pallets, compartmented storage, or parts; empty cans; stoves; washers; dryers; and metal cabi- plastic components that are held in place by materials that nets. do not deform readily under fire conditions are examples of stable storage. Others. Oil-filled and other types of distribution trans- Unstable Piles. Those arrays where collapse,spillage formers; cement in bags; electrical insulators; gypsum of contents, or leaning of stacks across flue spaces will board; inert pigments; and dry insecticides. occur soon after initial fire development. 2-1.2 Class II commodity is defined as Class I products in NOTE: Leaning stacks, crushed bottom cartons, or reli- slatted wooden crates, solid wooden boxes, multiple thick- ance on combustible bands for stability are examples of ness paperboard cartons or equivalent combustible packag- potential pile instability under a fire condition.An increase ing material with or without pallets. in pile height will tend to increase instability. Examples of Class II products are: Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. Thinly coated fine wire such as radio coil wire on reels Shelf Storage. Storage on structures less than 30 in. or in cartons; incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs; Class (76.2 cm) deep with shelves usually 2 ft (0.6 m) apart ver- I products if in small cartons or small packages placed in tically and separated by approximately 30-in. (76.2-cm) ordinary paperboard cartons;book signatures;and beer or aisles. wine up to 20 percent alcohol in wood containers. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is 2-1.3 Class III commodity is defined as wood,paper,nat- advised but not required. ural fiber cloth, or Group C plastics or products thereof, with or without pallets. Products may contain a limited Solid Unit Load of a Nonexpanded Plastic (either car- amount of Group A or B plastics. Metal bicycles with plas- toned or exposed). A load that does not have voids (air) tic handles, pedals, seats, and tires are an example of a within the load and will burn only on the exterior of the commodity with a limited amount of plastic. load; water from sprinklers may reach most surfaces avail- able to burn. Examples of Class III products are: 2-414 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 Leather Products. Shoes;jackets; gloves; and luggage. Polyethylene Polypropylene Paper Products. Books; magazines; stationery; plastic- Polystyrene coated paper food containers; newspapers; paper or card- Polyurethane board games; and tissue products. PVC (polyvinyl chloride — highly plasticized, e.g., coated fabric, unsupported film) Textiles. Natural fiber upholstered nonplastic furni- SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) ture; wood or metal furniture with plastic padded and cov- SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) ered arm rests; mattresses without expanded plastic or Group B rubber; absorbent cotton in cartons; natural fiber and vis- cose yarns, thread, and products; synthetic thread and Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, yarn; natural fiber clothing or textile products. ethyl cellulose) Chloroprene rubber Wood Products. Doors; windows; door and window Fluoroplastics (ECTFE — ethylene-chlorotrifluoro- frames; combustible fiberboard; wood cabinets and furni- ethylene copolymer; ETFE — ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene ture, and other wood products. copolymer; FEP — fluorinated ethylene-propylene copoly- mer) Others. Tobacco products in paperboard cartons; non- Natural rubber (not expanded) flammable liquids such as soaps, detergents, and bleaches Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6) in plastic containers; nonnegative-producing film packs in Silicone rubber sealed tin foil wrappers in paperboard packages;combusti- ble foods or cereal products; and nonflammable pharma- Group C ceuticals. Fluoroplastics (PCTFE — polychlorotrifluoroethylene; 2-1.4 Class IV commodity is defined as Class I, II, or III PTFE — polytetrafluoroethylene) products containing an appreciable amount of Group A Melamine (melamine formaldehyde) plastics in ordinary corrugated cartons and Class I, II,and Phenolic III products in corrugated cartons with Group A plastic PVC (polyvinyl chloride — rigid or lightly plasticized, packing, with or without pallets.Group B plastics and free- e.g., pipe, pipe fittings) flowing Group A plastics are also included in this class. An PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride) example of packing material is a metal typewriter in a PVF (polyvinyl fluoride) foamed plastic cocoon in an ordinary corrugated carton. PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) (Figure 7-1.1, Note 3.) Urea (urea formaldehyde) Examples of Class IV products are: Small appliances, typewriters, and cameras with plastic Chapter 3 Building Construction parts; plastic-backed tapes; nonviscose synthetic fabrics or clothing; telephones; vinyl floor tiles; wood or metal frame 3-1 Construction. upholstered furniture or mattresses with plastic covering and/or padding; plastic-padded metal bumpers and dash- 3-1.1* Buildings used for storage of materials that are boards; insulated conductor and power cable on wood or stored and protected in accordance with this standard shall metal reels or in cartons; inert solids in plastic containers; be of any of the types described in NFPA 220, Standard on and building construction insulating panels of polyure- 7ypes of Building Construction. thane sandwiched between nonplastic material. 3-1.2 Adequate access shall be provided to all portions of 2-1.5* Classification of Plastics, Elastomers, and Rubber. the premises for fire fighting purposes. NOTE: The following categories are based on unmodified 3-2* Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting. Protection plastic materials.The use of fire or flame-retarding modifi- outlined in this standard shall apply to buildings with or ers or the physical form of the material may change the without roof vents and draft curtains. classification. Group A ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer) Chapter 4 Storage Arrangement Acrylic(polymethyl methacrylate) Acetal (polyformaldehyde) 4-1 Piling Procedures and Precautions. Butyl rubber EPDM (ethylene-propylene rubber) 4-1.1 Any commodities that may be hazardous in combi- FRP (fiberglass reinforced polyester) nation with each other shall be stored so they cannot come Natural rubber(if expanded) into contact with each other. Nitrile rubber (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber) PET(thermoplastic polyester) 4-1.2* Safe floor loads shall not be exceeded. For water Polybutadiene absorbent commodities, normal floor loads shall be Polycarbonate reduced to take into account the added weight of water Polyester elastomer that can be absorbed during fire fighting operations. 2-415 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 4-2 Commodity Clearance. Table 4-4.1.2 Protection for Indoor Storage of Wood Idle Pal- lets or Nonexpanded Polyethylene Solid Deck Idle Pallets 4-2.1 The clearance between top of storage and sprinkler Height Sprinkler Density Area of Sprinkler deflectors shall conform to NFPA 13,Standard for the Instal- of Requirements Demand ft'(M) lation of Sprinkler Systems, except as modified by this stan- Pallet Storage gpm/ft2[(US)/ms] Temperature Rating dard. ft(m) 86-F(141-C) 165-F(74-C) Up to 6(1.8) .20[A 2,000(186) 3,000(279) 4-2.2* If the commodity is stored above the lower chord 6(1.8)to 8(2.4) .30[.20] 2,500(232) 4,000(372) of roof trusses, at least 1 ft(30.5 cm)of clear space shall be 8(2.4)to 12 (3.7 .60[.41] 3,500(325) 6,000(557) maintained to permit wetting of the truss unless the truss 12 (3.7)to 20 is protected with 1-hr fireproofing. (6.1) .60 [.41] 4,500(418) - 4-2.3 Storage clearance from ducts shall be maintained in 4-4.2* Plastic Pallets (other than noted in 4-4.1). accordance with NFPA 91, Standard for the Installation of 4-4.2.1 Plastic pallets shall preferably be stored outdoors Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal or in a detached shed (see Table A-4.4.1.1). or Conveying, Section 2-8. 4-2.4 The clearance between stored materials and unit 4-4.2.2 Plastic pallets where stored indoors shall be pro- heaters, radiant space heaters, duct furnaces, and flues tected as follows: shall not be less than 3 ft (0.9 m) in all directions or shall (a) When stored in cutoff rooms: be in accordance with the clearances shown on the (1) The cutoff rooms shall have at least one exterior approval agency label. wall. 4-2.5* Clearance shall be maintained to lights or light fix- (2) The plastic pallet storage shall be separated from tures to prevent possible ignition. the remainder of the building by 3-hr rated fire walls. (3) The storage shall be protected by sprinklers 4-2.6 Sufficient clearance shall be maintained around the designed to deliver 0.60 gpm/f- [0.41 (I.,/s)/m'] for the path of fire door travel to assure proper operation and entire room or by high expansion foam and sprinklers as inspection. indicated in Section 5-2. (4) The storage shall be piled no higher than 12 ft 4-3 Aisles. (3.7 m). (5) Any steel columns shall be protected by 1-hr fire- 4-3.1 Wall aisles shall be at least 24 in. (61 cm) wide in proofing or a sidewall sprinkler directed to one side of the warehouses used for the storage of commodities that column at the top or at the 15-ft(4.6-m)level,whichever is expand with the absorption of water. lower (see A-4-2.2). 4-3.2* Aisles shall be maintained to retard transfer of fire (b) When stored without cutoffs from other storage: from one pile to another and to permit convenient access (1) Plastic pallet storage shall be piled no higher for fire fighting, salvage, and removal of storage. than 4 ft (1.2 m). (2) Sprinkler protection shall employ 286°F (141°C) 4-4* Storage of Idle Pallets. rated sprinklers. (3) Each pallet pile of no more than two stacks shall 4-4.1 Wood Pallets or Nonexpanded Polyethylene Solid be separated from other pallet piles by at least 8 ft (2.4 m) Deck Pallets. of clear space or 25 ft (7.6 m) of stored commodity. 4-4.1.1* Pallets shall preferably be stored outside or in a 4-5 Flammable and Combustible Liquids. Only limited detached building. quantities of flammable and combustible liquids shall be 4-4.1.2 Pallets,when stored indoors,shall be protected as permitted in general storage warehouses.Any such storage indicated in Table 4-4.1.2, unless the following conditions shall be segregated from other stored combustible mate- are met: rial. See Chapter 4 of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible (a) Stored no higher than 6 ft(1.8 m), and Liquids Code. (b) Each pallet pile of no more than 4 stacks shall be separated from other pallet piles by at least 8 ft (1.4 m) of Chapter 5 Fire Protection - General clear space or 25 ft (7.6 m) of commodity. NOTE: No additional protection is necessary as long as 5-1 Automatic Sprinkler Systems. items(a)and (b)above are met. 5-1.1 Sprinkler systems installed in buildings used for solid pile, bin box, shelf, or palletized storage shall be in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, except as modified by this standard. 2-416 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 5-1.2 The design density shall not be less than 0.15 5-2.4 Detection systems, concentrate pumps, generators, gpm/ft'- [0.10(Us)/m2]and the design area shall not be less and other system components essential to the operation of than 2000 ft2(186 m2)for wet systems,2600 ft2(242 m2)for the system shall have an approved standby power source. dry systems, for any commodity, class, or group. 5-2.5 A reduction in ceiling density to one-half that 5-1.2.1 The sprinkler design density for any given area of required for Class I through IV commodities, idle pallets, operation for a Class IV commodity, calculated in accor- or plastics (using the secondary demand point) shall be dance with Chapter 6, shall not be less than the density for permitted without revising the design area,but shall be not the corresponding area of operation for Ordinary Hazard less than 0.15 gpm/ft'- [0.10 (I./s)/m ]. Group 3 in NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. 5-3 Manual Inside Protection. 5-1.2.2 The sprinkler design density for any given area of 5-3.1 Small Hose Systems. Small hose lines [11/2 in. (38 operation for a Class III commodity, calculated in accor- mm)] shall be available to reach all portions of the storage dance with Chapter 6, shall not be less than the density for area, giving due consideration to access aisle configuration the corresponding area of operation for Ordinary Hazard with maximum anticipated storage in place. Such small Group 2 in NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler hose shall be supplied from one of the following: Systems. (a) Outside hydrants. 5-1.2.3 The water supply requirements for sprinklers (b) A separate piping system for small hose stations. only, shall be based on the actual calculated demand for (c) Valved hose connections on sprinkler risers where the hazard using Chapter 6 requirements,and adjusting(if such connections are made upstream of sprinkler control necessary) to satisfy 5-1.2, 5-1.2.1, and 5-1.2.2. valves. (d) Adjacent sprinkler systems (see NFPA 13). 5-1.3 Where palletized or solid pile storage is placed on top of racks, the provisions of NFPA 231C, Standard for 5-3.2 Portable Fire Extinguishers. Portable fire extin- Rack Storage of Materials,shall apply to the entire height of guishers shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 10, storage with regard to sprinkler requirements and water Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. Up to one-half of the supplies for ceiling and rack sprinklers. required complement of portable fire extinguishers for Class A fires may be omitted in storage areas where fixed, 5-1.4 In warehouses that have portions containing rack small hose lines [11/2 in (38 mm)] are available to reach all storage and other portions containing palletized,solid pile, portions of the storage area. bin box, or shelf storage, the standard applicable to the storage configuration shall apply. 5-4• Hydrants. At locations without public hydrants, or where hydrants are not within 250 ft (76.2 m), private 5-1.5 Standard response 1/2-in. (12.7-mm) or 17/32-in. hydrants shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 24, (13.5-mm) sprinklers shall be used in applying the curves Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and in Chapters 6 and 7. Their Appurtenances. Exception: Use of these curves with quick response or other 5-5' Fire Organization. sprinklers shall be at the discretion of the authority having juris- diction. 5-5.1 Arrangements shall be made to permit rapid entry into the premises by the municipal fire department, police 5-1.6 In buildings occupied in part for storage,within the department, or other authorized personnel in case of fire scope of this standard, the required sprinkler protection or other emergency. shall extend 15 ft(4.6 m)beyond the perimeter of the stor- age area. 5-5.2 Plant emergency organizations, where provided, shall be instructed and trained in the following procedures: 5-2 High Expansion Foam. (a) Maintaining the security of the premises. 5-2.1 High expansion foam systems installed in addition (b) Means of summoning outside aid immediately, in an to automatic sprinklers shall be installed in accordance emergency. with NFPA I IA, Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion (c) Use of hand extinguishers and hose lines on small Foam Systems, except as modified herein. fires and mop-up operations. High expansion foam used to protect the idle pallets (d) Operation of sprinkler system and water supply shall have a maximum fill time of 4 min. equipment. 5-2.2 High expansion foam systems shall be automatic in (e) Use of material handling equipment while sprinklers operation. are operating to effect final extinguishment. (f) Supervision of sprinkler valves after system is turned 5-2.3 Detectors shall be listed and shall be installed at no off so that system can be reactivated if rekindling occurs. more than one-half listed spacing. (g) Need for breathing apparatus. 2-417 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (h) Proper operation of emergency smoke and heat m2 112 venting systems where these have been provided. 375 4000 NOTE: Information on emergency organization is given in the following publications: 290 3000 NFPA Industrial Fire Brigades Training Manual. s NFPA 7,of Private Recommendations at ions for es Organization, Training, and Equipment o�9sa o��s 9s. 790 20000 1 0.15 0.2 025 0.3 9pm/h2 5-5.3 A fire watch shall be maintained when the sprinkler 141 I61 I81 I101 1721'L/S/m2 system is not in service. Figure 6-1.2(b) Sprinkler System Design, Curves, 20-ft High 286°F (141°C)Sprinklers. 5-6 Alarm Service. Central station, auxiliary, remote sta- tion,or proprietary sprinkler waterflow alarm shall be pro- Note: Sprinkler demand for 20 ft(6 m)high storage may be selected from vided. Local waterflow alarm is acceptable where recorded any point on the appropriate class curve in Figure 6-1.2(b). guard service is provided. (See NFPA 71, Standard for the Figure 6-1.2(b)provides protection curves for sprinkler systems using only Installation, Maintenance and Use of Signaling Systems for Cen- 286°F(l41°C)rated sprinklers. tral Station Service;and NFPA 72,Standard or the Installation, f Exception No. 1: For bin boxes and closed shelves constructed of Maintenance, and Use of Protective Signaling Systems.) metal with a face area not exceeding 16 ft2(1.49 m2), the area of application is ermitted to be reduced by 50 percent, but not to less than 2000 ft2p(186 m2)for wet systems and 2600 ft2(242m2)for dry systems. Chapter 6* Fire Protection - Commodity Classes Exception No. 2: Chapter 8(Large Drop Sprinklers)and Chap- I through IV ter 9 (ESFR Sprinklers)provide acceptable alternate methods of protection. 6-1 General. The density provided for the area of application shall be permitted to be selected from any point on the curve 3ppli- 6-1.1 Protection specified in this chapter shall apply to cable to the commodity, classification, and arrangement of nonencapsulated commodities and encapsulated commod- the stored commodities and sprinkler temperature rating. ities up to 15 ft (4.6 m) high. It is not necessary to meet more than one point on the selected curve. 6-1.2* Sprinkler design criteria for solid pile, palletized, 6-1.2.1 For storage heights other than 20 ft (6.1 m) the and bin box storage over 12 ft (3.7 m), and shelf storage densities shall be modified according to Figure 6-2.2. over 12 ft up to 15 ft (3.7 m to 4.6 m) high, and encapsu- lated storage up to 15 ft(4.6 m)high shall be in accordance 6-1.3 Bin box and shelf storage over 12 ft (2.7 m) and with Figures 6-1.2(a), 6-1.2(b),and 6-2.2. provided with walkways at not over 12-ft (3.7-m) vertical intervals shall be provided with automatic sprinklers under the walkways as well as at the ceiling. The design density for ceiling and walkway sprinklers shall be permitted to be in accordance with the height adjustment of Figure 6-2.2. m2 ft' Q 550 6000 6-2* Water Supplies. LLJ < 500 6-2.1 Sprinkler water demand for 20-ft (6.1-m) high pal- Z 5000 letized storage, solid pile, and bin box storage shall be in 450 accordance with Figure 6-1.2(b). < n W400 �vs 6-2.2 Where storage height is less than 30 ft(9.1 m) high, 0 4000 sL but more than 12 ft (3.7 m) high in solid piles, palletized, cc 350 !9� or bin box storage,ceiling densities indicated in the design LU 300 o m curves in Figures 6 1.2(a)and 6-1.2(b),shall be modified in Z 3000 c� �y accordance with Figure 6-2.2 without revising the design N250 9ss` ., area. (See A-1-2,Available Height for Storage.) 200 2000 6-2.3 For shelf storage over 12 to 15 ft (3.7 to 4.6 m) gpm/ft2 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 high,ceiling densities indicated in the design curves in Fig- L/s/m2 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225 0.25 1 ures 6-1.2(a) and 6-1.2(b) shall be modified in accordance SPRINKLER DENSITY with Figure 6-2.2 without revising the design area. 6-2.4 Where dry-pipe systems are used,the areas of oper- Figure 6-1.2(a) Sprinkler System Design Curves 20-ft High Storage - ation indicated in the design curves shall be increased by 165°F(74°C)Sprinklers. 30 percent. Densities shall be selected so that areas of oper- ation, after the 30 percent increase, do not exceed the upper area limits given in the design curves. 2-418 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 250 7-1.2* Factors affecting protection requirements such as closed/open array, clearance between storage and sprin- klers,stable/unstable piles,and two-point demands shall be applicable only to storage of Group A plastics. The factors } 200 contained in 7-2.1,A-7-2.1, and Appendix B shall be given serious consideration prior to giving the final protection z requirements. This decision tree shall also be used to 111 determine protection for commodities that are not wholly 0 1J Group A plastics but contain such quantities and arrange- > 150 ments of the same that they are deemed more hazardous than Class IV commodities. U Z t7 7-1.3 Group B plastics and free-flowing Group A plastics w -11 shall be protected in the same manner as a Class IV com- 0 100 modity. Storages 12 ft (3.7 m) or less in height shall be U_ protected in accordance with NFPA 13 for Ordinary Haz- 0 0 I and Group 3. z w Cr U 50 7-1.4 Group C plastics shall be protected in the same a manner as a Class III commodity. Storages 12 ft(3.7 m)or less in height shall be protected in accordance with NFPA �E 13 for Ordinary Hazard Group 2. 01 11 7-2 Water Supplies. ft 10 15 20 25 30 7-2.1* The design of the sprinkler system shall be based m 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 on the conditions that will routinely or periodically exist in a building creating the greatest water demand. These con- ditions include: (a) pile height, (b) clearance, (c) pile stabil- ity, and (d) array. Figure 6-2.2 Ceiling Sprinkler Density Versus Storage Height. 7-2.2 Design areas and densities for 20-ft (6.1-m) high storage with between 11/2 ft (0.5 m) to 41/2 ft (1.4 m) clear- 6-2.5 A minimum of 500 gpm (32 Us) shall be added to ante shall be selected for the appropriate storage configu- the sprinkler demand (see 5-1.2.3) for combined large and ration from Figures 7-2.2(a), 7-2.2(b), 7-2.2(c), 7-2.2(d), small hose stream demand. and 7-2.2(e). 7-2.2.1 Both an initial and a secondary density/area shall 6-2.6 Water supply duration shall be: be met. The unadjusted secondary density shall be at least Duration(hours) 0.25 gpm/ft2 [0.17 (Us)/m2] less than the unadjusted initial density, and the minimum secondary design area, after all Commodity Class credits and penalties(height,clearance,and array),shall be Storage y 2000 ft (186 m-) for wet systems and 2600 ft' (242 m ) for Height dry systems. ft(m) Classes I, II,& III Class IV over 12 (3.7) up to 20(6.1) l 1/2 2 Exception: For storage 5 ft(1.5 m)to 10 ft(3.0 m)high,design over 20(6.1) up to 30(9.1) 2 21/2 areas and density for the secondary demand only shall be used. 6-3 High Expansion Foam (see Section 5-2). 7-2.2.2 Where clearance is in excess of 41/2 ft (1.4 m), the design areas for the initial and secondary demands shall be multiplied by the factors from Figure 7-2.2.2, without Chapter 7 Fire Protection - Plastics and Rubber revising the density. NOTE: There is insufficient test data available to define protection 7-1* General. (See Appendix B.) requirements for clearances in excess of 10 ft(3 m). 7-1.1* Group A plastics shall be protected as indicated by 7-2.2.3 Where the height is other than 20 ft (6.1 m), the Figure 7-1.1, Decision Tree. The decision tree shall be fol- design densities shall be adjusted in accordance with Fig- lowed to determine the protection in each specific situa- ure 7-2.2.3, without revising the design area. tion. 7-2.3 Where there is a closed array (not including solid IException: Chapter 8 (Large Drop Sprinklers) and Chapter 9 unit load or expanded exposed storage), the density/area (ESFR sprinklers)provide acceptable alternative methods of pro- shall be obtained as directed by 7-2.1, and corrected for tection. height and clearance as directed in 7-2.2.2 and 7-2.2.3. A 2-419 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE PLASTICS GROUP A (See Note 3) GROUP B GROUP C Class IV Class III EXPANDED NONEXPANDED FREE-FLOWING Class IV CARTONED EXPOSED UNSTABLE STABLE Figure 7-2.2(a) STABLE UNSTABLE STABLE UNSTABLE SOLID UNIT LOAD CARTONED EXPOSED Figure 7-2.2(e) Figure 7-2.2(d) Figure 7-2.2(b) Figure 7-2.2(c) Figure 7-2.2(a) Figure 7.2.2(c) Figure 7-2.2(e) Figure 7-1.1 Decision Tree. NOTES: 1. It is recommended that 2860F (141°C) rated sprinklers be Class IV commodities under the following conditions: ` installed, since most tests upon which this standard is based used (a) There are multiple layers of corrugation or equivalent outer 286°F(141°C)rated sprinklers. material that would significantly delay fire involvement of the Group A 2. The density/area curves are the starting points for determining plastic. proper protection in a given situation.The starting point assumes 20-ft (b) The amount and arrangement of the Group A plastic material (6.1-m)high storage and I1/2-ft(0.5-m)to 41/2-ft(1.4-m)clearance. within an ordinary carton would not be expected to significantly 3. Cartons that contain Group A plastic material maybe treated as increase the fire hazard. secondary area reduction of 50 percent for stable piles and 7-2.5 Water supply duration (secondary sprinkler 25 percent for unstable piles shall be applied (without demand plus hose streams) shall be 2-hr duration for 5 ft revising the density) to the less hazardous closed array. (1.5 m) to 20 ft (6.1 m) and 21/2-hr duration for 20 ft (6.1 m) to 25 ft (7.6 m). 7-2.4 Where sprinkler protection has been designed for Group A plastics, at least 500 gpm (32 Us) shall be added 7-2.6* Where dry-pipe systems are used for Group A to the secondary density/area demand for hose streams. plastics, the operating area for the secondary density/area demand only, indicated in the design curves, shall be increased by 30 percent without revising the density. 2-420 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 m' ft, M. ft' 6000 6000 550 GROUP A 550 GROUP A 20 FT(6.1 m)HIGH +• 20 FT(6.1 m)HIGH 1 4%FT(0.5-1.4 m) - IY,-4'/,FT(0.5-1.4m) 500 CLEARANCE 500 CLEARANCE OPEN ARRAY OPEN ARRAY 5000 1. NONEXPANDED 5000 _ 1. EXPANDED 450 UNSTABLE 4`'0 EXPOSED 2. NONEXPANDED STABLE STABLE 400 400 SOLID UNIT LOAD 4000 1 lilt I lilt 4000 Q 350 ¢ 350 - w w ¢ ¢ a 300 300 _ Z F 3000 F 3000 INITIAL Q ¢ DENSITY w 250 w 250 0 0 1 200 200 i 2000 2000 150 INITIAL 150 DENSITY RANGE 100 1000 100 1000 5 50 0 0 0 gpm/ft, 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 9pm/W 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 L/s/ml 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 L/s/m= 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 DENSITY DENSITY Figure 7-2.2(a), Figure 7.2.2(b). 2-421 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE m' It, IT) ft' 6000 6000 550 GROUP A 550 GROUP A 20 FT(6.1 m)HIGH 20 FT 16.1 m)HIGH [fill 1 1%:-4%FT(0.5-1.4 m) 1%-4Y,FT(0.5-1.4 m) 500 CLEARANCE 500 CLEARANCE OPEN ARRAY 5000 OPEN ARRAY 5000 1. EXPANDED 1. EXPANDED 450 EXPOSED 450 CARTONED UNSTABLE UNSTABLE 2. NONEXPANDED 400 STABLE 400 CARTONED 4000 4000 Q 350 Q 350 w w 300 0 300 F 30W 3000 Q Q w 250 w 250 a a Ill O O 200 INITIAL 200 2000 DENSITY 2000 _INITIAL I _5& I Ill RANGE DENSITY 150 150 RANGE Ix +MM444+ 100 1000 100 1000 50 50 0 0 gpm/ft' 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 gpm/ft' 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 L/s/m' 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 L/s/m' 0.150.2 0.250.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 DENSITY DENSITY Figure 7-2.2(c). Figure 7-2.2(d). 2-422 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 3.0 1.4 CLEARANCES It Iml m2 ft2 w 2.5 10 13.01 1.3 ¢¢ 6000 o a ¢ 550 GROUP A ~z U a `� 9f2.71 az 20FT(6.Im)HIGH � w� 4'/,FT10.5-1.4m1 wp 2.0I I A I I7.2 Uw 500 CLEARANCE z¢ 81241 a OPEN ARRAY ¢ 5000 1. EXPANDED ¢ w f 450 CARTONED 0 7 12 a u z STABLE 2. NONEXPANDED N 1.5 1.1 400 STABLE 6 11.81 EXPOSED 4000 5 11.51. 350 1': 4%10.51,41 1 0 Q 1.0 ft 5 10 15 20 25 a 300 0 m 1.5 3.0 45 6.0 7.5 z 3000 F- 250 INITIAL STORAGE HEIGHT w DENSITY O RANGE 200 Figure 7-2.2.2. 2000 150 250 INITIAL 100 1000 }}� SECONDARY 200 50 F z w 0 W gpm/ft2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10 ¢ 150 U L/s/m2 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 z DENSITY w w 100 Figure 7-22(e). 0 z z w U w a 50 0 it 5 10 15 20 25 30 m 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 STORAGE HEIGHT Figure 7.2.2.3. 2-423 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Chapter 8 Large Drop Sprinklers 8-2.2 A minimum of 500 gpm (32L/s) shall be added to the sprinkler demand for combined large and small hose 8-1 General. stream demand. 8-1.1 Large drop sprinklers shall be permitted for use 8-2.3 Water supply duration shall be at least 1 t/2 hr. with the hazards listed in Table 8-1. 8-1.2 All requirements contained in NFPA 13, Standard 8-2.4 Large drop sprinklers shall be limited to wet-pipe for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, particularly Chapter or preaction systems. 9, shall apply. 8-3 Sprinkler System Design. 8-2 Water Supplies. 8-3.1 All requirements contained in NFPA 13, Standard 8-2.1 Sprinkler water demand for large drop sprinklers for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, particularly Chapter shall be in accordance with Table 8-1. 9, shall apply, except as modified by this standard. Table 8-1 Minimum Operating Pressure (Note 1) psi(bar) 25(1.7) 50(3.4) 75(5.2) Number Design Hazard(Note 2) Sprinklers Palletized Storage Class I, 11,and III commodities up to 25 ft(7.6 m) with maximum 10-ft(3.0-m) clearance to ceiling 15 Note 3 Note 3 Class IV commodities up to 20 ft(6.1 m) with maximum 10-ft(3.0-m)clearance to ceiling 20 15 Note 3 Unexpanded plastics up to 20 ft(6.1 m) with maximum 10-ft(3.0-m)clearance to ceiling 25 15 Note 3 Idle wood pallets up to 20 ft(6.1 m)with maximum 10-ft(3.0-m)clearance to ceiling 15 Note 3 Note 3 Solid-Piled Storage Class 1, 11,and III commodities up to 20 ft(6.1 m)with maximum 10-ft(3.0-m)clearance to ceiling 15 Note 3 Note 3 Class IV commodities and unexpanded plastics up to 20 ft(6.1 m)with maximum 10-ft(3.0-m)clearance to ceiling Does Not Apply 15 Note 3 Notes: 2. Building steel required no special protection for the occupan- I. Open wood joist construction. Testing with open wood joist cies listed. construction showed that each joist cannel should be fully 3. The higher pressure will successfully control the fire,but the firestopped to its full depth at intervals not exceeding 20 ft required number of design sprinklers should not be reduced (6.1 m). In unfirestopped open wood joist construction, or if from that required for the lower pressure. firestops are installed at intervals exceeding 20 ft(6.1 m),the 4. Sprinklers used in the tests were high temperature rating. minimum operating pressures should be increased by 40 per- cent. 2-424 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 Chapter 9 Earlyy Suppression Fast Response 10-2.1 Electrical equipment shall be installed in accor- (ESFR) Sprinklers dance with the provisions of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®. 9-1* General. 10-3 Cutting and Welding Operations. 9-1.1 ESFR sprinklers shall be permitted for the protec- tion of cartoned plastics (Group A, B, or C) and Class I 10-3.1* When welding or cutting operations are neces- through IV commodities in palletized and solid pile stor- sary, the precautions contained in NFPA 51B, Standard for age up to a height of 25 ft(7.6 m). Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes, shall be followed. When possible, work shall be removed to a Exception: ESFR protection as now defined does not apply to: safe area. 1. exposed plastics or expanded polystyrene plastic in cartons. 10-3.2 Welding, soldering, brazing, and cutting shall be 2. storage involving combustible open top cartons or con- permitted to be performed on building components that tainers. cannot be removed, provided no storage is located below and within 25 ft (7.6 m) of the working area, and flame- 9-1.2* ESFR sprinklers shall be permitted for use in proof tarpaulins enclose this section. During any of these buildings having a maximum roof or ceiling height of 30 ft operations the sprinkler system shall be in service. Extin- (9.1 m)and one of the following types of roof construction: guishers suitable for Class A fires with a minimum rating of 2A and charged and manned inside hose lines, where pro- (a) Smooth ceiling vided, shall be located in the working aroa. A fire watch (b) Bar joist shall be maintained during these operations and for not Beam and girder less than 30 min following completion of open flame oper- (c) g ation. (d) Panel 10-4 Waste Disposal. Rubbish, trash, and other waste 9-1.3 Roof slope shall not exceed 1 in./ft. material shall be disposed of at regular intervals. 9-2* Water Supplies. 10-5 Smoking. Smoking shall be strictly prohibited, except in locations prominently designated as smoking 9-2.1* ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed to pro- areas. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted in prohibited vide a minimum operating pressure of 50 psi (3.4 bars) to areas. the 12 most hydraulically remote sprinklers,based on flow- ing four sprinklers in each of three branch lines. 10-6 Maintenance and Inspection. 9-2.2 A minimum of 250 gpm (161Js) shall be added to 10-6.1 Fire walls, fire doors, and floors shall be main- the sprinkler demand for combined large and small hose tained in good repair at all times. streams. 10-6.2 The sprinkler system and the water supplies shall 9-2.3 Water supply duration shall be at least 1 hr. be maintained and serviced. (For further information see NFPA 13A, Recommended Practice for the Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Sprinkler Systems.) 9-2.4 ESFR sprinklers shall be limited to wet-pipe sys- tems. 10-9 Refrigeration Systems. Refrigeration systems, if 9-3 Sprinkler System Desi used, shall conform to the recommendations of Safety Code p y Design. for Mechanical Refrigeration, ANSI/ASHRAE 15-70. 9-3.1 All requirements contained in NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, particularly Chapter 9 shall apply, except as modified by this standard. Chapter 11 Referenced Publications 11-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard and shall be considered Chapter 10 Building Equipment, Maintenance, part of the requirements of this document. The edition and Operations indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. 10-1* Mechanical Handling Equipment. 11-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection 10-1.1* Industrial Trucks. Power-operated industrial Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, trucks shall comply with NFPA 505, Firesafety Standard for MA 02269-9101. Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type Designations,Areas of Use, Maintenance and Operation. NFPA 10-1990, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA IIA-1988, Standard for Medium- and High- 10-2 Building Service Equipment. Expansion Foam Systems 2-425 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE NFPA 13-1989, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler I the Society of Plastics Industry, Industrial Risk Insurers, Systems Factory Mutual, and Kemper used two vertical pieces of carton (not corrugated) to form an "X" in the carton for NFPA 24-1987, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances separation of product. This was not considered compart- mented, as the pieces of carton used for separations were NFPA 30-1990,Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code flexible (not rigid), and only two pieces were in each carton. NFPA 51B-1989, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes Container. Container designates cartons, wrappings, etc. Fire retardant containers or tote boxes do not of them- NFPA 70-1990,National Electrical Code selves create a need for automatic sprinklers unless coated NFPA 71-1989, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, with oil or grease. Containers may lose their fire retardant and Use of Signaling Systems for Central Station Service properties if washed. For obvious reasons,they should not be exposed to rainfall. NFPA 72-1990, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Protective Signaling Systems Pile Stability. Pile stability has been shown to be a dif- ficult item to judge under fire conditions,prior to the fire. NFPA 91-1990, Standard for the Installation of Blower and In the test work completed, compartmented cartons Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal or Con- (described above) have shown to be stable under fire con- veying I ditions. Those tests on cartons that were not compart- NFPA 220-1985, Standard on Types of Building Con- mented tended to be unstable under fire conditions. struction A-2-1.5 The classes of plastics used in this standard were NFPA 231C-1986, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials basically derived from a series of large-scale and laboratory-type small-scale fire tests using a variety of NFPA 505-1987,Firesafety Standard for Powered Industrial expanded and nonexpanded plastic materials. It is recog- Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Maintenance nized that not all plastics in a class will burn with exactly and Operation the same characteristics. 11-1.2 ASHRAE Code. American Society of Heating, A-3-1.1 With protection installed in accordance with this Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, United standard, fire protection of overhead steel and steel col- Engineering Center, 345 East 49th Street, New York, NY umns may not be necessary. 10017. Consideration should be given to subdividing large area ASHRAE 15-1989, Safety Code for Mechanical Refriger- warehouses in order to reduce the amount of merchandise ation that would be affected by a single fire. It is desirable to provide walls or partitions to separate the storage area from mercantile, manufacturing, or other Appendix A occupancies to prevent the possibility of transmission of fire or smoke between the two occupancies.Door openings This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- should be equipped with automatic closing fire doors meni, but is included for information purposes only. appropriate for the fire resistance rating of the wall or par- tition. A-1-2 Definitions. A-3-2 Smoke removal is important to manual fire fighting Open Array. Fire tests that were conducted to repre- and overhaul. Since most fire tests were conducted without sent a closed array utilized 6-in. (152-mm) longitudinal smoke and heat venting, protection specified in Sections flues and no transverse flues. Fire tests that were con- 5-1, 6-1, and 7-1 was developed without the use of such ducted to represent an open array utilized 12-in. (305-mm) venting. However, venting through eaveline windows, longitudinal flues. doors, monitors, gravity, or mechanical exhaust systems is essential to smoke removal after control of the fire is Available Height for Storage. For new sprinkler instal- achieved. (See NFPA 204M, Guide for Smoke and Heat Vent- lations, maximum height of storage is the height at which ing.) commodities can be stored above the floor when the mini- mum required unobstructed space below sprinklers is A-4.1.2 Commodities that are particularly susceptible to maintained. For the evaluation of existing situations, max- water damage should be stored on skids, dunnage, pallets, imum height of storage is the maximum existing height, if or elevated platforms in order to maintain at least 4 in. space between sprinklers and storage is equal to or greater (10.2 cm) clearance from the floor. than required. A-4-2.2 Protection for exposed steel structural roof mem- Compartmented. Cartons used in most of the Factory bers may be needed and should be provided as indicated Mutual-sponsored plastic tests involved ordinary 200-lb by the authority having jurisdiction. (90.7-kg) test, outside corrugated cartons with 5 layers of vertical pieces of corrugated carton used as dividers on the A-4-2.5 Incandescent light fixtures should have shades or inside. There were also single horizontal pieces of corru- guards to prevent ignition of commodity from hot bulbs gated carton between each layer. Other tests sponsored by where possibility of contact with storage exists. 2-426 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 A-4-3.2 Storage should be separated by aisles so that piles A-5-5 Manual fire fighting operations in a storage ware- are not more than 50 ft(15.2 m) wide or 25 ft(7.6 m)wide house are not a substitute for sprinkler operation. The if they abut a wall. Main and cross aisles should be located sprinkler system should be kept in operation during man- opposite window or door openings in exterior walls.This is ual fire fighting operations until visibility has cleared so of particular importance in buildings where exterior open- that the fire can be clearly seen and the extent of fire ings are few. Aisle width should be at least 8 ft (2.4 m). In reduced to a stage requiring only mopping up. It is essen- judging the adequacy of existing sprinkler protection,aisle tial that charged hose lines be available before venting is spacing and frequency should be given consideration. started because of a possible increase in fire intensity. When a sprinkler valve is closed, a responsible person A-4-4 Idle pallet storage introduces a severe fire condi- should remain at the valve so it can be opened promptly if tion. Stacking idle pallets in piles is the best arrangement necessary. The water supply for the sprinkler system of combustibles to promote rapid spread of fire, heat should be augmented where possible and care exercised release, and complete combustion. After pallets are used that the water supply for the sprinkler system is not ren- for a short time in warehouses, they dry out and edges dered ineffective by the use of excessive hose streams. become frayed and splintered. In this condition they are subject to easy ignition from a small ignition source.Again, Where a private fire brigade is provided, sufficient large high piling increases considerably both the challenge to hose [21/2 in. (64 mm)] and related equipment should be sprinklers and the probability of involving a large number available. of pallets when fire occurs. A-4-4.1.1 (See Table A-4-4.1.1.) A-6 The following procedure should be followed in deter- mining the proper density and area as specified in Chap- Table A-4-4.1.1 Recommended Clearance Between Outside Idle ter 6. Pallet Storage and Building. 1. Determine the commodity class. Minimum Distance,ft(m)of Wall Construction Wall from Storage of 2. Select the density and area of application from Figure Under 50 to Over 6-1.2(a) or Figure 6-1.2(b). 50 200 200 Wall Type Openings Pallets Pallets Pallets 3. Adjust the required density for height of storage in Masonry None 0 0 0 accordance with Figure 6-2.2. Wired glass with g area 4. Increase operating by 30 percent in accordance outside sprinklers P 1-hr doors 0 10(3.0) 20(6.1) with 6-2.4 when a dry pipe system is used. Wired or plain glass with outside sprin- 5. Satisfy minimum densities and areas as indicated in klers s/4-hr doors 10(3.0) 20(6.1) 30(9.1) 5-1.2, 5-1.2.1, and 5-1.2.2. Wood or metal with outside sprin- klers The following is an example using these procedures: Wood,metal,or other 20(6.1) 130(9.1) 150(15.2) Notes: Storage - greeting cards in boxes in cartons on pallets 1. Fire-resistive protection comparable to that of the wall should also be provided for combustible eave lines,vent openings,etc. 2. When pallets are stored close to a building,the height of storage should Height - 22 ft(6.7 m) be restricted to prevent burning pallets from falling on the building. 3. Manual outside open sprinklers generally are not a reliable means of protection unless property is attended to at all times by plant emergency Clearance - 6 ft (1.8 m) personnel. 4. Open sprinklers controlled by a deluge valve are preferred. Sprinklers - decided to use 165°F (74°C) sprinkler sys- A-4-4.2 A fire in stacks of idle plastic and wooden pallets tem - dry. is one of the greatest challenges to sprinklers. The under- 1. Classify - Class III sides of the pallets create a dry area on which a fire can grow and expand to other dry or partially wet areas. This 2. Select Density/Area - 0.225 gpm/3000 ft2 (0.014 Us/ process of jumping to other dry, closely located, parallel, 276 m2) from Figure 6-1.2(a). combustible surfaces continues until the fire bursts through the top of the stack. Once this happens, very little 3. Adjust for height of storage 1.15 x 0.225 = 0.259 water is able to reach the base of the fire. The only practi- From Figure 6-2.2 Round up = 0.2-6 gpm/ft2 cal method of stopping a fire in a large concentration of pallets with ceiling sprinklers is by a great amount of 4. Adjust area o2 operation for dry system - 1.3 x 3000 prewetting. In high stacks this cannot be done without = 3900 ft (363 m ) abnormally high water supplies. The storage of empty 5. Satisfy minimum densities and areas wood pallets should not be permitted in an unsprinklered warehouse containing other storage. In 5-1.2 the minimum for a dry sprinkler system is A-5-4 At windowless warehouses and where windows are 0.15/2600 (this has been satisfied) for Class III. scant, hydrants should be located at or in the vicinity of entrances. 2-427 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-1.2.2 refers to ordinary hazard Group 2 of NFPA 13. That density at 3000 ft2 (279 m2) is 0.16 gpm/ft2 (0.1 L/s/m2) (This minimum has been satisfied)3000 x 1.3 = 3900 ft2 (363 m2), 0.16 gpm/3900 ft2 (0.1 Us/363 m). Exposed The design density and area of application is 0.26 Plastics gpm/ft2(0.18 L/s/m2) over 3900 ft2 (363 m2). A-6-1.2 Full-scale tests show no appreciable difference in the number of sprinkler heads that open for either nonen- capsulated or encapsulated products up to 15 ft high (4.6 m). Test data is not available for encapsulated products stored higher than 15 ft (4.6 m). However in rack storage tests involving encapsulated storage 20 ft (6 m) high, increased protection was needed over that for nonencapsu- lated storage. Figure A. Protection specified in this chapter contemplates a max- imum of 10 ft(3 m)clearances from top of storage to sprin- kler deflectors for storage heights of 15 ft (4.6 m) and Other Group A plastic commodities may be so arranged higher. in cartons that they are separated by multiple thicknesses of carton material. In such arrangements less plastic A-6-2 Recommended water supplies contemplate success- becomes involved in the fire at any one time. This could ful sprinkler operation. Because of the small, but still sig- result in a less vigorous fire that could be controlled by nificant, number of uncontrolled fires in sprinklered prop- Class IV commodity protection. erties for various reasons, there should be an adequate Other situations exist in which the plastics component is water supply available for fire department use. surrounded by several layers of less hazardous material and is therefore temporarily protected or insulated from a A-7-1 The densities and area of application have been fire involving adjacent plastic products. Such situations also developed from fire test data. Most of these tests were con- could produce a less vigorous fire and be successfully han- ducted with large orifice[17/32 in (13.5 mm)]sprinklers and dled by Class IV protection. (See Figure B.) 80- or 100-ft2 (7.4-9.3 m) sprinkler spacing. These and other tests have indicated that, with densities of 0.40 gpm/ft2 [0.27 (L/s)/m2] and higher, better results are obtained with large orifice and 70- to 100-ft2 (7.4-9.3 m) sprinkler spacing than when using 1/2-in. (12.7-mm)orifice sprinklers at 50 ft2 (4.6 m2) spacing. A discharge pressure of 100 psi (689 kPa) was used as a starting point on one of the fire tests. It was successful, but has a 11/2-ft (0.5-m) clearance between the top of storage and ceiling sprinklers. Small Pieces A clearance of 10 ft (3.0 m)may have produced a different of Plastic in result due to the tendency of the higher pressure to atom- Small Cartons ize the water and the greater distance for the fine water droplets to travel to the burning fuel. A-7-1.1 Two direct comparisons between 165°F (74°C) and 286°F (141°C) rated sprinklers are possible: (a) With nonexpanded polyethylene 1-gal(3.8-L)bottles in corrugated cartons, a 3-ft (0.9-m) clearance, and the Figure B. same density, approximately the same number of sprin- klers operated [9 at 286°F (141°C) VS 7 at 165°F (740C)]. (b) With exposed, expanded polystyrene meat trays, a The decision to protect as a Class IV commodity, how- 9.5-ft (1.9-m) clearance, and the same density, three times ever, should be done only with experienced judgement as many 165°F (74°C) rated sprinklers operated as did and only with an understanding of the consequences of 286°F(141°C) rated sprinklers [I I at 286°F (141°C) VS, 33 underprotecting the storage segment. A-7-1.2 There are few storage facilities in which the com- The cartoned plastics requirements of this standard are modity mix or storage arrangement remains constant,and based to a great extent on test work that used a specific a designer should be aware that the introduction of differ- commodity - 16 oz. (0.473 L) polystyrene plastic jars indi- ent materials may change protection requirements consid- vidually separated by thin carton stock within a large cor- erably. Design should be on the side of higher densities rugated carton [31/2 ft2 (0.32 m2)]. (See Figure A.) and areas of application, and the various reductions 2-428 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 allowed should be applied cautiously. For evaluation of Appendix B existing situations, however, the allowances may be quite helpful. This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- ment, but is included for information purposes only. A-7-2.1 An evaluation for each field situation should be Appendix B explains and gives examples of the methods made to determine the worst applicable height-clearance and procedures to follow in using this standard to deter- relationship that can be expected to appear in a particular mine proper protection for Group A plastics. case. Fire tests have shown that considerably greater demands occur where clearance is 10 ft (3.0 m) as com- Metric Conversion Factors for Examples pared to 3 ft (0.9 m), and where a pile is stable as com- pared to an unstable pile. Since a system is designed for a To convert from to Multiply by particular clearance, the system could be inadequate when feet(ft) meter(m) 0.3048 significant areas do not have piling to the design height square feet(ft) meter(m) 0.0920 larger clearances exist between stock and sprinklers. gal/min(gpml liter/second( d/Us) 0. 0631 and lar g P gal per min/ft (gpm/fr') liter per,seconnd/m' 0.679 79 This can also be true where the packaging or arrangement ulJs)/m•1 is changed so that stable piling is created where unstable piling existed. Recognition of these conditions is essential Example 1 to avoid installation of protection that is inadequate or becomes inadequate because of changes. Building height 26 ft No tests were conducted simulating a peaked roof con- Sprinkler deflector height from floor 25 ft figuration. However, it is expected that the principles of Chapter 7 still apply. The worst applicable height- Commodity rolls of nonexpanded clearance relationship that can be expected to occur should polyethylene film on end on pallets. One roll completely be found, and protection designed for it. If storage is all at fills one pallet. Each roll with pallet is 5 ft high. the same height, the worst height-clearance relationship creating the greatest water demand would occur under the Storage height normally 20 ft peak. If commodities are stored higher under the peak, Wet or dry sprinkler system wet the various height-clearance relationships should be tried and the one creating the greatest water demand used for Clearance normally 5 ft designing protection. Open or closed array flue spaces are 10 in.: A-7-2.6 Wet systems are recommended for storage occu- open array. pancies. Dry-pipe systems are acceptable only where it is impractical to provide heat. (The conclusions arrived at for water demand are theoret- ical minimum. Actual water demand will be greater as a A-9-1 ESFR sprinklers were designed to respond quickly result of system sprinkler design.) to growing fires and deliver heavy discharge to"suppress" fires rather than "control" them. ESFR sprinklers cannot It was decided commodity is a Group A plastic (see Com- be relied upon to provide suppression if they are used out- modity Classifications, Chapter 2). side these design parameters. From storage description it was decided it was solid-unit A-9-1.2 Storage in single story or multistory buildings is load storage (it would burn only on exterior of unit load) permissible provided the 30 ft (10 m) maximum ceiling/ and it was determined it was nonexpanded. roof height is satisfied for each storage area. From decision tree (see Figure 7-1.1) — Group A, nonex- panded, stable, solid unit load, it says to go to Figure A-9-2 Design parameters were determined from a series 7-2.2(a). of full scale fire tests conducted as a joint effort between Factory Mutual and the National Fire Protection Research From Figure 7-2.2(a): Foundation. (Copies of the test reports are available from For initial demand there is the NFPRF). a range: 0.7 gpm/ft2 over 400 ft2 to 0.5 gpm/ft2 over 780 ft2. A-10-1 Locomotives should not be allowed to enter stor- age areas. It is decided to choose........0.7 gpm/ft2 over 400 fr. A-10-1.1 Industrial trucks using gas or liquid fuel should For secondary demand be refueled outside of the storage building at a location there is a range: 0.5 gpm/ft2 over 780 ft2 to designated for that purpose. 0.2 gpm/ft over 4,500 ft . At least a 0.25 gpm/ft2 difference between the initial den- A-10-3.1 The use of welding, cutting, soldering, or braz- sity and the secondary density is needed. Also a minimum ing torches in the storage areas introduces a severe fire final design area of 2,000 ft2 for the secondary point is nec- hazard. The use of mechanical fastenings and mechanical essary. Therefore, it is decided to pick 0.32 gpm/ft- over saws or cutting wheels is recommended. 1,800 ft2. 2-429 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE The initial demand is 0.7 gpm/ft2 over 400 ft2 and the Example 2 secondary demand is 0.32 gpm/ft2 over 1,800 ft2. However, Buildingheight 29 ft these demands are for a 20-ft high, 1/2- to 41/2-ft clearance g condition. Sprinkler deflector height from floor 28 ft The actual condition is 20 ft high and a 5-ft clearance. Commodity polyethylene bottles in compartmented cartons on pallets. The height of one To adjust for height use Figure 7-2.2.3: loaded pallet 6 ft. Initial demand: 100 percent x 0.7 gpm/ft2 = 0.7 Normal storage height 18 ft gpm/ft2 Wet or dry sprinkler system wet Secondary demand: 100 percent x 0.32 9pm/ft2 = Clearance normally 10 ft high 0.32 gpm/ft2. Open or closed array flue spaces were 11 To adjust for clearance use Figure 7-2.2.2: in.: open array. Initial demand: 1.02 x 400 ft2 = 408 ft2 (The conclusions arrived at for water demand are theoret- ical minimum. Actual water demand will be greater as a Secondary demand: 1.13 x 1,800 ft = 2,034 ft2. result of system sprinkler design.) For 20-ft high storage and 5-ft clearance the demand is: It was decided commodity is a Group A plastic (see Com- Initial demand: 0.7 gpm/ft2 over 408 ft2 modity Classifications, Chapter 2). 2 2 From storage description it was determined to be stable, Secondary demand: 0.32 gpm/ft over 2,034 ft . nonexpanded, and cartoned. However,sometimes storage height is only 3 pallet loads From decision tree(see Figure 7-1.1) - Group A, nonex- high, or 15 ft high with 10-ft clearance. I panded, stable, cartoned, go to Figure 7-2.2(c). The demand for 20-ft high storage and 1 1/2-ft to 41/2-ft From Figure 7-2.2(c): clearance was: For initial demand Initial demand: 0.7 gpm/ft2 over 400 ft2 there is a range: 2 0.9 gpm/2ft2 over 600 ft2 to 0.65 gpm/ft over 1,150 ft . Secondary demand: 0.32 gpm/ft2 over 1,800 ft2. It is decided to choose...... 0.9 gpm/ft2 over 600 ft2. To adjust for height use Figure 7-2.2.3: For secondary demand 2 there is a range: 0.65 gpm/ft2 over 1,150 ft2 Initial demand: 90 percent x 0.7 gpm/ft = 0.63 2 2 gpm/ft2 0.35 gpm/ft over 4,000 ft . At least a 0.25 gpm/ft2 difference between the initial den- Secondary demand: 85 percent x 0.32 gpm/ft2 = sity and the secondary density is needed. Also a minimum 0.27 gpm/ft2. final design area of 2,000 ft2 for the secondary point is nec- essary. Therefore, it is decided to pick 0.65 gpm/ft2 over 1,150 ft2. Initial demand: 1.2 x 400 ft2 = 480 ft2 The initial demand is 0.9 gpm/ft2 over 600 ft2 and the ft2 = 3,600 ft2. secondary demand is 0.65 gpm/ft2 over 1,150 ft2. However, Secondary demand: 2.0 x 1,800 these demands are for a 20-ft high, /2- to 4/z ft clearance For 15-ft high storage and 10-ft clearance the demand condition. is: Actual condition is 18 ft high with a 10-ft clearance. Initial demand: 0.63 gpm/ft2 over 480 ft2 To adjust for height use Figure 7-2.2.3: Secondary demand: 0.27 gpm/ft2 over 3,600 ft2. Initial demand: 96 percent of 0.9 gpm/ft2 = 0.86 gpm/ft2 Conclusion: z = Secondary demand: 94 percent of 0.65 gpm/ft2 = 0.61 0.7 gpm/ft over 408 ft = 285 gpm 20-ft high storage m/ft2. 0.32 gpm/ft2 over 2,034 ft2 = 650 gpm 5-ft clearance gp 0.63 gpm/ft2 over 480 ft2 = 302 gpm l 15-ft high storage To adjust for clearance use Figure 7-2.2.2: 0.27 gpm/ft2 over 3,600 ft2 = 972 gpm J 10-ft clearance 2 2 Initial demand: 1.26 x 600 ft = 756 ft The gratest gpm demand would be for 15-ft high stor- 2 2 age. Therefore, the protection sepcified would be: Secondary demand: 2.3 x 1,150 ft = 2,645 ft . Initial demand: 0.63 gpm/ft2 over 500 ft2 For 18-ft high storage and 10-ft clearance the demand is: Secondary demand: 0.27 gpm/ft2 over 3,600 ft2. Initial demand: 0.86 gpm/ft2 over 756 ft2 (Areas should be rounded to nearest 100 ft). Secondary demand: 0.61 gpm/ft2 over 2,645 ft2. 2-430 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 Commodity: Rolls P.E. Film Storage Height: 20 Clear Space: 5 Stable/Unstable:Stable Open/Closed Array: Open Wet/Dry System: Wet Fig, Density Hgt. Density Clear- Densit Array Density Dry nsity No. rea Fan. (Adl tea ance ea Fact. Penalty rea Notes: Fact. (Adj.) (At (Adj.) Initial .7 400 100% 0.7 400 1.02 0.7 408 None 285 gpm 7-2.2(a) 3Y 0.32 0.32 econda 1 800 100% 1 800 1.13 2 0�1 None None 650 gpm Commodity: Rolls P.E. Film Storage Height: 15 Clear Space: 10 Stable/Unstable: Stable Open/Closed Array: Open Wet/Dry System: Wet Fig. Density Hgt. Density Clear- Densit Array Density Dry Density No. rea Fact. (Ad1 rea ance rea Fact. A a enalt ea Notes: Fact. (Adj.) (Adj.) (Adrj.) 7 0.63 0.63 30Y m Initial 400 90% 400 1'Y 480 None gP 7-2.2(a) onda 32 1,800 85% 0.27 1,800 2.0 0.27 31 600 None None 974 gpm Commodity: P.E. Bottles Storage Height: 18 ft Clear Space: 10 ft Stable/Unstable:Stable Open/Closed Array: Open Wet/Dry System: Wet J7-2.2(c) ity Hgt. Density Clear- Density Array Density Dry Density rea Fact. (Adj• rea ance (Adj.) Fact. (Ade)Penalty (Adrea Notes: Fact. j j 0.86 0.86 650 m iij600 96°I° 600 1.26 756 None gP 1,150 94% 0.61 1 150 2.3 0.- 4 645 None None 1,613 gpm Commodity: P.E. Bottles Storage Height: 24 ft Clear Space: 4 ft Stable/Unstable:Stable Open/Closed Array: Open Wet/Dry System: Wet Fig. nsity Hgt. Density Clear- Densit Array Density Dry nsity No. rea Fact. (Adj rea ance rea Fact. rea Penalty ea Notes: Fact. (Adj.) (Adj.) (A j.) .9 0.97 0.97 582 m Initial 600 108% 600 1.00 600 None gP 7-2.2(c) 600 econda 50 2,000 120% .600 2.000 1.00 2,000 None None 1.200 gpm However, sometimes storage height is 24 ft high with Secondary demand: 120 percent x 0.50 gpm/ft2 = 4-ft clearance. 0.60 gpm/ft2. The demand for 20-ft high storage and 11/2-ft to 41/2-ft To adjust for clearance use Figure 7-2.2.2: clearance was: Initial demand: 0.9 gpm/ft2 over 600 ft2 Initial demand: 1.00 x 600 ft2 = 600 ft2 Secondary demand: 0.65 gpm/ft2 over 1,150 ft2. Secondary demand: 1.00 x 2,000 ft2 = 2,000 ft2. However, since the clearance factor for increasing the Conclusion: area is going to be small and a final area of at least 2,000 0.86 gpm/ft2 over 756 ftr = 650 gpm l 18-ft high storage ft2 is needed, it is decided to pick a density for the second- 0.61 gpen/ftr over 2,645 ft2 = 1,613 gpm J 10-ft clearance ary point that would create an area demand equal to or 0.97 gpm/ft2 over 600 ftr = 582 gpm 24-ft high storage closer to the 2,000 ft2 area. 0.60 gpm/ft2 over 2,000 ft2 = 1,200 gpm } 4-ft clearance From Figure 7-2.2(c), the demand for 20-ft high storage The gratest gpm demand would be for 18-ft high storage and 11/2-ft to 4-1/2-ft clearance decided on was: and 10-ft clearance. Therefore, the protection sepcified Initial demand: 0.9 gpm/ft2 over 600 ft2 would be: Secondary demand: 0.50 gpm/ft2 over 2,000 ft'-. Initial demand: 0.86 gpm/ft2 over 800 ft2 To adjust for height use Figure 7-2.2.3: Secondary demand: 0.61 gpm/ft2 over 2,600 W. Initial demand: 108 percent x 0.9 gpm/ft2 = 0.97 gpm/ft2 (Areas should be rounded to nearest 100 ft2.) 2-431 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Appendix C Protection of Outdoor Storage that must be followed for the types of material stored. The care, cleanliness, and maintenance exercised by manage- C-I General. ment will determine to a large extent the relative firesafety in the storage area. C-1.1 The hazards of exposure to outdoor storage from ignition sources and exposing fires and the infinite variety C-2.2 Consideration should be given by management to of conditions under which such exposures may occur ren- proper storage of materials in order to prevent the undue der impossible the formulation of any single table, formu- concentration of quantities of such materials in a single lae, or set of rules that will adequately cover all conditions. location, subject to one catastrophe. The criterion of the amount of such material that should be stored in a single C-1.2 Recommendations contained in this Appendix are location is not only dependent upon the dollar value of the for the protection of outdoor storage of commodities cov- commodity but also upon the total supply and availability ered by the standard. (See 1-1, Scope.) of the material. The impact of the loss of the storage upon the ability to continue production should be considered. C-1.3 In general, the provision of automatic fire protec- C-3 Site. tion is impractical for outdoor storage.As a result,empha- sis must be placed upon: C-3.1 In selecting a site for outdoor storage, preference (a) Control of potential ignition sources such as from should be given to a location having: exposing buildings, transformers, yard equipment, refuse burners,overhead power lines,and vandals. (a) Adequate municipal fire and police protection. (b) Elimination of adverse factors such as trash accumu- (b) Adequate public water system with hydrants suitably lations, weeds, and brush. located for protection of the storage. (c) Provision of favorable physical conditions such as (c) Adequate all-weather roads for fire department limited pile sizes, low storage heights, wide aisles, and pos- apparatus response. sible use of fire retardant covers (e.g., tarpaulins). d) The rapid and effective application of manual fire (d) Sufficient clear space from buildings or from other ( P PP combustible storage that constitute an exposure hazard. fighting efforts by the provision of fire alarms, strategically located hydrants, and adequate hose houses or hose reels. (e) Absence of flood hazard. C-1.4 Outdoor storage should be avoided in most cases, (0 Adequate clearance space between storage piles and but is recognized as a necessity in many industries. any highways, bridges, railroads, and woodlands. (g) Topography as level as possible to provide storage C-1.4.T Outdoor storage is acceptable for materials that stability. are: C-3.2 The entire site should be surrounded by a fence or (a) Of low fire hazard, not requiring protection even if other suitable means to prevent access of unauthorized located indoors. persons.An adequate number of gates should be provided (b) Of low value that a potential loss would not justify in the surrounding fence or other barriers so as to permit the utilization of building space. ready access of fire apparatus. (c) Of such great fire hazard that indoor protection is C-4 Material Piling. impractical, when balanced against potential loss. (d) Of large volume and bulk, making it impractical to C-4.1 Materials should be stored in unit piles as low in construct and protect a building to house the storage. height and small in area as is consistent with good practice for the materials stored. The maximum height should be C-1.4.2 Where materials that normally would be stored in determined by the stability of pile, effective reach of hose buildings are stored outdoors in temporary emergencies,it streams, combustibility of the commodity, and ease of pile is recommended that special precaution be taken for their breakdown under fire or mop-up conditions. Long narrow safeguard and that they be moved to a storage warehouse piles are preferred over large square piles to facilitate man- as soon as possible. ual fire fighting. (The short dimension increases the effec- tiveness of hose streams and eases pile breakdown.) C-1.5 Standards referencing outdoor storage of specific commodities are also listed in Chapter 11. C-4.2 Aisles should be maintained between individual piles, between piles and buildings, and between piles and C-2 Responsibility of Management. the boundary line of the storage site. Sufficient driveways having the width of at least 15 ft (4.5 m) should be pro- C-2.1 It is the responsibility of management to take vided to permit the travel of fire equipment to all portions proper consideration of the hazards of the various materi- of the storage area. Aisles should be at least twice the pile als handled. Protection requirements and storage arrange- height to reduce spread of fire from pile to pile and to ments will vary with the combustibility of the materials. permit ready access for fire fighting,emergency removal of Management should determine any special precautions material, or for salvage purposes. 2-432 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 C-4.3 As the commodity class increases in combustibility, C-6.5 Smoking should be prohibited, except in locations or where storage could be easily ignited from radiation, prominently designated as smoking areas. "No Smoking" eider aisles should be provided. Smaller unit piles may be signs should be posted in prohibited areas. an alternative to wider aisles if yard space is limited. C-6.6 Welding and cutting operations should be prohib- C-4.4 For outdoor idle pallet storage, see Section 4-4 and ited in the storage area, unless the precautions in NFPA A-4-4.1.1 of this standard. Separation between piles of idle 51 B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Weld- pallets and other yard storage should be as follows: ing Processes, are followed. Pile Size Minimum Distance(Ft) Under 50 pallets 20(6 m) C-6.7 Tarpaulins, used for protection of storage against 50-200 pallets 30(9.1 m) the weather, should be of fire retardant fabric. Over 200 pallets 50(15.2 m) C-4.5 Boundary posts with signs designating piling limits C-6.8 Locomotives from which glowing particles may be should be provided to indicate yard area, roadway and emitted from exhaust stacks should not be permitted in the aisle limits. yard. C-5 Buildings and Other Structures. C-6.9 Motorized vehicles using gasoline, diesel fuel, or liquefied petroleum gas as fuel should be garaged in a sep- C-5.1 Yard storage, particularly commodities in the arate detached building. higher heat release category, should have as much separa- tion as is practical from important buildings and struc- C-6.9.1 Storage and handling of fuel should conform tures, but not less than that offered by NFPA 80A, Recom- with NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and mended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire NFPA 58, Standard for Storage and Handling of Liquefied Exposures. Petroleum Gases. C-5.1.1 As guidance in using NFPA 80A in establishing C-6.9.2 Repair operations should be conducted outside clear spaces, the following Classification of Severity with the yard unless a separate masonry wall building is pro- Commodity Classes of this standard may be used on the vided. Vehicles should not be greased, repaired, painted, basis of 100 percent openings representing yard storage: or otherwise serviced in the yard. Such work should be conducted in conformity with NFPA 88B, Standard for (a) Light Severity: Commodity Class I. Repair Garages. (b) Moderate Severity: Commodity Class II. C-7 Fire Protection. (c) Interpolate between Moderate and Severe Severity for Commodity Class III. C-7.1 Provisions should be made for promptly notifying (d) Severe Severity: Commodity Class IV and Class A the public fire department and private fire brigade (if plastics. available) in case of fire or other emergency. NOTE: The above guidelines apply to the equivalent com- C-7.2 Hydrants should be spaced to provide a sufficient modity classes of this standard.The severity of the exposing number of hose streams. Refer to NFPA 24,Standard for the building or structure should also be a consideration when Installation of Private Fire Services Mains and Their Appurte- establishing a clear space. nances. C-6 Yard Maintenance and Operations. C-7.2.1 Provisions should be made to permit direction of an adequate number of hose streams on any pile or portion C-6.1 The entire storage site should be kept free from of the storage area that may be involved in fire. It is rec- accumulation of unnecessary combustible materials. Vege- ommended that,unless adequate protection is provided by tation should be kept cut low. Procedures should be pro- the municipal fire department, sufficient hose and other vided for weed control and the periodic cleanup of the equipment be kept on hand at the storage property, suit- yard area. ably housed, and provision be made for trained personnel available to put it into operation. C-6.2 Adequate lighting should be provided to allow supervision of all parts of the storage area at night. C-7.2.2 Hydrants and all fire fighting equipment should be accessible for use at all times. No temporary storage should be allowed to obstruct access to fire fighting equip- C-6.3 All electrical equipment and installations should ment, and any accumulation of snow or obstructing mate- conform to the provisions of NFPA 70, National Electrical rial should be promptly removed. Code. C-7.3 Monitor nozzles should be provided at strategic C-6.4 No heating equipment should be located or used points where large quantities of highly combustible materi- within the storage area. Salamanders, braziers, portable als are stored or where average amounts of combustible heaters, and other open fires should not be used. materials are stored in inaccessible locations. 2-433 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE C-7.4 Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be D-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- placed at well marked, strategic points throughout the ciation, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA storage area so that one or more portable fire extinguisher 02269-9101. units can quickly be made available for use at any point. Where the climate is such to involve the danger of freezing, NFPA 10-1990, Standard for Portable Extinguishers suitable extinguishers for freezing temperatures should be used. For guidance in the type and use of extinguishers NFPA 13A-1987, Recommended Practice for the Inspection, refer to NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. Testing and Maintenance of Sprinkler Systems C-8 Guard Service. NFPA 24-1987, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire C-8.1 Guard service should be provided and continu- Service Mains and Their Appurtenances ously maintained throughout the yard and storage area at all times while the yard is otherwise unoccupied. Duties NFPA 30-1990, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code and training of guards should follow that specified in NFPA 601,Standard for Guard Service in Fire Loss Prevention. NFPA 51 B-1989, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of It is recommended that there be some suitable means of Cutting and Welding Processes supervising the guard's activities to be sure that required rounds are made at regular intervals. NFPA 58-1989, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases C-8.2 Attention is directed to the value of strategically placed watchtowers in large yards where a guard stationed NFPA 70-1990,National Electrical Code at a point of advantage can keep the entire property under observation. It is recommended that such watchtowers be NFPA 80A-1987, Recommended Practice for Protection of connected to the alarm system so that prompt notification Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures of fire may be given. NFPA 88B-1985, Standard for Repair Garages Appendix D Referenced Publications NFPA 204M-1985, Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting D-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- erenced within this standard for informational purposes NFPA 600-1986, Recommendation for Organization, Train- only and thus are not considered part of the requirements ing and Equipment of Private Fire Brigades of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance NFPA 601-1986, Standard for Guard Service in Fire Loss of this document. Prevention Index 01990 National Fire Protection Association,All Rights Reserved. The cop right in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes.The licensing provisions set forth for the dYocument are not applicable to this index.This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permission of the National Fire Protection Association,Inc. -A- -C- Aisles ........................................................ 4-3,A-4-3.2 Classification of storage ...................................... Chap. 2 Alarm service .........................................................5-6 Clearance ..............................................................4-2 Arrangement,storage ..........................................Chap.4 Commodity .................................................4-2,A-4-2 ArrayDefinition ........................................................... 1-2 Closed Commodity Definition........................................................ 1-2 Class I .............................................................2-1.1 OpenClass II ............................................................2-1.2 Definition ............................................... 1-2,A-1-2 Class III ..........................................................2-1.3 ClassIV ...........................................................2-1.4 Classification .............................................2-1,A-2-1.5 Clearance ...................................................4-2,A-4-2 -B- Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Exposed group A plastic ............................................. Definition ........................................................ 1-2 Bin box storage Fire protection,classes I though IV ................Chap. 6,A-6 Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Compartmented Building construction....................................Chap. 3,A-3 Definition ................................................... 1-2,A-1-2 Building service equipment....................................... 10-2 Construction ...............................See Building construction 2-434 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-1 Container Management,responsibility of ....................................C-2 Definition ................................................... 1-2,A-1-2 Mechanical handling equipment ....................... 10-1,A-10-1 Cutting operations .................................................. 1 0-3 Metal products .....................................................2-1.1 .D. -N- Detection systems.......................................... 5-2.3,5-2.4 Noncombustible Definition ........................................................... 1-2 .E- -O- Early Suppression Fast Response(ESFR)sprinklers.......... See Sprinklers Outdoor storage,protection of............................... App.C Elastomers,classification of ...........................2-1.5,A-2-1.5 Electrical equipment ............................................... 10-2 Encapsulated _ Definition ........................................................... 1-2 -P Extinguishers,portable fire ......................................5-3.2 Packaging Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Palletized storage _F_ Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Pallets Fire organization """"""""""'.......................• 5-5,A-5-5 Idle,storage of ............................................4-4,A-4-4 Nonexpanded polyethylene solid deck ..........4-4.1,A-4-4.1.1 Fire protection Plastic ...................................................4-4.2,A-4-4.2 Commodity classes I through IV ....................Chap. 6,A-6 Wood 4-4.1,A-4-4.1.1 ................................................. General ........................................................Chap. 5 Paper products .....................................................2-1.3 Manual inside ................................................. 5-3 Piles Outdoor storage...................................................C-7 Outdoor storage...................................................C-4 Plastics and rubber Chap. 7,A-7 • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• P• Procedures and precautions ...........................4-1,A-4-1.2 Firewatch ...........................................................5-5.3 Stable Foods .................................................................2-1.1 Definition 1-2,A-1-2 ............................................... Unstable Definition ............................................... 1-2,A-1-2 _G_ Plastic materials,free-flowing Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Plastics Glass products :.................................................... 2-1.1 Classification ...........................................2-1.5,A-2-1.5 Guard service,yard storage........................................C-8 Expanded(foamed or cellular) Definition ........................................................ 1-2 Fire protection .........................................Chap. 7,A-7 Group A, methods and procedures for determining protection ................................App. B Nonexpanded, solid unit load of Height,available for storage Definition...................................................I.... 1-2 Definition ................................................... 1-2,A-1-2 High expansion foam systems .....................................5-2 Hose systems,small ...............................................5-3.1 R- Hydrants .......................................................5-4,A-5-4 Refrigeration systems .............................................. 10-7 Rubber Classification of........................................2-1.5,A-2-1.5 Fire protection of ......................................Chap. 7,A-7 Inspection of building ............................................. 10-6 .S- -L- Scope of standard ................................................... 1-1 Large drop sprinklers See Sprinklers Shelf storage Leatherproducts ...................................................2-1.3 Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Liquids,flammable and combustible 4-5 Site Smolunection..........................................................1 0-5 . Sprinkler temperature rating Definition ........................................................... 1-2 _M_ Sprinkler systems .............................................. .....5-1 Commodity protection ......................................Chap. 6 Maintenance of................................................. 10-6.2 Maintenance Plastics and rubber protection .......................Chap. 7,A-7 Building ........................................................... 1 0-6 Sprinklers Yard .................................................................C-6 Early Suppression Fast Response ...................Chap. 9,A-9 2-435 STANDARD 81-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Definition........................................................ 1-2 -W- Large Drop ...................................................Chap. 8 Definition ................................................ . Waste disposal .. 10-4 Stability,pile ...........................see Piles,stable and unstable Water supplies ........... 5-1.2.3 Storage aids Commodity protection 6-2,A-6-2 Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Maintenance and service ..................................... 10-6.2 Plastics and rubber protection ..........................7-2,A-7-2 Sprinklers .............................................8-2, 9-2,A-9-2 -T. Welding operations ..................................... 10-3,A-10-3.1 Wood products .....................................................2-1.3 Textiles .............................................................. 2-1.3 Trucks,Industrial .................................... 10-1.1,A-10-1.1 .Y. .U. Yard storage Fire protection ....................................................C-7 Guardservice ......................................................C-8 Unit load Separation from buildings .......................................C-5 Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Maintenance and operations ....................................C-6 -V- Venting,emergency smoke and heat ..................... 3-2,A-3-2 2-436 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 HIGH-PILED STORAGE OF COMBUSTIBLES ON RACKS IN BUILDINGS See Sections 7902.5.11.5.1, 7902.5.12.5.1, 8102.9, 8102.10.1, 8104.2, 8104.4 and 8803.2, Uniform Fire Code This standard,with certain exceptions,is based on the Nation- 3.Sec.2-1.1 is revised as follows: al Fire Protection Association Standard for Rack Storage of 2-1.1 Commodity classification shall be as set forth in UFC Ar- Materials,NFPA 231C-1991.1 ticle 81. Part I of this standard contains the exceptions to NFPA 4.Secs.2-1.2 through 2-1.5 are deleted. 231C-1991.1 5.Secs.3-1,3-2.1,3-2.2 and 3-3 are deleted. Part 11 of this standard contains NFPA 231C-19911 reproduced 6.Sec.3-2.3 is revised by adding a paragraph as follows: in its entirety with permission of the publisher. Regardless of the requirements of this section, fire protection ©vertically in the margin of Part 11 indicates there is a re- for the structure shall comply with the requirements set forth in the vision to the provisions within Part I. Building Code. Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 231 C-19911 shall 7.Sec.3-2.3(b)is revised by adding a paragraph as follows: only be considered as guideline standards subject to approval by Each sprinkler protecting a column shall be capable of discharg- the chief. ing 30 gpm (113.6 L/min) simultaneously with the overhead tThe current edition is NFPA 231C-1995. sprinkler system and other demands as required by this standard. The spray shall be directed towards the column such that as much Part I of the column is protected as possible. 8. Sec.4-3 is revised as follows: SECTION 81.201 -AMENDMENTS 81.4-3 Flue spaces.Flue spaces shall be as set forth in UFC Article The Standard for Rack Storage of Materials,NFPA 231 C-1991, 9.Sec.4-7 is revised by substituting the phrase"UFC Stand- applies to the classification of commodities and the installation of and 81-1" for the phrase "NFPA 231, Standard for General fire-protection equipment used in conjunction with the rack stor- Storage." age of materials except as follows: 10.Sec.5-1.2 is revised as follows: 1.Sec.1-1 is revised as follows: 5-1.2 The densities and areas provided in the tables and curves 1-1 Scope.This standard applies to storage of materials repre- in Chapters 6 and 7 are based on fire tests using standard response, senting the broad range of combustibles over 12 feet(3657.6 mm) standard orifice [1/2 inch(12.7 mm)]and large orifice [17/32 inch in height on racks.For storage heights of 12 feet(3657.6 mm)or (13.5 mm)] sprinklers.The use of extra large orifice sprinklers is less,see UBC Standard 9-1. allowed when listed for such use.For the use of large drop sprin- Storage on plastic pallets or plastic shelves is outside the scope klers,see Chapter 9. of this standard. 11. Sec. 5-2.1 is revised by substituting the phrase "the Storage of high-hazard materials such as tires,plastic and flam- Building Code.See UBC Standard 9-1"for the phrase"Instal- mable liquids is outside the scope of this standard. lation of Sprinkler Systems,NFPA 13." 2.Sec. 1-2 is revised by changing definitions as follows: 12.Sec.5-8 is revised by deleting the first sentence and sub- AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re stituting as follows: sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. When required by UFC Table 81-A,small hose stations shall be provided and shall be spaced such that they are accessible to reach COMMODITY is a designation of combinations of products, all portions of the high-piled storage area based on the length of packaging materials and containers. hose and travel paths. The definitions of "approved," "labeled," "listed" and "shelf storage"shall be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, Vol- Also: ume 1. Add an exception as follows: The definitions of"should"and"solid shelving"are deleted. EXCEPTION: In buildings served by a single automatic sprinkler system,the hose stations are allowed to be supplied from the ceiling Revise the definition of ESFR as follows: sprinkler piping downstream of the sprinkler control valve. EARLY SUPPRESSION FAST-RESPONSE (ESFR) 13.Sec.5-13.2 is revised as follows: SPRINKLER is a listed thermosensitive device designed to react 5-13.2 Sprinklers shall be installed at the ceiling and beneath at a predetermined temperature by automatically releasing a shelves in single-, double- and multiple-row racks with solid stream of water and distributing it in a specified pattern and quan- shelves,as set forth in UFC Section 8104.2.3,in accordance with tity over a designated area so as to provide early suppression of a Table 5-13.2. Design curves for combined ceiling and in-rack fire when installed on the appropriate sprinkler piping. sprinklers shall be used with this type of storage configuration. 2-437 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE TABLE 5-13.2—SPRINKLER REQUIREMENTS FOR SOLID 16.Sec.8-1.4,Exception No.4,is revised by substituting the SHELF STORAGE phrase "the Building Code. See UBC Standard 9-1" for the STORAGE phrase "NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler HEIGHT Systems." (feet) SPRINKLERS REQUIRED IN-RACK Shelf Area 17. Sec. 8-1.5.1 is revised by substituting the phrase "the COMMODITY x 304.8 for Shelf Sq are Feet 50 50 square Than Building Code.See UBC Standard 9-l"for the phrase"NFPA CLASS mm (2.97 to 4.65 m2) (4.65 m2) 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems." Ov2Or I levelt Every tier of storage 18. Sec. 9-1.2 is revised by substituting the phrase "the I-IV Over 2 levels Every tier of z storage Building Code.See UBC Standard 9-l"for the phrase"NFPA 20-25 13,Installation of Sprinkler Systems.„ Over 25 3 3 19. Sec. 10-2.3 is revised by substituting the phrase "the High hazard Over 12 Every tier of storage Every tier of storage Building Code.See UBC Standard 9-1"for the phrase"NFPA tLocate one level of in-rack sprinklers at a height of one half to two thirds of the 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems." rack height. 20.Chapters 11,12 and 13 are deleted. 21-ocate one level of in-rack sprinklers at a height of one fourth to one third of the rack height and a second level at two thirds to three fourths of the rack Part II height. 3Protect in accordance with nationally recognized standards.See UFC Article Reproduced with permission from the Standard for Rack Stor- 90,Standard f.1.1. age of Materials,NFPA 231C,copyright 1991,National Fire Pro- tection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Box 9101, Quincy, Massachusetts 02269-9101.Persons desiring to reprint in whole 14.Sec.6-1 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Build- or part any portion of the Standard for Rack Storage of Materials, ing Code.See UBC Standard 9-1"for the phrase"NFPA U." NFPA 231C-1991, must secure permission from the National Fire Protection Association.The following is not necessarily the 15.Sec.7-1 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Build- latest revision used by NFPA.If the reader desires to compare that ing Code.See UBC Standard 9-l"for the phrase"NFPA 13." version,the same is available from NFPA. 2-438 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C- 7 1-1 Application and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C- 7 1-2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C- 7 Chapter 2 Classification of Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C- 9 2-1 Commodity Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C- 9 Chapter 3 Building Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-10 3-1 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-10 3-2 Fire Protection of Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-10 3-3 Vents and Draft Curtains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-10 Chapter 4 Storage Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-10 4-1 Rack Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-10 4-2 Rack Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-10 4-3 Flue Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-10 4-4 Aisle Widths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 4-5 Storage Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 4-6 Commodity Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 4-7 Storage of Idle Combustible Pallets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 Chapter 5 Fire Protection — General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-1 Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-2 Ceiling Sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-3 Ceiling Sprinkler Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-4 In-Rack Sprinkler System Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-5 In-Rack Sprinkler System Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-6 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-7 Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-8 Hose Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-9 Hose Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-10 Duration of Water Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-11 5-11 High Expansion Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 5-12 Detectors for High Expansion Foam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 5-13 Solid and Slatted Shelves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 5-14 Open-Top Combustible Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 5-15 Movable Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 Chapter 6 Fire Protection — Storage up to and Including 25 Feet (7.62 m) in Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 Part A General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 6-1 In-Rack Sprinkler Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 6-2 In-Rack Sprinkler Pipe Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 6-3 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 6-4 In-Rack Sprinkler Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 6-5 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 6-6 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 6-7 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-12 6-8 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-13 6-9 High Expansion Foam Submergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-14 6-10 High Expansion Foam Ceiling Sprinkler Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-14 Part B Double and Single Row Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-14 6-11 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-14 6-12 In-Rack Sprinkler Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-14 2-439 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Part C Multiple Row Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-14 6-13 In-Rack Sprinkler Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-14 6-14 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-20 Chapter 7 Fire Protection — Storage over 25 Feet (7.62 m) in Height . . . 231C-20 Part A General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-20 7-1 In-Rack Sprinkler Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-20 7-2 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-20 7-3 In-Rack Sprinkler Pipe Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-20 7-4 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-20 7-5 In-Rack Sprinkler Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-21 7-6 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-21 7-7 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-21 7-8 High Expansion Foam Submergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-21 7-9 High Expansion Foam—Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . 231C-21 Part B Double and Single Row Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-21 7-10 In-Rack Sprinkler Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-21 7-11 In-Rack Sprinkler Horizontal Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-21 7-12 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-21 Part C Multiple Row Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-29 7-13 In-Rack Sprinkler Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-29 7-14 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-29 7-15 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-29 Chapter 8 Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-33 8-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-33 8-2 Single, Double, and Multi-Row Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-33 8-3 Single and Double Row Racks — Storage over 25 Ft (7.7 m) in Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-38 Chapter 9 Large-Drop Sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-41 9-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-41 Chapter 10 Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinklers . . . . . . . 231C-41 10-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-41 10-2 Sprinkler System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 10-3 Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 Chapter 11 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 11-1 Mechanical Handling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 Chapter 12 Building Maintenance and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 12-1 Building Operations Other than Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 12-2 Waste Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 12-3 Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 12-4 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 12-5 Plant Emergency Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 12-6 General Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 Chapter 13 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-42 Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-43 Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-49 Appendix C Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-55 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231C-55 2-440 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 NFPA 231C - -- Standard for Aisle =Aisle W Width Rack Storage of Materials 1991 Edition - NOTICE: An asterisk (•) following the number or letter PLAN VIEW END VIEW designating a paragraph or section in the text indicates explanatory material on that paragraph or section in Figure 1-2.1 Illustration of Aisle Width. Appendix A. testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of A dagger(t)following the number or letter designating a installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the paragraph or section in the text indicates explanatory test authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on Com- data and procedures in regard to that paragraph or section pliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the in Appendix B. absence of such standards, said authority may require evi- dence of proper installation,procedure or use.The author- Information on referenced publications can be found in ity having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or label- Chapter 13 and Appendix C. ing practices of an organization concerned with product evaluations which is in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of Chapter 1 Introduction listed items. Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having 1-It Application and Scope. This standard applies to jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual storage of materials representing the broad range of com- responsible for"approving"equipment,an installation or a bustibles stored over 12 ft (3.66 m) in height on racks. For procedure. storage height of 12 ft(3.66 m) or less, see NFPA 13, Stan- NOTE: The phrase"authority having jurisdiction"is used lard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions and "approval" agencies vary as do their responsibilities. Storage on plastic pallets or plastic shelves is outside the Where public safety is primary,the"authority having juris- scope of this standard. diction" may be a federal, state, local or other regional Storage of high hazard materials such as tires, roll paper department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, chief of a fire prevention bureau,labor department, health stored on end, and flammable liquids is outside the scope department,building official,electrical inspector, or others of this standard. Storage of such commodities shall be pro- having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an tected in accordance with the provisions of NFPA 30, insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code; NFPA 40, Standard insurance company representative may be the "authority for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture having jurisdiction." In many circumstances the property Film; NFPA 490, Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate; owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied "authority having jurisdiction";at government installations, Petroleum Gases; NFPA 81, Standard for Fur Storage, Fumiga- the commanding officer or departmental official may be the "authority having jurisdiction." tion and Cleaning; NFPA 231, Standard for General Storage; 1NFPA 231D, Standard for Storage of Rubber Tires; NFPA Bulkhead. A vertical barrier across the rack. 231 E, Recommended Practice for the Storage of Baled Cotton; Clearance. Clearance is the distance from the top of NFPA 231 F, Standard for the Storage of Roll Paper; I storage to the ceiling sprinkler deflectors. and NFPA 232, Standard for the Protection of Records, as applicable. Commodity. Designates combinations of product, Bin storage and shelf storage are outside the scope of packing material, and container upon which commodityclassification is based. this standard. Conventional Pallets. A material handling aid 1-2 Definitions. Unless expressly stated elsewhere, the designed to support a unit load with openings to provide following terms shall, for the purpose of this standard, access for material handling devices (see Figure 1-2.2). have the meanings indicated below. Encapsulated. A method of packaging consisting of a Aisle Width. The horizontal dimension between the plastic sheet completely enclosing the sides and top of a face of the loads in racks under consideration. (See Figure pallet load bustible package or a group of combuble stible iible commodity or 1-2.1.) combustible packages. Totally noncombustible commodi- Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having juris- ties on wood pallets enclosed only by a plastic sheet as diction." described are not considered to fall under this definition. Banding, i.e., stretch wrapping around the sides only of a NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association does not pallet load, is not considered to be encapsulated.The term approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, encapsulated does not apply to individual plastic-enclosed equipment, or materials nor does it approve or evaluate items inside a large nonplastic enclosed container. 2-441 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Conventional pallet LEI] FMF—. �. Commodity is Conventional pallet F-1 F� Floor Section View EpQ�(jg� v Longitudinal Possible transverse flue spaces flue space Solid flat bottom Longitudinal wood pallet _ —_� flue space ems'Figure 1•2.2 Typical Pallets. Rows of storage___ Plan View ESFR. See NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Figure 1-2.3 Typical Double Row(Back-to-Back)Rack Arrangement. I Sprinkler Systems. Face Sprinklers. Standard sprinklers located in trans- Longitudinal Flue Space. The space between rows of verse flue spaces along the aisle or in the rack,within 18 in. storage perpendicular to the direction of loading(see Figure (0.46 m)of the aisle face of storage to oppose vertical devel- 1-2.3). opment of fire on the external face of storage. Rack. Any combination of vertical, horizontal, and Free-Flowing Plastic Materials. Those plastics which diagonal members that support stored materials. Some will fall out of their containers in a fire condition, fill flue rack structures use solid shelves. Racks may be fixed, por- spaces, and create a smothering effect on the fire. Exam- table, or movable [see Figures A-4-1(a)through (k)]. Loading ple: powder, pellets, flakes, or random packed small may be either manual, using lift trucks, stacker cranes, or objects [razor blade dispensers, 1-2 oz (30-59 ml) bottles, hand placement; or automatic, using machine controlled etc.]. storage and retrieval systems. Horizontal Barrier. A solid barrier in the horizontal Single Row Racks. Single row racks are racks with position covering the entire rack, including all flue spaces no longitudinal flue space and having a width up to 6 ft at certain height increments, to prevent vertical fire (1.8 m)with aisles at least 3.5 ft(1.1 m)from other storage. spread. Double Row Racks. Double row racks are two single row racks placed back to back, having a combined width Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been up to 12 ft(3.7 m)with aisles at least 3.5 ft(1.1 m)on each attached a label, symbol or other identifying mark of an side. organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdic- tion" and concerned with product evaluation, that main- Multi-Row Racks. Multi-row racks are racks greater tains periodic inspection of production of labeled equip- than 12 ft (3.7 m) wide or single or double row racks sep- ment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer arated by aisles less than 3.5 ft (1.1 m) wide having an indicates compliance with appropriate standards or perfor- overall width greater than 12 ft (3.7 m). mance in a specified manner. Portable Racks. Portable racks are racks that are not Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list pub- fixed in place. They can be arranged in any number of lished by an organization acceptable to the "authority hav- configurations. ing jurisdiction" and concerned with product evaluation, Movable Racks. Movable racks are racks on fixed that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed rails or guides. They can be moved back and forth only in equipment or materials and whose listing states either that a horizontal two-dimensional plane. A moving aisle is cre- the equipment or material meets appropriate standards or ated as abutting racks are either loaded or unloaded, then has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified moved across the aisle to abut other racks. Rack arrange- manner. ments generally result in the same protection needs as for multi-row racks. NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for each organization concerned with product evalua- Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. tion, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labeled.The"authority having jurisdiction" Shelf Storage. Storage in structures usually less than should utilize the system employed by the listing organiza- 30 in. (0.76 m) deep, seldom more than 2 ft (0.61 m) tion to identify a listed product. between shelves and seldom higher than 12 ft (3.66 m). 2-442 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is Examples of Class III products are: Eadvised but not required. Paper Products. Books, magazines, newspapers; statio- Slave Pallet. A special pallet captive to a material han- nery; plastic-coated paper food containers; paper or card- dling system (see Figure 1-2.2). board games; tissue products; rolled paper on side or steel banded on end; and regenerated cellulosics (cellophane). Solid Shelving. Solid shelving is solid, slatted,or other Leather Products. Shoes,jackets, gloves, and luggage. types of shelves located within racks that obstruct sprinkler water penetration down through the racks. Wood Products. Doors, windows, door and window frames, combustible fiberboard, wood cabinets, furniture, Transverse Flue Space. The space between rows of and other wood products. storage parallel to the direction of loading (see Figure Textiles. Natural fiber upholstered nonelastic furniture; 1-2.3). wood or metal furniture with plastic padded and covered armrests; mattresses without expanded plastic or rubber; absorbent cotton in cartons; natural fiber and viscose Chapter 2 Classification of Storage yarns, thread, and products; and natural fiber clothing or textile products. 2-It Commodity Classifications. Others. Tobacco products in paperboard cartons; non- flammable liquids such as soaps, detergent and bleaches, 2-1.1 Class I commodity is defined as essentially noncom- and nonflammable pharmaceuticals in plastic containers; bustible products on wood pallets, or in ordinary corru- combustible foods or cereal products; and nonnegative- gated cartons with or without single thickness dividers, or producing film packs in sealed metal foil wrappers in in ordinary paper wrappings, all on wood pallets. Such paperboard packages. products are permitted to have a negligible amount of plastic trim, such as knobs or handles. 2-1.4 Class IV commodity is defined as Class 1, I1, or III products containing an appreciable amount of Group A Examples of Class I products are: plastics in a paperboard carton or Class 1, 11, or III prod- ucts with Group A plastic packing in paperboard cartons Metal Products. Metal desks with plastic tops and trim, on wood pallets. Group B plastics and free-flowing Group electrical coils, electrical devices in their metal enclosures, A plastics are also included in this class. (See Section 1-1.) pots and pans, electrical motors, dry cell batteries, metal Examples of Class IV products are: small appliances, parts, empty cans, stoves, washers, dryers, and metal cabi- typewriters, and cameras with plastic parts; plastic-backed nets. tapes and synthetic fabrics or clothing. An example of packing material is a metal product in a foamed plastic Glass Products. Glass bottles, empty or filled with non- cocoon in a corrugated carton. combustible liquids; mirrors. Class IV commodities also include: Foods. Foods in noncombustible containers; frozen foods; Textiles. Synthetic thread and yarn except viscose, and meat; fresh fruits and vegetables in nonelastic trays or con- nonviscose synthetic fabrics or clothing. tainers;dairy products in nonwax-coated paper containers; beer or wine, up to 20 percent alcohol, in metal, glass, or Others. Vinyl floor tile, wood or metal frame upholstered ceramic containers. furniture or mattresses with plastic covering and/or pad- ding, and plastic-padded metal dashboards or metal Others. Oil-filled and other types of distribution trans- bumpers. formers, cement in bags, electrical insulators, gypsum board, inert pigments, and dry insecticides. 2-1.5 Classification of Plastics, Elastomers, and Rubber. 2-1.2 Class II commodity is defined as Class I products in Note: The following categories are based on unmodified I slatted wooden crates, solid wooden boxes, multi-wall cor- plastic materials.The use of fire or(lame-retarding modifi- ers or the physical form of the material may change the g q packaging g classification. material on wood pallets. Group A Examples of Class II products are: thinly coated fine ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer) wire such as radio coil wire on reels or in cartons; incan- Acetal (Polyformaldehyde) descent or fluorescent light bulbs; beer or wine, up to 20 Acrylic (Polymethyl Methacrylate) percent alcohol, in wood containers; and Class I products, Butyl Rubber if in small cartons or small packages placed in ordinary EPDM (Ethylene-Propylene Rubber) corrugated cartons. FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester) Natural Rubber 2-1.3 Class III commodity is defined as wood, paper, nat- Nitrile Rubber (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber) ural fiber cloth, Group C plastics, or products thereof, on PET (Thermoplastic Polyester) wood pallets. Products are permitted to contain a limited Polybutadiene amount of Group A or B plastics. Wood dressers with plas- Polycarbonate tic drawer glides, handles,and trim are examples of a com- Polyester Elastomer modity with a limited amount of plastic. Polyethylene 2-443 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Polypropylene Table 3.2.3 Polystyrene Polyurethane Aisle PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride — highly plasticized, e.g., coated fabric, unsupported film) Commodity Class 4 ft(1.22 m) 8 It(2.44 m) SAN (Styrene Acrylonitrile) I 0.37 0.33 SBR (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber) II 0.44 0.37 Group B 111 0.49 0.42 IV and Plastics 0.68 0.57 Cellulosics (Cellulose Acetate, Cellulose Acetate Butyrate, Ethyl Cellulose) NOTE: For aisle widths between 4 ft and 8 ft(1.22 m-2.44 m),a direct Chloroprene Rubber linear interpolation between densities may be made. Fluoroplastics (ECTFE — Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoro- ethylene Copolymer; ETFE — Ethylene-Tetrafluoro- 3-3t Vents and Draft Curtains. Design curves are based ethylene Copolymer; FEP — Fluorinated Ethylene- upon roof vents and draft curtains not being used. Propylene Copolymer) Nylon (Nylon 6, Nylon 6/6) Silicon Rubber Chapter 4 Storage Arrangements Group C Fluoroplastics (PCTFE — Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; 4-1• Rack Structure. Rack configurations shall be of a PTFE — Polytetrafluoroethylene) generally accepted arrangement. Melamine (Melamine Formaldehyde) Phenolic 4-2' Rack Loading. Racks shall not be loaded beyond PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride — rigid or lightly plasticized, their design capacity. e.g., pipe, pipe fittings) PVDC (Polyvinylidene Chloride) 4-3 Flue Space. PVDF(Polyvinylidene Fluoride) PVF (Polyvinyl Fluoride)Urea 4-3.1"t In double row racks with height of storage up to Urea (Urea Formaldehyde) and including 25 ft (7.62 m), and without solid shelves, a longitudinal flue space (back-to-back clearance) is not nec- essary. Nominal 6-in. (152.4-mm) transverse flue space Chapter 3 Building Construction between loads or at rack uprights shall be maintained. Random variations in the width of the flue spaces or in 3-1 Construction. Buildings used for the rack storage of their vertical alignment shall be permitted. (See Figure materials that are protected in accordance with this stan- 4-3.1.) dard shall be of any of the types described in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction. Exception: A longitudinal flue space is necessa?y when ESFR I sprinkler protection is provided. 3-2 Fire Protection of Steel. 3-2.1t With sprinkler systems installed in accordance with Chapters 6,7,8,9,and 10,fire protection of roof steel is not required. Conventional ZIL�l LILIpallet 3-2.2t Where ceiling sprinklers and sprinklers in racks '� are installed in accordance with Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8, fire protection of steel building columns is not required. Commodity 3-2.3t Where storage height exceeds 15 ft (4.57 m) and ceiling sprinklers only are installed, fire protection by one of the following methods is required for all types of steel Floor building columns -located within the racks or for vertical rack members that support the building: _V-1.j (a) One-hr fire proofing. Section View EOM (b) Side wall sprinklers at the 15-ft (4.57-m) elevation, possible transverse flue spaces No longitudinal flue pointed toward one side of the steel column. • \, space is necessary (c) For storage heights above 15 ft (4.57 m), up to and "� v� Rows of storage including 20 ft (6.1 m), provision of ceiling sprinkler den- '"" "'" ""' ""- "✓� city for a minimum of 2000 sq ft (185.9 m ) with 165°F ___ ___ No longitudinal (74°C) or 286°F (141°C) temperature-rated sprinklers as (back-to-back clearance) shown in Table 3-2.3. ""' '"- ""- "" flue space (d) Provision of large drop or ESFR ceiling sprinkler Plan View I protection in accordance with Chapters 9 and 10, respec- tively. Figure 4-3.1 Typical Double Row Rack with Back-to-Back Loads. 2-444 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 4-3.2 In double row racks with height of storage over 5-3t Ceiling Sprinkler Spacing. For the purpose of 25 ft(7.62 m), a minimum longitudinal flue space of(nom- selecting sprinkler spacings in hydraulically designed inal) 6 in. (152.4 mm) shall be.provided. sprinkler systems, to obtain a stipulated density, 60 psi (413.7 kPa) shall be the maximum discharge pressure used 4-4* Aisle Widths. at the calculation starting point. 4-4.1 Aisle widths and depth of racks are determined by 5-4 In-Rack Sprinkler System Size. The area protected material handling methods.Width of aisles shall be consid- by a single system of sprinklers in racks(in-rack sprinklers) ered in the design of the protection system (see Chapters 5, shall not exceed 40,000 sq ft (3716 M2) of floor area occu- 6, and 7). pied by the racks, including aisles, regardless of the num- ber of intermediate sprinkler levels. 4-4.2 This standard contemplates that aisle widths will be maintained either by fixed rack structures or control in 5-5* In-Rack Sprinkler System Control Valves. placing of portable racks. Any decrease in aisle width shall require a review of the adequacy of the protective system. 5-5.1* When sprinklers are installed in racks, separate indicating control valves and drains shall be provided for 4-5*t Storage Heights. The distance from the top of the ceiling sprinklers and sprinklers in racks. pile to the ceiling sprinkler deflectors shall be not less than 18 in. (0.46 m). Exception No. 1: In-rack installations of 20 or less sprinklers. Exception: When large-drop or ESFR sprinkler protection is Exception No. 2: The separate indicating valves may be used, the distance from top of storage to the ceiling sprinkler arranged as sectional control valves when the racks occupy only a deflectors shall be not less then.36 in. (0.91 m). portion of the area protected by the ceiling sprinklers. (See 5-2.2.) 4-6 Commodity Clearances. 5-6 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand. Water demand of sprinklers installed in racks shall be added to ceiling sprin- 4-6.1* Commodity clearances shall be maintained in kler water demand at the point of connection. The accordance with NFPA 91, Standard for the Installation of demand shall be balanced to the higher pressure. Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock and Vapor Removal or Conveying. 5-7*t Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm. 4-6.2* Incandescent Light Fixtures. 5-8t Hose Connections. For first aid fire fighting and for mop-up operations, small [11/2 in. (38.1 mm)] hose lines 4-7*t Storage of Idle Combustible Pallets. Bulk storage shall be available to cover all areas of the rack structure. of idle combustible pallets shall be in accordance with Such small hose shall be supplied from: NFPA 231, Standard for General Storage. (a) Outside hydrants (b) A separate piping system for small hose stations Chapter 5 Fire Protection — General (c) Valved hose connections on sprinkler risers where P such connections are made upstream of all sprinkler con- trol valves 5-1 Protection Systems. (d) Adjacent sprinkler systems. 5-1.1 Protection systems that are provided for rack stor- age facilities shall be in accordance with the provisions of Exception: When separately controlled in-rack sprinklers are this chapter. provided, the ceiling sprinkler system in the same area shall be permitted to be used. 5-1.2 The densities and areas provided in the tables and curves in Chapters 6, 7,and 8 are based on fire tests using 5-9 Hose Demand. standard response; standard orifice [1/2 in. (12.7 mm)] and large orifice [17/32 in. (13.5 mm)] sprinklers: For the use of 5-9.1 For inside hose streams an allowance of at least large-drop and ESFR sprinklers, see Chapters 9 and 10, 100 gpm (378 L/min) shall be added to sprinkler water respectively. demand for Class I, II, III, IV, or plastic commodities. 5-2 Ceiling Sprinklers. 5-9.2 For combined inside and outside hose streams, an allowance of at least 500 gpm (1893 L/min) shall be added 5-2.1* Where automatic sprinkler systems are installed, to sprinkler water demand for Class I, II, III, IV, or plas- they shall be in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the tic commodities. Installation of Sprinkler Systems, except as modified by this standard. 5-10t Duration of Water Supplies. For double row racks the water supply duration shall be at least 11/2 hr for 5-2.2* ln'buildings that are occupied in part for rack Class I, II, and III commodities and at least 2 hr for Class storage of commodities, the ceiling sprinkler system design IV and Group A plastic commodities. For multiple row .within 15 ft (4.57 m) of the racks shall be the same as that racks the water supply duration shall be at least 2 hr for all provided over the rack storage area. classifications of commodities. 2-445 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 5-11 High Expansion Foam. 6-3t In-Rack Sprinkler Water Shields. Water shields 5-11.1* When high expansion foam systems are installed, shall be provided directly above in-rack sprinklers,or listed they shall be in accordance with NFPA I IA, Standard for sprinklers equipped with water shields shall be used when Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems, except as modi- there is more than one level, if not shielded by horizontal fied by this standard, and they shall be automatic in oper- barriers. ation. 6-4 In-Rack Sprinkler Location. 5-11.2 When high expansion foam systems are used in combination with ceiling sprinklers,in-rack sprinklers shall 6-4.1*t The elevation of in-rack sprinkler deflectors with not be required. respect to storage shall not be a consideration in single or double rack storage up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m)high. 5-12 Detectors for High Expansion Foam Systems. 5-12.1 Detectors shall be listed and shall be installed: 6-4.2* In single or double row racks without solid shelves (a) At the ceiling only if installed at one-half listed linear With height of storage over 20 ft(6.1 m),or in multiple row spacing [e.g., 15 ft x 15 ft (4.57 in x 4.57 m) instead of racks, or in single or double row racks with solid shelves 30 ft x 30 ft (9.15 in x 9.15 m)]. and height of storage up to and including 25 ft(7.62 m), a minimum of 6 in. (152.4 mm) vertical clear space shall be Exception: Ceiling detectors only should not be used when clear- maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and the top of ante from the top of storage exceeds 10 ft (3.05 m) or height of I a tier of storage. Sprinkler discharge shall not be storage exceeds 25 ft (7.62 m). obstructed by horizontal rack members. or, (b) At the ceiling at listed spacing and in racks at alter- 6-4.3 In-rack sprinklers at one level only for storage up nate levels, or to and including 25 ft (7.62 m) high in single or double (c) When listed for rack storage installation and installed row racks shall be located at the first tier level at or above in accordance with their listing to provide response within one-half of the storage height. one min after ignition using ignition source equal to that used on the rack storage testing program. 6-4.4 In-rack sprinklers at two levels only for storage up 5-13 Solid and Slatted Shelves. to and including 25 ft (7.62 m) high shall be located at the first tier level at or above one-third and two-thirds of the 5-13.1* Slatted shelves shall be considered the same as storage height. solid shelves. 5-13.2t Sprinklers shall be installed at the ceiling and 6-5 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing. beneath each shelf in double or multiple row racks with 6-5.1* Maximum horizontal spacing of sprinklers in sin- solid shelves that obstruct both longitudinal and transverse gle or double row racks with nonencapsulated storage up flue spaces. Design curves for combined ceiling and in-rack to and including 25 ft (7.62 m) in height shall be in accor- dance with the following table: 5-14t Open-Top Combustible Containers. Commodity Class 5-15 Movable Racks. Aisle Widths I& II III IV 5-15.1 Rack storage in movable racks shall be protected 8 ft 12 ft 12 ft 8 ft in the same manner as multiple row racks. 4 ft 12 ft 8 ft 8 ft For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3048 m Chapter 6 Fire Protection - Storage up to and For encapsulated storage, maximum horizontal spacing Including 25 Feet (7.62 m) in Height is 8 ft (2.44 m). Part A General 6-5.2t Sprinklers installed in racks shall be spaced with- NOTE: See also Chapter 5. out regard to rack uprights. 6-1 In-Rack Sprinkler Type. Sprinklers in racks shall be 6-6t In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure. Sprinklers ordinary temperature classification with nominal 1/2-in. in racks shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (103.4 kPa) (12.7-mm) orifice size pendent or upright. Sprinklers with for all classes of commodity. 212'F(100°C)and 286°F(141°C) temperature ratings shall be used near heat sources as required by NFPA 13. 6-7t In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand. Water demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simulta- 6-2 In-Rack Sprinkler Pipe Size. The number of sprin- neous operation of the most hydraulically remote: klers and the pipe sizing on a line of sprinklers in racks is restricted only by hydraulic.calculations and not by any (a) Six sprinklers when only one level is installed in piping schedule. racks with Class I, II, or III commodity. 2-446 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 (b) Eight sprinklers when only one level is installed in Table 6-8.2 Adjustment to Ceiling Sprinkler Density for Storage racks with Class IV commodity. Height and In-Rack Sprinklers (c) Ten sprinklers (five on each two top levels) when stge. Apply Permitted more than one level is installed in racks with Class I, 11,oi- Height Fig. Ceiling Sprinklers I I I commodity. (ft) In-Rack Sprinklers 6-8.2 Density Adjustments (d) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each two top levels) Over 12 Ft when more than one level is installed in racks with Class IV rh"ntgh 25 Fi None Yes None commodity. Miuitntttu Acceptable Teti None 6-8 CeilingSprinkler Water Demand. more than Reduce Denshr P Over 12 Ft Minimum but not 207, from that fin-Mininutnt 6-8.1*t Design curves in Figures 6-11.1(a) through (g) Fhroulh 20 Ft III Every'I'ier Yes In-Rack Sprinklers apply to nominal 20-ft(6.1-m) height of storage: Reduce Density 40% front that fin-Mininuun 6-8.1.1 The design curves indicate water demands for In Everc Tier Yes In-Rank sprinklers nominal 165°F (74°C) and nominal 286°F (14.1°C) sprin- I'ccepuibl Au:e t tble No None klers at the ceiling.The 165°F(74°C)design curves shall be Morep used for sprinklers with ordinary and intermediate tern- Miinimnis than Reduce Denshc Mum but Not 20`I from th;u li>r!ntiuinnun perature classification but not less than 160°F (71%). The In Evert Tier No. In-Rack sprinklers 286°F (141%) design curve shall be used for sprinklers Reduce Densh\ with high temperature classification. )ter 20 Ft 40,7( front that fin'Mininni n I hro igh 25 Ft In Every bier No In-Rack Sprinklers 6-8.2 For height of storage up to and including 25 ft (7.62 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers only, and for For sI Units: I It = 0.3048 to height of storage up to and including 20 ft (6.1 n1) pro- tected with ceiling sprinklers and Inlniniur7 acceptable in-rack sprinklers, densities given in design curves shall be 6-8.4 For height of storage up to and including 20 ft adjusted according to Figure 6-8.2. (6.1 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and with more than one level of in-,rack sprinklers, but not in every tier, 6-8.3 For height of storage over 20 ft (6.1 in) up to and densities given in design curves and adjusted according to including 25 ft (7.62) protected with ceiling sprinklers and Figure 6-8.2 shall be permitted to be reduced an additional minimum acceptable in-rack sprinklers, densities given in 20 percent. design curves shall be used. Densities shall not be adjusted per Figure 6-8.2. 6-8.5 For height of storage over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and 175 including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers, and with more than the rnininlunr acceptable level of- in-rack sprinklers, but not in every tier, densities given in design curves shall be permitted to be reduced 20 percent. 150 Densities shall not be adjusted per Figure 6-8.2. i 6-8.6 For height of storage up to and including 20 ft 125 (6.1 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and in-rack sprin- klers at each tier, densities given in design curves and adjusted according to Figure 6-8.2 shall be permitted to be ' reduced an additional 40 percent. too 6-8.7 For height of storage over 20 ft (6.1 111) up to.and including 25 ft (7.62 rn),protected with ceiling sprinklers 75 and in-rack sprinklers at each tier,densities given In design ° curves shall be permitted to be reduced 40 percent. Densi- e o ties shall not be adjusted per Figure 6-8.2. a 50 6-8.8t When clearance ti-om top of'storage to ceiling is less than 41/2 ft(1.37 m)(see Seclion 4-5), the sprinkler oper t s ating area indicated in curves E, F, G, and H in Figures 6-11.1(a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) shall be permitted to he . reduced as indicated in Figure 6-8.8, but not less than 0 2,000 sq ft (185.8 m") (see 64.9). _L�_L 1 ___12-L 9 o io 12 is 20 25 30 35 6-8.9 When clearance from ceiling to top of Class I or II Height of Storage(ft) encapsulated storage is 11/2 to 3 ft (0.46 n1 to 0.91 in), Sprinkler operating area indicated in curve F only of Fig- For SI Units: I li = 0.3048 in ure 641.1(e) shall be permitted to be reduced by'50 per- Figure 6-8.2 Ceiling Sprinkler Density versus Storage Height. cent but to not less than 2,000 sq ft (185.8 1112). 2-447 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Part B Double and Single Row Racks 6000 1 1 1 1 1 NOTE: See also Chapter 5. 5500 6-11 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand. 6-11.1* For Class I, 11, III, or IV commodities encapsu- lated or nonencapsulated in single or double row racks, 5000 ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density (gpm gI JA I I I I per sq ft)and area of sprinkler operation (sq ft of ceiling or g roof) shall be selected from curves given in Figures 6-11.1(a) through (g). The curves in Figures 6-11.1(a) 4500 through (g) shall also apply to portable racks arranged in gthe same manner as single or double row racks or multiple row racks. The design shall be sufficient to satisfy a single s4000 point on the appropriate curve related to the storage con- figuration and commodity class. It shall not be necessary to `o 1 1 1 1 11 1 meet all points on the selected curve. Figure 6-8.2 shall be m 3500 used to adjust density for storage height unless otherwise specified. yOF $ 6-11.2t Design carves for single and double row racks 3000 shall be selected corresponding to aisle width. For aisle o OF widths between 4 ft(1.22 m) and 8 ft(2.44 m),a direct lin- ear interpolation between curves shall be made. Density 2500 given for 8-ft (2.44-m) wide aisles shall be applied to aisles wider than 8 ft (2.44 m). Density given for 4-ft (1.22-m) wide aisles shall be applied to aisles narrower than 4 ft 2000 (1.22 m)down to 31/2 ft(1.07 m).When aisles are narrower fl 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 a000 4500 than 31/2 ft (1.07 m), racks shall be considered as multiple Reduced Design Area of Sprinkler Operation(sq.ft) row racks. For Sl Units: 1 ft = 0.0929 m" 6-12 In-Rack Sprinkler Location. In single or double Figure 6-8.8 Adjustment of Design Area of Sprinkler Operation for row racks without solid shelves, in-rack sprinklers shall be Clearance from Top of Storage to Ceiling. installed as indicated in Table 6-11.1. 6-8.10 Where solid flat bottom wood pallets are used, with height of storage up to and including 25 ft (7.62 m), Part C Multiple Row Racks the densities indicated in the design curves, based on con- NOTE: See also Chapter 5. ventional pallets, shall be increased 20 percent for the given area. This percentage shall be applied to the density 6-13 In-Rack Sprinkler Location. resulting from the application of Figure 6-8.2. This increase shall not apply when in-rack sprinklers are 6-13.1t For encapsulated or nonencapsulated storage in installed. multiple row racks no deeper than 16 ft(4.88 m)with aisles no narrower than 8 ft (2.44 m), in-rack sprinklers shall be 6-9 High Expansion Foam Submergence. installed as indicated in Table 6-13.1. 6-13.2 For encapsulated or nonencapsulated storage in 6-9.1* When high expansion foam systems are used with- multiple row racks deeper than 16 ft m), or with out sprinklers, the maximum submergence time shall be 5 aisles less than 8 ft (2.44 m) wide, in-rack sprinklers shall min for Class I, II,or III commodities and 4 min for Class be installed as indicated in Table 6-13.2. IV commodities. 6-13.3* Maximum horizontal spacing of sprinklers on 6-9.2 When high expansion foam systems are used in branch lines, in multiple row racks with encapsulated combination with ceiling sprinklers,the maximum submer- or nonencapsulated storage up to and including 25 ft gence time shall be 7 min for Class I, 11, or III commodi- (7.62 m)in height, shall not exceed 12 ft(3.66 m) for Class ties and 5 min for Class IV commodities. 1, I1, or III_commodities and 8 ft (2.44 m) for Class IV commodities, with area limitations of 100 sq ft (9.29 m2) per sprinkler for Class I, I1, or III commodities and 80 sq 6-10 High Expansion Foam Ceiling Sprinkler Density. ft (7.43 m2) per sprinkler for Class IV commodities. The When high expansion foam systems are used in combina- rack plan view shall be considered in determining area cov- e dsign shall be a density of 0.2 gpm per sq ft with ceiling sprinklers, the minimum ceiling sprinkler ered by each sprinkler.The aisles are not to be included in des [(8.15 L/min)/m2] for Class I, II, or III commodities or area calculations. 0.25 gpm per sq ft[(10.2 L/min)/m2] for Class IV commod- 6-13.4 A minimum of 6 in. (152.4 mm) shall be main- ities for the most hydraulically remote 2,000-sq ft tained between the sprinkler deflector and top of a tier of (185.8-me) operating area. storage. 2-448 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Aisles Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand (Ft) Sprinklers With In-Rack Sprinklers Without In-Rack Sprinklers Commodity Encap- (4-4.1) Mandatory Apply Fig. Apply Fig. Height Class sulated (B-6-11.2) In-Rack Fig. Curves 6-8.2 Fig. Curves 6-8.2 No 4 No 6-11.1(a) C&D 6-11.1(a) G&H Yes I 8 A&B E&F Yes 4 No 6-11.1(e) C&D 6-11.1(e) G&H Yes 8 A&B E&F No 4 No 6-11.1(b) C&D 6-11.1(b) G&H Yes w 8 A&B E&F w I I Yes 4 No 6-11.1(e) C&D 6-11.1(e) G&H Yes CIS 8 A&B Yes E&F No 4 No 6-11.1(c) C&D 6-11.1(c) G&H Yes O 0 III 8 A&B E&F Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1(0 C&D 8 A&B No 4 No 6-11.1(d) C&D 6-11.1(d) G&H Yes IV 8 A&B E&F Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1(g) C&D 8 A&B No 4 No 6-11.1(a) C&D 6-11.1(a) G&H Yes 1 8 A&B E&F Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1(e) C&D 8 A&B No 4 No 6-11.1(b) C&D 6-11.1(b) G&H Yes r; 8 A&B E&F II Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1(e) C&D Z 8 A&B No '- -C No 4 No 6-11.1(c) C&D 6-11.1(c) G&H Yes (- 8 A&B E&F O III Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1(fl C&D 8 A&B No 4 No 6-11.1(d) C&D 6-11.1(d) G&H Yes IV 8 A&B E&F Yes 4 1 Level 6-I1.1(g) C&D 8 A&B No 4 No 6-11.1(a) C&D 6-11.1(a) G&H Yes I 8 1 A&B E&F' Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1(e) C&D 8 A&B No 4 No 6-11.1(b) C&D 6-11.1(b) G&H Yes u 8 A&B E&F w I I Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1(e) C&D . 8 A&B No No 4 No 6-11.1(c) C&D 6-11.1(c) G&H Yes III' 8 A&B E&F O Yes 4 1 Level 6-I1.1(f C&D 8 A&B No 4 6-11.1(d) C&D 8 A&B IV Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1(g) C&D 8 A&B For SI Units: 1 Ct = 0.3048 m Table 6-11.1 Single or Double Row Racks.Height of Storage up to and Including 25 Ft,Aisles Wider than 4 Ft,without Solid Shelves. 2-449 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Curve Legend Curve Legend 6000 A B C D E G F H A — Single or double row racks E— Single or double row racks with 8 ft aisles with 286°F with 8 ft aisles and 286°F z ceiling sprinklers and 165°F ceiling sprinklers. 0 s000 in-rack sprinklers. F— Single or double row racks < B — Single or double row racks with 8 ft aisles and 165°F W 0 with 8 ft aisles with 165°F ceiling sprinklers. 4000 ceiling sprinklers and 165°F G — Single or double row racks Yill I I X. I k k. I I in-rack sprinklers. with 4 fi aisles and 286°F z I A ki VJ C— Single or double row racks ceiling sprinklers. N3000 with 4 ft aisles or multiple H— Single or double row racks row racks with 286°F cell- with 4 ft aisles and 165°F ing sprinklers and 165°F ceiling sprinklers. 2000 in-rack sprinklers. 1— Multiple row racks with D— Single or double row racks 8 ft or wider aisles and Single Po i000 int with 4 ft aisles or multiple 286°F ceiling sprinklers. W Design Only row racks with 165°F cell- f— Multiple row racks with c 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 ing sprinklers and 165°F 8 fl or wider aisles and CEILING SPRINKLER DENSITY—GPM/FT' in-rack sprinklers. 165°F ceiling sprinklers. For SI Units: I ft = 0.3048 m;C = �Yq(F-32); 1 gpm/ftz = 40.746(Umin)/m' Figure 6.11.1(a) Sprinkler System Design Curves—20-Ft High Rack Storage—Class I Nonencapsulated Commodities—Conventional Pallets. Curve Legend Curve Legend 6000 A B C D E FIG H A — Single or double row racks E — Single or double row racks with 8 ft aisles with 286°F with 8 ft aisles and 286°F o ceiling sprinklers and 165°F ceiling sprinklers. s000 in-rack sprinklers. F— Single or double row racks d B — Single or double row racks with 8 ft aisles and 165°F with 8 ft aisles with 165°F ceiling sprinklers. 4000 ceiling sprinklers and 165°F G — Single or double row racks Z in-rack sprinklers. with 4 fl aisles and 286°F a J C— Single or double row racks ceiling sprinklers. 10 3000 with 4 fl aisles or multiple H — Single or double row racks O row racks with 286°F ceil- with 4 ft aisles and 165°F < ing sprinklers and 165°F ceiling sprinklers. iz000 I in-rack sprinklers. 1— Multiple row racks with Single Point D— Single or double row racks 8 ft or wider aisles and y Design Only with 4 ft aisles or multiple 286°F ceiling sprinklers. 0 1000 row racks with 165°F ceil- f— Multiple row racks with o.io o.is o.zo o.zs o.30 o.3s o.40 o.4s o.so 8-tor wider aisles and ing sprinklers and 165°F CEILING SPRINKLER DENSITY—GPM/FTC in-rack sprinklers. 165°F ceiling sprinklers. For Sl Units: l ft = 0.3048 m;C = -'9(F-32); 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746(Umin)/m' Figure 6-11.1(b) Sprinkler System Design Curves—20-Ft High Rack Storage—Class II Nonencapsulated Commodities—Conventional Pallets. 2-450 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 a000 A BC D E FIG H Curve Legend Curve Legend � A — Single or double row racks E — Single or double row racks z It ill I it I I I I I I III I I I I with 8-ft aisles with 2867 with 8-ft aisles and 2867 5 000 ceiling sprinklers and 1650f ceiling sprinklers. Win-rack sprinklers. F— Single,or double row racks B — Single or double row racks with 8-ft aisles and 165°F a000 with 8 ft aisles with 1657 ceiling sprinklers. Y ceiling sprinklers and 1657 G - Single or double row racks z in-rack sprinklers. with 9 ft aisles and 2860F aC— Single or double row racks ceiling sprinklers.300o with 9 ft aisles or multiple H— 'Single or double row racks I IN row racks with 2867 veil- with 9 ft aisles and 1650F 200o I ing sprinklers and 1657 ceiling sprinklers. in-rack sprinklers. 1— Multiple row racks with single Point D — Single or double row racks 8 ft or wider aisles and a =Design Only with 4 ft aisles or multiple 2867 ceiling sprinklers. c i000 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 row racks with 1657 ceil- J— Multiple row racks with . CEILING SPRINKLER DENSITY—GPM/FT2 ing sprinklers and 1657 8 ft or wider aisles and in-rack sprinklers. 165°F ceiling sprinklers. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3048 m;C = �9(F-32); 1 gpm/f 2 = 40.746(Umin)/m" Figure 6-11.1(c) Sprinkler System Design Curves—20-Ft High Rack Storage—Class III Nonencapsulated Commodities—Conventional Pallets. 6000 A B C D E F G H Curve Legend Curve Legend � A — Single or double row racks E— Single or double row racks z with 8 ft aisles with 2867 with 8 ft aisles and 2867 0 ceiling sprinklers and 1657 ceiling sprinklers. P5000 in-rack sprinklers. F— Single or double row racks d B — Single or double row racks with 8 ft aisles and 1657 d with 8 fl aisles with 1657 ceiling sprinklers. a000 N. ceiling sprinklers and 165Y. G — Single or double row racks i in-rack sprinklers. with 9 ft aisles and 286Y C— Single or double row racks ceiling sprinklers. w 3000 XI I with 4 fl aisles or multiple H— Single or double rot,racks p X 11 X row racks with 2867 ceil- with 4 fl aisles and 165°F W ing sprinklers and 165°F ceiling sprinklers. IN 2000 in-rack sprinklers. z D— Single or double row racks with 9 ft aisles or multiple c 1000 rou,racks with 1657 ceil- 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.36 0.4 0.45. 0.5 0.55 0.6 ing sprinklers and 1657 CEILING SPRINKLER DENSITY—GPM/FT= in-rack sprinklers. Note: Curves C and D also apply to ceiling sprinklers only for multiple rosy racks up to and including 15 ft(4.2 m)high,and Figure 6-8.2 shall not be applied. For SI Units: l ft = 0.3048 m;C = Yn(F-32); 1 gpm/ft' = 40.746(Umin)/m' Figure 6-11.1(d) Sprinkler System Design Curves—20-Ft High Rack Storage—Class IV Nonencapsulated Commodities—Conventional Pallets. 2-451 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Curve Legend Curve Legend A e C D A — 8 ft aisles with 286°F ceil- E— 8 ft aisles with 286°F ceil- F a000 ing sprinklers and 165°F ing sprinklers. LL in-rack sprinklers. F— 8-1t aisles with 165°F cell- 0 s000 B — 8 ft aisles with 165°F ceil- ing sprinklers. ing sprinklers and 165°F G — 4 ft aisles with 286°F ceil- gIt I I I 111 11 1 in-rack sprinklers. ing sprinklers. a0001 . F Sin1. gle .}H C— 4 ft aisles with 286°F ceil- H— 4 ft aisles with 165°F ceil- Point de:;gn ing sprinklers and 165°F ing sprinklers. only in-rack sprinklers. a000 D— 4 ft aisles with 165°F ceil- 0 . E +c ing sprinklers and 165°F z000 in-rack sprinklers. D l000 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Ceiling sprinkler density-GPM/FT' For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3048 In;C = `fig(F-32); I gpm/ft' = 40.746(Umin)/m' Figure 6-11.1(e) Single or Double Row Racks—20-Ft High Rack Storage—Sprinkler System Design Curves—Class I&II Encapsulated Commodities—Conventional Pallets. A e C D Curve Legend Curve Legend e000 A — 8 ft aisles with 286°F cell- C— 4 ft aisles with 286°F ceil- ing sprinklers and 165°F ing sprinklers and 165°F Soo o in-rack sprinklers. in-rack sprinklers. B— 8 ft aisles with 165°F ceil- D— 4 ft aisles with 165°F ceil- 2 ing sprinklers and 165°F ing sprinklers and 165°F 0 a000 in-rack sprinklers. in-rack sprinklers. Y t S 3000 +� t N O 1 1 9 m Q C 2000 .y a 1000 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Ceiling Sprinkler Density(gpnvRl For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3048 m;C = �g(F-32); 1 gpm/ft' = 40.746(Umin)/mY Figure 6-11.1(I) Single or Double Row Racks—20-Ft High Rack Storage—Sprinkler System Design Curves—Class III Encapsulated Commodities—Conventional Pallets. 2-452 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 A B C D Curve Legend Curve Legend 6000 A - 8-ft aisles with 286°F ceil- C- 4 ft aisles with 286°F ceil- ing sprinklers and 165°F ing sprinklers.and 165°F s000 in-rack sprinklers. in-rack sprinklers. B - 8 ft aisles with 165°F ceil- D- 4 fl aisles with 165°F ceil- ing sprinklers and 165°F ing sprinklers and 165°F $ 4000 in-rack sprinklers. in-rack sprinklers. O d C to 3000 0 m m - 2000 a i 1000 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 O S 0.55 0.6 Ceiling Sprinkler Density(gprrvh0 For St Units: 1 ft = 0.3048 m;C = �e(F-32); 1 gpm/f 2 = 40.746(L/min)/m` Figure 6-11.1(g) Single or Double Row Racks-20-Ft High Rack Storage-Sprinkler System Design Curves-Class IV Encapsulated Commodities-Conventional Pallets. Table 6-13.1 Multiple-Row Racks.Rack Depth up to 16 Ft,Aisles Wider than 8 Ft,Storage Height up to 25 Ft. Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand Sprinklers With In-Rack Sprinklers Without In-Rack Sprinklers Commodity Encap- Mandatory Apply Fig. Apply Fig. Height Class sulated In-Racks Fig.No. Curves 6-8.2 1.25 x Density Fig.No. Curves 6-8.2 1.25 x Density No 6-11.1(a) No 6-11.1(a) I&J No 1 Yes Yes 6-I1.1(a) Yes 6-11.1(a) I&J Yes 11 No No 6-11.1(b) No 6-11.1(b) I&J Yes No Over 12 Thrut Yes 6-11.1(b) C&D Yes Yes 6-11.1(b) I&J Yes Up Ft III No No 6-11.1(c) No 6-11.1(c) I&J Yes No Yes I Level 6-11.1(c) Yes IV No No 6-11.1(d) No 6-I1.1(d) C&D No No Yes I Level 6-11.1(d) A&B 1.50 x Density I No 6-11.1(a) No 6.11.1(a) I&J Yes No Yes No 6-11.1(a) Yes 6-11.1(a) I&J Yes II No 6-I1.l(b) No 6-11.1(b) I&J Yes No Over 15 Ft Yes 6-11.1(b) C&D Yes 6-11.1(b) I&J Yes Upp Ft u No No 6-11.1(c) Yes No 6-11.1(c) I&J Yes No 2 I11 Yes I Level 6-11.1(c) Yes No 6-11.1(d) No IV Yes 1 Level 6-11.1(d) A&B 1.50 x Density I No No 6-11.1(a) No 6-11.1(a) I&J Yes No Yes 1 Level 6-11.1(a) Yes 11 No 6-11.1(b) No Over 20 Ft Yes 6-11.1(b) C&D Yes UP Thru 1 Level No 25 Ft III No 6-I1.1(c) No Yes 6-11.1(c) Yes IV No 2 Levels 6-11.1(d) No Yes 6-11.1(d) A&B 1.50 x Density For SI Units: 1 ft = .3048 m 2-453 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 6-13.2 Multiple-Row Racks.Rack Depth up to 16 Ft or Aisles Narrower than 8 Ft,Storage Height up to 25 Ft. Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand Sprinklers With In-Rack Sprinklers Without In-Rack Sprinklers Commodity Encap- Mandatory Apply Fig. Apply Fig. Height Class sulated In-Racks Fig.No. Curves 6-8.2 1.25 x Density Fig.No. Curves 6-8.2 1.25 x Density 1 No 6-11.1(a) No 6-11.1(a) I&J Yes No Yes 6-11.1(a) Yes 6-11.1(a) I&J Yes II No No 6-I1.1(b) No 6-11.1(b) I&J Yes No Uv Th ut Yes 6-11.1(b) C&D Yes Yes 6-11.1(b) I&J Yes 15 Ft Ill No 6-11.1(c) No 6-11.1(c) I&J Yes No Yes l Level 6-I1.1(c) Yes IV No No 6-11.1(d) No 6-11.1(d) C&D No No Yes 1 Level 6-I1.1(d) 1.50 x Density I No 6-11.1(a) No Yes 6-11.1(a) Yes II No 6-11.1(b) No Over l5 Ft Yes 6-11.1(b) Yes Up Thru 1 Level C&D Yes 20 Ft II! NqN 6-11.1(c) No 6-11.1(c) Yes IV 6-I1.1(d) No 6-11.1(d) 1.50 x Density X1 I No 6-11.1(a) No Yes 6-11.1(a) Yes II No 1 Level 6-11.1(b) No OUPe Thru20 t Yes 6-11.1(b) C&D No Yes 25 Ft III No 6-11.1(c) No Yes 6-11.1(c) Yes IV No 2 Levels 6-11.1(d) No Yes 6-11.1(d) 1.50 x Density For SI Units: 1 ft = .3048 m 6-14 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand. Chapter 7 Fire Protection - Storage over 25 Feet (7.62 m) in Height 6-14.1 For nonencapsulated Class 1, II, III, or IV com- part A General modities, ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of den- sity(gpm per sq ft)and area of sprinkler operation (sq ft of ceiling or roof] shall be selected from curves given in Fig- 7-1 In-Rack Sprinkler Type. Sprinklers in racks shall be ures 6-11.1(a)through (d).The curves in Figures 6-11.1(a) ordinary temperature classification with nominal 1/2-in. through (d) also apply to portable racks arranged in the (12.7-mm)orifice size,pendent or upright. Sprinklers with same manner as single, double,or multiple row racks.The 212°F(100°C) and 286°F(141°C) temperature ratings shall design shall be sufficient to satisfy a single point on the be used near heat sources as required in NFPA 13. appropriate curve related to the storage configuration and commodity class. It shall not be necessary to meet all points 7-2 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing. In-rack sprinklers shall on the selected curve. Figure 6-8.2 shall be used to adjust be staggered horizontally and vertically when installed as density for storage height unless otherwise specified. (See indicated in Table 7-10.1, Figures 7-10.1(a) through (j), A-6-5.1 and A-6-11.1.) and Figures 7-10.3(a) through (e). 6-14.2 For encapsulated Class I, I1, or III commodities 7-3 In-Rack Sprinkler Pipe Size. The number of sprin- with height of storage up to and including 25 ft(7.62 m)on klers and the pipe sizing on a line of sprinklers in racks is multiple row racks, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 restricted only by hydraulic calculations and not by any percent greater than for nonencapsulated commodities on piping schedule. multiple row racks. 6-14.3 For encapsulated Class IV commodities with 7-4 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Shields. Water shields shall height of storage up to and including 25 ft (7.62 m) on be provided directly above in-rack sprinklers, or listed multiple row racks, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 50 sprinklers equipped with water shields shall be provided percent greater than for nonencapsulated commodities on when there is more than one level, if not shielded by hori- double row racks. zontal barriers (see Appendix B-6-3). 2-454 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 7-5 In-Rack Sprinkler Location. In double row or multi- Part B Double and Single Row Racks ple row-racks, a minimum 6 in. (152.4 min) vertical clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors 7-10 In-Rack Sprinkler Location. and the top of a tier of storage. Face sprinklers in such racks shall be located a minimum of 3 in. (76.2 min) from 7-10.1 In double row racks without solid shelves and with rack uprights and no more than 18 in. (0.46 m) from the a maximum of 10 ft (3.05 m) between top of storage and aisle face of storage. Other sprinklers in racks shall be ceiling, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed as indicated in located a minimum of 2 ft (0.61 m) from rack uprights. Table 7-10.1 and Figures 7-10.1(a) through 0). The high- est level of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft I Exception: When the distance between uprights is less than 4 ft (3.05 m) below top of storage (see Section 7-11). (1.22 m), sprinklers shall be centered between uprights. 7-10.2 In-rack sprinklers for storage higher than 25 ft 7-6 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure. Sprinklers in (7.62 m) in double row racks shall be spaced horizontally racks shall discharge at not less than 30 psi (206.8 kPa)for and located in horizontal space nearest the vertical all classes of commodity (see Appendix B-6-7). intervals indicated in Table 7-10.1, Figures 7-10.1(a) through 0). 7-7 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand. 7-10.3 In single row racks without solid shelves with height of storage over 25 ft(7.62 m)and a maximum of 10 7-7.1 Water demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall ft (3.05 m) between top of storage and ceiling, sprink- be.based on simultaneous operation of the most hydrauli- lers shall be installed as indicated in Figures 7-10.3(a) tally remote: through (e). (a) Six sprinklers when only one level is installed in racks with Class I, II, or III commodity. 7-11* In-Rack Sprinkler Horizontal Barriers. Hori- zontal barriers used in conjunction with in-rack sprinklers (b) Eight sprinklers when only one level is installed in to impede vertical fire development shall be constructed of racks with Class IV commodity. sheet metal, wood, or similar material and shall extend the full length and width of the rack. Barriers shall be fitted (c) Ten sprinklers (five on each two top levels) when within 2-in. (50.8-mm) horizontally around rack uprights more than one level is installed in racks with Class I, I1,or [see Table 7-10.1, Figures 7-10.1(a), (g), and(j), and Figures III commodity. 7-10.3(c)and (e)]. (d) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each two top levels) 7-12 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand. when more than one level is installed in racks with Class IV commodity. 7-12.1t* Water demand for nonencapsulated storage on racks without solid shelves separated by aisles at least 4-ft 7-8 High Expansion Foam Submergence. When high (1.22-m) wide and with not more than 10 ft (3.05 m) expansion foam systems are used for storage over 25 ft between top of storage and sprinklers shall be based on (7.62 m) high, up to and including 35 ft (10.67 m) high, sprinklers in a 2,000 sq ft (185.8 m") operating area, dis- they shall be used in combination with ceiling sprinklers. charging a minimum of 0.25 gpm per sq ft [(10.18 The maximum submergence time for the high expansion Umin)/mz] for Class I commodities, 0.3 gpm per sq ft foam shall be 5 min for Class I, II,or III commodities and [(12.2 Umin)/M2] for Class I1 and III commodities, and 4 min for Class IV commodities. 0.35 gpm per sq ft [(14.26 Umin)/m'-] for Class IV com- modities, for 165°F (74°C) sprinklers; or a minimum of 7-9 High Expansion Foam-Ceiling Sprinkler Water 0.35 gpm per sq ft [(14.26 Umin)/in-']for Class I commod- Demand. When high expansion foam is used in combina- ities, 0.40 gpm per sq ft [(16.3 Umin)/m"] for Class II and tion with ceiling sprinklers, the sprinkler design shall be III commodities, and 0.45 gpm per sq ft [(18.3 Umin)/m'-] 0.2 gpm per sq ft [(8.15 Uminyin2j for Class I, II, or III for Class IV commodities, for 2867 (141°C) sprinklers (see commodities and 0.25 gpm per sq ft[(10.19 L/min)/m'-]for Table 7-10.1). Class IV commodities, over the most hydraulically remote 2,000-sq ft (185.8-m2) area. 7-12.2 Where storage as described in 7-12.1 is encapsu- lated, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated. 2-455 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 7-10.1 Double-Row Racks without Solid Shelves,Storage Higher than 25 Ft,Aisles Wider than 4 Ft In-rack sprinklers - approximate Ceiling Ceiling Sprinkler Density vertical spacing at tier nearest Fig. Maximum Sprinkler (gpm/sq ft)(6) Commodity the vertical distance and maximum No. Storage Stagger Heiht Operating Clearance"' Class horizontal spacing)1)(2) g Area Up to 10 ft('Lon ) Flu 3)tudinal Face 165° 286° Vertical 20 ft Horizontal 10 ft None 7-10.1(a) 30 ft No 0.25 0.35 under horizontal I Barriers 2000 scl ft Vertical 20 ft Vertical -20 ft 7-10.1(b) Higher than Yes 0.25 0.35 Horizontal 10 ft Horizontal 10 ft 25 ft Vertical loft or at 15 ft&25 ft None 7-10.1(c) 30 ft Yes 0.30 0.40 Horizontal 10 ft Vertical 10 ft Vertical 30 ft 7-10.1(d) Yes 0.30 0.40 Horizontal 10 ft Horizontal 10 ft Vertical 20 ft Vertical 20 ft 7-10.1(e) Yes 0.30 0.40 I,11,&III Horizontal 10 ft Horizontal • 5 ft 2000 sq ft Vertical 25 ft Vertical 25 ft Higher than Horizontal 5 ft Horizontal 5 ft 7-l0.1(f) 25 ft No 0.30 0.40 Horizontal barriers at 20 ft. Vertical intervals-2 lines of sprinklers 7-10.1(g) Yes 0.30 0.40 under barriers-maximum horizontals acing 10 ft staggered. Vertical 15 ft Vertical 20 ft 7-10.1(h) Yes 0.35 0.45 Horizontal 10 ft Horizontal 10 ft Vertical 20 ft Vertical 20 ft 7-10.1(i) No 0.35 0.45 I,II,III, Horizontal 5 ft Horizontal 5 ft Higher than 2000 sq ft &IV Horizontal barriers at 15 ft. Vertical 25 ft intervals-2 lines of sprinkler' 7-10.10) Yes 0.35 0.45 under barriers-maximum L. horizontal spacing 10 ft staggered For SI Units: I ft = 0.3048 in Footnotes to-Fable 7-10.1 "For encapsulated commodity,increase density 25 percent(7-12.1). Minimum in-rack sprinkler pressure,30 psi(2.1 bar)(Section 7-6). 'See A-7-10.3,A-7-11,and A-7-12.1 for protection suggestions when =Water shields required(Section 6-3 and Section 7-4). clearance is greater than 10 ft(3.05 m). 'Install sprinklers at least 2 ft(0.61 m)from uprights(A-6-4.1). "Face sprinklers are not mandatory for a Class 1 commodity consisting of 'Install sprinklers at least 3 in.(76.2 mm)from uprights(Section 7-5). noncombustible products on wood pallets(without combustible containers) 'Clearance is distance between top of storage and ceiling. except for arrays shown in Figure 7-10.1(g)and Figure 7-10.16). ❑x0 ❑ ❑ Q Barrier El F-1 axo 0 xEl ao oa DO n a El El o0 Plan View Flevation Figure 7-10.1(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodity, Maximum Height of Storage 25 Ft(7.62 m)to 30 Ft(9.15 m). NOTES: 1.Symbol X indicates in-rack sprinklers. I2.Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-456 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 F❑ 5 °❑°❑° � � � � e e e 3 4 El El I F ❑ X e ❑ ❑ ° X FA 3❑°❑ x � 2 n X � a aBHPt: � M Ft X S E � a x �K� 2❑x�❑ EI&EI� RI N Z�x x X I z�° ���LER L J ❑X❑ l_ ❑ ❑ e x S I a❑ e x� ES ❑ - ❑ ❑ a�a o o � aX� F] n e HEl 1 ❑x A X ❑ a El Plan View ❑ ❑ ❑ Plan View Elp-vation Flevalion Figure 7.10.1(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodity, Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). Figure 7-10.1(d) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class I,II,or III Com- modity,Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). NOTES: 1.Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 7-10.1)required when NOTES: loads labeled A or B represent top of storage. 1.Sprinklers labeled I required when loads labeled A represent the top of 2.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent storage. top of storage. 2.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled B or C represent 3.Sprinklers labeled I and 3 required when loads labeled E or F represent top of storage. top of storage. 3.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,and 3 required when loads labeled D or E repre- 4.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F,the cycle defined sent top of storage. by notes 2 and 3 is repeated WITH STAGGER AS INDICATED. 4.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,3,and 4 required when loads labeled F or G rep- 5.Symbols A or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. resent top of storage. I6. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft 5.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,3,4,and 5 required when loads labeled H repre- (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. sent top of storage. 6.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled H,the cycle defined by notes 3.4,and 5 is repeated with stagger as indicated. 7.The indicated face sprinklers may be omitted when commodity consists Q ❑e❑ of unwrapped r indicate sprinklers metal parts er wood pallets. e 8.Symbols a or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. 9. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft a I (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. ❑X❑ a e O❑ F] ❑ ❑X[1 ❑X❑ ❑°❑ ❑ ❑ ❑X❑ ❑ ❑ Plan View Elevatimn Figure 7-10.1(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class 1,II,or III Com- modity,Maximum Height of Storage 25 Ft(7.62 m)to 30 Ft(9.15 m).. NOTES: 1.Alternate location of in-rack sprinklers.Sprinklers may be installed at the second and fourth or the third and fifth tiers. 2.Symbols a or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. 13. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-457 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE ao a s XEnF 3 x❑xEl a as F 3 x X oo ao Pe e 2 X X a o oxa 2 AC a x X � E ne❑ PH E X X X 1 ElXQ AC A A fL�J I �❑ ❑ P x�5 E ❑ ❑ X N PR X X X 1 e xis LE ❑ ❑ ❑X❑ K F] ❑ �� S � F X XW E n �X❑ PxEl,o/ s ❑X ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Plan View1:1 X ❑ ❑ Figure 7-10.1(e) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class I,II,or III Com- �Xa modity,Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). X X F] F]NOTES: Plan View 1.Sprinklers labeled 1(the selected array from Table 7-10.1)required when loads labeled A or B represent top of storage. Fly gyation 2.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent top of storage. Figure 7-10.1(f) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class I,II,or III Com- 3.Sprinklers labeled I and 3 required when loads labeled E or F represent modity,Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). top of storage. 4.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F,the cycle defined NOTES: by notes 2 and 3 is repeated,with stagger as indicated. 1.Sprinklers labeled I(the selected array from Table 7-10.1)required when 5.Symbols a or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. loads labeled A or B represent top of storage. I6. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft 2.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. top of storage. 3.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 required when loads labeled E represent top of storage. 4.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 4 required when loads labeled F or G represent top of storage. 5.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled G,the cycle defined by notes 2,3,and 4 is repeated. 6.Symbol X indicates face and in-rack sprinklers. I7. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-458 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 a F � Brriertr . 3 D oo � a x O �❑e �❑ 2 a a 09 oo � o F�� Pq E A A K X K 8 ❑ ❑ IN�� I El El 7 O X+-��E a Fla� ` s ❑ ❑ o o s 0 1 �❑ VI0 0 6 ❑ x ❑ ❑ O 0 A " —1 El Plan C n 5 Plan View O PR E Q Elevation �� IN ❑❑�K ❑ Figure 7-10.1(g)In•Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class I,II,or III Com• X L X 4 modity,Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). 0 OP. NOTES: � O O 3 1.Sprinklers labeled 1(the selected array from Table 7-10.1)required when ❑O q D D loads labeled A or B represent top of storage. F] F 2.Sprinklers labeled I and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent Px0 top of storage. Q IC 3.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 required when loads labeled E or F represent top of storage. PIan�View 2 4.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F,the cycle defined Elby notes 2 and 3 is repeated. 5.Symbols O,A,or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. I6. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. a a h F I NOTES to Figure 7-101(h): ❑X❑ I.Sprinklers labeled I(the selected array from Table 7-10.1)required when. loads labeled A or B represent top of storage. 2.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent — Q top of storage. 3.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,and 3 required.when loads labeled E or F repre- sent top storage. o o 4.Sprinklers rs labeled 1,2,3,and 4 required when loads labeled G represent top of storage. 5.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,3,4,and 5 required when loads labeled H repre- sent top of storage. Elevation 6.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,3,4,and 6(not 5)required when loads labeled 1 or J represent top of storage. 7.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,3,4,6,and 7 required when loads labeled K rep- resent top of storage. Figure 7-10.1(h) In•Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class I, II, III,or IV 8.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,3,4,6,and 8 required when loads labeled L rep- Commodity,Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). resent top of storage. 9.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,3,4,6,8,and 9 required when loads labeled M or N represent top of storage. 10. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled N, the cycle defined by notes 1 through 9 is repeated,with stagger as indicated. In the cycle,loads labeled M are equivalent to loads labeled A. 11.Symbols O,X,A,indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. 112.Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 It (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-459 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE MF o a M M D MD X X X 3 3 aMDC Ct1d l: Barrier O 2 x X C a s Q 5 ❑X❑ S E x 2 X X R a F ❑x[]� NK N F1 FA I x x L X R X X X I e O SPC x x g ❑ ❑ a R E// x N ❑ ❑ x ❑ ❑� �E x a ❑ ❑ o� s x x F] ❑ x e Elevation Plan View ❑ ❑ F Elevation x e Figure 7-10.1(i) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class I, II, III, or IV Plan View Commodity,Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). NOTES: Figure 7-10.10) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class I, II, 1II,or IV I.Sprinklers labeled I (the selected array from"Fable 7-10.1)required when Commodity.Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). loads labeled A or B represent top of storage. NOTES: 2.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C or 1)represent I. Sprinklers and barrier labeled I (the selected array from'Fable 7-10.1) top of storage. required when loads labeled A or 13 represent top of storage. 3.Sprinklers labeled I and 3 required when loads labeled E or F represent 2. Sprinklers labeled I and 2 and barrier labeled I required when loads top of storage. labeled C represent top of storage. 4.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F,the cycle defined 3.Sprinklers and barriers labeled I and 3 required when loads labeled 1)or by notes 2 and 3 is repeated. E represent top of storage. 5.Symbol X indicates face and in-rack sprinklers. 4.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E.the cycle defined 6. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft 1 by notes 2 and 3 is repeated.0.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 5.Symbols A or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. 6.Symbol O indicates longitudinal flue space sprinklers. I7. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 fi (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-460 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 ❑ ° x ❑ o ❑ H ° o ❑ o El ❑ a ❑ ❑ ❑ x ❑ a ❑ Plan View ❑ Plan View ❑ ❑ ❑ Figure 7.10.5(a) Class I,II,III,or IV.In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Figure 7-10.3(b) Class I,II,or III Commodity. Single Row Racks,Height of Storage over 25 Ft(7.62 m). NOTE: NOTES: 1. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to'S ft 1. For all storage heights,install sprinklers in every other tier and stagger- I (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. as indicated. 2.Symbols°or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. I9. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft (1.25 to 1.56 in)on a side. 2-461 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (F-1 {m m F] F-1 Pan View I I�IJ.i15 V. F] Elevation Flevation Figure 7.10.8(c) Class I,II,or III Commodity. Figure 7.10.8(d) Class I,II,III,or IV Commodity. NOTE: NOTE: 11. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft 11. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-462 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Part C Multiple Row Racks 7-13* In-Rack Sprinkler Location. In multiple row racks with a maximum of 10 ft (3.05 m) between top of storage and ceiling, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed as indicated in Figures 7-13(a), (b), and (c).The highest level of in-rack \ sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft (3.05 m) below I� ❑ maximum height of storage for Class I, 11,or III commod- ities or 5 ft(1.52 m)below top of storage for Class IV com- modities (see Table 7-13). 7-14 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing. Maximum horizontal spacing of sprinklers in multiple row racks with storage higher than 25 ft (7.62 m)shall be in accordance with Fig- ures 7-13(a), (b), and (c). 7-15 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand. 7-15.1 Water demand for nonencapsulated storage on racks without solid shelves separated by aisles at least 4 ft (1.22 m) wide and with not more than 10 ft (3.05 m) between top of storage and sprinklers shall be based on sprinklers in a 2,000-sq ft (185.8-m') operating area for multiple row racks, discharging a minimum of 0.25 gpm per sq ft [(10.19 Umin)/m-] for Class I commodities, 0.3 gpm per sq ft [(12.2 Umin)/mz] for Class II and III commodities,and 0.35 gpm per sq ft[(14.26 Umin)/m21 for P13aY1€1tti Class IV commodities, for 165°F (74°C) sprinklers; or a minimum of 0.35 gpm per sq ft [(14.26 Umin)/m21 for Class I commodities, 0.40 gpm per sq ft [(16.8 Umin)/M2] for Class II and III commodities, and 0.45 gpm per sq ft I vaion [(18.3 L/min)/m'] for Class IV commodities, for 286°F (14]°C) sprinklers (see Table 7-13). Figure 7-10.3(e) Class I,I1,III,or IV Commodity. NOTE: 7-15.2 Where such storage is encapsulated, ceiling sprin- t. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft kler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencap- I (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. sulated. Table 7-13 Multiple Row Racks.Storage Heights over 25 Ft. In-Rack Sprinklers(l) Maximum Spacing from Top Maximum Maximum of Storage Ceiling Ceiling Sprinkler Horizontal Horizontal to Highest Sprinkler Density( m/ft) Approximate Spacing Spacing In-Rack Operating Commodity Encap- Vertical In a Flue Across Flue Height Sprinklers Area 165° 286° Class sulated Spacing(ft) (ft) A Limit(ft) Stagger I Fig.No. (ft) (fe) Rating Rating I No 20 12 10 7.13(a) 10 .25 .35 Yes1 .31 .44 Between .30 .40 I,II,&III Ye 15 10 10 None adjacent 7-13(b) 10 2000 flues .37 .50 I,II,III, No 10 10 1 0 7.13(c) 5 .35 .45 &IV yes 44 .56 'All four rack faces should be protected by sprinklers fixated within 18 in.of the faces,as indicated in Figs. 7-13(a),(b),and (c). It is not necessary for each sprinkler level to protect all faces(see A-7-13). For S[ Units: I ft = 0.3048 m;C = 'Yy(F-32); 1 gpm/ft' = 40.746(Umin)/m' 2-463 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Loading aisle x x x Maximum x x x 12 ft between sprinklers x x x Loading aisle Plan View Maximum 10 ft between sprinklers aMaximun 10 ft F a 17 between sprinklers D1-1 D and top of storage f Face sprinklers 0000 oa o� 2 00000aQ oxo oXo oXo 0 1 a00000 � 11 Maximum 20 ft a o o a El a 0 and floorsprinklers ao 000a � oading Aisle Elevation Figure 7-13(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement—Multiple Row Racks,Class I Commodity.Height of Storage over 25 Ft. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3048 in NOTES: 4.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E,the cycle defined 1.Sprinklers labeled 1 required if loads labeled A represent top of storage. by notes 2 and 3 is repeated,with stagger as indicated. 2.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required if loads labeled B or C;represent top 5.Symbols A or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. of storage. 6.Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft 3.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 required if loads labeled D or E represent top I (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. of storage. 2-464 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Loading aisle X X X Maximum X X X t0It between sprinkers IN X HX X H&b Loading aisle Plan View Maximum loft between sprinklers QMaximum 101t Q rs Q a DAD a Q 0 3 between f storage and to of store e Face sprinklers" 2 oa oo a xa 1 , oaooaa0 Maximum 15 ft El El Q � D Q abetween nd floor sprinklers aooaooQ I eadino Aisle Elevation Figure 7-13(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement—Multiple Row Racks,Class I,II,or III Commodity.Height of Storage over 25 Ft. For SI Units 1 ft = 0.3048 m NOTES: 3.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled C,the cycle defined 1.Sprinklers labeled I and 2 required if loads labeled A represent top of by notes 1 and 2 is repeated,with stagger as indicated. storage. 4.Symbols 66 or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. 2.Sprinklers labeled I and 3 required if loads labeled B or C represent top 5.Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft f storage. I (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-465 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Loading aisle n n e X X X e n e Maximum X X X 10 ft between sprinklers Loading aisle Plan View Maximum 10 It between sprinklers El EJ ❑X D DXD LS 4 DXD DID DXD D g Maximum 5 ft eD DeD DeD DeD 2 between sprinklers and top m storage e Face sprinkler�E] D 0 El DOD DXD DXD DXD D , D D D D D D D Maximum 10 ft D D D D D D D between sprinklers and floor Loadino Aisle Flevation Figure 7-13(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Class I,11,III&IV Commodity,Multiple Row Racks.Height of Storage over 25 Ft. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3048 m NOTES: 3.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled B,the cycle defined I.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,and 3 required if loads labeled A represent top of by notes 1 and 2 is repeated,with stagger as indicated. storage. 4.Symbols 0 or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. 2.Sprinklers labeled 1,2,and 4 required if loads labeled B represent top of 5. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft storage. I (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-466 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Chapter 8* Plastics- 84.5.2 In-Rack Sprinkler. Pipe Size. The number of sprinklers and the .pipe sizing on a line of sprinklers in 8-1t General. racks are restricted only by the hydraulic calculations and not by any piping schedule. 8-1.1 Plastics in corrugated cartons shall be protected as indicated by Figure 8-1.1. This decision tree shall also be 8-1.5.3 In-Rack Storage Water Shields. If in-rack sprin- used to determine protection for commodities that are not klers are not shielded by horizontal barriers, water shields wholly Group A plastics but contain such quantities and shall be provided above the sprinklers, or listed sprinklers arrangement of the same that they are deemed more haz- equipped with water shields shall be used. ardous than Class IV commodities. 1 8-1.5.4 The minimum of 6 in. (152.4 mm) vertical clear 8-1.2 Group B plastics and free-flowing Group A plastics space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors shall be protected.the same as Class IV commodities. and the top of a tier of storage. 8-1.3 Group C plastics shall be protected the same as 8-1.5.5 In-Rack Sprinkler Water .Demand. Water Class III commodities. demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote: 8-1.4t Ceiling sprinklers shall be large orifice [17/32 in. (a) Eight sprinklers when only one level.is installed in (13.5 mm)] and ordinary to high temperature-rated. racks. (b) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each top two levels) Exception No.1: Large-drop sprinklers as indicated in Chapter 9. when more-than one level is installed in racks. Exception No. 2: ESFR sprinklers as indicated in Chapter 10. 8-1.5.6 Chapters 1 through 5 apply to plastics storage. Exception No. 3: For densities of 0.30 gpm/sq ft [(12.2 Umin)/in2J or less, one-half-in. (12.7-mm) orifice sprin- 8-2 Single, Double, and Multi-Row Racks — Storage up klers shall be permitted. to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) — Clearances up to and . Exception No. 4: High temperature sprinklers shall be used Including 10 ft (3 m). where required by NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. 8-2.1 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand. For Group A plastic commodities;in cartons, encapsulated or nonencap- 8-1.5 In-Rack Sprinklers. sulated in single, double, and multi-row racks, ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density (gpm/ft-) and 8-1.5.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Classification. Sprinklers in area of operation(ft') shall be selected from Figures 8-2 (a) tracks shall be ordinary temperature classification, except through (i). Linear interpolation of design densities and r higher temperature sprinklers shall be used as specified in areas of application shall be permitted between storage ` NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. heights with the same clearances. No interpolation between clearances shall be permitted. PLASTICS GROUPA GROUPB GROUPC Class IV Class III F_ CARTONED EXPOSED Outside the Scope of NFPA 231C EXPANDED OR NONEXPANDED STABLE FREE-FLOWING Tables 8.2.1 Class IV and 8-3.1 Figure 8-1.1 Decision Tree. 2-467 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Strategies for Protection Rack Storage of Plastics Single Row, Double Row,& Multiple Row Rack Configurations Unexposed (Expanded and Unexpanded) Group A Plastics 15 Foot Storage 15 Foot Storage <5 Foot Clearance 5 to 10 Foot Clearance .452000 ceiling .302000 ceiling .60/4000 ceiling .30/2000 ceiling See 8-2.1.1 See Note 2 see 8-2.1.2, See Note 2 and 8-2.1.3, and Figure 8-2(g) 8-2.1.2 ,8-2.1.4 and figure 8-2(g) F1 F-1 F-1 F-1 F-1 F-1 1-1 El F-1 F� F-1 0 F-1 F� F-1 El 0 F-1 ❑ ❑ 1:1 El El 0 1:1 El 8-2(a). Figure 8-2(b). 2-468 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 20 FOOT STORAGE <5 FOOT CLEARANCE .60/4000 ceiling .45/2000 ceiling .302000 ceiling See 8-2.1.2, 8-2.1.2 See Note 2 See Note 3 and 8-2.1.4 and figure 8-2(h) and figure 8-2(i) ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ 0 F-1 F-1 ❑ ❑ F El 0 F F-1 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ 1:1 El 1:1 E El Ej Figure 8-2(c). 20 FOOT STORAGE 5 to 10 FOOT CLEARANCE (See Note 5) .45/2000 ceiling .30/2000 ceiling .30/2000 ceiling .30/2000 ceiling See Note 2 See Note 4 See Note 4 See Note 3 and figure 8-2(h) and figure 8-20) and figure 8-20) and figure 8-2(i) F F-1 F-1 F ❑ ❑ F-1 El 0 0 F� o F� F-1 F-1 F-1 H El F F El El D X 1:1 El El 0 1:1 EJ EJ El lllllllllll lllllllllll lllllllllll lllllllllll Figure 8-2(d). 2-469 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 25 FOOT STORAGE 25 FOOT STORAGE <5 FOOT CLEARANCE 5 to 10 FOOT CLEARANCE (See Note 5) (See Note 5) .45/2000 ceiling .30/2000 ceiling .302000 ceiling See Note 3 See Note 4 See Note 4 and figure 8-2(h) and figure 8-2(i) and figure 8-2(i) F1 1-1 F-1 F-1 F-1 El 0 0 ❑ ❑ F-1 F1 ❑ ❑ 0 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ F-1 o X X ❑ ❑ F-1 F] El M El El 1:1 El El E 111 llI lllll lllll lllll l lllll 111 lI l Figure 8-2(e). Figure 8-2(f). One Level of In Rack Sprinklers— Plan View Ordinary Spacing — See Note 2 SINGLE ROW RACK STORAGE ocMULTI-ROW RACK STORAGE DOUBLE ROW RACK STORAGE Maximum 8 Ft q1:1 O❑ � �O0 ❑O L E Between Sprinklers 1:11:1 ❑ :�]x Figure 8-2(g). 2-470 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 One Level of In Rack Sprinklers—Plan View Close Spacing—See Note 3 SINGLE ROW RACK STORAGE MULTI-ROW RACK STORAGE :X:?F1*1:1eE1e1_1*1_1eE — — — — _X — —X — —X DOUBLE ROW RACK STORAGE X ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ E Maximum ❑ 8 Ft ❑•a❑•-• • • X Between ❑ ❑ 1:1 Sprinklers Figure 8-2(h). Two Levels of In Rack Sprinklers— Plan View Ordinary Spacing—See Note 4 SINGLE ROW RACK STORAGE MULTI-ROW RACK STORAGE LOADING AISLE :H:1x1:1o1:1xF_1o1:1x1:1ff: o DOUBLE ROW RACK STORAGE An, Maximum I El El El 1:11:1 F-1 E n n n Between_o❑x❑o❑x❑o❑x❑oE Sprinklers X X X LOADING AISLE PLAN VIEW Figure 8-2(i). Notes to Figures 8.2(a)— 8-2(i): 1. Each square in the figures represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 li(1.25 to 1.56 in)on a side. 2. Single level or in-rack sprinklers(t/_,or'%/:r,in.operating at 15 psi mlmmtun)installed un 8-to 1041(2.5-to 3.12-111)spacings located,as indicated,in the transverse flue spaces. 3. Single level of in-rack sprinklers('_'/32 in.operating at 15 psi mininwm or'/•I in.operating at 30 psi minimum)installed on 4-to 5-11(1.25-to 1.56-m)spac- ings located,as indicated,in the longitudinal Hue space at the intersection of ever) transverse flue space. 4. l\vo levels of in-rack sprinklered (1h,or t%c_in.operating at 15 psi tninimunt) installed on 8- to 10-I1 (2.5-to 3.12-m)spacings located as indicated and staggered in the transverse Hue spaces. 5. Ceiling only protection is not acceptable for this storage configuration. 2-471 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 8-2.1.1 Single and Double Row Racks - 15-ft (4.6-m) sulated in single and double row racks, ceiling sprinkler Storage with Less than 5-ft (1.25-m) Clearance. The pro- water demand in terms of density (gpm/l't'-) and area of tection strategy utilizing ceiling sprinklers only as shown in operation (ft) shall be selected from "fable 8-3.1. Figure 8-2(a)shall be acceptable only for single and double row rack storage with 8-ft (2.4-m) aisles. For 31/2-11, (1-111) aisles,a density of 0.60 gpm/sq ft and an area of application Table 8.3.1 Single and Double Row Racks. of 1500 sq ft (139.5 m-) shall be used. For aisle widths Height of Storage over 25 Ft. between 31/2 ft (1 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m), a direct linear inter- polation shall be permitted between densities and areas of application. Storage Height Above Ceiling Sprinklers Top Level In-Rack Density(gpm/ft2)/Area of 8-2.1.2 Single and Double Row Racks - 15-ft (4.6-m) Sprinklers Application(ft') Storage with 10-ft (3-m) Clearance. Twenty-ft (6-m) Stor- 5 11 or less 0.30/2000 age with Less than 5-ft (1.25-m) Clearance. 1-he protec- Over 5 ti up to 10 ft 0.45/2000 tion strategies utilizing ceiling sprinklers only as shown in Figures 8-2(b)and 8-2(c)shall be acceptable only for single and double row rack storage with 8-ft (2.4-m) aisles. NOTE: 1'rocide itt-t-act:sprinkler protection as per Figtoes 8-3.2.1(a)and In-rack sprinkler protection shall be required f'or aisles less (b)and Figures 8-3.2.3(.)througl,(c). than 8 ft (2.4 m) in width. For SI Uiks: 1 fl = 0.3048 m When utilizing the ceiling sprinklers only strategies as l gp"' 0. ., umo' shown in Figures 8-2(b) and 8-2(c), column steel shall be 1 gl""�f' 40.745 o.7 8 r(tall°')"' protected in accordance with paragraph 3-2.3(a) or (b). Roof structural steel shall be protected in such a manner as to provide a minimum of 15 min fire resistance. 8-3.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Location. 8-2.1.3 Multi-Row Racks - 15 ft (4.6 m) Storage with 8-3.2.1 In double row racks without solid shelves and Less than 5-ft (1.25-m) Clearance. The protection strat- With a maximum of 10 ft (3.05 m) between the top of stor- egy utilizing ceiling sprinklers only as shown in Figure age and ceiling, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed as indi- 8-2(a) shall not be acceptable for multi-row rack stor- cared in Figures 8-3.2.1(a) and (b). The highest level of age. The density to be used shall be 0.60 gpm/sq ft over in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft (3.05 m) 2000 sq ft (186 nr'). The indicated combination of ceiling below the top of storage. and in-rack sprinklers in Figure 8-2(a) shall be an accept- able alternative. 8-3.2.2 In-rack sprinklers for storage higher than 25 ft (7.62 m) in double row racks shall be spaced horizontally and located in the horizontal space nearest the vertical 8-2.1.4 Multi-Row Racks - 15-ft (4.6-m) Storage with intervals indicated in Figures 8-3.2.1(a) and (b). 10-ft (3-m) Clearance. Twenty-ft (6-m) Storage with Less than 5-ft (1.25-m) Clearance. The protection strategies utilizing ceiling sprinklers only as shown in Figures 8-2(b) 8-3.2.3 In single row racks without solid shelves with and 8-2(c) shall not be acceptable for multi-row rack stor- height of storage over 25 ft (7.62 m) and a maximum of age. Only the indicated combinations of ceiling and in-rack 10 ft(3.05 m)between the top of storage and ceiling,sprin- sprinklers shall be used. klers shall be installed as indicated in Figures 8-3.2.3(a) through (c). 8-2.2 In-Rack Sprinklers. In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Figures 8-2(a) through 8-2(i). 8-3.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Size. Sprinklers in racks shall be 1/2-in. (12.7-nun)or 1 i/32-in.(13.5-turn)orifice size,pendent 8-3 Single and Double Row Racks - Storage over 25 Ft or upright. (7.7 m) in Height. 8-3.1 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand. For Group A 8-3.4 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure. Sprinklers plastic commodities in cartons, encapsulated or nonencap- in racks shall discharge at not less than 30 psi (2.07 bars). 2-472 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 (RH E F F FEJ E' E E IFJ D D D 3 3 m C C C C 2 101 2 I H I ❑ F ❑ 8 F A] FAI H A M F1 1 x 1 r-11-1 EIEI DO I EIEI ELEVATION PLAN VIEW ELEVATION PLAN VIEW Figure 8-3.2.1(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Group A Plastic Com- Figure 8-3.2.1(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Group A Plastic Com- modity,Height of Storage over 25 Ft. modity,Height of Storage over 25 Ft. NOTES: NOTES: 1.Sprinklers and barrier labeled 1 required when loads labeled A or B rep- 1.Sprinklers labeled 1 required when loads labeled A or B represent top of resent top of storage. storage. 2. Sprinklers labeled I and 2 and barrier labeled I required when loads 2.Sprinklers labeled I and 2 required when loads C represent top of stor- labeled C represent top of storage. age. 3.Sprinklers and barriers labeled 1 and 3 required when loads labeled D or 3.Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 required when loads D or E represent top of E represent top of storage. storage. 4.For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E,the cycle defined 4. For storage higher than loads F,the cycle defined by Notes 2 and 3 is by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated. repeated. 5.Symbols A or X indicate face sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger. 5.Symbol X indicates face and in-rack sprinklers. 6.Symbol 0 indicates longitudinal flue space sprinklers. 6. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft I7. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft I (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-473 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE F-1 Figure 8-3.2.3(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Group A Plastic Com- Figure 8-3.2.3(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Group A Plastic Com- modity,Single Row Racks,Height of Storage over 25 Ft. modity,Single Row Racks,Height of Storage over 25 Ft. NOTE: NOTE: II. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft 1. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 fit(1.25 to 1_56 m)on a side. I (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 2-474 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Class Commodities Does tmo 20 ft with maximum Not ft clearance to ceiling Apply 20 15 High Non-expanded Group A plas- tics in corrugated cartons u Does to 20 ft with maximum 107 Not ❑ clearance to ceiling Apply 30 20 High Non-expanded Group A plas- tics in corrugated cartons u� Does to 20 ft with maximum 10-ft Not clearance to ceiling Apply 20 Note 3 Ordinary Non-expanded Group A plas- tics in corrugated cartons up Does to 20 ft with maximum 5-ft Not m clearance to ceiling Apply 15 Note 3 High NOTES: I. Open Wood Joist Construction.Testing with open wood joist construc- tion showed that each joist channel shall be fully firestopped to its full depth at intervals not exceeding 20 ft. In unfirestopped open wood joist construc- tion,or if firestops are installed at intervals exceeding 20 ft,the minimum operating pressures shall be increased by 40 percent. 2. Building steel required no special protection fi>r the occupancies listed. ❑ Protection requirements are based on rack storage with no solid shelves nor slave pallets. 3.The required number of design sprinklers shall not be reduced from that required for the lower pressure. 4. In addition to the transverse flue spaces required by NFPA 231C, mini- mum 6-in.longitudinal flue spaces shall be maintained. For SI Units: Ift = 0.3048m I in. = 25.4 min 1 psi = 0.0689 bars = 6.895 kPa 9-1.2 All requirements contained in NFPA 13, Installation aw�n ���i�mow�m� of Sprinkler Systems, shall apply. Figure 8-3.2.3(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,Group A Plastic Com- modity,Single Row Racks,Height of Storage over 25 Ft. Chapter 10 Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinklers NOTE: 1. Each square in the figure represents a storage cube measuring 4 to 5 ft 10-1 General. (1.25 to 1.56 m)on a side. 10-1.1* ESFR sprinklers having a nominal K factor of 14 shall be permitted for the protection of cartoned plastics Chapter 9 Large-Drop Sprinklers (Group A, B,or C) and Class I through IV commodities in single row, double row, or multi-row racks up to a height 9-1 General. of 25 ft (7.7 m). 9-1.1 Large-drop sprinklers are suitable for use with the Exception: ESFR protection as now defined does not apply to: hazards listed in Table 9-1. 1. exposed plastics or expanded polystyrene plastics in cartons. Table 9-1 Pressure and Number of Design Sprinklers For Various Hazards. 2. rack storage involving solid shelves. 3. rack storage involving combustible open top cartons or con- Number Design Sprinkler tainers. Sprinklers Temperature Minimum Operating Pressure Rating 10-1.2* ESFR sprinklers shall be permitted for use in (Note 1) @ 25 @ 50 @ 75 buildings having a maximum ceiling height of 30 ft(9.2 m) Hazard (Note 2) psi psi psi and one of the following types of roof construction: Double Row Rack Storage with (a) smooth ceiling Minimum 5.5-ft aisle width (Note 4)having: (b) bar joist Class I and II Commodities (C) beam and girder up to 25 ft with maximum 5-ft clearance to ceiling 20 Note 3 Note 3 High Class I, II,and III Commodi- ties up to 20 ft with maximum 10-ft clearance to ceiling 15 Note 3 Note 3 High 10-1.3 Roof slope shall not exceed 1/4 in./ft (19.6 mm/m). 2-475 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 10-2 Sprinkler System Design. 12-3 Smoking. Smoking shall be strictly prohibited, except in locations prominently designated as smoking 10-2.1 ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed to pro- areas, and "No Smoking" signs shall be posted in prohib- vide a minimum operating pressure of 50 psi (3.4 bars) to ited areas. the twelve most hydraulically remote sprinklers, based on flowing four sprinklers in each of three branch lines. 12-4* Maintenance. Fire walls, fire doors, and floors shall be maintained in good repair at all times. 10-2.2 Only wet pipe systems are acceptable for use with ESFR sprinklers. 12-5* Plant Emergency Organization. A fire watch shall be maintained when the sprinkler system is not in service. 10-2.3 All requirements contained in NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, particularly Chapter 12-6* General Fire Protection. 8,shall apply unless modified within this standard. 10-2.4 ESFR sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature Chapter 13 Referenced Publications rated sprinklers. 13-1 The following documents or portions thereof are Exception No. 1: Those located in proximity to heat sources. referenced within this standard and shall be considered Exception No. 2: Those located under skylights. part of the requirements of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the 10-3 Water Demand. date of the NFPA issuance of this document. 10-3.1 A minimum of 250 gpm (16 Us)shall be added to 13-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection the sprinkler demand for combined large and small hose Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, streams. MA 02269-9101. NFPA I]A, Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion 10-3.2 Water supply duration shall be at least 1 hr. Foam Systems, 1988 edition NFPA 13, Slan.dard for the Installation of Sprinkler Splems, Chapter 11 Equipment 1989 edition NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 1990 11-1 Mechanical Handling Equipment. edition 11-1.1 Industrial Trucks. NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellu- lose Nitrate Motion Picture Film, 1988 edition 11-1.1.1 Power-operated industrial trucks shall be of the type designated in NFPA 505, Firesafety Standard for Pow- NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Lique- ered Industrial Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of fled Petroleum Gases, 1988 edition Use, Maintenance, and Operation,and their maintenance and NFPA 81, Standard for Fur Storage, Fumigation and Clean- operation shall be in accordance with Chapters 2 and 3. ing, 1986 edition I1-1.1.2t Industrial trucks using LP-Gas or liquid fuel NFPA 91, Standard for the Installation of Blower and shall be refueled outside of the storage building at a loca- Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal or Co:vey- tion designated for that purpose. ing, 1990 edition NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 1985 edition Chapter 12 Building Maintenance and Operation NFPA 231, Standard for General Storage, 1990 edition 12-1* Building Operations Other than Storage. NFPA 231 D, Standard for Storage of Rubber Tires, 1989 Welding,soldering,brazing,and cutting shall be permitted edition to be performed on rack or building components that can- not be removed, provided no storage is located below and NFPA 231 F, Standard for the Storage of Roll Paper, 1987 within 25 ft (7.62 m) of the working area, and flameproof edition tarpaulins enclose this section. During any of these opera- tions the sprinkler system shall be in service.Two and one- NFPA 232,Standard for the Protection of Records, 1991 edi- half-gal (9.45-L) water-type extinguishers and charged tion inside hose lines shall be located in the working area.A fire NFPA 490, Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate, 1986 watch shall be maintained during these operations and for edition at least 30 additional min. NFPA 505, Firesafety Standard for Powered Industrial 12-2* Waste Disposal. Approved-type containers for Trucks Including Type Designations,Areas of Use, Maintenance, rubbish and other trash materials shall be provided. and Operation, 1987 edition 2-476 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Appendix A This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- T menl, but is included for information purposes only. F A-4-1 Rack storage as referred to in this standard con- B A templates commodity in a rack structure, usually steel. S° Many variations of dimensions are found. Racks may be T single row, double row, or multiple row, with or without E solid shelves.The standard commodity used in most of the tests was 42 in. (1.07 m) on a side. The types of racks cov- ered in this standard are: Double Row Racks. Pallets rest on two beams parallel to the aisle. Any number of pallets can be supported by one pair of beams [see Figures A-4-1(a), (b), (c), and(d)]. Automatic Storage-Type Rack. The pallet is supported by L two rails running perpendicular to the aisle [see Figure r A-4-1(e)]. H Multiple Row Racks are More than Two Pallets Deep, Mea- sured Aisle to Aisle. This includes drive-in racks, drive- �f through racks, flow-through racks, portable racks arranged in the same manner, and conventional or auto- Legend matic racks with-aisles less than 42 in. (1.07 m) [see Figures A—Load Depth E—Storage Height A-4-1(0 through (i)]. B—Load Width F—Commodity Movable Racks. Movable racks are racks on fixed rails or T—Transverse Flue Space — Pallet H L—Longitudinal Flue Space H—Rack Depth guides. They can be moved back and forth only in a hori- zontal two-dimensional plane. A moving aisle is created as Figure A-4-1(b) Double Row Racks Without Solid or Slatted Shelves. abutting racks are either loaded or unloaded, then moved across the aisle to abut other racks. [See Figure A-4-1(k).] Solid Shelving. Conventional pallet rack with plywood T shelves on the shelf beams[see Figures A-4-1(c)and(d)].This is a special case (see Chapter 5). Cantilever Rack. The load is supported on arms that "'':' " ' '`•r F extend horizontally from columns. The load may rest on the arms or on shelves supported by the arms [see Figure Load depth in conventional or automatic racks is consid- E ered a nominal 48 in. (122 m) [see Figure A-4-1(b)]. B 1�. L T—.; A A H T Legend A—Shelf Depth L—Longitudinal Flue Space 9 B—Shelf Height E—Storage Height END VIEW AISLE VIEW T—Transverse Flue Space F—Commodity DOUBLE ROW H—Rack Depth Legend Figure A4-1(c) Double Row Racks With Solid Shelves. L—Longitudinal Flue Space T—Transverse Flue Space Figure A4-1(a) Conventional Pallet Rack. 2-477 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE G i F i I I F E B �A iMATERIAL L HANDLING DEVICE A H I[ I I Legend �. A �— e T A—Shelf Depth L—Longitudinal Flue Space END VIEW AISLE VIEW B—Shelf Height E—Storage Height H—Rack Depth F—Commodity T—Transverse Flue Space Legend A—Load Depth E—Storage Height Figure A-4-1(d) Double Row Racks With Slatted Shelves. B—Load Width F—Commodity T—Transverse Flue Space G—Pallet L—Longitudinal Flue Space Figure A-4-1(e) Automatic Storage-Type Rack. 1 END VIEW L—Longitudinal Flue Space Figure A-4-1(1) Multi-Row Rack to be Served by a Reach Truck. 2-478 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 LL L. I I AISLE— ... ... ...... END VIEW END VIEW {� T �"—T T T T T AISLE VIEW AISLE VIEW T—Transverse Flue Space T—Transverse Flue Space Figure A.4-1(g) Flow-Through Pallet Rack. Figure A-4-1(h) Drive-In Rack—Two or More Pallets Deep. Fork truck drives into the rack to deposit and withdraw loads in the depth of the rack. 2-479 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE rr—- ----- - - --- -------I r---- Cantilever racking I I r — I I I I Optional - over aisle tie On Optional Aisle END VIEW AISLE VIEW ba 1MWse Aisle Aisle — Flow-Through Rack Single arm End View Double Arm n n 0 p n n ii " u II i1 i� (I Portable Racks Figure A•4-I(i). Aisle View Figure A-4.10) Cantilever Rack. L ►{ry T T I II I Moveable r- i i---i r-jj--, r-jr--i r--ir--i Pallet Rack I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 11 I Shown 1 _ _ Direction of r-ter-� r--ir-1 r--tr--I H I I I 1 I 11 1 1 I1 11 11 1 Movement 1I r I r-1 r--i r--1 f--i 1-1 r-1 I II I I II I I II 1 1 11 I r--1r-i r--Ir-1 r-�r-I41F Carriage Wheel Carriage I I I 1 I I I 1 1 11 I I I I I Wheel - rack in loor END VIEW AISLE VIEW DOUBLE ROW T-Transverse Flue Space L-Longitudinal Flue Space Figure A-4.1(k) Movable Rack. 2-480 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 A-4-2 Fixed rack structures should be designed to facili- A-5-5 In-rack sprinklers and ceiling sprinklers selected tate removal or repair of damaged sections without resort- for protection should be controlled by at least two separate ing to flame cutting or welding in the storage area. Where indicating valves and drains. sprinklers are to be installed in racks, rack design should anticipate the additional clearances required to facilitate A-5-5.1 In higher rack arrangements, consideration installation of sprinklers. The rack structure should be should be given to providing more than one in-rack con- anchored to prevent damage to sprinkler lines and supply trol valve in order to limit the extent of any single impair- piping in racks. ment. Rack structures should be designed for seismic condi- tions in areas where seismic resistance of building structure A-5-7 Approved supervisory alarm service should be pro- is required. vided for all fire detection and extinguishing systems. A-4-3.1 Nominal 6-in.(152.4-mm)transverse flues should Central station, auxiliary, remote station, or proprietary be provided in multiple row racks. sprinkler waterflow alarm should be provided except that local waterflow alarm is acceptable where approved guard A-4-4 Storage in aisles may render protection ineffective service is provided (see NFPA 71, Standard for the In.stalla- and should be discouraged. lion, Maintenance, and Use of Signaling Systems for Central Sta- tion Service, and NFPA 72, Standard for the Installation, Main- A-4-5 The fire protection system design should contem- tenance, and Use of Protective Signaling Systems). plate the maximum height of storage. For new sprinkler installations, maximum height of storage is the usable A-5-11.1 Detection systems, concentrate pumps, genera- height at which commodities can be stored above the floor tors, and other system components essential to the opera- when the minimum required unobstructed space below tion of the system should have an approved standby power sprinklers is maintained. For the evaluation of existing sit- source. uations, maximum height of storage is the maximum exist- ing if space between sprinklers and storage is equal or A-5-13.1 In NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprin- greater than required. kler Systems, paragraph A-4-4.10 states: "Slatting of decks or walkways or the use of open grating as a substitute for A-4-6.1 A horizontal clearance of at least 1 ft (0.30 m) automatic sprinkler thereunder is not acceptable." should be maintained between storage and major unpro- tected roof structural members when storage is stored Also when shelving of any type is employed, it is for the above the bottom of such members. basic purpose of providing an intermediate support between the structural members of the rack. As a result, it A-4-6.2 Incandescent light fixtures should have shades or becomes almost impossible to define and maintain trans- guards to prevent ignition of commodity from hot bulbs verse flue spaces across the rack as required in 4-3.1 and where possibility of contact with storage exists. illustrated in Figure 4-3.1. A-6-4.1 Where possible, it is preferable to locate in-rack A-4-7 Idle combustible pallets should not be stored in. sprinkler deflectors at least 6 in. (152.4 mm) above pallet racks. loads. A-5-2.1 Ceiling Sprinklers. Wet systems are recom- A-6-4.2 Where possible, it is preferable to locate in-rack mended for rack storage occupancies. sprinklers away from rack uprights. Dry systems are acceptable only where it is impractical to provide heat. A-6-5.1 Spacing of sprinklers on branch lines in racks in Preaction systems should be considered for rack storage the various tests indicates maximum spacing as indicated is occupancies that are unheated, particularly where in-rack proper. sprinklers are installed or for those occupancies that are highly susceptible to water damage. A-6-8.1 Bulkheads are not a substitute for sprinklers in racks.Their installation does not justify reduction in sprin- A-5-2.2 Where 286°F (141°C) sprinklers are installed at kler densities or design operating areas as called for in the the ceiling, 286°F (141°C) sprinklers should also extend design curves. beyond storage in accordance with the following table: Distance Beyond Perimeter A-6-9.1 When high expansion foam is being contem- plated Area for 286°F(141°C) of High-Hazard Occupancy plated as the protection media, consideration should be Sprinklers for High-Temp.Sprinklers given to possible damage to the commodity from soaking (ftY) (m2) A (m) and corrosion. Consideration should be given to the prob- lems associated with removal of foam after discharge. 2000 185.8 30 9.14 3000 278. 40 12.2 4000 371.6 45 13.72 ere y pipe A-6-11.1 Where dry i systems are used, the areas of y 5000 464.5 50 15.24 operation indicated in the design curves should be 6000 557.4 55 16.76 increased by 30 percent. Densities should be selected so that areas of operation, after the 30 percent increase, do not exceed 6,000 sq ft (557.4 m). 2-481 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE A-6-13.3 In-rack sprinklers at one level only for storage A-10-1.1 ESFR sprinklers were designed to respond up to and including 25 ft (7.62 m) high in multiple row quickly to growing fires and deliver heavy discharge to racks should be located at the tier level nearest one-half to "suppress" fires rather than "control" them. ESFR sprin- two-thirds of the storage height. klers cannot be relied upon to provide suppression if they are used outside these design parameters. A-7-10.3 In single-row racks with more than 10 ft (3.05 m) between top of storage and ceiling, a horizontal A-10-2.1 Design parameters were determined from a barrier should be installed above storage with one line of series of full-scale fire tests conducted as a joint effort sprinklers under the barrier. between Factory Mutual and the National Fire Protection Research Foundation. (Copies of the tests report are A-7-11 Double row racks - height of storage over 25 ft available from the National Fire Protection Research Foun- (7.62 m) - more than 10 ft (3.05 m) between maximum dation). height of storage and ceiling. When the ceiling is more than 10 ft(3.05 m)above max- A-12-1 The use of welding, cutting, soldering, or brazing imum height of storage, a horizontal barrier should be torches in the storage areas introduces a severe fire hazard. installed above storage with one line of sprinklers under The use of mechanical fastenings and mechanical saws or the barrier for Class 1, II, and III commodities and two cutting wheels is recommended. When welding or cutting lines of sprinklers under the barrier for Class IV commod- operations are absolutely necessary, the precautions con- ities. In-rack sprinkler arrays should be installed as indi- tained in NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of cated in Table 7-10.1 and Figures 7-10.1(a) through 0). Cutting and Welding Processes, should be followed. Barriers should be of sufficient strength to avoid sagging Locomotives should not be allowed to enter the storage that interferes with loading and unloading operations. area. Horizontal barriers need not be provided above a Class I or Class II commodity with in-rack sprinkler arrays A-12-2 Containers should be emptied and contents according to Figure 7-10.1(a) and Figure 7-10.1(b), pro- removed from the premises at frequent intervals (see NFPA vided one line of in-rack sprinklers is installed above the 82, Standard on Incinerators, Waste, and Linen Handling Sys- top tier of storage. terns and Equipment). A-7-12.1 Water demand for height of storage over 25 ft (7.62 m) on racks without solid shelves separated by aisles A-12-4 Periodic inspections of all fire protection equip- at least 4 ft (1.22 m) wide and with more than 10 ft ment should be made in conjunction with regular inspec- (3.05 m) between top of storage and sprinklers should be tions of the premises. Unsatisfactory conditions should be based on sprinklers in 2,000 sq ft(185.8 m2)operating area immediately reported and necessary corrective measures for double row racks and 3,000 sq ft (278.7 m2) operating taken promptly. area for multiple row racks discharging a minimum of The sprinkler system and the water supplies should be 0.18 gpm per sq ft [(7.33 Umin)/m ] for Class I commodi- checked and maintained in accordance with NFPA 13A, ties, 0.21 gpm per sq ft [(8.56 Umin)/m2] for Class II and Recommended Practice for the Inspection, Testing and Mainte- III commodities,and 0.25 gpm per sq ft[(10.19 Umin)/m2] nance of Sprinkler Systems. for Class IV commodities, for 1657(74°C) sprinklers; or a minimum of 0.25 gpm per sq ft [(10.19 Umin)/m2] for Class I commodities, 0.28 gpm per sq ft[(11.41 Umin)/m2] A-12-5 Plant Emergency Organization. Arrangements for Class II and III commodities, and 0.32 gpm per sq ft should be made, in case of fire or other emergency, to per- [(13.04 Umin)/m2] for Class IV commodities, for 286°F mit rapid entry into the premises of the municipal fire (141°C) sprinklers. (See A-7-11 and A-7-13.) department, police department,or other personnel as may be summoned to deal with any emergency. A well-trained Where such storage is encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler plant emergency organization should be provided to con- density should be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsu- trol emergency conditions that may arise. lated. The plant emergency organization should be instructed A-7-13 In multiple row racks with more than 10 ft and trained in the following procedures: (3.05 m) between maximum height of storage and ceiling, (a) Maintaining the security of the premises a horizontal barrier should be installed above storage with a level of sprinklers, spaced as stipulated for in-rack sprin- (b) Means of summoning outside aid immediately in an klers, installed directly beneath the barrier. In-rack sprin- emergency klers should be installed as indicated in Figures 7-13(a), (b), and (c). (c) Use of hand extinguishers and hose lines on small fires and mop-up operations A-8 All rack fire tests of plastics were run with an approx- (d) Operation of sprinkler system and water supply imate 10-ft (3-m) maximum clearance between the top of equipment storage and ceiling sprinklers. Within 30-ft (9.1-m) high (e) Use of material handling equipment while sprinklers buildings, greater clearances above storage configurations are still operating to effect final extinguishment should be compensated for by the addition of more in- rack sprinklers and/or the provision of greater areas of (f) Supervision of sprinkler valves after system is turned application. off so that system can be reactivated if rekindling occurs. 2-482 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Attention should be given to advance planning and ficient visibility to locate the fire,suppression activities with training with respect to fire department response, access, small hose lines should be started. (Self-contained breath- and fire fighting. ing apparatus is desirable.) If, on the other hand, the fire is not readily visible, hose should be laid to exterior doors A-12-6 General Fire Protection. or exterior openings in the building and charged lines pro- vided to these points ready for ultimate mop-up opera- All fire fighting and safety personnel should realize the tions. Manual fire fighting operations in such a warehouse great danger of shutting off sprinklers once opened by are not a substitute for sprinkler protection. heat from fire. Shutting off sprinklers to locate fire could cause a disaster. Ventilation, use of smoke masks, smoke The sprinkler system must be kept in operation during manual removal equipment, and removal of material are safer firefighting and mop-up operations. ways. During the testing program, the installed automatic Sprinkler water may be safely shut off only after the fire extinguishing system was capable of controlling the fire is extinguished or completely under control of hose and reducing all temperatures to ambient within 30 min of streams.Even then, rekindling is a possibility.To be ready ignition. Ventilation operations and mop-up were not for prompt valve reopening if fire rekindles, a person sta- started until this time period had been reached.The use of tioned at the valve, a fire watch, and dependable commu- smoke removal equipment is important. nications between them are needed until automatic sprin- Smoke removal capability should be provided. Examples kler protection is restored. of smoke removal equipment include: Pre-Fire`Emergency Planning. It is important that such (a) Mechanical air handling systems planning be done by management and fire protection per- (b) Powered exhaust fans sonnel,and the action to be taken discussed and correlated with the local fire department personnel. (c) Roof mounted gravity vents The critical time of any fire is in the incipient stage, and (d) Perimeter gravity vents. the action taken by fire protection personnel upon notifi- Whichever system is selected, it should be designed for cation of fire may permit containing the fire in early stages. manual actuation by the fire department, thus allowing Pre-emergency planning should contemplate the follow- them to coordinate the smoke removal (ventilation) with ing: their mop-up operations. (a) Availability of hand fire fighting equipment for the height and type of commodity involved. Appendix B (b) Availability of fire fighting equipment and personnel properly trained for type of storage arrangement involved. This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- (c) Assurance that all automatic fire protection equip- ment, but is included for information purposes only. ment, such as sprinkler systems, water supplies, fire Appendix B explains test data and procedures that led pumps, hand hose, etc., is in service at all times. to the promulgation of this standard.The paragraphs bear Fire Department Operations. Sprinkler protection a e same number as the text of this standard to which they installed as recommended in this standard is expected to pp y protect the building occupancy without supplemental fire g-1-1 Application and Scope. department activity. Fires that occur in rack storage occu- pancies,protected in accordance with this standard,should This standard uses as a basis the large-scale fire test be controlled within the limits outlined in B-1-1. No signif- series conducted at the Factory Mutual Research Center, icant building damage is expected. Fire department activ- West Glocester, Rhode Island. ity can, however, minimize the extent of loss. The first fire department pumper arriving at a rack storage-type fire The test building is approximately 200 ft x 250 ft should immediately connect to the sprinkler siamese fire [50,000 sq ft (4.65 kM2) in area], of fire-resistive construc- department connection and start pumping operations. tion, and contains a volume of approximately 2.25 million cu ft (63 761.86 m), the equivalent of a 100,000 sq ft In the test series up to 25 ft (7.62 m), the average time (9.29 km'-)building 22.5 ft(6.86 m)high.The test building from ignition to smoke obscuration in the test building was has two primary heights beneath a single large ceiling.The about 13 min. The first sprinkler operating time in these east section is 30 ft (9.15 m) high, and the west section is same fires averaged about 3 min. Considering response 60 ft (18.29 m) high. time for the waterflow device to transmit a waterflow sig- nal, approximately 9 min remains between time of receipt The 20-ft(6.10-m) test series was conducted in the 30-ft of a waterflow alarm signal at fire department headquar- (9.15-m)section with clearances from top of storage to ceil- ters and time of smoke obscuration within the building as ing nominally 10 ft (3.05 m). an overall average. Doors at the lower and intermediate levels and ventila- In the over-25-ft (7.62-m) high test series, the visibility tion louvers at tops of walls were kept closed during the time was extended. If the fire department or plant protec- majority of the fire tests. This minimized effect of exterior tion department arrives at the building in time to have suf- conditions. 2-483 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE The entire test series was fully instrumented with ther- Doors at the lower and intermediate levels and ventila- mocouples in rack members, simulated building column, tion louvers at the top of walls were kept closed during the bar joist, and at the ceiling. fire tests.This minimized the effect of exterior wind condi- Racks were constructed of steel vertical and horizontal tions. members designed for 4000 lb (1814 kg) loads. Vertical The purpose of the over-25-ft (7.62-m) series was to: members were 8 ft (2.44 m) O.C. for conventional racks 1. Determine the arrangement of in-rack sprinklers and 4 ft (1.22 m) O.C. for simulated automated racks. Racks were 31/2 ft (1.07 in) wide with 6-in. (12.7-mm) Ion- that can be repeated as pile height increases and that pro- Racks flue space for an overall width of 71/2 ft(2.29 in). vide control of the fire. Simulated automated racks and slave pallets were used in 2. Determine other protective arrangements,such as the main central rack in the 4-ft (1.22-m) aisle test. Con- high expansion foam, that provide control of the fire. ventional racks and conventional pallets were used in the main central rack in the 8-ft (2.44-mm) aisle tests. The Control was felt to be accomplished if the fire was majority of the tests were conducted with 100 sq ft unlikely to spread from the rack of origin to adjacent racks (9.29 m') sprinkler spacing. or spread beyond the length of the 25-ft(7.62-tn) test rack. To aid in this judgment,control was considered achieved if' The test configuration in the 15-ft (4.57-m), 20-ft the fire did not: (6.10-m), and 25-ft (7.62-m) high tests covered an 1800-sq ft (167.2-M2) floor area, including aisles between racks. I. jump the 4-ft (1.22-m) aisles to adjoining racks. Tests, which were used in producing this standard, limited 2. Reach the end face of the end stacks (north or fire damage to this area. Maximum water damage area south ends) of the main rack. anticipated in the standard is 6000 sq ft (557.4 in-), the upper limit of the design curves. Control is defined as holding the fire in check through the extinguishing system until commodities initially The test data shows that as density is increased both the involved are consumed, or fire is extinguished by the extent of fire damage and sprinkler operation are reduced. extinguishing system or manual aid. The data also indicates that with sprinklers installed in the racks a reduction is gained in the area of fire damage and The standard commodity as selected in the 20-ft (6.1-m) sprinkler operations, or water damage. test series was used in the majority of over-25-ft (7.62-in) The following table illustrates these points. Information tests. Hallmark products and 3-M products described in shown is taken from the 20-ft (6.10-m) high test series the 20 ft (6.1 m) report were also used as representative of using the standard commodity. Class III and/or IV commodities in several tests.The result of privately sponsored tests on Hallmark products and Sprinkler plastic encapsulated standard commodity were also made Operation Density Fire Damage (165°F) available to the committee. gpm/sq ft in Test Array Area - A 25-ft (7.62-m) long test array was used for the major- % sq ft sq ft ity of over-25-ft(7.62-m) high test series. This decision was 0.30 (Ceiling only) 22 395 4500-4800 reached as it was felt that a fire in racks over 25-ft(7.62-m) 0.375 (Ceiling only) 17 306 1800 high that extended to the full length of a 50-ft (15.24-m) 0.45 (Ceiling only) 9 162 700 long rack could not be considered controlled, particularly 0.20 (Ceiling only) 28-36 504-648 13,100-14,000 as storage heights increased. 0.20 (Sprinklers at ceiling 8 144 4100 and in racks) One of the purposes of the tests was to determine 0.30 (Sprinklers at ceiling 7 126 700 arrangements of in-rack sprinklers that can be repeated as and in racks) pile height increases and that provide control of the fire. The 30-ft (9.15-m) tests explored the effect of such arrays. I gpndtt' = 40.746(Umin)/m' For Units: I ft m;C = y, (F-32>; Many of these tests, however, produced appreciable fire )/ spread in storage in tiers above the top level of protection These basic facts,the reduction in both fire damage and within the racks. (In some cases, a total burnout of the top area of water application as sprinkler densities are tiers of both the main rack and the target rack occurred.) increased or when sprinklers are installed in racks, should In the case of the 30-ft (9.15-m) Hallmark Test 134 on the be considered carefully by those responsible for applying 60-ft (18.29-tn) site, the material in the top tiers of storage this standard to the rack storage situation. burned vigorously, and the fire jumped the aisle above the In the 25-ft(7.62-m)high test,a density of 0.55 gpm per fourth tier. The fire then burned itself downward into the sq ft [(22.4 Umin)/m21 produced 42 percent, or 756 sq ft south end of the fourth tier. In the test on the floor, a (70.26 m), fire damage in the test array and a sprinkler nominal 30-ft (9.15-m) clearance occurred between top of wetted area of 1400 sq ft(130.1 m'). Lesser densities would storage and ceiling sprinklers,whereas on the platform this not be expected to achieve the same limited degree of con- clearance was reduced to nominal 10 ft (3.05 m). In most trot. Therefore, if smaller areas of fire damage are to be cases the in-rack sprinklers were effective in controlling fire achieved, sprinklers in racks should be considered. below the top level of protection within the racks. It has been assumed by the Test Planning Committee that, in the The over-25-ft (7.62-m) test series was conducted in the actual case with clearance of 10 ft (3.05 m) or less above 60-ft (18.29-m) section of the test building with nominal storage, ceiling sprinklers would be expected to control clearances from top of storage to ceiling of either 30 ft damage above the top level of protection within the racks. (9.15 m)or 10 ft(3.05 m). Tests are planned to investigate lesser clearances. 2-484 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Tests 114 and 128 explore the effect of changing the fewer sprinklers operating than with the flue space open, ignition point from the in-rack standard ignition point to a and, as such, no minimum back-to-back clearance is neces- face ignition location. It should be noted, however, that sary if the transverse flue space is maintained open. both of these tests were conducted with 30-ft (9.15-m) clearance from ceiling sprinklers to top of storage and, as Tests 145 and 146 were conducted to investigate the such, ceiling sprinklers had little effect on the fire in the influence of longitudinal and transverse flue dimensions in top two tiers of storage. Fire spread in the three lower tiers double row racks without.solid shelves. Results were coin- is essentially the same. A similar change in the fire spread pared with Tests 65 and 66. Flue dimensions in Tests 65, when the ignition point is changed was noted in Tests 126 66, 145, and 146 were 6 in. (152.4 mm), 6 in. (152.4.mm), and 127. Here again, 30-ft (9.15-m) clearance occurred 3 in. (76.2 mm), and 12 in. (0.30 m) respectively. All other between top of storage and ceiling sprinklers,and,as such, conditions were the same. ceiling sprinklers had little effect on the face fire. Compar- In Tests 65 and 66, 45 and 48 sprinklers operate com- isons of Tests 129, 130, and 131 in the 50-ft (15.24-m) pared with 59 and 58 for Tests 145 and 146. Fire damage series indicate little effect of point of ignition in the partic- in Tests 145 and 146 was somewhat less than in Tests 65 ular configuration tested. and 66; 2,100 cu ft (59.51 in) and 1,800 cu ft (51 m") ver- Test 125 compared with Test 133 indicates no significant sus 2,300 cu ft (65.13 m:`) and 2,300 cu ft (65.13 m) of difference in result between approved low profile sprin- combustible material consumed. klers and standard sprinklers in the racks. Test results indicate narrow flue spaces on the order of B-2-1 A review of full-scale fire tests run on the standard 3 in. (76.2 mm),will allow reasonable passage of sprinkler commodity (double tri-wall carton with metal liner); of water down through the racks. Hallmark products and 3-M products (abrasives, pressure Tests 96 and 107, on multiple row racks, had 6-in. sensitive tapes of plastic fiber, and paper, etc.); and of the (152.4-mm) transverse flue spaces. water demand recom- considerable number of commodity tests conducted indi- mended in the standard is limited to those cases with nom- cates a guide for commodity classifications. This guide is inal 6-in. (152.4-mm) transverse flues, in vertical align- not related to any other method of classification of materi- als; therefore,sound engineering judgment and analysis of ment. the commodity and the packaging must be made when B-4-5 Most tests in the 25-ft (7.62-m) and under series selecting a commodity classification. were conducted with clearance of 10-ft (3.05 m) from top B-3-2.1 None of the tests that were conducted with den- of storage to sprinkler deflectors, and the basic design sities.in accordance with the design curves produced criti- curves in Figures 6-11.1(a) through (g) reflect this condi- cal temperatures in bar joists 12 ft 6 in. (3.81 m) from the tiom ignition source.Therefore,with sprinkler,systems designed Tests 140 and 141 were conducted with 3-ft (0.91-m) in accordance with the curves, fireproofing of roof steel is clearance between the top of storage and ceiling sprinkler not necessary. deflectors. In Test 140 with 0.30 density, 36 sprinklers operated compared with 45 and 48 sprinklers in tests 65 B-3-2.2 Temperatures in the test column were main- and 66 with 10-ft(3.05-m)clearance. In Test 141,89 sprin- tained below 1000°F(538°C)in all tests where sprinklers in klers operated compared with 140 sprinklers in Test 70 racks were used. with 10-ft (3.05-m) clearance. Fire spread in Tests 140 and 141 was somewhat less than in Tests 65, 66, and 70. B-3-2.3 Temperatures in the test column were main- Test 143 was conducted with 18-in. (0.46 m) clearance tained below 10007 (538°C) with-densities"of roof ceiling sprinklers only of 0.375 gpm per sq ft [(15.3 L/min)/m2] between the top of storage and ceiling sprinkler deflectors, with 8-ft (2.44-m) aisles and 0.45 gpm per sq ft [(18.34 and with 0.30 density. Thirty-seven sprinklers operated L,/min)/m2] with 4-ft (1.22-m) aisles using the standard compared with 36 sprinklers in Test 140 with 3-ft(0.91-in) commodit clearance and 45 and 48 sprinklers in Tests 65 and 76 with Y 10-ft (3.05-m) clearance. Fire spread in Test 143 with 18-in. (0.46-m) clearance was somewhat less than in tests B-3-3 Tests were conducted as a• part,of this program 65,66, and 140 with 10-ft (3.05-m)and 3-ft (0.91-m)clear- with eave line windows or louvers open to simulate smoke ante. and heat venting. These tests opened,87.5 percent and 91 percent more'sprinklers than did comparative tests without Privately sponsored tests, using a 0.45 ceiling sprinkler windows or louvers open. Venting tests that have been density and an encapsulated commodity, indicated 40 conducted in other programs were without the be of sprinklers operating with 10-ft (3.05-m) clearance, 11 sprinkler protection, and, as such, are not considered in sprinklers operating with 3-ft (0.91-tn) clearance, and 10 this report, which is dealing only with buildings protected sprinklers operating with 18-in. (0.46-rn) clearance. Fire by sprinklers.The design curves are based upon roof vents spread was less in the test with 18-in. (0.46-m) clearance or draft curtains-not being installed in the building. During than 3-ft (0.91-m) clearance, and was also less with 3-ft mop-up operations, ventilating.systems,'•where installed, (0.46-m) clearance than with 10-ft (3.05-m) clearance. should be capable of manual exhaust operations. B-4-7 No tests were conducted with idle pallets in racks. B-4-3.1 Test 80 was conducted to determine the effect of. Such storage conceivably would introduce fire severity in closing back-to-back longitudinal 6-in. (152.4-mm) flue excess of that contemplated by protection criteria for an space in conventional pallet racks. Test results indicated individual commodity classification. 2-485 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE B-5-3 The highest operating pressure at any sprinkler in modity in the main rack, but did not jump the aisle. the test program was 62.5 psi (430.93 kPa). Density from ceiling sprinklers was 0.375 gpm per sq ft [(1528 L./min)/m'], and rack sprinklers discharged at Tests in the 20-ft (6.10-in) high series were conducted 15 psi (103.41 kPa). using wood and metal bulkheads to determine whether bulkheads could be a substitute for either higher ceiling These tests did not, yield sufficient information to sprinkler densities or for intermediate sprinklers. Bulk- develop a comprehensive protection standard for solid heads of either type had no appreciable beneficial effect on shelf racks. Items such as increased ceiling density, use of the overall sprinkler performance in double row rack tests. bulkheads, other configurations of sprinklers in racks,and Tests 125 and 134 were conducted to compare the effect limitation of shelf length and width require consideration. of a different commodity in the 30-ft (9.15-m) high test Where such rack installations exist or are contemplated, array. If the degree of damage above the top level of pro- the damage potential should be considered, and sound tection (fifth and sixth tiers) is ignored, the Class III com- engineering judgment should be used in designing the modity represented by Hallmark cards would appear to be protection system. protected to the same degree as Class II commodity. Test 98, with solid shelving obstructing both the longitu- Tests 132 and 135 were conducted to determine the dinal and transverse flue space, produced unsatisfactory effect of a different commodity in the 50-ft (15.24-m) test results and indicates a need for sprinklers at each level in array. The degree of control achieved with the 3-M com- such a rack structure. modity in Test 135 closely approximates that achieved with Test 147 was conducted with ceiling sprinklers onl standard commodity in Test 132. The results of the Hall- gy' mark Test 134 and the private Hallmark Test with geome- Density was 0.45 gpm per sq ft [(18.34 Loon)/m-] with a try, in-rack sprinkler array, and in-rack sprinkler flow rate sprinkler spacing of 100 sq ft(9.29 m ).A total of 47 sprin- different from other tests, conducted as a separate pro- klers opened, and 83 percent of the commodity was con- gram, suggests that in storage over 25 ft (7.62 m) high, sumed. The fire jumped both aisles and spread to both Class III commodities may be protected in the same fash- ends of the main and target racks.The test was considered ion as Class 11 commodities. unsuccessful. Tests 112 and 115 compare 10-ft (3.05-m) clearance Test 148 was conducted with ceiling sprinklers and above storage to sprinklers with 30-ft (9.15-m) clearance in-rack sprinklers. In-rack sprinklers were provided at above storage. each level (top of first, second, and third tiers) and were located in the longitudinal flue. They were directly above B-5-7 Time of operation of the first sprinkler varied from each other and 24 ft (7.32 m) on center or 22 ft (6.71 m) 52 sec to 3 min 55 sec with most tests under 3 min, except on each side of the ignition flue. Ceiling sprinkler dis- in Test 64 (commodity Class III) where the first sprinkler charge density was 0.375isc gpm per e u e w Umin)/ psi operated in 7 min 44 sec. Fire detection more sensitive In-rack06.8 sprinkler discharge pressure was 30 psi than waterflow is, therefore, considered necessary only in (206.8 kPa). A total of 46 ceiling sprinklers and 3 in-rack sprinklers opened, and 34 percent of the commodity was exceptional cases. consumed. The fire consumed most of the material between the in-rack sprinklers and jumped both aisles. B-5-8 In most tests conducted, it was necessary to use small hose for mop-up operations. Small hoses were not B-5-14 Fire tests with open-top containers in the upper used in the high expansion foam test. tier of storage and a portion of the ,third tier of storage Test 97 was conducted to evaluate the effect of dry pipe p o aced an and a masein sprinkler operation from 36 to 41 ed aisle jump and increase sprinkler operation. Test results were approximately the same as base test with wet pipe system. in area of opera-study of NFPA in fire spread in the main array. The smooth underside of records, however, indicates an increase the containers closely approximates fire behavior of slave tion of 30 percent to be in order for dry pipe systems as pallets. compared with wet pipe systems. Installation of in-rack sprinklers or an increase in ceiling sprinkler density should be considered. B-5-10 In all valid tests, with double row racks, sprinkler water supplies were shut off at approximately 60 min. In B-6-3 Tests 71,73, 81,83, 91,92,95,and 100 in the 20-ft only one test did the last sprinkler operate in excess of 30 (6.10-m) high array involving single level of in-rack sprin- min after ignition; the last sprinkler operated in excess of klers were conducted without heat or water shields. Results 25 min in three tests with the majority of tests involving the were satisfactory. last sprinkler operating within 20 min. Test 115 was conducted with two levels of sprinklers in racks with shields. Test 116, identical to 115 but without B-5-13.2 Test 98 with solid shelves 24 ft (7.32 m) long water shields, produced a lack of control. Visual observa- and 7 ft 6 in. (2.29 m) deep at each level produced total tion of lower level in-rack sprinklers that did not operate destruction of the commodity in the main rack and jumped although they were in the fire area indicated a need for the aisle. Density was 0.3 gpm per sq ft [(12.22 Umin)/m-] water shields. from ceiling sprinklers only. Test 108 with shelves 24 ft (7.32 m) long and 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m) deep and with 6-in. Tests 115 and 116 were conducted to investigate the (152.4-mm) longitudinal flue space and one level of sprin- necessity for water shields where multiple levels of in-rack klers in the rack resulted in damage to most of the com- sprinklers are installed. Where water shields were not 2-486 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 installed in Test 116, the fire jumped the- aisle, and B-6-8.8 Tests 77 and 95 were conducted to investigate approximately 76 boxes were damaged. In Test 115 with protection required on encapsulated commodity.The stan- water shields, the fire did not jump the aisle, and only 32 Bard commodity [38 in. (0.97 m) x 38.in. (0.97 m) x boxes were damaged. Water shields are, therefore, sug- 36 in. (0.91 m) high sheet metal container inside a 42 in. gested wherever multiple levels of in-rack sprinklers are (1.07 m) x 42 in. (1.07 m) x 42 in. (1.07 m) double tri- installed. (With the.exception of installations with horizon-. 'walled carton) was covered with a sheet of 4-6 mil.thick tal barriers or shelves that serve as water shields.) polyethylene film stapled in place at the bottom. Test 77 at B-6-4.1 In one 20 ft (6:1-m) high, test, sprinklers were• 0.30 density with ceiling sprinklers only went beyond buried in the.flue space 1 ft (0.30 m) above the bottom of parameters for validity. Subsequent privately sponsored the pallet load; results were satisfactory. Coverage of aisles tests indicated. control at 0.45 density. Test 95 indicated' by in-rack sprinklers is, therefore, not necessary, and'dis- sprinklers at ceiling and'in�racks adequately control this ution across tops of pallet loads at any level is not riec- haiard: These test results were compared with Tests'65 trib ibut for the occupancy classes tested. and 66 and Test 82 with comparable test configurations essary but without the plastic film covering. B-6-5.2 In all tests with in-rack sprinklers, obstructions A privately sponsored test was made with ceiling measuring 3 in. (76.2 mm) wide by 3 ft(0.30 m) long were sprinklers only. At a density of 0.45 gpm per sq ft introduced on each side of the sprinkler approximately. [(18.30 L/min)/rn-] 40 sprinklers operated. Fire spread.was 3 in. (76.2 mm) from the sprinkler to simulate rack strut- slightly greater than in Test 65 with 0.3 gpm per sq ft ture member obstruction. This obstruction had no effect [(12.22 L/min)/m''] discharging from 45 sprinklers. When on sprinkler performance in the 20-ft (6.10-m) high tests. distance from top of storage to ceiling was reduced from Tests 103, 104, 105, and 109 in the 30-ft (9.15-m) high 10 ft (3.05 m) to 3 ft (0.91 m) with 0.45 gpm per sq ft test with in-rack sprinklers obstructed by rack uprights [(18.33 L/min)/m°] density, 11 sprinklers operated. Fire produced unsatisfactory results. Tests 113, 114, 115, 117, ` spread was less than in Test 65 or the previous privately ' 118, and 120 in the 30-ft (9.15-m) high test series with sponsored test. in-rack sprinklers located a minimum of 2 ft (0.61 m) from'' rack uprights produced improved results. In order to evaluate the effect on plastic wrapping or B-6-6 Operating pressures-were 15 psi (103.4 kPa)on all encapsulation of pallet loads, Tests 77 and 95 were con- tests of sprinklers in racks with storage.20 ft (6.10 m) high ducted as a part of the 20-ft (6.10-m) test series within the and 30 psi(206.8 kPa)with storage 30 ft(9.15 m)and 50 ft rack storage testing program, and Tests 1 and 2 were con- (15.24 m) high. ducted as a part of privately sponsored Society of the Plas- tic Industries, Inc. tests. Both SPI Tests 1 and 2 are consid- Tests 112 and 124 were conducted to compare the effect ered valid and indicate that Class I and.II commodity may of increasing sprinkler discharge pressure at in-rack sprin- be protected by ceiling sprinklers only,.using densities as klers from 30 psi (206.9 kPa) to 75 psi (517.1 kPa). With indicated in design curves. These two tests also compare the higher discharge pressure the fire did not jump the' results of 3-ft (0.91-m) clearance from top of storage to aisle, and damage below the top level of protection within sprinkler head deflectors with 10-ft (3.05-m) clearance the racks was somewhat better controlled by the higher from top of storage to sprinkler head deflectors. A signifi- discharge pressure of the in-rack sprinklers. A pressure of cant reduction in the number of sprinklers opening is indi- 15 psi (103.4 kPa) was maintained on in-rack sprinklers cated with the 3-ft (0.91-m) deflector clearance to top of in the first 30-ft (9.15-m) high Tests 103 and 104. storage. Pressure on in-rack sprinklers in subsequent tests was 30 psi (206.8 kPa) except in Test 124 where it was 75 psi ' Subsequently, Tests 140 and 141 were made with the (517.1 kPa). standard commodity. Distance from top of storage to sprinkler deflector was reduced to 3 ft (0.91 m). B-6-7 In all except one case,using the standard commod_ ity, with one line of sprinklers installed in racks, only two With leers gpm per sq ft [(with .20 gm'] density, 36 sprinklers opened. In the one exception, two sprinklers sprinklers operated; and with 0.20 gpm per sq ft opened in the main rack,and two sprinklers opened in the spread wasL/m s)/m-] density, 89 sprinklers operated. Fire target rack. spread was somewhat less than in Tests 65 and 70 with a 10-ft (3.05-111) space between top of storage and ceiling. B-6-8.1 Tests 65 and 66 compared with Test 69,and Test 93 compared with Test 94, indicated a reduction in areas B-6-11.2 Tests were not conducted with aisles wider than of application of 44.5 and 45.5 percent, respectively, with 8 ft (2.44 m) or less than 4 ft (1.22 m). It is, therefore, not 286°F• (141°C) sprinklers as compared with 165°F (74°C) possible to determine whether lower ceiling densities sprinklers. Other extensive Factory Mutual tests produced might be in order for aisle widths greater than 8 ft(2.44 m) an average 'reduction of 40 percent. Design curves or higher densities for aisle widths less than 4 ft (1.22 m). are based on this area reduction. In constructing the design curves, the 286°F (141°C) curves above 3600 sq ft B-6-13.1 Test 107, a multiple row rack test conducted (334.6 m'') of application therefore represent 40 percent with pallet loads butted against each other, was 12 rows reductions in area of application of the 165'F(74°C)curves long. Each row was four boxes deep. With 0.45 density in the' 6,000 sq ft (557.6 m") to 10,000 sq ft (929.41 m'') from ceiling sprinklers only, fire spread to a depth of three range. rows on both sides of ignition point. Fire damage, number Test 84 indicated the number of 212°F (100°C) sprin- of sprinklers open, and time rack steel temperature above klers operating is essentially the same as 165°F (74°C) 1,000°F (538°C) were considerably greater than in compa- sprinklers. , cable double row rack Test 68. Temperatures at ceiling did 2-487 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE not reach dangerous limits. Fire intensity at the ends of duce significantly higher protection requirements than the rows was sufficiently intense to conclude racks with deeper same commodity in a nested configuration. Polystyrene rows would need additional protection. glasses and expanded polystyrene plates were comparable to the nested jars. B-7-12.1 The use of 165°F(74°C)sprinklers at ceiling for storage higher than 25 ft (7.62 m) results from fire test Different storage configurations within cartons or differ- data.A test with 286°F(141°C) sprinklers and 0.45 density ent products of the same basic plastic may therefore pro- resulted in fire damage in the two top tiers just within duce lesser protection requirements. acceptable limits with three ceiling sprinklers operating. A test with 0.45 density and 165°F (74°C) sprinklers gave a In Test RSP-7, nominal 15 ft (4.57 m) high with com- dramatic reduction in fire damage with four ceiling sprin- partmented jars, a 0.60 gpm/ft' [(24.4 Umin)/m"] density, klers operating. 8-ft (2.44-ni) aisles and 10-ft (3.05-m) ceiling clearance, 29 sprinklers opened. In tests RSP-4 with polystryrene glasses, The four 165°F(74°C)ceiling sprinklers operated before RSP-5 with expanded polystyrene plates, and RSP-16 with the first of the three 286°F (141°C) ceiling sprinklers. In nested polystyrene jars all stored at nominal 15-ft (4.57-m) both tests, two in-rack sprinklers at two levels operated at height, 10-ft(3.05-m)ceiling clearance, 8-ft(2.44-m)aisles, approximately the same time. The 286°F (141°C) sprin- and 0.60 gpm/ft" [(24.4 L./min)/m"] density, only 4 sprin- klers were at all times fighting a larger fire with less water klers opened. than the 165°F (74°C)ceiling sprinklers. Tests 115 and 119 compare ceiling sprinkler density, Test RSP-1 I with expanded polystyrene plates,however, of 0.30 gpm/fr [(12.22 Wmin)/m-] with 0.45 gpm/ft- with 6-ft(1.83-m)aisles,increased the number of operating [(18.3 L/min)/m"]. Damage patterns coupled with the num- sprinklers to 29. Test RSP710 with expanded polystyrene ber of boxes damaged in the main rack suggest that the plates, nominally 15 ft (4.57 m) high with 10-ft (3.05-m) increase in density produces improved control,particularly clearance and 8-ft (2.44-111) aisles, but protected by only in the area above the top tier of in-rack sprinklers. 0.45 gpm/ft" [(18.3 L./min)/m"] density, opened 46 sprin- klers and burned 100 percent of the plastic commodity. Tests 119 and 122 compare 286°F (141°C) with 165°F (74°C)ceiling sprinkler temperature rating.A review of the At a nominal 20-ft (6.10-m) storage height with number of boxes damaged and the fire spread patterns 8-ft (2.44-m) aisles and 3-ft (0.91-m) ceiling clearance, indicates that the use of 165°F (74°C)ceiling sprinklers on 0.60 gpm/ft2 [(24.4 Urnin)/m''] density opened 4 sprinklers a rack configuration that incorporates in-rack sprinklers with polystyrene glasses in RSP-2 and 11 sprinklers with dramatically reduces the amount of fire spread. Consider- expanded polystyrene plates in RSP-6. In Test RSP-8, bow- ing that in-rack sprinklers in the over-25-ft (7.62-m) series ever, with the ceiling clearance increased to 10 ft (3.05 m) operated prior to ceiling sprinklers, it would seem that the and other variables held constant, 51 sprinklers opened, installation of in-rack sprinklers converts what would nor- and 100 percent of the plastic commodity burned. mally be rapidly developing fire from the standpoint of ceiling sprinklers to a slower developing fire with lesser Test RSP-3 with polystyrene glasses at a nominal height degree of heat release. of 25 ft (7.62 m) with 3-ft (0.91-m) ceiling clearance, 8-ft In the 20-ft (6.10-m) high test series, ceiling sprinklers (2.44-m) aisles and 0.60 gpm/ft" [(24.4 Umin)/m"] ceiling operated before in-rack sprinklers. In the 30-ft (9.15-m) sprinkler density in.combination with one level of in-rack high series, ceiling sprinklers operated after in-rack sprin- sprinklers, resulted in 4 ceiling sprinklers and 2 in-rack klers. The 50-ft (15.24-m) high test did not operate ceiling sprinklers operating. RSP-9 with the same configuration, sprinklers. They would, however, be needed if fire but with polystyrene plates, opened 12 ceiling and 3 occurred in upper levels. in-rack sprinklers. These results indicate the effect of in-rack sprinklers on No tests were conducted with compartmented polysty- storages higher than 25 ft(7.62 m). From the ceiling oper- rene jars at storage heights in excess of a nominal 15 ft ation standpoint, expected high-heat-release-rate fire was (4.51 m) as a part of this program. converted to a fire with a much lower heat release rate. Since the fires developed slowly and opened sprinklers B-8-1.4 All tests in the RSP series were conducted utiliz- at two levels in the racks,only a few ceiling sprinklers were ing 165°F (73.9°C) sprinklers. However, after close review needed to establish control.Thus,sprinkler operating area of all test data, the 231 C Committee believes that using is not varied with height for storage over 25-ft (7.62-m) intermediate or high temperature rated sprinklers will not high or for changes in sprinkler temperature rating and cause the demand areas to be any larger than those desig- density. nated in Chapter 8; therefore, their use should be allowed. All tests with sprinklers in racks were conducted using nominal 1/2-in. (12.7-mm)orifice size sprinklers of ordinary B-10-1.1.2 Test 85 was conducted to evaluate results of a temperature. liquid spill fire. Test results indicate it is not practical from an economic standpoint to install sprinkler systems with B-8-1 In the RSP Rack Storage test series as well as the densities capable of controlling such a fire, and, therefore, Stored Plastics Program Palletized test series, compart- industrial trucks should be fueled outside of buildings mented.16-oz (0.47-L) polystyrene jars were found to pro- only. 2-488 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 Appendix C Referenced Publications NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting C-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- and Welding Processes, 1989 edition erenced within this standard for informational purposes NFPA 71, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and only and thus should not be considered part of the require- Use of Signaling Systems for Central Station Service, 1989 edi- ments of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA lion issuance of this document. NFPA 72, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and C-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- Use of Protective Signaling Systems, 1990 edition ciation, I Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. NFPA 81, Standard for Fur Storage, Fumigation and Clean- ing, 1986 edition NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 1989 edition NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators, Waste, and Linen Han- NFPA 13A,Recommended Practice for the Inspection, Testing dling Systems and Equipment, 1990 edition and Maintenance of Sprinkler Systems, 1987 edition NFPA 40E, Code for the Storage of Pyroxylin Plastic, 1986 NFPA 231E, Recommended Practice for the Storage of Baled edition Colton, 1989 edition Index © 1991 National Fire Protection Association,All Rights Reserved. The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document that it indexes.The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to this index.This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permission of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. -A- Double-row racks ............................. see Racks,double-row Draft curtains .....................................:.......... 3-3, B-3-3 Aisle widths....................................... 4-4,A-44, B-6-11.2 Duration of water supplies....... see Water supplies,duration of Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Alarms,sprinkler waterflow........................5-7,A-5-7, B-5-7 Application of standard ..................................... 1-1, B-1-1 -E- -B- Early Suppression Fast Response(ESFR) Sprinklers ............................................ Chap. 10,A-10 Barriers,horizontal ........... 7-11,A-7-10.3 thru A-7-11,A-7-13 General 10-1,A-10-1.. Definition ........................................................... 1-2 ......................................... Building maintenance and operation Cha . 12,A-12 System Design .................................................... 10-2 Bulkhead .............. ........................ .........................A -8.1, B-5-3 Water Demand ................................................... 10-3 Definition .............................................................. 1-2 Elastomers Classification .....................................................2-1.5 Emergency planning,pre-fire..................................A-12-6 -C- Encapsulated Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Ceiling sprinklers .............................see Sprinklers,ceiling Clearances Commodities ...............................................4-6,A-4-6 Definition ........................................................... 1-2 F. Sprinklers ..........................................4-5,A-4-5, B-4-5 Commodity Face sprinklers ............. see Sprinklers, face ......................2-1.1 Class I ....................................... ..................... Fire department operations ................ ... A-12-6 ClassII ............................................................2-1.2 ................. Class III 2-1.3 Fire protection,general ................................. 12-6,A-12-6 .......................................................... Class IV ...........................................................2-1.4 Fire protection of steel ................ see Steel,fire protection o Classifications ..............................................2-I, B-2-1 Flue space...................................................4-3, 8-4-3.1 Clearances ..................................................4-6,A-4-6 Longitudinal Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Definition ........................................................ 1-2 Construction,building ..................................Cha . 3, B-3 pp Transverse .....................................................A-4-3.1 Containers,open-top combustible .....................5-14, B:5-14 Definition ......... Conventional pallets........................see Pallets,conventional •••• """ 1, ••• 1-2 Foam systems,high expansion .......................5-11,A-5-11.1 Ceiling sprinkler water demand ................................7-9 .D. Detectors ..........................................................5-12 Sprinkler density .................................................6-10 Design curves .............................. 6-8,6-11,6-1 4,A-6-11.1 Submergence .......................................6-9, 7-8,A-6-9.1 Detectors,high expansion foam systems ....................... 5-12 Free-flowing plastic materials..see Plastic materials,free-flowing 2-489 STANDARD 81-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE -G. Definition ........................................................ 1-2 Loading .............................................................4-2 General fire protection ................see Fire protection,general Movable ...................................................5-15,A-4-1 Definition ........................................................ 1-2 Multi-row .........................................6-Part C, 7-Part C Definition ........................................................ 1-2 -H- Portable Definition ........................................................ 1-2 High expansion foam systems ............see Foam systems, high Repair of .........................................................A-4-2 Single row ........................................6-Part B, 7-Part B expansion Definition ........................................................ 1-2 .............. Horizontal barriers ..........................see Barriers,horizontal Structure ......................................4-1,A-4-1 thru A-4-2 Hose Rubber Connections ................................................5-8, B-5-8 Classification .....................................................2-1.5 Demand .............................................................5-9 -S- I- Scope of standard ........ 1-1, B-1-1 ................................... Shelf storage In-rack sprinkler systems .......... see Sprinkler systems,in-rack Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Incandescent light fixtures ...... see Light fixtures,incandescent Shelving Industrial trucks ............................... see'1-rucks,industrial Slatted .................................................5-13,A-5-13.1 Solid ........................................5-1 3,A-5-1 3.1, B-5-1 3.2 Definition ..............:......................................... 1-2 Single row racks ................................see Racks,single row L- Slave pallet ............................................see Pallets, slave Smoking .............................................................. 11-3 Large-drop sprinklers .................. see Sprinklers,large-drop Solid shelving ......................................see Shelving,solid Light fixtures,incandescent ...........................4-6.2,A-4-6.2 Sprinkler systems,in-rack Longitudinal flue space """"""" see Flue space, longitudinal Control valves ..............................................5-5,A-5-5 Discharge pressure Storage over 25 ft in height .................................. 7-6 Storage up to and including 25 ft in height .......6-6, B-6-6 _M. Horizontal barriers ........... Table 7-10.1, Fig. 7-10.1 (a,g,j), 7-10.3 (c,e),7-11,A-7-10.3 thru Maintenance,building ................................ Chap. 12,A-12 Location A-7-11,A-7-13 Materials ................. see specific type such as Plastic materials Storage over 25 ft in height........7-5, 7-10, 7-13,A-7-10.3, Mechanical handling equipment.................. 1 l-1, B-11-1.1.2 A-7-13 Movable racks ..................................... see Racks, movable Storage up to and including 25 ft in height .......6-4,-I able Multi-row racks ................................. see Racks, multi-row 6-11.1,6-12 thru 6-13, A-6-4,A-6-13.3, B-6-4.1 Pipe size Storage over 25 ft in height .... .............................7-3 -O- Storage up to and including 25 ft in height ...............6-2 Protection of plastics .............8-1.5, 8-2.1.1 thru 8-2.2, 8-3.2 Open-top combustible containers ...... see Containers,open-top thru 8-3.4 combustible Spacing Storage over 25 ft in height ....................7-2, 7-10, 7-13 Storage up to and including 25 ft in height .......6-5,A-6-5 Sprinkler size .P. Storage over 25 ft in height ..................................7-1 Storage up to and including 25 ft in height ...............6-1 Pallets Fig. I-2.2 System size .........................................................5-4 ................ g Water demand 5-6 ..................................................... Conventional Storage over 25 ft in height ..................................7-7 Definition ........................................................ 1-2 Storage up to and including 25 ft in height .......6-7, 6-14, Slave B-6-7 Definition ........................................................ 1-2 Water shields Storage of idle combustible ......................4-7,A-4-7, B-4-7 Storage over 25 ft in he* ht ......... 7-4 ..................... Plant emergency organization .......................... 12-5,A-12-5 Storage up to and inclu ing 25 ft in height .......6-3, B-6-3 Plastic materials,free-flowing Sprinkler waterflow alarms .......see Alarms,sprinkler waterflow Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Sprinklers,ceiling ...........................................5-2,A-5-2 Plastics .............................................Chap. 8,A-8, B-8-1 Clearance...........................................4-5,A-4-5, B-4-5 Ceiling sprinklers ........................................8-2.1,8-3.1 ESFR ..............See Early Suppression Fast Response(ESFR) Classi ication .....................................................2-1.5 sprinklers General..............................................................8-1 Face In-rack sprinklers ...............................................8-1.5 Definition........................................................ 1-2 Storage over 25 ft in height ............................. ....8-4 Large-drop ...................................................Chap. 9 Storage up to and inducting 25 ft in height.........8-2, 10-1.1, Protection of plastics .........8-2.1,8-3.1 A-1 0-1.1 S acing....................................................I.........5-3 Portable racks .....................................see Racks, portable - - Water demand Storage over 25 ft in height ... .... 7-9, 7-12, 7-15,A-7-12.1 R. Storage up to and including 25 ft in height .......6-8,6-11, 6-14,A-6-11.1, B-6-8 Steel,fire protection of ...................3-2, B-3-2.1 thru B-3-2.3 Racks Storage Definition ........................................................... 1-2 Heights .............................................4-5,A-4-5, B-4-5 Double-row .................................4-3,6-Part B,7-Part B Of idle combustible pallets ......................4-7,A-4-7, B-4-7 2-490 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-2 -T- W- Test data and procedures ..................................... App. B Waste disposal ...................................................... 12-2 Trucks,industrial ................................. I 1-1.1, B-11-1.1.2 Water demand ...... see Early Suppression Fast Response(ESFR) Sprinklers; Sprinkler systems, in-rack; Sprinklers,ceiling Water shields ........................................... 6-3, 7-4, B-6-3 Water supplies,duration ....................... 5-10, 10-3.2, B-5-10 .V. Waterflow alarms .................. see Alarms,sprinkler waterllow Welding .................................................... 12-1,A-12-1 Valves,control ............................................... 5-5,A-5-5 Vents ........................................................... 3-3, B-3-3 2-491 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-3 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-3 MECHANICAL SMOKE-REMOVAL SYSTEMS See Section 8102.7.1, Uniform Fire Code SECTION 81.301 —SCOPE 2.One or more exhaust fans shall be provided in each curtained area, and when more than one exhaust fan is provided in a cur- Mechanical smoke-removal systems designed to remove smoke tained area, the fans shall be uniformly spaced within the cur- from high-piled storage areas after a fire is extinguished and assist tained area. The distance between fans within a curtained area the fire department during suppression operations shall be in ac- shall not exceed 100 feet(30 480.6 mm); cordance with this standard. When mechanical smoke-removal systems are provided,curtain boards shall be provided as required 3.Wiring and smoke-removal fan units shall be thermally pro- by UFC Section 8102.7.1. tected in a manner that will provide continued operation for not less than 15 minutes while exposed to a temperature of 1,000°F (537.8°C);and SECTION 81.302—SYSTEM CAPACITY EXCEPTION: Wiring and electrical equipment installed.on the exterior of the building. The volume of mechanical ventilation required shall be 300 cubic 4.Controls for mechanical smoke removal systems shall be as feet per minute per square foot (1524 L per second per square follows: meter)of roof vent area required by UFC Table 81-B. 4.1 On combination comfort air-handling and smoke- removal systems,and on independent comfort air-handling sys- SECTION 81.303—SUPPLY AIR tems,fans shall be controlled to shut down in accordance with the automatic shutoff requirements of the Mechanical Code or Supply air for exhaust fans shall be provided at or near the floor by activation of automatic extinguishing or detection systems; level and shall be sized to provide a minimum of 50 percent of required exhaust.Openings for supply air shall be uniformly dis- 4.2 Electrical service to the smoke-removal systems shall be tributed around the periphery of the area served. connected on the line side of the main electrical disconnect;and 4.3 The smoke-removal system shall be provided with a fire department control panel located in an approved location and SECTION 81.304—FANS clearly identified.The control panel room shall be protected by Fans shall be in accordance with the following: not less than a one-hour occupancy separation in accordance with the Building Code.The room shall be accessible from the 1.The individual capacity of a fan shall not exceed 30,000 cubic exterior of the building.Automatic sprinkler protection shall be feet per minute(14 158.4 L/s); provided in the control room. 2-493 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-4 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 81-4 HIGH-PILED STORAGE OF COMBUSTIBLE RECORDS IN BUILDINGS . See Sections 8101.1, 8104.2.3.1, 8104.2.3.2 and 8106.1, Uniform Fire Code NOTE: This is a new standard. The National Fire Protection Association Standard for Rack CATWALK is a walkway used to access equipment or record Storage of Materials,NFPA 231C-1995, is hereby adopted storage racks and/or shelving. Catwalks are supported by the by reference as UFC Standard 81-4. equipment,rack or shelving served.Catwalks are independent of Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 231C-1995 shall the building structure and are a component of the storage system. only be considered as guideline standards subject to approval by 3.Sec.2-1.1 is revised as follows: the chief. 2-1.1 Commodity Classification.Paper records shall be classi- For storage height of 12 feet (3658 mm) or less, see NFPA 13, fied as Class III commodities. Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. 4.Sec.3-1 is deleted. NFPA 231C-1995 is available from the National Fire Protection 5.Sec.3-2.1 is deleted. Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- 6.Sec.3-21 is deleted. setts 02269-9101. 7.Sec.3-2.3 is revised by adding a paragraph to the end of the section as follows: SECTION 81..401 -AMENDMENTS Regardless of the requirements of this section, fire protection 1.Sec. 1-1 is revised as follows: for the structure shall comply with the requirements set forth in the Building Code. 1-1 Application and Scope.This standard applies to storage of 8.Sec.3-2.3(b)is revised by adding a paragraph to the end combustible paper records stored in racks over 12 feet(3658 mm) of the section as follows: in height. Each sprinkler protecting a column shall be capable of discharg- Storage of plastic products,plastic records or plastic containers ing 30 gpm(113.6 Umin.).The demand for the column sprinklers are outside of the scope of this standard.See UFC Standard 81-2. in the hydraulic design area shall be added to the sprinkler system For storage on shelving 30 inches (762 mm)or less, see UFC demand.The spray shall be directed toward the column such that Standard 81-1. as much of the column surface is wetted as possible. Storage of hazardous materials and flammable liquids is outside 9.Sec.3-3 is deleted. the scope of this standard. See the Uniform Fire Code. 10.Chapter 4 is revised by adding a section as follows: 2.Sec. 1-2 is revised by changing definitions as follows: 4-1 Bulkhead. Racks greater than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in The definition of"approved"shall be as set forth in Uniform length shall be separated by a bulkhead or by an aisle[minimum Fire Code,Volume 1. 30-inch (762 mm) wide] separation. Bulkheads shall extend through the storage rack from aisle face to aisle face and from the Delete the definitions of "authority having jurisdiction," floor to the top of storage.When the rack length exceeds 60 feet "bulkhead," "early suppression fast response sprinklers (18 288 mm) the bulkhead shall be located at the approximate (ESFR),""labeled,""listed,""solid shelving"and"transverse midpoint of the rack.The maximum distance between bulkheads flue space"and substitute as follows: and aisles shall be 60 feet (18 288 mm). Bulkheads shall be AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- constructed of 1/2-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board, 1/2-inch thick sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. (12.7 mm)plywood,or other approved material. BULKHEAD is a barrier installed vertically across the storage 11.Chapter 4 is revised by adding a section as follows: rack that extends from the floor to the top of storage for the depth 4-2 Catwalk.Catwalks 42 inches(1067 mm)or less in width of the rack. that are used for access to upper level storage systems shall be sup- EARLY SUPPRESSION FAST-RESPONSE. (ESFR) ported from a rack or shelving system and shall be of noncombus- SPRINKLER is a listed thermosensitive device designed to react tible bar grate construction. Bar grate openings shall be a at a predetermined temperature by automatically releasing a minimum of 1/2 inch(12.7 mm). stream of water and distributing it in a specified pattern and quan- EXCEPTION: Catwalks greater than 42 inches (1067 mm) in tity over a designated area so as to provide early suppression of a width may be of solid construction. fire when installed on the appropriate sprinkler piping. 12.Chapter 4 is revised by adding a section as follows: LABELED shall be as set forth in the Uniform Fire Code. 4-8 Aisle Widths.Aisles shall be provided as set forth in UFC LISTED shall be as set forth in the Uniform Fire Code. Article 81. When aisles are less than 42 inches (1067 mm) in width,the storage system shall be classified as multirow racking. SOLID SHELVING,see Uniform Fire Code,Article 81. For protection requirements, see Chapter 5. TRANSVERSE FLUE SPACE,see Uniform Fire Code,Ar- 13.Sec.4-7 is deleted and substitute as follows: ticle 81. 4-7 Storage of Idle Combustibles.Bulk storage of idle com- Add the following definition: bustible pallets shall be in accordance with UFC Standard 81-1. 2-495 STANDARD 81-4 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 14.Sec.4-3 is deleted and substitute as follows: 22. Sec. 6-12 is revised by deleting the last sentence of the 4-3 Flue Spaces. For records storage systems classified as paragraph. multiple-row racks in accordance with this standard, the service 23. Tables 6-12, 6-14 and 6-14.1 are revised by deleting aisles between the racks or shelving shall be considered the flue "Yes" in the column titled "Apply Figure 6-9.2" under the spaces. "Without In-Rack Sprinklers" category and substituting 15.Sec.4-4 is deleted and substitute as follows: "No." 4-4 Storage Arrangements. Paper records are allowed to be 24.Sec.6-14 is revised by adding a section as follows: stored in cardboard cartons or as open files directly on the rack or 6-14.4 In records storage systems with a catwalk,when sprin- shelf. klers are required,in-rack sprinklers shall be located in the center Plastic encapsulation of records is beyond the scope of this of the aisle,below each level of catwalk. standard. See UFC Standard 81-2. 25. Sec. 6-15.1 is revised to delete the last sentence of the When records storage configuration consists of racks or shelv- paragraph. ing in single or double rows with a total width of 72 inches(1829 26.Sec.7-1 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Build- mm)or less and aisles with a clear width of 42 inches(1067 mm) ing Code. See UBC Standard 9-1"for the phrase"NFPA 13, or more,and no longitudinal flue,the storage shall be considered Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems." single-row racks. 27.Sec.7-2 is revised by adding a section as follows: When records storage configuration consists of racks or shelv- ing in single or double rows with a total width greater than 72 inch- 7-2.1 Maximum spacing of in-rack sprinklers shall not be more es (1829 mm) and less than 12 feet (3658 mm), measured from than 10 feet(3048 mm)along the branch line.The maximum area aisle to aisle,and aisles with a clear width of 42 inches(1067 mm) protected by an in-rack sprinkler shall not exceed 100 square feet or more,the storage shall be considered double-row racks. (9.3 m2).Sprinklers shall be staggered vertically and horizontally When records storage configuration consists of racks or shelv- when more than one level is installed. ing in single or double rows with a total width greater than 12 feet 28.Sec.7-5 is revised by adding a section as follows: (3658 mm),measured from aisle to aisle,or with aisles less than 7-5.1 In multirow racks with catwalk systems, in-rack sprin- 42 inches(1067 mm)in clear width regardless of the storage rack klers are allowed to be located below the catwalk,in the center of or shelving width,the storage shall be considered multirow racks. the aisle.Sprinklers installed in the center of the aisles,below the 16.Sec.4-6 is deleted and substitute as follows: catwalks, are considered in-rack flue sprinklers. 4-6 Solid Shelving.Racks or shelf storage of paper records in 29.Table 7-10.1 is revised by adding the following footnote cardboard cartons on wood or metal shelving shall be treated as which is referenced in the second column,main heading titled racks without solid shelves. "In-rack sprinklers-approximate vertical spacing at tier 17.Chapter 5 is revised by adding a section as follows nearest the vertical distance and maximum horizontal spac- ing" 5-1.3 This chapter shall apply when required by Table 81-A. 9Sprinkler spacing shall not exceed 100 square feet (9.3 m2) 18. Sec. 5-2.1 is revised by substituting the phrase "the spacing. Building Code.See UBC Standard 9-1"for the phrase"NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems." 30.Sec.7-14 is deleted and substitute as follows: 19.Sec.5-8 is revised by deleting the first sentence and sub- 7-14 In-rack Sprinkler Spacing.Maximum spacing of in-rack stituting as follows: sprinklers in multiple-row racks with storage higher than 25 feet (7620 mm)shall not be more than 10 feet (3048 mm)along the When required by UFC Table 81-A, small hose valve stations branch line.The maximum area protected by an in-rack sprinkler shall be provided and shall be spaced such that they are accessible shall not exceed 100 square feet(9.3 m2).Sprinklers shall be stag- to reach all portions of the high-piled storage area,on all levels, gered vertically and horizontally when more than one level is based on the length of hose,hose stream,and travel paths. installed. See Figures 7-13 (a),(b)and(c). 20.Sec.6-1 is revised by substituting the phrase"the Build- 31. Chapter 8 is deleted. ing Code.See UBC Standard 9-1"for the phrase"NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems." 32.Sec.9-1.8 is revised by substituting the phase"the Build- 21.Sec.6-9.2 is deleted and substitute as follows: ing Code.See UBC Standard 9-1"for the phrase"NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems." For storage over 20 feet(6096 mm),up to and including 25 feet 33. Sec. 10-2.4 is revised by substituting the phase "the (7620 mm),protected with ceiling sprinklers only,densities given Building Code.See UBC Standard 9-1"for the phrase"NFPA in design curves shall be adjusted according to Figure 6-9.2.For 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems." storage less than 20 feet(6096 mm),with in-rack sprinklers,Fig- ure 6-9.2 is applicable. 34.Chapters 11,12 and 13 are deleted. 2-496 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS STORAGE AND USE See Sections 5201.3.2, 5203.5.1,8201,8203, 8204, 8206,8208, 8211, 8212.11.3 and 8214.3, Uniform Fire Code This standard, with certain exceptions, is based on the 9. Sec. 1-3.1.2 is revised as follows: National Fire Protection Association Standard for the Storage 1-3.1.2 Approval applies to the complete system,or to the indi- and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases, NFPA vidual components of which it is composed,as specified in Table 58-1989.1 1-3. Part I of this standard contains the exceptions to NFPA 10. Sec. 1-5 is deleted. 58-1989.1 11. Sec. 1-7 is revised by changing and adding definitions as Part II of this standard contains NFPA 58-19891 reproduced in follows: its entirety with permission of the publisher. AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- vertically in the margin of Part II indicates there is a re- sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this code. vision to the provisions within Part I. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE (NEC), NFPA 70 (as Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 58-19891 shall used in this standard),is the Electrical Code as defined in Uniform only be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. Fire Code, Volume 1. SPECIAL PROTECTION is a means of limiting the tempera- tThe current edition is NFPA 58-1995. ture of an LP-gas container for purposes of minimizing the possi- Part I bility of failure of the container as the result of fire exposure.. When required by this standard,special protection is allowed to SECTION 82.101 —AMENDMENTS consist of any of the following: applied insulated coatings, mounding, burial, water spray fixed systems or fixed monitor The Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petro- nozzles meeting the criteria specified in this standard(see 3-10.3), leum Gases,NFPA 58-1989,applies to the design,construction, or by other means approved for this purpose. location and installation of liquefied petroleum gas systems at The definitions of "AGA," "ANSI," "API," "approved," consumer sites, except as otherwise provided in Uniform Fire "ASME," "ASTM," "compressed gas," "labeled," "listed," Code, Volume 1 and Mechanical Code and except as follows: "NFPA"and"UL"shall be as set forth in Uniform Fire Code, 1. Sec.1-2.1.2 is revised by changing the second sentence as Volume 1. follows: 12. Sec.2-2.1.3 is revised as follows: When the possibility of ammonia contamination exists(such as 2-2.1.3 Containers shall be designed, fabricated, tested and may be the result from the dual use of transportation or storage marked (or stamped) in accordance with the Regulations of the equipment), the LP-gas shall be tested in accordance with ap- U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) or shall be in accor- proved methods. dance with approved nationally recognized standards. See Uni- 2. Sec. 1-2.3.1 (b)is revised as follows: form Fire Code Article 90, Standard a.5.L (b) Marine and pipeline terminals, natural gas processing 13. Sec.2-2.2.3(c)is revised as follows: plants, refineries or tank farms("tank farm"storage at industrial (c)Wind loading on containers shall be based on wind pressures locations is covered by this standard). on the projected area as required by the Building Code. 3. Sec. 1-2.3.1(c)is deleted. 14. Sec.2-2.2.3(d)is revised as follows: 4. Sec. 1-2.3.1 (e)is revised as follows: (d) Seismic loading on containers shall be as required by the (e)LP-gas used with oxygen shall comply with Uniform Fire Building Code. Code Article 49. 15. Sec.2-3.2.3 is revised as follows: 5. Sec.1-2.3.1 (f)is revised as follows: 2-3.2.3 American.Society of Mechanical Engineers containers (f)Those portions of nonindustrial appliance and piping instal- for LP-gas shall be equipped with listed direct spring-loaded relief lations covered by the Mechanical and Plumbing Codes.For the valves or equivalent. purpose of application of this standard, the Mechanical and Remainder of paragraph, exception and Table 2-3.2.3 are Plumbing Codes are applicable to piping beyond the first stage of deleted. pressure regulation. 16. Sec.2-4.1.2 is revised as follows: 6. Sec. 1-2.3.1(h)is deleted. 2-4.1.2 Piping,pipe and tubing fittings and valves used to sup- 7. Sec.1-2.4 is deleted. ply utilization equipment shall be in accordance with the Mechan- 8. Sec. 1-3.1.1 is revised as follows: ical Code or Plumbing Code for LP-gas service. 1-3.1.1 Systems,or components assembled to make up systems, 17. Sec.2-4.1.3 is revised as follows: shall be approved as specified in Table 1-3.This provision shall be 2-4.1.3 Pipe and tubing shall comply with 2-4.2.1 and 2-4.3.1 or considered to have been met by one of the following methods: shall be of material which has been investigated and tested to de- l. Listing by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. termine that it is safe and suitable for the proposed service and is recommended for that service by the manufacturer and shall be ac- 2. Approval by the chief. ceptable to the chief. 2-497 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 18. Sec.2-4.2.1 is revised as follows: 31. Sec.3-1.1.4 is revised as follows: 2-4.2.1 Pipe shall be wrought iron or steel(black or galvanized), 3-1.1.4 LP-gas systems shall be installed in accordance with ap- brass, copper or polyethylene(see Section 3-7.6)and shall be in proved nationally recognized standards and the Mechanical and accordance with the Mechanical or Plumbing code for LP-gas ser- Plumbing codes. vice. Also: Also: Delete Items(a)through 0). Delete Items(a)through(g). 32. Sec.3-2.2.6(c)is revised by deleting the last sentence. 33. Sec.3-2.2.6(e)is revised by changing the last sentence as 19. Sec.2-4.3.1 is revised as follows: follows: 2-4.3.1 Tubing shall be steel,brass,copper or polyethylene(see Horizontal separation is not required between aboveground Section 3-2.7.6)and shall be in accordance with the Mechanical or LP-gas containers and underground tanks containing flammable Plumbing code. or combustible liquids installed in accordance with the Uniform Fire Code, Article 79. Also: 34. Sec.3-2.2.6(f)is revised as follows: Delete Items(a)through(d). (f)The minimum separation between LP-gas containers and ox- 20. Sec.2-4.4.1 (c) 1 is revised as follows: ygen or gaseous hydrogen containers shall be in accordance with (1)Polyethylene fittings shall be designed in accordance with Table 3-2.2.6 (f) except that lesser distances are allowed where nationally recognized standards. protective structures interrupt the line of sight between uninsu- lated portions of the oxygen or hydrogen containers and the 21. Sec.2-4.6.2 is revised as follows: LP-gas containers. The location and arrangement of such struc- 2-4.6.2 Hose,hose connections,flex connectors and quick con- tures shall minimize the problems cited in the note to 3-2.2.8.The nectors shall be listed by a nationally recognized testing laborato- minimum separation between LP-gas containers and liquefied hy- ry or may be approved. drogen containers shall be in accordance with Article 75 of the Uniform Fire Code. 22. Sec.2-5.4.2(a)is revised as follows: 35. Sec.3-2.2.6(h)is revised as follows: (a)Indirect vaporizers with an inside diameter of more than 6 (h)When LP-gas containers are to be stored or used in the same inches (152.4 mm) shall be constructed in accordance with the area with other compressed gases,the containers shall be marked applicable provisions of nationally recognized standards for a de- to identify their contents in accordance with nationally recognized sign pressure of 250 psig(1723.7 kPa)and shall be permanently standards. and legibly marked with: 36. Sec. 3-2.6.1 (d) (1)b is revised by deleting the last sen- Items(1)through(4)remain as printed. tence in the exception. 23. Sec.2-5.4.3(a)is revised as follows: 37. Sec. 3-2.7.6 is revised to require the minimum burial depth of 18 inches(457.2 mm)in lieu of 12 inches(304.8 mm). (a)Design and construction of direct-fired vaporizers shall be in 38.Sec.3-2.9.1 is revised as follows: accordance with the applicable provisions of nationally recog- 3-2.9.1 After assembly,piping systems,including hose,shall be nized standards for the working conditions to which the vaporizer will be subjected and it shall be permanently marked with: tested and proven free of leaks at not less than the normal operat- ing pressure. Piping within the scope of the Mechanical and Items(1)through(6)remain as printed. Plumbing codes shall be pressure tested in accordance with the 24. Sec.2-5.4.3(f)is revised by deleting"(or its ASME Code provisions of those codes.Tests shall not be made with a flame. equivalent-see Note 1 of Table 2-2.2.2)." 39.Sec.3-4.2.3(b)is revised by changing the first sentence 25. Sec.2-5.4.4(a)is revised as follows: as follows: Hose, hose connections and flexible connectors shall be de- (a)The vaporizing chamber,tubing,pipe coils or other heat ex- signed for a working pressure of not less than 350 psig (2413.2 change surface containing the LP-gas to be vaporized shall be con- kPa),shall comply with Section 2-4.6 and shall be installed in ac- structed in accordance with the applicable provisions of cordance with the Mechanical and Plumbing codes. nationally recognized standards for a minimum design pressure of 40.Sec.3-4.3.8 is deleted. 250 psig (1723.7 kPa) and shall be permanently and legibly marked with: 41.Sec.3-4.8.3(a)is deleted. Items(1)through(4)remain as printed. 42. Sec.3-4.8.4 is added as follows: 3-4.8.4 Listed and approved LP-gas commercial food service 26. Sec. 2-5.4.6 (f) is revised by deleting "(for its ASME appliances shall be permitted to be used inside restaurants and in Code equivalent-see Note 1 of Table 2-2.2.2)." attended commercial food catering operations provided that no 27. Sec.2-5.4.7(f)is revised by deleting the third sentence. commercial food service appliances shall have more than two 10-ounce (0.296 L)nonrefillable butane gas containers comply- 28. Sec.2-6 title is revised as follows: ing with nationally recognized standards and having a maximum 2-6 Appliances in Buildings. water capacity of 1.08 pounds(0.49 kg)per container connected directly to the appliance at any time and containers shall not be 29. Sec.2-6.1.1 is revised as follows: manifolded. See Article 90, Standard u.1.8.The appliance's fuel 2-6.1.1 LP-gas appliances in buildings shall be in accordance container(s)shall be an integral part of the listed,approved,com- with the Mechanical and Plumbing codes. mercial food service device and shall be connected without the use of a rubber hose.Butane containers shall be listed.Storage of con- 30. Sec.2-6.2 is deleted. tainers shall be in accordance with Section 5-3.1. 2-498 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 43.Sec.3-4.9.1 is revised as follows: 54.Sec.3-10.3.4 is revised as follows: 3-4.9.1 Containers are allowed to be installed on noncombus- 3-10.3.4 If water spray fixed systems are used,they shall be in tible roofs of buildings constructed as required for an occupancy accordance with UFC Standard 79-2.Such systems shall be auto- separation having a fire-resistive rating of not less than the follow- matically actuated by fire-responsive devices and also have capa- ing: bility for manual actuation. Groups B,F,M and S Occupancies Two Hours 55.Sec.3-10.3.5 is revised as follows: All other occupancies Four Hours 3-10.3.5 If monitor nozzles are used,they shall be located and EXCEPTION: When the quantity of gas does not exceed 60 gal- arranged so that all container surfaces likely to be exposed to fire lons(227.1 L),a noncombustible roof without a fire-resistive rating is shall be wetted. Such systems shall otherwise be in accordance allowed. with UFC Standard 79-2 and shall be automatically actuated by 44.Sec.3-4.10.2(d)is revised as follows: fire-responsive devices and also have capability for manual actua- (d)Hose shall not be used to carry liquid between the container tion. and the building, or at any point in the liquid line except as the 56.Chapter 5 is revised by adding Section 5-3.3.4 as follows: appliance connector complying with the Mechanical Code or Plumbing code. 5-3.3.4 Buildings containing more than 60 gallons(227.1 L)of LP-gas shall be in accordance with the Building Code for hazard- 45.Sec.3-5 is deleted. ous occupancies,Group H,Division 2. 46.Sec.3-6.2.2(a)is revised as follows: 57.Chapter 7 is revised by adding Section 7-1.1.3 as follows: (a)Containers shall be designed,fabricated,tested and marked 7-1.1.3 Buildings used for storage or handling LP-gas in excess (or stamped)in accordance with the Regulations of the U.S.De- of 60 gallons(227.1 L)shall be in accordance with the Building partment of Transportation(DOT)or shall be in accordance with Code for a Group H,Division 2 Occupancy.Such buildings shall approved nationally recognized standards. See Uniform Fire also be in accordance with the requirements of this chapter. Code Article 90, Standard a.5.1. Delete Items (1) and (2) and redesignate the remaining 58.Sec.7-2.3 is revised by adding Section 7-2.3.2 to read as follows: items. 47.Sec.3-6.2.2(a)(6)is revised as follows 7-2.3.2 Occupancy separations shall be in accordance with the Building Code.Occupancy separations shall be designed to with- (6) ASME containers covered in this section shall be con- stand a static pressure of at least 100 psf(4788.0 Pa). structed for a minimum 250 psig(1723.7 kPa)design pressure ex- 59.Sec.7-3 is deleted. cept that containers installed in enclosed spaces on vehicles and engine fuel containers for industrial trucks and buses shall be con- 60.Sec.8-1.1 is revised as follows: structed for at least a 312.5 psig(2154.6 kPa)design. 8-1.1 Refrigerated containers shall be built in accordance with 48.Sec.3-6.2.5(a)(1)is revised as follows: approved nationally recognized standards for the conditions of (1) Pipe shall be wrought iron or steel (black or galvanized), maximum allowable working pressure, design temperature and brass or copper and shall comply with nationally recognized stan- hydrostatic testing. See Uniform Fire Code Article 90. dards. 61.Sec.8-1.1.1 is revised as follows: Delete Items(a)through(f). 8-1.1.1 When the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 49.Sec.3-6.2.5(b)is revised as follows: Unfired Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII is used for containers (b)Tubing shall be steel,brass or copper and shall comply with having pressure of 15 psig(103.4 kPa)or more,joint efficiencies nationally recognized standards. in Table UW 12,Column C,shall not be used. Delete Items(b)(1)(a)through(d). 62.Sec.8-1.1.2 is revised as follows: 50.Sec.3-6.3.1 is revised as follows: 8-1.1.2 See Uniform Fire Code Article 90, Standard a.3.4, in- cluding Appendix R,for container construction having pressures 3-6.3.1 This section applies to LP-gas installation or industrial less than 15 psig(103.4 kPa).For austenitic steels or nonferrous trucks (including forklift trucks)both to propel them and to pro- materials in such construction,see Appendix Q. vide energy for their materials handling attachments. 63.Chapter 9 is deleted. 51.Sec.3-6.3.6 is revised as follows: 3-6.3.6 Industrial trucks(including forklift trucks)powered by Part II LP-gas engine fuel systems shall comply with the following: Reproduced with permission from the Standard for the Storage Items(a)through(b)remain as printed. and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases,NFPA 58,copyright 52.Sec.3-6.5.1 is revised as follows: 1989,National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Box 9101,Quincy,Massachusetts 02269-9101.Persons desiring 3-6.5.1 Stationary engines and gas turbines installed in build- to reprint in whole or part any portion of the Standard for the Stor- ings including portable engines used in lieu of or to supplement age and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases, NFPA stationary engines shall be approved and comply with the applica- 58-1989,must secure permission from the National Fire Protec- ble provisions of Chapters 1 and 2 and Section 3-2 of this standard. tion Association.The following standard is not necessarily the lat- 53. Sec.3-9.5.2 is revised by substituting the phrase"UFC est revision used by NFPA.If the reader desires to compare with Standard 10-1"for the phrase"NFPA 10." that version,the same is available from NFPA. 2-499 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Contents Chapter 1 General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 8 1-1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 8 1-1.1 General Properties of LP-Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 8 1-1.2 Federal Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 8 1-2 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 8 1-2.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 8 1-2.2 Application of Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 8 1-2.3 Nonapplication of Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 8 1-2.4 Retroactivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-3 Acceptance of Equipment and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-3.1 Method of Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-4 LP-Gas Odorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 14.1 LP-Gas to be Odorized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-5 Notification of Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-5.1 Fixed Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-5.2 Temporary Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-6 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-6.1 Qualification of Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 1-7 Definitions, Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58- 9 Chapter 2 LP-Gas Equipment and Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-13 2-1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-13 2-1.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-13 2-2 Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-13 2-2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-13 2-2.2 Container Design or Service Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-14 2-2.3 Container Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-15 2-2.4 Portable Container Appurtenance Physical Damage Protection . . . . . .58-15 2-2.5 Containers with Attached Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-15 2-2.6 Container Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-16 2-3 Container Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-16 2-3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-16 2-3.2 Pressure Relief Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-16 2-3.3 Connections for Flow Control(Filling, Withdrawal, Equalizing). . . . . .58-17 2-3.4 Liquid Level Gauging Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-17 2-3.5 Pressure Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-19 2-3.6 Other Container Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-19 2-4 Piping(Including Hose), Fittings, and Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-19 2-4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-19 2-4.2 Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-20 2-4.3 Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-20 2-4.4 Pipe and Tubing Fittings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-20 2-4.5 Valves, Other than Container Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-20 2-4.6 Hose, Quick Connectors, Hose Connections, and Flexible Connectors .58-21 2-4.7 Hydrostatic Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-21 2-5 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-21 2-5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-21 2-5.2 Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-21 2-5.3 Compressors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-21 2-5.4 Vaporizers, Tank Heaters, Vaporizing-Burners, and Gas-Air Mixers . . .58-22 2-5.5 Strainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-5.6 Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-5.7 Dispensing Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-5.8 Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-5.9 Sight Flow Glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-6 Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-6.1 General . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-6.2 Approved Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-6.3 Provisions for Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-24 2-500 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Chapter.3 Installation of LP-Gas Systems . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .58-25 3-1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .5.8-25 3-1.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-25 3-2 General Provisions. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : : . . . . .58-25 3-2:1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . .58-25 3-2.2 Location of Containers. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .58-25 3-2.3 Installation of Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-27 3-2.4 Installation'of Container Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .58-29 3-2.5 Regulator Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .58-30 3-2.6 Piping System Service Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-31 3-2.7 Installation of Pipe,Tubing,Pipe and Tubing Fittings, Valves, and Hose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-31 3-2.8 Hydrostatic Relief Valve Installation. . . . . . . . . .•. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..58-32 3-2.9 Testing Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-32 3-2.10 Equipment Installation . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .58-33 3-3 Distributing and Industrial LP-Gas Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-33 3-3.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .58-33 3-3.2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-34 3-3.3 Installation of Liquid Transfer Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . .58-34 3-3.4 Installation of Gas Distribution Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-34 3-3.5 Installation of Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-34 3-3.6 Protection Against Tampering for Section 3-3 Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . .58-34 3-3.7 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-34 3-3.8 Ignition Source Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .58-34 3-4 LP-Gas Systems in Buildings or on Building Roofs or Exterior Balconies . .58-34 3-4.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-34 3-4.2 General Provisions for Containers, Equipment, Piping, and Appliances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-35 3-4.3 Buildings Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation . . . . .58-36 3-4.4 Buildings Undergoing Minor Renovation when Frequented.by the Public. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . .58-36 3-4.5 Buildings Housing Industrial Occupancies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-36 3-4.6 Buildings Housing Educational and Institutional Occupancies . . . . . . .58-36 3-4.7 Temporary Heating in Buildings in Emergencies . . . . . . .. . . . .,. . . . . .58-37 3-4.8 Use in Buildings for Demonstrations or Training, or in Small Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-37 3-4.9 Portable Containers on Roofs or Exterior Balconies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-37 3-4.10 Liquid Piped into Buildings or Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-37 3-5 Installation of Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .58-38 3-5.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-38 3-5.2 Reference Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-38 3-6 Engine Fuel Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . 58=38 3-6.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..:. . . . . . . .58-38 3-6.2 General Purpose Vehicle Engines Fueled by LP-Gas. . . . . . . :. . . . . . .58-38 3-6.3 Industrial(and Forklift)Trucks Powered by LP-Gas. . . . . . . ... . . . . . .58-43 3-6.4 General Provisions for Vehicles Having Engines Mounted on'Them. . .58-44 3-6.5 Engine Installation Other than on Vehicle . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-44 3-6.6 Garaging of Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-44 3-7 Vaporizer Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-45 3-7.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .58-45 3-7.2 Installation of Indirect-Fired Vaporizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-45 3-7.3 Installation of Direct Gas-Fired Vaporizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-45 3-7.4 Installation of Direct Gas-Fired Tank Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-46 3-7.5 Installation of Vaporizing-Burners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-46 3-7.6 Installation of Waterbath Vaporizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . : ... . . . .58-46 3-7.7 Installation of Electric Vaporizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-46 3-7.8 Installation of Gas-Air Mixers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-46 3-8 Ignition Source Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-47 3-8.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-47 3-8.2 Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .58-47, 3-8.3 Other Sources of Ignition . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-47 3-8.4 Control of Ignition Sources duri.ng Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... ...58-47 2-501 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3-9 LP-Gas Systems on Vehicles(Other than Engine Fuel Systems) . . . . . . . . .58-47 3-9.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-47 3-9.2 Construction, Location, Mounting, and Protection of Containers and Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-50 3-9.3 Equipment Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-52 3-9.4 Appliance Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-52 3-9.5 General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-52 3-9.6 Parking, Servicing,and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-52 3-10 Fire Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-52 3-10.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-52 3-10.2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-52 3-10.3 Special Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-53 Chapter 4 LP-Gas Liquid TI ansfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-53 4-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-53 4-1.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-53 4-2 Operational Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-53 4-2.1 Transfer Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-53 4-2.2 Containers to Be Filled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-53 4-2.3 Arrangement and Operation of Transfer Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-54 4-3 Location of Transfer Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-54 4-3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-54 4-3.2 Containers in Stationary Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-54 4-3.3 Containers in Nonstationary Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-54 4-3.4 Cargo Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-54 4-3.5 Marine Shipping and Receiving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-55 4-4 Venting LP-Gas to the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-55 4-4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-55 4-4.2 Purging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-56 4-4.3 Emergency Venting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-56 4-5 Quantity of LP-Gas in Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-56 4-5.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-56 4-5.2 LP-Gas Capacity of Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-56 4-5.3 Compliance with Maximum Permitted Filling Density Provisions . . . .58-56 Chapter 5 Storage of Portable Containers Awaiting Use or Resale. . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-1.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-2 General Provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-2.1 General Location of Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-2.2 Protection of Valves on Containers in Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-3 Storage within Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-3.1 Storage within Buildings Frequented by the Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-3.2 Storage within Buildings Not Frequented by the Public(Such as Industrial Buildings). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-3.3 Storage within Special Buildings or Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-3.4 Storage Within Residential Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-4 Storage Outside of Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-4.1 Location of Storage Outside of Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 5-4.2 Protection of Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 5-4.3 Alternate Location and Protection of Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 5-5 Fire Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 5-5.1 Fire Extinguisher Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 Chapter 6 Vehicular Transportation of LP-Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 6-1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 6-1.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 6-2 Transportation in Portable Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 6-2.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 6-2.2 Transportation of DOT Specification Cylinders or Portable ASME Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-61 6-2.3 Transportation of Portable Containers of More than 1,000 lb(454 kg) Water Capacity. . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-62 6-2.4 Fire Extinguishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-62 6-3 Transportation in Cargo Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-62 2-502 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 6-3.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-62 6-3.2'Containers Mounted on, or a Part of, Cargo Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-62 6-3.3 Piping(Including Hose), Fittings,and Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-63 6-3.4 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-63 6-3.5 Protection of Container Appurtenances, Piping System and Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-63 6-3.6 Painting and Marking Liquid Cargo Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-63 6-3.7 Fire Extinguishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-63 6-3.8 Chock Blocks for Liquid Cargo Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 6-3.9 Exhaust Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513-64 6-3.10 Smoking Prohibition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 6-4 Trailers, Semitrailers, Movable Fuel Storage Tenders or Farm Carts. . . . . .58-64 . 6-4.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 6-4.2 Trailers or Semitrailers Comprising Parts of Section 6-3 Vehicles. . . . .58-64 6-4.3 Trailers, Including Movable Storage Tenders,or Farm Carts. . . . . . . . .58-64 6-5 Transportation of Stationary Containers to and from Point of Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 6-5.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 6-5.2 Transportation of Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 6-6 Parking and Garaging Vehicles Used to Carry LP-Gas Cargo . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 6-6.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 6-6.2 Parking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-64 Chapter 7 Buildings or Structures Housing LP-Gas Distribution Facilities. . . . . .58-65 7-1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-65 7-1.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-65 7-2 Separate Structures or Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-65 7-2.1 Construction of Structures or Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-65 7-2.2 Structure or Building Ventilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-65 7-2.3 Structure or Building Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-66 7-3 Attached Structures or Rooms within Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-66 7-3.1 Construction of Attached Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :58-66 7-3.2 Construction of Rooms within Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-66 Chapter 8 Refrigerated Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-66 8-1 Refrigerated Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-66 8-2 Marking on Refrigerated Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-67 8-3 Refrigerated Container Impoundment. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .58-67 84 Refrigerated Aboveground Containers. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-68 Chapter 9 Referenced Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-68 Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-69 Appendix B Properties of LP-Gases. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .58-71 Appendix C Design,Construction,and Requalification of DOT(ICC)Cylinder Specification Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-71 Appendix D Design of ASME and API-ASME Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-74 Appendix E Pressure Relief Devices. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .58-77 Appendix F Liquid Volume Tables, Computations, and Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-78 Appendix G Wall Thickness of Copper Tubing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-82 Appendix H Procedure for Torch Fire and Hose Stream Testing of Thermal Insulating Systems for LP-Gas Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-82 Appendix I Container Spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-84 Appendix J Referenced Publications . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-87 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-87 2-503 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE NFPA 58 1-2.1.2 LP-Gas stored or used in systems within the scope of this standard shall not contain ammonia. When such a Standard for the Storage and Handling of passibility exists (such as may result from the dual use of transportation or storage equipment), the LP-Gas shall be Liquefied Petroleum Gases tested as follows: (a) Allow a moderate vapor stream of the product to be 1989 Edition tested to escape from the container. A rotary, slip tube,or fixed level gauge is a convenient vapor source. (b) Wet a piece of red litmus paper by pouring distilled Metric equivalents in this standard are approximate and shall not water over it while holding it with clean tweezers. be used to lessen any provision. (c) Hold the wetted litmus paper in the vapor stream NOTICE: An asterisk(')following the number or letter designat- from the container for 30 seconds. ing a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in (d) The appearance of any blue color on the litmus paper Appendix A. indicates that ammonia is present in the product. Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter NOTE 1: Since the red litmus paper will turn blue when 9 and Appendix J. P Pe exposed to any basic(alkaline)solution,care in making the test and interpreting the results is required. Tap water, saliva,perspiration or hands that have been in contact with Chapter 1 General Provisions water having a pH greater than 7, or with any alkaline solution,will give erroneous results. NOTE 2: For additional information on the nature of this 1-1 Introduction. problem and conducting the test,see Recommendations for 1-1.1 General Properties of LP-Gas. Prevention of Ammonia Contamination of LP-Gas. pub- 1-1.1.1 LP-Gases, as defined in this standard (see 1-2.1), lished by the National Propane Gas Association. are gases at normal room temperatures and atmospheric pressure. They liquefy under moderate pressure, readily 1-2.2 Application of Standard. vaporizing upon release of this pressure. It is this property 1-2.2.1 This standard applies to the highway transporta- which permits transporting and storing them in concentrat- tion of LP-Gas and to the design,construction,installation, ed liquid form, while normally using them in vapor form. and operation of all LP-Gas systems,including marine and The potential fire hazard of LP-Gas vapor is comparable to I pipeline terminals, except those designated by 1-2.3. that of natural or manufactured gas, except that LP-Gas vapors are heavier than air.The ranges of flammability are considerably narrower and lower than those of natural or 1-2.3 Nonapplication of Standard. manufactured gas.For example,the lower flammable limits 1-2.3.1 This standard does not apply to: of the more commonly used LP-Gases are: propane, 2.15 (a) Frozen ground containers used for the storage of percent;butane, 1.55 percent.These figures represent volu- LP-Gas. metric percentages of gas in gas-air mixtures. (b) Natural gas processing plants, refineries and petro- 1-1.1.2 The boiling point of pure normal butane is 31°F chemical plants except at the discretion of the owner/ ( operator or the authority having jurisdiction,this standard -0.6°C); of pure propane,-44°F(-42°C). Both products are liquids at atmospheric pressure at temperatures lower than may be utilized with respect to the storage and transfer their boiling points. Vaporization is rapid at temperatures Portion - such installations. above the boiling point,thus liquid propane normally does (c) LP-Gas (including refrigerated storage) at utility gas not present a flammable liquid hazard. For additional Plants.NFPA 59,Standard for the Storage and Handling of information on these and other properties of the principal Liquefied Petroleum Gases at Utility Gas Plants,shall apply. LP-Gases, see Appendix B. (d) Chemical plants where specific approval of construc- tion and installation plans, based on substantially similar 1-1.2 Federal Regulations. requirements, is obtained from the authority having juris- diction. 1-1.2.1 Regulations of the U.S. Department of Transpor- (e) LP-Gas used with oxygen.NFPA 51,Standard for the tation(DOT)are referenced throughout this standard.Prior Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for to April 1, 1967,these regulations were promulgated by the Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and ANSI Z49.1, Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). Safety in Welding and Cutting, shall apply. 1-2 Scope. (f) Those portions of LP-Gas systems covered by NFPA 54 (ANSI Z223.1),National Fuel Gas Code. 1-2.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas. 1-2.1.1 As used in this standard, the terms "liquefied NOTE: Several types of LP-Gas systems are not covered by petroleum gas(es),""LP-Gas"and"LPG"are synonymous the National Fuel Gas Code as noted in 1.1.1(b) therein. and shall mean and include any material having a vapor These include, but are not restricted to, most portable pressure not exceeding that allowed for commercial pro- applications;many farm installations;vaporization,mixing, pane composed predominantly of the following hydrocar- and gas manufacturing;temporary systems,e.g.,in constru tion;and systems on vehicles. For those systems within its bons,either by themselves or as mixtures:propane,propyl- scope, the National Fuel Gas Code is applicable to those ene, butane (normal butane or isobutane), and butylene portions of a system downstream of the outlet of the first (including isomers). stage of pressure regulation. 2-504 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 (g) Transportation by air (including use in hot air bal- Table 1-3 loons), rail, or water under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Containers Capacity in (h) Marine fire protection. NFPA 302, Fire Protection Used Water Gal(m� Approval Applies to: Standard for Pleasure and Commercial Motor Craft, shall DOT Cylinders Up to 120(0.454) 1. Container Valves and { apply. (1,000 lb,454 kg) Connectors 2. Manifold Valve Assem- 1-2.4 Retroactivity. blies provisions of this 3. Regulators and Pres- 1-2.4.1 Unless otherwise stated, the P sure Relief Devices standard shall not be applied retroactively. Existing plants, appliances, equipment, buildin s, ASME Tanks 2,000(7.6 m') 1. Container System, in- (a) g P � PP. g or less eluding Regulator,or structures,and installations for the storage,handling,or use 2. Container Assembly* of LP-Gas in compliance with the provisions of this stan- and Regulator sepa- dard in effect at the time of manufacture or installation may rately be continued in use provided that such continued use does not constitute a distinct hazard to life or adjoining proper- ASME Tanks Over 2,000 1. Container Valves (7.6 m') 2. Container Excess Flow ty The stocks of equipment and a appliances on hand in Valves,_ Back Flow (b) PP Check Valves,or alter- such locations as manufacturer's storage,distribution ware- nate means of provid- houses,and dealer's storage and showrooms in compliance ing this protection with the provisions of this standard in effect at the time of such as remotely con- manufacture may be placed in use(provided such use does trolled Manual or Au- not constitute a distinct hazard to life or adjoining proper- t o m a t i c Internal ty), but all new equipment and appliances manufactured Valves after the effective date of this standard shall comply with its 3. Container Gauging Devices- provisions. 4. Regulators and Con- tainer Pressure Relief 1-3 Acceptance of Equipment and Systems. Devices 1-3.1 Method of Acceptance. *Where necessary to alter or repair such systems or assemblies in the field 1-3.1.1 Systems, or components assembled to make up in order to provide for different operating pressures,change from vapor to systems, shall be approved (see Section 1-7, Approved) as liquid withdrawal,or the litre, such changes may be made by the use of specified in Table 1-3. approved components. 1-3.1.2 Acceptance applies to the complete system, or to the individual components of which it is comprised, as water capacity, or with aggregate water capacity exceeding specified in Table 1-3. 4,000 gal (15.1 m'), shall be submitted to the authority 14 LP-Gas Odorization. having jurisdiction before the installation is started. [See also 3-4.9.1(e).] 14.1 LP-Gas to be Odorized. 14.1.1* All LP-Gases shall be oorzed prior to delivery 1-5.2 Temporary Installations. to a distributing plant by the addition of a warning agent of 1-5.2.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall be notified such character that they are detectable, by a distinct odor, of temporary(not to exceed six months)installations of the down to a concentration in air of not over one-fifth the sizes covered in 1-5.1.1 before the installation is started. lower limit of flammability. 1-6 Personnel. Exception: Odorization,however, is not required if harmful 1-6.1 Qualification of Personnel. in the use of further processing of the LP-Gas, or if such odorization will serve no useful purpose as a warning agent 1-6.1.1 In the interests of safety, all persons employed in in such further use or processing. handling LP-Gases shall be trained in proper handling and operating procedures. 14.1.2 If oorization is required, the presence of such odorant shall be determined by sniff testing or other means 1-7 Definitions, Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations. and the results documented: AGA. American Gas Association. (a) Whenever LP-Gas is delivered to a distributing plant, ANSI. American National Standards Institute. and (b) When shipments of LP-Gas bypass the distributing API. American Petroleum Institute. plant. 1-5 Notification of Installations. API-ASME Container(or Tank). A container construct- ed in accordance with the pressure vessel code jointly 1-5.1 Fixed Installations. developed by the American Petroleum Institute and the 1-5.1.1 Plans for fixed (stationary) installations utilizing American Society of Mechanical Engineers (see Appendix storage containers of over 2,000 gal (7.6 m') individual D). 2-505 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Approved. .Acceptable to the"authority having jurisdic- Compressed Gas. Any material or mixture having in the tion." container an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psia (276 kPa absolute) at 70°F(21.1`C), or regardless of the pressure at NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association does not 70°F (21.1°C), having an absolute pressure exceeding 104 approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, psia(717 kPa absolute)at 130"17(54.4`C). equipment, or materials nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of Container. Any vessel,including cylinders,tanks,porta- installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the ble tanks and cargo tanks, used for the transporting or authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on com- storing of LP-Gases. pliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evi- dence of proper installation,procedure or use.The authority Container Appurtenances. Items connected to container having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling openings needed to make a container a gastight entity. practices of an organization concerned with product evalua- These include,but are not limited to,pressure relief devic- tions which is in a position to determine compliance with es; shutoff, backflow check, excess flow check and intemal appropriate standards for the current production of listed valves;liquid level gauges; pressure gauges; and plugs. items. Container Assembly. An assembly consisting essentially ASME. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. of the container and fittings for all container openings. These include shutoff valves,excess flow valves,liquid level ASME Code. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code(Sec- gauging devices,pressure relief devices and protective hous- tion VIII, "Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure ings. Vessels")of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Only Division I of Section VIII of the ASME Code is Cylinder. A portable container constructed to DOT applicable in this standard except UG-125 through UG-136 (formerly ICC) cylinder specifications or, in some cases, shall not apply. constructed in accordance with the ASME Code of a similar size and for similar service. The maximum size permitted ASME Container(or Tank). A container constructed in under DOT specifications is 1,000 lb(454 kg)water capaci- accordance with the ASME Code. (See Appendix D.) ty. ASTM. American Society for Testing and Materials. Direct Gas-Fired Tank Heater. A gas-fired device which applies hot gas from the heater combustion chamber direct- Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having ly to a portion of the container surface in contact with jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual re- LP-Gas liquid. sponsible for "approving" equipment, an installation or a procedure. Dispensing Device (or Dispenser). A device normally used to transfer and measure LP-Gas for engine fuel into a NOTE: The phrase"authority having jurisdiction"is used fuel container, serving the same purpose for an LP-Gas in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions service station as that served by a gasoline dispenser in a and "approval' agencies vary as do their responsibilities. gasoline service station. Where public safety is primary,the"authority having juris- g diction" may be a federal, state, local or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, Distributing Plant. A facility, the primary purpose of chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, health which is the distribution of gas,and which receives LP-Gas department,building official,electrical inspector,or others in tank car, truck transport or truck lots, distributing this having statutory authority.For insurance purposes,an insur- gas to the end user by portable container(package)delivery, ance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insur- by tank truck or through gas piping. Such plants have bulk ance company representative may be the"authority having storage [2,000 gal (7.6 m') water capacity or more] and jurisdiction."In many circumstances the property owner or usually have container filling and truck loading facilities on his designated agent assumes the role of the 'authority having jurisdiction";at government installations,the com- the premises. So-called "bulk plants" are considered as manding officer or departmental official may be the"author- being in this category. Normally no persons other than the ity having jurisdiction." plant management or plant employees have access to these facilities. Bureau of Explosives(B of E). An agency of the Associa- tion of American Railroads. Distributing Point. A facility, other than a distributing plant or industrial plant, which normally receives gas by Cargo Tank. (Primarily a DOT designation.)A contain- tank truck, and which fills small containers or the engine er used to transport LP-Gas over the highway as liquid fuel tanks of motor vehicles on the premises. Any such cargo,either mounted on a conventional truck chassis or as facility having LP-Gas storage of 100 gal (0.4 m') or more an integral part of a transporting vehicle in which the water capacity, and to which persons other than the owner container constitutes in whole,or in part,the stress member of the facility or his employees have access, is considered to used as a frame. Essentially a permanent part of the be a distributing point. An LP-Gas service station is one transporting vehicle. type of distributing point. CGA. Compressed Gas Association, Inc.. DOT. U.S. Department of Transportation. Charging. See Filling. DOT Cylinder. See Cylinder. 2-506 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Emergency Shutoff Valve. A shutoff valve incorporating Ignition Source. See Sources of Ignition. thermal and manual means of closing and providing for remote means of closing. Industrial Plant. An industrial facility which utilizes gas incident to plant operations, with LP-Gas storage of 2,000 Excess-Flow Valve(also called Excess-Flow Check Valve). gal(7.6 m3)water capacity or more,and which receives gas A device designed to close when the liquid or vapor passing in tank car,truck transport,or truck lots.Normally LP-Gas through it exceeds a prescribed flow rate as determined by is used through piping systems in the plant,but may also be pressure drop. used to fill small containers, such as for engine fuel on industrial(i.e., forklift)trucks. Since only plant employees Fill, Filling. Transferring liquid LP-Gas into a have access to these filling facilities,they are not considered container. to be distributing points. Filling by Volume. See Volumetric Filling. Internal Valve. A primary shutoff valve for containers which has adequate means of actuation and which is Filling by Weight. See Weight Filling. constructed in such a manner that its seat is inside the container and that damage to parts exterior to the container Fixed Liquid Level Gauge. A type of liquid level gauge or mating flange will not prevent effective seating of the using a relatively small positive shutoff valve and designed valve. to indicate when the liquid level in a container being filled reaches the point at which this gauge or its connecting tube Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been communicates with the interior of the container. attached a label, symbol or other identifying mark of an organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdic- Fixed Maximum Liquid Level Gauge. A fixed liquid tion" and concerned with product evaluation, that main- level gauge which indicates the liquid level at which the tains periodic inspection of production of labeled equip- container is filled to its maximum permitted filling density. ment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or perfor- Flexible Connector. A short [not exceeding 36 in. (I m) mance in a specified manner. overall length] component of a piping system fabricated of flexible material(such as hose)and equipped with suitable Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LP-Gas or LPG). Any materi- connections on both ends. LP-Gas resistant rubber and al having a vapor pressure not exceeding that allowed for fabric (or metal), or a combination of them, or all metal commercial propane composed predominantly of the fol- may be used.Flexible connectors are used where there is the lowing hydrocarbons, either by themselves or as mixtures: need for, or the possibility of, greater relative movement propane, propylene, butane (normal butane or isobutane) between the points connected than is acceptable for rigid and butylenes. pipe. Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list pub- lished by an organization acceptable to the "authority Float Gauge. A gauge constructed with a float inside the having jurisdiction" and concerned with product evalua- container resting on the liquid surface which transmits its liquid lion, that maintains periodic inspection of production of position through suitable leverage a pointer and dial listed equipment or materials and whose listing states either outside the container indicating the lquid level. Normally that the equipment or material meets appropriate standards the motion is transmitted magnetically through a nonmag- or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified netic plate so that no LP-Gas is released to the atmosphere. manner. Gallon. U.S. Standard. i U.S. gal = 0.833 Imperial NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may gal = 231 cu in. = 3.785 liters. vary for each organization concerned with product evalua- tion, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed Gas. Liquefied Petroleum Gas in either the liquid or unless it is also labeled.The"authority having jurisdiction" vapor state. The more specific terms "liquid LP-Gas" or should utilize the system employed by the listing organiza- "vapor LP-Gas" are normally used for clarity. tion to identify a listed product. Load, Loading. See Filling. Gas-Air Mixer. A device, or system of piping and controls, which mixes LP-Gas vapor with air to produce a LPG. See Liquefied Petroleum Gas. mixed gas of a lower heating value than the LP-Gas. The mixture thus created is normally used in industrial or LP-Gas. See Liquefied Petroleum Gas. commercial facilities as a substitute for some other fuel gas. The mixture may replace another fuel gas completely, or LP-Gas Service Station. See Distributing Point.A facili- may be mixed to produce similar characteristics and mixed ty open to the public which consists of LP-Gas storage with the basic fuel gas.Any gas-air mixer which is designed containers, piping and pertinent equipment, including to produce a mixture containing more than 85 percent air is pumps and dispensing devices, and any buildings, and in not subject to the provisions of this standard. which LP-Gas is stored and dispensed into engine fuel containers of highway vehicles. ICC. U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission. LP-Gas System. An assembly consisting of one or more ICC Cylinder. See Cylinder. containers with a means for conveying LP-Gas from the 2-507 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE container(s) to dispensing or consuming devices (either tenances protected in such a manner that they can be safely continuously or intermittently) and which incorporates handled as a"package." components intended to achieve control of quantity, flow, pressure, or state(either liquid or vapor). Pressure Relief Device. A device designed to open to prevent a rise of internal fluid pressure in excess of a Magnetic Gauge. See Float Gauge. specified value due to emergency or abnormal conditions. (See ANSI B95.1, Standard Terminology for Pressure Relief Movable Fuel Storage Tenders or Farm Carts. Devices.) Containers not in excess of 1,200 gal(4.5 m')water capaci- ty, equipped with wheels to be towed from one location to Pressure Relief Valve. A type of Pressure Relief Device another. They are basically non-highway vehicles, but may designed to both open and close to maintain internal fluid occasionally be moved over public roads or highways for pressure. short distances to be used as a fuel supply for farm tractors, construction machinery, and similar equipment. Pressure Relief Valves are further characterized as fol- lows: Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle. A motor vehicle with motive power,except a trailer,designed to carry 10 persons External Pressure Relief Valve*. A relief valve in or fewer which is constructed on a truck chassis or with which the entire relief valve is outside the container connec- special features for occasional off-road operations. tion except the threaded portion which is screwed into the N container connection,and all of the parts are exposed to the t, NFPA. National Fire Protection Association. atmosphere. NPGA. National Propane Gas Association. Flush Type Full Internal Pressure Relief Valve*. A full internal relief valve in which the wrenching section is also Permanent Installation. See Stationary Installation. within the container connection, except for pipe thread tolerances on make up. Piping,Piping Systems. Pipe,tubing, hose,and flexible rubber or metallic hose connectors made up with valves and Full Internal Pressure Relief Valve*. A relief valve in fittings into complete systems for conveying LP-Gas in which all working parts are recessed within the container either the liquid or vapor state at various pressures from connections,and the spring and guiding mechanism are not one point to another. exposed to the atmosphere. Point of Transfer. The location where connections and Internal Spring Type Pressure Relief Valve*. A relief disconnections are made or where LP-Gas is vented to the valve in which only the spring and stem are within the atmosphere in the course of transfer operations. container connection and the spring and stem are not exposed to the atmosphere.The exposed parts of the relief Portable Container. A container designed to be readily valve have a low profile. moved, as distinguished from containers designed for sta- tionary installations. Portable containers designed for Sump Type Full Internal Pressure Relief Valve*. A transportation filled to their maximum filling density in- relief valve in which all working parts are recessed within clude "cylinders," "cargo tanks" and "portable tanks," all the container connection,but the spring and guiding mech- three of which are separately defined. Containers designed anism are exposed to the atmosphere. to be readily moved from one usage location to another,but substantially empty of product, are "portable storage con- PSI, PSIG, and PSIA. Pounds per square inch, pounds tainers" and are separately defined. per square inch gauge,and pounds per square inch absolute, respectively. Portable Storage Container. A container similar to, but distinct from,those designed and constructed for stationary Quick Connectors. Devices used for quick connections installation, designed so that it can be readily moved over of the acme thread or lever-cam types.This does not include the highways,substantially empty of liquid,from one usage devices used for cylinder-filling connections. location to another. Such containers either have legs or other supports attached, or are mounted on running gear Rotary Gauge. A variable liquid level gauge consisting of (such as trailer or semitrailer chassis) with suitable sup- a small positive shutoff valve located at the outer end of a ports,which may be of the fold-down type,permitting them tube, the bent inner end of which communicates with the to be placed or parked in a stable position on a reasonably container interior.The tube is installed in a fitting designed firm and level surface. For large volume, limited duration so that the tube can be rotated with a pointer on the outside product usage (such as at construction sites and normally to indicate the relative position of the bent inlet end. The for 12 months or less)portable storage containers function length of the tube and the configuration to which it is bent is in lieu of permanently installed stationary containers. suitable for the range of liquid levels to be gauged. By a suitable outside scale,the level in the container at which the Portable Tank (also called Skid Tank). A container of inner end begins to receive liquid can be determined by the more than 1,000 lb (454 kg) water capacity used to trans- pointer position on the scale at which a liquid-vapor mix- port LP-Gas handled as a "package," that is, filled to its ture is observed to be discharged from the valve. maximum permitted filling density. Such containers are mounted on skids or runners and have all container appur- Skid Tank. See Portable Tank. 2-508 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Slip Tube Gauge. A variable liquid level gauge in which I Vaporizer, Indirect (also called Indirect-Fired). A vapo- a relatively small positive shutoff valve is located at the rizer in which heat furnished by steam, hot water, the outside end of a straight tube,normally installed vertically, ground,surrounding air or other heating medium is applied and communicates with the container interior.The installa- to a vaporizing chamber or to tubing, pipe coils, or other tion fitting for the tube is designed so that the tube can be heat exchange surface containing the liquid LP-Gas to be slipped in and out of the container and the liquid level at vaporized;the heating of the medium used being at a point the inner end determined by observing when the shutoff remote from the vaporizer. valve vents a liquid-vapor mixture. Vaporizer, Waterbath (also 'called Immersion Type). A Sources of Ignition. Devices or equipment which, be- vaporizer in which a vaporizing chamber,'tubing,pipe coils, cause of their modes of use or operation, are capable of or other heat exchange surface containing liquid LP-Gas to providing sufficient thermal energy to ignite flammable be vaporized is immersed in a temperature controlled bath LP-Gas vapor-air mixtures when introduced into such a of water,water-glycol combination, or other noncombusti- mixture or when such a mixture comes into contact with ble heat transfer medium,which is heated by an immersion them, and which will permit propagation of flame away heater not in contact with the LP-Gas heat exchange sur- from them. face. Special Protection. A means of limiting the temperature Vaporizing-Burner(also called Vaporizer-Burner and Self- of an LP-Gas container for purposes of minimizing the Vaporizing Liquid Burner). A burner containing an'inte- possibility of failure of the container as the result of fire gral vaporizer which receives LP-Gas in liquid'form and exposure. which uses part of the heat generated by the burner to vaporize the liquid in the burner so that it is burned as a When required in this standard, special protection con- vapor. sists of any of the following: applied insulating coatings, mounding,burial,water spray fixed systems or fixed moni- Variable Liquid Level Gauge. A device to indicate the for nozzles, meeting the criteria specified in this standard liquid level in a container throughout a range of levels. See (see 3-10.3),or by any means listed(see definition of Listed) Float, Rotary, and Slip Tube Gauge. for this purpose. Volumetric Filling. -Filling a container by determination Stationary Installation (also called "Fixed" or "Perma- of the volume of LP-Gas in the container.Unless a contain- nent"Installation). An installation of LP-Gas,containers, er is filled by a fixed maximum liquid level gauge,correction piping and equipment for use indefinitely at a particular of the volume for liquid temperature is necessary. location;an installation not normally expected to change in status,condition or place. Volumetric Loading. See Volumetric Filling. UL. Undenvriters Laboratories Inc. Water Capacity. The amount of water,in either lb or gal, at 60°F (15.6°C) required to fill a container liquid full of Universal Cylinder. A DOT cylinder specification con- water. tainer,constructed and fitted with appurtenances in such a manner that it may be connected for. service with its Weight Filling. Filling containers by weighing the longitudinal axis in either the vertical or the .horizontal LP-Gas in the container.No'temperature determination or position,and so that its fixed maximum liquid level gauge, correction is. required as a unit of.weight is a constant pressure relief device(s) and withdrawal appurtenance will quantity regardless of temperature. function properly in either position. Vaporizer. A device'other than a container which re- Chapter 2 LP-Gas Equipment and Appliances ceives LP-Gas in liquid form and adds'sufficient heat to convert the liquid to a gaseous state. 2-1 Scope. Vaporizer, Direct-Fired. A vaporizer in which heat fur-. 2-1.1 Application. nished by a flame is directly applied to some form of heat ' 2-1.1.1 _This chapter includes the basic provisions for exchange surface in contact with the liquid LP-Gas to be individual components, or for such components shop- vaporized. This classification includes submerged- fabricated into subassemblies, container assemblies;' or combustion vaporizers. complete container systems. Vaporizer,Electric. A unit using electricity as a source of heat. 2-1.11 The field assembly of components,subassemblies, container assemblies or complete container systems into 1. Direct immersion electric vaporizer. A vaporizer complete LP-Gas systems is covered by Chapter 3. (See wherein an electric element is immersed directly in'the Definition of LP-Gas System.) LP-Gas liquid'and vapor. 2. Indirect electric vaporizer. An immersion type 2-2 Containers. wherein the electric element heats an interface solution in 2-2.1 General. which the LP-Gas heat exchanger is immersed or heats an 2-2.1.1 This section includes design, fabrication, and intermediate heat sink. marking provisions for containers, and features normally 2-509 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE associated with container fabrication, such as container Containers in service stations shall not have individual openings, appurtenances required for these openings to water capacities greater than 30,000 gal(114 m'). make the containers gastight entities, physical damage pro- tecting devices, and container supports attached to, or 2-2.1.8 Heating or cooling coils shall not be installed furnished with the container by the manufacturer. inside storage containers. 2-2.1.2 Nonrefrigerated containers shall comply with 2-2.2 Container Design or Service Pressure. 2-2.1.3 or shall be designed,fabricated,tested,and marked 2-2.2.1 The minimum design,or service,pressure of DOT using criteria which incorporate an investigation to deter- specification containers shall be in accordance with the mine that it is safe and suitable for the proposed service,is appropriate DOT regulations. recommended for that service by the manufacturer, and is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.Refrigerated 2-2.2.2 The minimum design pressure for ASME contain- containers shall comply with Chapter 8. ers shall be in accordance with Table 2-2.2.2. 2-2.1.3' Containers shall be designed, fabricated, tested, and marked (or stamped) in accordance with the Regula- Table 2-2.2.2 tions of the U.S. Department of Transportation(DOT),the "Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels," For Gases with Vapor Pressure Minimum Design Pressure in Section VIII, Division 1,ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel in psig(MPa gauge)at 100°F psig(MPa gauge)ASME Code, Code, or the API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels (37.8°C)not to Exceed Section VIII,Division 1, 1986 for Petroleum Liquids and Gases applicable at the date of Edition(Note 1) manufacture; and as follows: 80(0.6) 100(0.7)(Note 2) (a) Adherence to applicable ASME Code Case Interpre- 100(0.7) 125(0.9) tations and Addenda shall be considered as compliance 125(0.9) 156(l.l) with the ASME Code. 150(1.0) 187(1.3) (b) Containers fabricated to earlier editions of regula- 5(1.2) 219(1.5) tions, rules or codes listed in 2-2.1.3 and the ICC Rules or 215(1.5) 312.5 f 215(1.5) 12 (2.2.2)(Note 3) Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, prior to April 1, 1967,may continue in use in accordance with 1-2.4.1.(See Note 1: See Appendix D for information on earlier ASME or API-ASME Appendices C and D.) Code. Note 2: New containers for 100 psig(0.7 MPa gauge)design pressure(or 2-2.1.4 Containers complying with 2-2.1.3 may be reused, equivalent under earlier codes)not authorized after December 31, 1947. reinstalled,or continued in use as follows: Note 3: See 3-6.2.2 for certain service conditions which require a higher (a) The owner of a container shall be responsible for its pressure relief valve start-to-leak setting. suitability for continued service.DOT cylinders shall not be refilled,continued in service or transported unless they are properly qualified or requalified for LP-Gas service in 2-2.2.3 In addition to the applicable provisions for hori- accordance with DOT regulations. zontal ASME storage containers, vertical ASME storage (b) Containers which have been involved in a fire and containers over 125 gal(0.5 m')water capacity shall comply showing no distortion shall be requalified for continued with 2-2.23(a)through(e). service before being used or reinstalled as follows: (a) Containers shall be designed to be self-supporting (1) DOT containers shall be requalified by a manufac- without the use of guy wires and shall satisfy proper design turer of the type of cylinder to be requalified or by a repair criteria taking into account wind, seismic (earthquake) facility approved by DOT. forces, and hydrostatic test loads. (b) Design pressure(see Table 2-2.2.2)shall be interpret- Exception: DOT 4E specification (aluminum) cylinders ed as the pressure at the top head with allowance made for shall be permanently removed from service. increased pressure on lower shell sections and bottom head due to the static pressure of the product. (2) ASME or API-ASME containers shall be retested, (c) Wind loading on containers shall be based on wind using the hydrostatic test procedure applicable at the time pressures on the projected area at various height zones of original fabrication. aboveground in accordance with Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ANSI A58.1. Wind speeds shall be 2-2.1.5 Containers showing serious denting,bulging,goug- based on a Mean Occurrence Interval of 100 years. ing, or excessive corrosion shall be removed from service. (d) Seismic loading on containers shall be based on forces recommended in the ICBO Uniform Building Code. 2-2.1.6 Repair or alteration of containers shall comply In those areas identified as zones 3 and 4 on the Seismic with the Regulations, Rules or Code under which the Risk Map of the United States, Figures 1, 2 and 3 of container was fabricated. Other welding is permitted only Chapter 23 of the UBC,a seismic analysis of the proposed on saddle plates,lugs,or brackets attached to the container installation shall be made which meets the approval of the by the container manufacturer. authority having jurisdiction. (e) Shop-fabricated containers shall be fabricated with 2-2.1.7 Containers for general use shall not have individu- lifting lugs or some other suitable means to facilitate al water capacities greater than 120,000 gal (454 m'). erection in the field. 2-510 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 2-2.3 Container Openings. [nominal 120 gal (0.5 m3)] water capacity, including skid 2-2.3.1 Containers.shall be.equipped with openings suit- tanks or for use as cargo containers, shall incorporate able for the service in which the container is to be used. protection against physical damage-to container appurte- Such openings may be either in the container proper or in nances by recessing, protective housings, or by location on the manhole cover, or part in one and part in the other. the vehicle. Such protection shall comply with the provi- sions under which the tanks are fabricated, and shall be 2-2.3.2 Containers of more than 30 gal (0.1 m3) and less designed to withstand static loadings in any direction equal than 2,000 gal(7.6 m3)water capacity,designed to be filled to twice the weight of the container and attachments when volumetrically,and manufactured after December 1, 1963,.. filled with LP-Gas, using a safety factor of not less than shall be equipped for filling into the vapor space. four, based on the ultimate strength of the material to be used. (See Chapters 3 and 6 for additional provisions apply- 2-2.33 Containers of. 125 gal (0.5 m3) or more water ing to the LP-Gas system used.) capacity manufactured after July 1,1961,shall be provided with a connection for liquid evacuation,not smaller than 3/4 2-2.5 Containers with Attached Supports. in. National Pipe Thread. A plugged opening will not 2-2.5.1 Horizontal containers of more than 2,000 gal(7.6 comply with this provision. m3) water capacity designed for permanent installation in stationary service may be provided with steel saddles de- 2-23.4 Containers of more than 2,000 gal (7.6 n13) water signed to permit mounting the containers on flat topped capacity and all containers installed in LP-Gas service concrete foundations. The total height of the outside bot- stations shall be provided with an opening for a pressure tom of the container shell above the top of the concrete gauge(see 2-3.5.2). foundation shall not exceed 6 in. (152 mm). 2-2.3.5 Connections for pressure relief valves shall be . 2-2.5.2 Horizontal containers of 2,000 gal (7.6 m3) water located and installed in such a way as to have direct capacity or less, designed for permanent installation in communication with the vapor space,whether the contain- stationary service, may be equipped with nonfireproofed er is in.storage or in use. structural steel supports and designed to permit'mounting (a) If located in a well inside the container with piping to on firm foundations in accordance with 2-2.5.2 (a)or(b). the vapor space, the design of the well and piping shall (a) For installation on concrete foundations raised above permit sufficient pressure relief valve relieving capacity. the ground level by more than 12 in. (305 mm), the (b) If located in-a protecting enclosure, design shall be structural steel supports shall be designed so that the such as to permit this enclosure to be protected against bottoms of the horizontal members are not less than 2 in. corrosion and to permit inspection. ' ' (51 mm),nor more than 12 in.(305 mm)below the outside (c) If located in any position other than uppermost point bottom of the container shell. of the container, it shall'be internally piped to the upper- (b) For installation on paved surfaces or concrete pads most point practical in the vapor space of the container. within 4 in. (102 mm) of ground level, the structural steel supports may be designed so that the bottoms of the 2-2.3.6 Containers to be filled on a volumetric basis manu- structural members are not more than 24 in. (610 mm) factured after December 31, 1965, shall be fabricated so, below the outside bottom of the ,container shell. [See that they can be equipped with a fixed liquid level gauge(s) 3-2.3.2(a)(3)for installation provisions for such containers capable of indicating the maximum permitted filling level(s) which are customarily used as components of prefabricated in accordance with 4-5.2.3. container-pump.assemblies.] 2-2.5.3 Vertical ASME containers over 125 gal (0.5 m3) 2-2.4 Portable Container Appurtenance Physical Damage water capacity designed for permanent installation in sta- Protection. tionary service shall be designed with steel supports de-. 2-2.4.1 Portable containers of 1,060.lb (454 kg) [nominal signed to permit mounting the container on, and fastening 120 gal (0.5 m3)] water capacity or less shall incorporate it to,concrete foundations or supports. Such steel supports protection against physical damage to container appurte- shall be. designed to make the container self-supporting nances and immediate connections to these while in transit, without guy wires and shall satisfy proper design criteria, storage,while being moved into position for use,and when taking into account wind, seismic(earthquake) forces, and in use except in residential and commercial installations, hydrostatic test load criteria established in 2-2.2.3. by: (a) The steel supports shall be protected against fire (a) Recessing connections into the container so that exposure with a material having a fire resistance rating of at valves will not be struck if the container is dropped on a flat least two hours. Continuous steel skirts having only one surface,or, opening 18 in. (457 mm) or less in diameter need such fire (b) A ventilated cap or collar designed to permit ade- protection applied'only to the outside of the skirt. quate pressure relief-valve discharge'and capable of with- standing a blow from any direction equivalent to that of a 2-2.5.4 Containers to be used as portable storage contain- 301b(14 kg)weight dropped 4 ft(1.2 m).Construction shall ers (see definition) for temporary stationary service (nor- be such that theTorce of the blow will not be transmitted to wally less than 12 months at any given location)and to be the valve. Collars shall be designed so that they do not moved only when substantially einpty of liquid shall com- interfere with the free operation of the cylinder valve. ply with 2-2.5.4(a)•and(b).� (a) If mounted on legs or supports,such supports shall be 2-2.4.2 Portable containers of more than 1,000 ltr(454 kg) of steel, and shall either be welded to the container by the 2-511 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE manufacturer at the time of fabrication or shall be attached (b) Name and address of container supplier or trade to lugs which have been so welded to the container.The legs name of container. or supports or the lugs for the attachment of these legs or (c) Water capacity of container in lb or U.S. Gallons. supports shall be secured to the container in accordance (d) Design pressure in psig. with the code or rule under which the container is designed (e) The wording "This container shall not contain a and built, with a minimum factor of safety of four, to product having a vapor pressure in excess of psig at withstand loading in any direction equal to twice the weight 100`F."(See Table 2-2.2.2.) of the empty container and attachments. (f) Tare weight of container fitted for service for contain- (b) If the container is mounted on a trailer or semitrailer ers to be filled by weight. running gear so that the unit can be moved by a convention- (g) Outside surface area in sq ft. al over-the-road tractor, attachment to the vehicle, or at- (h) Year of manufacture. tachments to the container to make it a vehicle, shall (i) Shell thickness head thickness. comply with the appropriate DOT requirements for cargo tank service; except that stress calculations shall be based 0) OL OD HD on twice the weight of the empty container. The unit shall (k) Manufacturer's Serial Number. also comply with applicable State and DOT motor carrier (1) ASME Code Symbol. regulations and shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 2-3 Container Appurtenances. 2-3.1 General. 2-2.5.5 Portable tanks (see definition) shall comply with 2-3.1.1 This section includes fabrication and performance DOT portable tank container specifications as to container provisions for container appurtenances, such aS pressure design and construction, securing of skids or lugs for the relief devices, container shutoff valves, backflow check attachment of skids and protection of fittings. In addition, valves, internal valves, excess-flow check valves, plugs, the bottom of the skids shall be not less than 2 in.(51 mm) liquid level gauges and pressure gauges connected directly or more than 12 in. (305 mm)below the outside bottom of into the container openings described in 2-2.3.Shop instal- the container shell. lation of such appurtenances in containers listed as contain- er assemblies or container systems in accordance with 2-2.6 Container Markings. 1-3.1.1 is a responsibility of the fabricator under the listing. 2-2.6.1 Containers shall be marked as provided in the Field installation of such appurtenances is covered in Regulations,Rules or Code under which they are fabricated Chapter 3. and in accordance with 2-2.6.2 through 2-2.6.5 as applica- ble. 2-3.1.2 Container appurtenances shall be fabricated of materials suitable for LP-Gas service and resistant to the 2-2.6.2 When LP-Gas and one or more other compressed action of LP-Gas under service conditions. The following gases are to be stored or used in the same area, the shall also apply: containers shall be be marked "Flammable" and either (a) Pressure containing metal parts of appurtenances, "LP-Gas," "LPG," "Propane" or "Butane." Compliance such as those listed in 2-3.1.1,except fusible elements,shall with marking requirements of Title 49 of the Code of have a minimum melting point of 1500'F(816°C) such as Federal Regulations shall meet this provision. steel, ductile (nodular)iron, malleable iron, or brass. Duc- tile iron shall meet the requirements of ASTM A 395 or 2-2.6.3 When being transported,portable DOT containers equivalent and malleable iron the requirements of ASTM A shall be marked and labeled in accordance with Title 49 of 47 or equivalent.Approved or listed liquid level gauges used the Code of Federal Regulations. in containers of 3500 gal(13.2 m )water capacity or less are exempted from this provision. 2-2.6.4 Portable DOT containers designed to be filled by (b) Cast iron shall not be used. weight, including those optionally filled volumetrically but (c) Non-metallic materials shall not be used for parts which may require check weighing, shall be marked with: such as bonnets or bodies. (a) The water capacity of the container in lb. 2-3.1.3 Container appurtenances shall have a rated work- (b) The tare weight of the container in lb, fitted for ing pressure of at least 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge). service. The tare weight is the container weight plus the weight of all permanently attached valves and other fittings, 2-3.1.4 Gaskets used to retain LP-Gas in containers shall but does not include the weight of protecting devices be resistant to the action of LP-Gas.They shall be made of removed in order to load the container. metal or other suitable material confined in metal having a melting point over 1500°F (816"C) or shall be protected 2-2.6.5 ASME containers shall be marked in accordance against fire exposure, except that aluminum O-rings and with 2-2.6.5(a) through (1). The marking specified shall be spiral wound metal gaskets are acceptable and gaskets for on a stainless steel metal nameplate attached to the contain- use with approved or listed liquid level gauges for installa- er, so located as to remain visible after the container is tion on a container of 3500 gal(13.2 m')water capacity or installed.The nameplate shall be attached in such a way to less are exempted from this provision. When a flange is minimize corrosion of the nameplate or its fastening means opened,the gasket shall be replaced. and not contribute to corrosion of the container. (a) Service for which the container is designed; i.e. un- 2-3.2 Pressure Relief Devices. (See 2-4.7 for hydrostatic derground, aboveground, or both. relief valves.) 2-512 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 2-3.2.1 Containers shall be equipped with one or more (d) Pressure relief valves shall be so designed that the pressure relief devices which,except as otherwise provided possibility of tampering will be minimized.Externally set or for in 2-3.2.2, shall be designed to relieve vapor. adjusted valves shall be provided with an approved means of sealing the adjustment. 2-3.2.2 DOT containers shall be equipped with pressure (e) Fusible plug devices, with a yield point of 208°F relief valves or fusible plug devices as required by DOT (98'C)minimum and 220°F(104°C)maximum,with a total Regulations. (See Appendix E for additional information.) discharge area not exceeding 0.25 sq in. (1.6 cml), and which communicate directly with the vapor space of the 2-3.23 ASME containers for LP-Gas shall be equipped container, may be used in addition to the spring-loaded with direct spring-loaded pressure relief valves conforming pressure relief valves (as specified in Table 2-3.2.3) for with applicable requirements of the Standard on Safety aboveground containers of 1,200 gal(4.5 ml)water capacity Relief Valves for Anhydrous Ammonia and LP-Gas,UL 132; or less. or other equivalent pressure relief valve standards. The start-to-leak setting of such pressure relief valves, with 2-3.2.5 All containers used in industrial truck (including relation to the design pressure of the container, shall be in forklift truck cylinders) service shall have the container accordance with Table 2-3.2.3. pressure relief valve replaced by a new or unused valve within 12 years of the date of manufacture of the container Exception: On containers of 40,000 gal (151 ml) water and each 10 years thereafter. capacity or more, a pilot operated pressure relief valve in which the relief device is combined with and is controlled by a 2-3.3 Connections for Flow Control (Filling, Withdrawal, self-actuated, direct, spring-loaded pilot valve may be used Equalizing). provided it complies with Table 2-3.2.3, is approved (see 2-3.3.1 Shutoff valves, excess-flow check valves, backflow definition), is inspected and maintained by persons with check valves and quick closing internal valves,used individ- appropriate training and experience, and is tested for proper ually or in suitable combinations,at container filling,with- drawal, and equalizing connections, shall comply with 2-3.1.2 and 2-3.1.3. Table 2-3.2.3 2-3.3.2 Filling, withdrawal and equalizing connections Containers Minimum Maximum shall be equipped with the appurtenances for the appropri- All ASME Codes prior to the 1949 Edi- ate type and capacity of container and the service in which tion,and the 1949 Edition, they are to be used in accordance with Table 2-3.3.2. paragraphs U-68 and U-69 110% 125%' Cylinder valve outlet connections on all DOT cylinders ASME Code, 1949 Edition, except those used for engine fuel,from which vapor can be Paragraphs U-200 and U-201,and withdrawn,shall not be interchangeable with those used for all ASME Codes later than 1949 100% 100%• liquid withdrawal. 'Manufacturers of pressure relief valves are allowed a plus tolerance not (a) If the loading or transfer point is not on the container, exceeding to percent of the set pressure marked on the valve. it shall be equipped as specified for filling connections on the container. 2-3.2.4 Pressure relief valves for ASME containers shall 2-3.3.3 The appurtenances specified in Table 2-3.3.2 shall also comply with 2-3.2.4(a)through(e). comply with 2-3.3.3(a)through(d). (a) Pressure relief valves shall be of sufficient individual (a) Manual shutoff valves shall be designed to provide or aggregate capacity as to provide the relieving capacity in accordance with Appendix E for the container on which positive closure under service conditions. they are installed, and to relieve at not less than the rate (b) Excess-flow check valves shall be designed to close indicated before the pressure is in excess of 120 percent of automatically at the rated flows of vapor or liquid specified the maximum (not including the 10 percent referred to in by the manufacturer. Excess flow valves shall be designed the footnote of Table 2-3.2.3) permitted start-to-leak pres- with a bypass, not to exceed a No. 60 drill size opening,to sure setting of the device.This provision is applicable to all allow equalization of pressure. containers (including containers installed partially above- (c) Backflow check valves,which may be of spring-loaded ground)except containers installed wholly underground in or weight-loaded type with in-line or swing operation,shall accordance with E-2.3.1. close when flow is either stopped or reversed.Both valves of (b) Each pressure relief valve shall be plainly and perma- double backflow check valves shall comply with this provi- nently marked with: (1) the pressure in psig at which the sion. valve is set to start-to-leak;(2)rated relieving capacity in cu (d) Internal valves (see definition), either manually or ft per minute of air at 60°F(16°C)and 14.7 psia(0.1 MPa automatically operated and designed to remain closed ex- absolute); and (3) the manufacturer's name and catalog cept during operating periods, shall be considered positive number. Example: A pressure relief valve is marked 250- shutoff valves. [See 6-3.2.](a)for special requirements for 4050 AIR.This indicates that the valve is set to start-to-leak such valves used on cargo units.] at 250 psig (1.7 MPa gauge); and that its rated relieving capacity is 4050 cfm (1.9 m'/s)of air. 2-3.3.4 The appurtenances specified in Table 2-3.3.2 may (c) Shutoff valves shall not be located between a pressure be installed as individual components or as combinations relief device and the container, unless the arrangement is completely assembled by the appurtenance manufacturer. such that the relief device relieving capacity flow specified in 2-3.2.4(a) will be achieved through additional pressure 2-3.4 Liquid Level Gauging Devices. relief devices which remain operative. 2-3.4.1 Liquid level gauging devices shall be provided on 2-513 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 2-3.3.2 Filling Withdrawal and Equalizing Connections Used as Fuel Portable Type of Use General Uses on Vehicles Tanks DOT or Type of Container DOT Cylinder Specifications ASME ASME ASME Pounds(kg) 1(0.5)to 50(23)to 2.5(1)to — Any Any Water Capacity 1,000(454) 1,000(454) 245(110) of Containers Gallons(m� — — — Up to 12m� Any Any Conditions under which Replacement Filled at When Filled at Trans- Container is Used or Exchange Point of Use Used Inside Point of Use Replacement portation Outdoors Outdoors Buildings Outdoors or Fixed of LP-Gas Connection Use(Note 1): "F"—Filling,"W"—Withdrawal, F W E F W E F W E F W E F W E F W E "E'—Equalizing Appurtenances to be provided(Note 2): 1. Positive(Manual)Shutoff Valve ✓ ✓ ✓ 3' 3' 5• 5• 6' 2. Positive(Manual)Shutoff&Internal ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Excess Flow Check Valve 8' 3. Positive(Manual)Shutoff&External ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Excess Flow Check Valve(Note 4) 4. Single Back Flow Check Valve ✓ 5. Positive(Manual)Shutoff&Internal ✓ ✓ ✓ Back Flow Check Valve 6. Excess Flow Check Valve&Back ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ,/ ✓ ✓ Flow Check Valve 7. Double Back Flow Check Valve ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 8. Quick Closing Internal Valve ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Column Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 *Note Number. Notes to Table 2-3.3.2 Note 1: Containers are not required to be equipped with all three connec- (b) Withdrawal outlet is equipped with a manually operable (having a tions, but if used, appurtenances shall be those shown. Suitably fitted handwheel or the equivalent)shutoff valve,which is: multipurpose valves may be used. (1) threaded directly into the container outlet,or Note 2: If more than one appurtenance,or combination of appurtenances, is shown for any connection use,any one of the appurtenances or combina- (2) an integral part of a substantial fitting which is threaded directly into tions shown will comply.(See also DOT regulations for cargo and portable or on the container outlet,or containers.) (3) threaded directly into a substantial fitting which is threaded directly Note 3: Single manual shutoff valve normally used for both filling and into or on the container outlet. withdrawal. (c) The controlling orifice between the container contents and the shutoff Note 4: External excess-flow check valves shall be installed in such a way valve outlet does not exceed Yj6 in.(8 mm)in diameter for vapor withdrawal that any undue strain beyond them will not cause breakage between the or'4 in.(3 mm)for liquid withdrawal. container and the excess-flow check valves. (d) An approved pressure-reducing regulator is directly attached to the Note 5: Containers of less than 50 lb(23 kg)water capacity need only be outlet of the shutoff valve and is rigidly supported, or is adequately equipped with a positive shutoff valve for filling at the point of use. supported and properly protected on or at the container,and is connected to the shutoff valve by means of a suitable flexible connection. Note 6: An excess-flow check valve is not required in the withdrawal connection provided the following are all complied with: Note 7: See 6-3.2.l(a)for special requirements for containers constructed to DOT cargo tank specifications. (a) Container water capacity does not exceed 2,000 gal(7.6 m') Note 8: Authorized for exchangeable(removable)containers only. 2-514 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 all containers filled by volume. Fixed level gauges or varia- the container in which they are to be installed, is readily ble gauges of the slip tube, rotary tube or float types (or determinable.These markings shall indicate the maximum combinations of such gauges) may be used to comply with liquid level for propane, for 50/50 butane-propane mix- this provision. tures, and for butane at liquid temperatures from 20°F (-6.7'C) to 130"F (54.4°C) and in increments not greater 2-3.4.2 Every container constructed after December 31, than 20 Fahrenheit degrees. 1965, designed to be filled on a volumetric basis, shall be (b) The markings indicating the various liquid levels equipped with a fixed liquid level gauge(s) to indicate the from empty to full shall either be directly on the system maximum filling level(s) for the service(s) in which the nameplate or on the gauging device or on both. container is to be used (see 4-5.3.3). This may be accom- (c) Dials of magnetic float or rotary gauges shall show plished either by using a dip tube of appropriate length,or whether they are for cylindrical or spherical containers,and by the position of the gauging device in the container.The whether for aboveground or underground service. following shall apply: (d) The dials of gauges for use only on aboveground (a) ASME containers manufactured after December 31, containers of over 1,200 gal(4.5 m')water capacity shall be 1969, shall have permanently attached to the container so marked. adjacent to the fixed liquid level gauge,or on the container (e) Variable liquid level gauges shall comply with the nameplate, markings showing the percentage full that is accuracy provisions of 4-5.3.3(b)if they are used for filling indicated by that gauge. containers. (b) Containers constructed to DOT cylinder specifica- tions shall have stamped on the container the letters"DT" 2-3.4.5 Gauging devices requiring bleeding of product to followed by the vertical distance(to the nearest tenth inch) the atmosphere, such as fixed liquid level,rotary tube, and from the top of the boss or coupling into which the gauge,or slip tube gauges, shall be designed so that the bleed valve the container valve of which it is a part, is made up,to the maximum opening to the atmosphere is not larger than a end of the dip tube. [See 2-3.4.2(c)(2)for DOT containers No. 54 drill size, unless equipped with excess-flow check designed for loading in either the vertical or horizontal valves. position.] (c) Each container manufactured after December 31, 2-3.5 Pressure Gauges. 1972,equipped with a fixed liquid level gauge for which the 2-3.5.1 Pressure gauges shall comply with 2-3.1.2 and tube is not welded in place shall be permanently marked 2-3.1.3. adjacent to such gauge or on container nameplate as fol- lows: 2-3.5.2 Pressure gauges shall be attached directly to the (1) Containers designed to be filled in one position container opening or to a valve or fitting which is directly shall be marked with the letters "DT" followed by the attached to the container opening. If the effective opening vertical distance(to the nearest tenth inch)measured from into the container will permit a flow greater than that of a the top center of the container boss or coupling into which No. 54 drill size, an excess-flow check valve shall be the gauge is installed to the maximum permitted filling provided. level. (2) Portable universal type containers that may be 2-3.6 Other Container Connections. filled in either vertical or horizontal position shall be marked as follows: 2-3.6.1 Container openings, other than those equipped as a. For Vertical Filling: With the letters "VDT" provided in 2-3.2,2-3.3,2-3.4,and 2-3.5,shall be equipped followed by the vertical distance(to the nearest tenth inch), with one of the following: measured from the top center of the container boss or (a) A positive shutoff valve in combination with either an coupling into which the gauge is installed to the maximum excess-flow check valve or a backflow check valve,plugged. permitted filling level. (b) An internal valve, plugged. b. For Horizontal Filling: With the letters "HDT" (c) A backflow check valve, plugged. followed by the vertical distance(to the nearest tenth inch), (d) An internal excess-flow check valve, normally closed measured from the top centerline of the container boss or and plugged,with provision to allow for external actuation. coupling opening into which the gauge is installed to the (e) A plug,blind flange, or plugged companion flange. inside top of the container when in the horizontal position. (d) Cargo tanks having several fixed level gauges posi- 24 Piping(Including Hose), Fittings,and Valves. tioned at different levels shall have stamped adjacent to 24.1 General. each gauge the loading percentage (to the nearest '/,o per- 24.1.1 This section includes basic design provisions and cent) of the container content which that particular gauge material specifications for pipe, tubing, pipe and tubing indicates. fittings, valves (including hydrostatic relief valves), hose, hose connections and flexible connectors used to connect 2-3.4.3 The intent of 2-3.4.2 may be achieved by other container appurtenances with the balance of the LP-Gas methods acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. system in accordance with the installation provisions of Chapter 3. 2-3.4.4 Variable liquid level gauges shall fomply with 2-3.4.4(a)through (e). 24.1.2 Piping,pipe and tubing fittings and valves used to (a) Variable liquid level gauges shall be so marked that supply utilization equipment within the scope of NFPA 54, the maximum liquid level, in in. or percent of capacity of National Fuel Gas Code, shall comply with that Code. 2-515 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 24.1.3 Pipe and tubing shall comply with 24.2.1 and (2) Except as provided in 24.4.1(a)(1), fittings used 2-4.3.1 or shall be of material which has been investigated with liquid LP-Gas, or with vapor LP-Gas at operating and tested to determine that it is safe and suitable for the pressures over 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge), shall be suitable proposed service and is recommended for that service by for a working pressure of 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge). the manufacturer,and be acceptable to the authority having (3) Fittings for use with vapor LP-Gas at pressures not jurisdiction. exceeding 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge) shall be suitable for a working pressure of 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge). 24.2 Pipe. (4) Brazing filler material shall have a melting point 24.2.1 Pipe shall be wrought iron or steel (black or exceeding 1,000°F(538'C). galvanized),brass,copper,or polyethylene(see 3-2.7.6)and (b) Tubing joints in steel,brass,or copper tubing shall be shall comply with 24.2.1(a)through(g). flared,brazed,or made up with approved gas tubing fittings. (a) Wrought iron pipe;ANSI B36.10, Welded and Seam- (1) Fittings used at pressures higher than container less Wrought Steel Pipe. pressure,such as on the discharge of liquid transfer pumps, (b) Steel Pipe; Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and shall be suitable for a working pressure of at least 350 psig Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated Welded and Seamless (ANSI/ (2.4 MPa gauge). ASTM A 53). (2) Except as provided in 24.4.1(b)(1), fittings used (c) Steel pipe; Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel with liquid LP-Gas, or with vapor LP-Gas at operating Pipe for High Temperature Service(ANSI/ASTM A 106). pressures over 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge), shall be suitable (d) Steel pipe; Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and for a working pressure of 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge). Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seam- (3) Fittings for use with vapor LP-Gas at pressures not less,for Ordinary Uses(ANSI/ASTM A 120). exceeding 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge) shall be suitable for a (e) Brass Pipe;Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, working pressure of 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge). Standard Sizes(ANSI/ASTM B 43). (f) Copper Pipe;Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, (4) Brazing filler material shall have a melting point Standard Sizes(ANSI/ASTM B 42). exceeding 1,000°F(538°C). (g) Polyethylene Pipe; Specification for Thermoplastic (c) Joints in polyethylene pipe and tubing shall be made Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings (ANSI/ASTM D by heat fusion in accordance with the manufacturer's in- 2513)and be listed or approved. structions. (1) Polyethylene fittings shall conform to ANSI/ASTM 243 Tubing D 2683, Specification for Socket-Type Polyethylene (PE) Fittings for Outside Diameter—Controlled Polyethylene 24.3.1 Tubing shall be steel, brass, copper, or polyethyl- Pipe, or ASTM D 3261,Specification for Butt Heat Fusion ene (see 3-2.7.6) and shall comply with 24.3.1(a) through Polyethylene(PE)Plastic Fittings for Polyethylene(PE)Plas- (d): tic Pipe and Tubing,and be listed or approved. (a) Steel tubing; Specification for Eleciric-Resistance- Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas Fuel Oil Lines(ANSI/ 24.5 Valves, Other than Container Valves. ASTM A 539). 24.5.1 Pressure containing metal parts of valves (except (b) Brass tubing [see 3-2.6.1(d)(3)]; Specification for appliance valves),including manual positive shutoff valves, Seamless Brass Tube(ANSI/ASTM B 135). excess-flow check valves,backflow check valves,emergency (c) Copper tubing[see 3-2.6.1(d)(3)]: shutoff valves(see 2-4.5.4), and remotely controlled valves (1) Type K or L, Specification for Seamless Copper (either manually or automatically operated),used in piping Water Tube(ANSI/ASTM B 88). systems shall be of steel, ductile (nodular) iron, malleable (2) Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air iron, or brass. Ductile iron shall meet the requirements of Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service(ANSI/ASTM ANSI/ASTM A 395 or equivalent and malleable iron shall B 280) meet the requirements of ANSI/ASTM A 47 or equivalent. All materials used,including valve seat discs,packing,seals, (d) Polyethylene tubing; Specification for Thermoplastic and diaphragms shall be resistant to the action of LP-Gas Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings(ASTM D 2513)and under service conditions. be listed or approved. 24.5.2 Valves shall be suitable for the appropriate work- 24.4 Pipe and Tubing Fittings. ing pressure, as follows: 24.4.1 Fittings shall be steel, brass, copper, malleable (a) Valves used at pressures higher than container pres- iron,ductile(nodular)iron or polyethylene,and shall com- sure,such as on the discharge of liquid transfer pumps,shall ply with 24.4.1(a)through(c). Cast iron pipe fittings(ells, be suitable for a working pressure of at least 350 psig(2.4 tees, crosses, couplings, unions, flanges, or plugs) shall not MPa gauge).[400 psig(2.8 MPa gauge)WOG valves comply with this provision.] be used. (b) Valves to be used with liquid LP-Gas, or with vapor (a) Pipe joints in wrought iron,steel,brass or copper pipe LP-Gas at pressures in excess of 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge), may be screwed,welded or brazed. but not to exceed 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge),shall be suitable (1) Fittings used at pressures higher than container for a working pressure of at least 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge). pressure,such as on the discharge of liquid transfer pumps, shall be suitable for a working pressure of at least 350 psig Exception: Valves used at higher pressure as specified in (2.4 MPa gauge). 2-4.5.2(a). 2-516 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 (c) Valves(except appliance valves)to be used with vapor 2-5 Equipment. LP-Gas at pressures not to exceed 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge) 2-5.1 General. shall be suitable for a working pressure of at least 125 psig 2-5.1.1 This section includes fabrication and performance (0.9 MPa gauge). provisions for the pressure containing metal parts of 245.3 Manual shutoff valves, emergency shutoff valves LP-Gas equipment such as pumps, compressors, vaporiz- ers, (see 2-4.5.4), excess-flow check valves, and backflow check Co strainers, meters, sight flow glasses and regulators. valves used in piping systems shall comply with the provi- Containers are not subject to the provisions of this section. sions for container valves. [See 2-3.3.3(a), (b)and(c).] 2-5.1.2 Equipment shall be suitable for the appropriate 24.5.4 Emergency shutoff valves shall be approved and Forking pressure as follows: incorporate all of the following means of closing(see 3-2.7.9 (a) Equipment to be used at pressures higher than con- and 3-3.3.4): tainer pressure,such as on the discharge of a liquid pump, (a)-Automatic shutoff through thermal (fire)'actuation: shall be suitable for a working pressure of at least 350 psig When fusible elements are used they shall have a melting (2.4 MPa gauge). If pressures above 350 psig (2.4 MPa point not exceeding 250°F(121°C) gauge) are necessary, the pump and all equipment under (b) Manual shutoff from a remote location. - pressure from the pump shall be suitable for the pump discharge pressure. (c) Manual shutoff at the installed location. (b) Equipment to be used with liquid LP-Gas, or vapor 2-4.6 Hose,Quick Connectors,Hose Connections,and LP-Gas at pressures over 125 psig(0:9 MPa gauge)but not Flexible Connectors. to exceed 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge), shall be suitable for a working pressure of at least 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge). 24.6.1 Hose, hose connections, and flexible connectors (c) Equipment to be used with vapor LP-Gas at pressures (see definition) shall be fabricated of materials resistant to over 20 psig(138 kPa gauge),but not to exceed 125 psig(0.9 the action of LP-Gas both as liquid and vapor.If wire braid MPa gauge), shall be suitable for a working pressure of at is used for reinforcement it shall be of corrosion resistant least 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge). material such as stainless steel. (d) Equipment to be used with vapor LP-Gas at pressures 2�.6.2 Hose and quick connectors shall be approved(see not to exceed 20 psig(138 kPa gauge)shall be suitable for a working pressure adequate for the service in which it is to Section 1-7,Approved). be used. 24.63 Hose, hose connections, and flexible connectors 2-5.13 Equipment shall be fabricated of materials suit- used for conveying LP-Gas liquid or vapor at pressures in able for LP-Gas service and resistant to the action of excess of 5 psig(34.5 kPa gauge),and as provided in Section LP-Gas under service conditions. The following shall also 34 regardless of the pressure, shall comply with 2-4.6.3(a) apply: and(b): ' (a) Hose shall be designed for a working pressure of 350 (a) Pressure containing metal parts shall be of steel, psi (240 MPa) with a safety factor of 5 to 1 and be ductile(nodular)iron(ASTM A 395-77 or A 536-77 Grade psi (24marked "LP-GAS," "PROPANE," "350 PSI 60-40-18 or 65-45-12), malleable iron (ASTM A 47-77), continuously higher strength gray iron(ASTM A 48-76,Class 40B),brass, WORKING PRESSURE,"and the manufacturer's name or or the equivalent. trademark. (b) Cast iron shall not be used for strainers or flow (b) Hose assemblies,after the application of connections,` indicators which shall comply with provisions for materials shall have a design capability of withstanding a pressure of for.construction of valves(see 2-4.5.1). not less than 700 psig (4.8 MPa gauge). If a test is made, (c) Aluminum may be used for approved meters. such assemblies shall not be leak tested at pressures higher than the working pressure[350 psig(2.4 MPa gauge)mini- s. B Aluminum or zinc may be used for approved regul mum] of the hose. tors. Zinc used for regulators shall comply with ASTM 86-76. 24.6.4 Hoses or flexible connectors used to supply (e) Non-metallic materials shall not be used for upper LP-Gas to utilization equipment or appliances shall be and lower casings of regulators. installed in accordance with the provisions of 3-2.7.8 and 3-2.7.10. 2-SZ Pumps. 2-5.2.1 Pumps shall be designed for LP-Gas service and 24.7 Hydrostatic Relief Valves. may be of rotary,centrifugal,turbine or reciprocating type. 24.7.1 Hydrostatic relief valves designed to relieve the 2-5 2 2 The maximum discharge pressure of a liquid hydrostatic pressure which might develop in sections of um under normal operating conditions shall be limited to liquid piping between closed shutoff valves shall'have pump p g pressure settings not less than 400 psig(2.8 MPa gauge)or 350 psig(2.4 MPa gauge). more than 500 psig (3.5 MPa gauge) unless installed in 2-5.3 Compressors. systems designed to operate above 350 psig (2.4 MPa gauge):Hydrostatic relief valves for use in systems designed 2-53.1 Compressors shall be designed for LP-Gas service to operate above 350 psig (2.4• MPa gauge) shall have and may be of the rotary or reciprocating type and shall be settings not less than 110 percent or more than 125 percent equipped with suitable,glands or seals to minimize any of the system design pressure. release of LP-Gas. 2-517 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 2-53.2 Means shall be provided to limit the suction (1) The markings required by the code. pressure to the maximum for which the compressor is (2) The outside surface area in sq ft. designed. (3) The area of the heat exchange surface in sq ft. 2-5.33 Means shall be provided to prevent the entrance of (4) The maximum vaporizing capacity in gal per hour. LP-Gas liquid into the compressor suction, either integral (5) The rated heat input in Btuh. with the compressor, or installed externally in the suction (6) The name or symbol of the manufacturer. piping [see 3-2.10.2(b)]. Portable compressors used with temporary connections are excluded from this requirement. (b) Direct-fired vaporizers shall be equipped, at or near the discharge, with a spring-loaded pressure relief valve 2-53.4 Engines used to drive portable compressors shall providing a relieving capacity in accordance with 2-5.4.5. be equipped with exhaust system spark arrestors and shield- The relief valve shall be located so as not to be subject to ed ignition systems. temperatures in excess of 140°F(60'C).Fusible plug devices shall not be used. 2-5.4 Vaporizers,Tank Heaters,Vaporizing-Burners,and (c) Direct-fired vaporizers shall be provided with suitable Gas-Air Mixers. automatic means to prevent liquid passing from the vapo- rizer to its vapor discharge piping. 2-5.4.1 Vaporizers may be of the indirect type (utilizing (d) A means for manually turning off the gas to the main steam,hot water,or other heating medium),or direct fired. burner and pilot shall be provided. This subsection does not apply to engine fuel vaporizers or (e) Direct-fired vaporizers shall be equipped with an to integral vaporizer-burners such as those used with weed automatic safety device to shut off the flow of gas to the burners or tar kettles. main burner if the pilot light is extinguished. If the pilot flow exceeds 2,000 Btuh (2 MJ/h), the safety device shall 2-5.4.2 Indirect vaporizers shall comply with 2-5.4.2(a) shut off the flow of gas to the pilot also. through(e): (f) Direct-fired vaporizers shall be equipped with a limit (a) Indirect vaporizers with an inside diameter of more control to prevent the heater from raising the product than 6 in.(152 mm)shall be constructed in accordance with pressure above the design pressure of the vaporizer equip- the applicable provision of the ASME Code for a design ment,and to prevent raising the pressure within the storage pressure of 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge) and shall be perma- container above the pressure shown in the first column of nently and legibly marked with: Table 2-2.2.2 corresponding with the design pressure of the (1) The marking required by the code. container (or its ASME Code equivalent—see Note 1 of (2) The allowable working pressure and temperature Table 2-2.2.2). for which designed. 2-5.4.4 Waterbath vaporizers shall comply with 2-5.4.4(a) (3) The sum of the outside surface area and the inside through 0). heat exchange surface area in sq ft. (a) The vaporizing chamber, tubing, pipe coils, or other (4) The name or symbol of the manufacturer. heat exchange surface containing the LP-Gas to be vapo- (b) Indirect vaporizers having an inside diameter of 6 in. rized, hereinafter referred to as "heat exchanger," shall be (152 mm)or less are exempt from the ASME Code and need constructed in accordance with the applicable provisions of not be marked. They shall be constructed for a minimum the ASME Code for a minimum design pressure of 250 psig 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge)design pressure. (1.7 MPa gauge) and shall be permanently and legible (c) Indirect vaporizers shall be provided with a suitable marked with: automatic means to prevent liquid passing through the (1) The marking required by the code. vaporizer to the vapor discharge piping.This means may be (2) The allowable working pressure and temperature integral with the vaporizer, or otherwise provided in the for which designed. external piping(see 3-7.2.6). (d) Indirect vaporizers, including atmospheric-type va- (3) The sum of the outside surface and the inside heat exchange surface area in sq ft. porizers using heat from the surrounding air or the ground, and of more than one quart (0.9 L) capacity, shall be (4) The name or symbol of the manufacturer. equipped, at or near the discharge, with a spring-loaded (b) Heat exchangers for waterbath vaporizers having an pressure relief valve providing a relieving capacity in ac- inside diameter of 6 in. (152 mm)or less are exempt from cordance with 2-5.4.5. Fusible plug devices shall not be the ASME Code and need not be marked. They shall be used. constructed for a 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge)minimum design (e) Indirect atmospheric-type vaporizers of less than one pressure. quart (0.9 L) capacity need not be equipped with pressure (c) Heat exchangers for waterbath vaporizers shall be relief valves, but shall be installed in accordance with provided with a suitable automatic control to prevent liquid 3-7.2.9. passing through the heat exchanger to the vapor discharge piping. This control shall be integral with the vaporizer. 2-5A3 Direct-fired vaporizers shall comply with (d) Heat exchangers for waterbath vaporizers shall be 2-5.4.3(a)through(f). equipped at or near the discharge with a spring loaded (a) Design and construction shall be in accordance with pressure relief valve providing a relieving capacity in ac- the applicable requirements of the ASME Code for the cordance with 2-5.4.5. Fusible plug devices shall not be working conditions to which the vaporizer will be subject- used. ed,and it shall be permanently and legibly marked with: (e) Waterbath sections of waterbath vaporizers shall be 2-518 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 designed to eliminate a pressure buildup above the design 2-5.4.7 Vaporizing-burners shall be constructed with a pressure. minimum design pressure of 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge)with (f) The immersion heater which provides heat to the a factor of safety of 5, and shall comply with 2-5.4.7(a) waterbath shall be installed so as not to contact the heat through (h): exchanger and may be electric or gas-fired. (a) The vaporizing-burner,or the appliance in which it is (g) A control to limit-the temperature of the waterbath installed, shall be permanently and legibly marked with: shall be provided. (1) The maximum burner input in Btuh. (h) Gas-fired immersion heaters shall be equipped with (2) The name or symbol of the manufacturer. an automatic safety device to shut off the flow of gas to the main burner and pilot in the event of flame failure. (b) Vaporizing coils or jackets shall be made of ferrous (i) Gas-fired immersion heaters with an input of 400,000 metals or high temperature alloys. Btu(422 mJ/h)per hour or more shall be equipped with an (c) The vaporizing section shall be protected by a hydro- electronic flame safeguard and programming to provide for static relief valve, located where it will not be subjected to pre-purge prior to ignition, proof of pilot before main temperatures in excess of 140°F(60°C),and with a pressure burner valve opens,and full shutdown of main gas and pilot setting such as to protect the components involved but not upon flame failure. lower than 250 psig (1.7 MPa gauge). The relief valve 0) A means shall be provided to shut off the source of discharge shall be directed upward and away from the heat in case the level of the heat transfer medium falls below component parts of the vaporizing burner. Fusible plug the top of the heat exchanger. devices shall not be used. (d) A means shall be provided for manually turning off 2-5.4.5 The minimum rate of discharge in cubic-feet-of- the gas to the main burner and the pilot. air-per-minute for pressure relief valves for LP-Gas vapo- (e) Vaporizing-burners shall be provided with an auto- rizers, either of the indirect type or direct fired, shall be matic safety device to shut off the flow of gas to the main determined as follows: burner and pilot in the event the pilot is extinguished. (a) The surface area of that part of the vaporizer shell (f) Dehydrators and dryers utilizing vaporizing-burners directly in contact with LP-Gas shall be added to the heat shall be equipped with automatic devices both upstream exchange surface area directly in contact with LP-Gas to and downstream of the vaporizing section. These devices obtain the total surface area in sq ft. shall be installed and connected to shut off in the event of (b) Refer to Table E-2.2.2 to obtain the rate of discharge excessive. temperature, flame failure, and if applicable, in cu ft of air per minute(Flow Rate CFM Air)for the total insufficient air flow. See NFPA 61B, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Grain Elevators and surface area in sq ft for the vaporizer computed in accord- ante with 2-5.4.5(a). Facilities Handling Bulk Raw Agricultural Commodities,for ignition and combustion controls applicable to vaporizing- 2-5.4.6 Direct gas-fired tank heaters shall be designed burners associated with grain dryers. exclusively for outdoor aboveground use and so that there is (g) Pressure regulating and control equipment shall be so no direct flame impingement upon the container. The ocated or so protected as not to be subject to temperatures provisions of 2-5.4.6(a)through (f)shall also apply. above 140'17(60'C),unless it is designed and recommended for use by the manufacturer for a higher temperature. (a) Tank heaters shall be approved and be permanently (h) Pressure regulating and control equipment located and legibly marked with: downstream of the vaporizing section shall be designed to (1) The rated input to the burner in Btuh. withstand the maximum discharge temperature of the hot (2) The maximum vaporizing capacity in gal per hour. vapor. (3) The name or.symbol of the manufacturer. 2-5.4.8 Gas-air mixers shall comply with 2-5.4.8(a) (b) The heater shall be designed so that it can be readily through(e). removed for inspection of the entire container. (a) Gas-air mixers shall be designed for the air,vapor and (c) The fuel gas supply connection to the tank heater shall mixture pressures to which they are subjected. Piping originate in the vapor space of the container being heated materials shall comply with applicable'portions of this and shall be provided with a manually operated shutoff standard. valve at the heater. (b) Gas-air mixers shall be designed so as to prevent the (d) The heater control system shall be equipped with an formation of a combustible mixture. Gas-air mixers which automatic safety shutoff valve of the manual-reset type are capable of producing combustible mixtures shall be arranged to shut off the flow of gas to both the main and equipped with safety interlocks on both the LP-Gas and air pilot burners if the pilot flame is extinguished. supply lines to shut down the system if combustible limits (e) When installed on a container exceeding 1,000 gal are approached. (3.8 ml) water capacity, the heater control system shall (c) In addition to the interlocks provided for in include a valve to automatically shut off the flow of gas to 2-5.4.8(b), a method shall be provided to prevent air from both the main and pilot burners if the container becomes accidentally entering gas distribution lines without LP-Gas empty of liquid. being present.Check valves shall be installed in the air and (f) Direct gas-fired tank heaters shall be equipped with a LP-Gas supply lines close to the mixer to minimize the limit control to prevent the heater from raising the pressure possibility of backflow of gas into the air supply lines or of in the storage container to more than 75 percent of the air into the LP-Gas system.Gas mixing control valves in the pressure shown in the first column of Table 2-2.2.2 corre- LP-Gas and air supply lines which are arranged to fail sponding with the design pressure of the container (or its closed when actuated by safety interlock trip devices shall ASME Code equivalent—see Note.1 of Table 2 2.2.2). be considered as acceptable shutdown devices. 2-519 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (d) Where it is possible for condensation to take place inlet when the downstream pressure reaches the overpres- between the vaporizer and the gas-air mixer, an interlock sure limits specified in Table 2-5.8.1.Such a device shall not shall be provided to prevent LP-Gas liquid from entering open to permit flow of gas until it has been manually reset. the gas-air mixer. .(e) Gas-air mixers which utilize the kinetic energy of the 2-5.9 Sight Flow Glasses. LP-Gas vapor to entrain air from the atmosphere,and are 2-5.9.1 Flow indicators, either of the simple observation so designed that maximum air entrained is less than 85 type or combined with a backflow check valve,may be used percent of the mixture, need not include the interlocks in applications in which the observation of liquid flow specified in 2-5.4.8(b), (c) and (d), but shall be equipped through the piping is desirable or necessary. with a check valve at the air intake to prevent the escape of gas to atmosphere when shut down. Gas-air mixers of this 2-6 Appliances. type receiving air from a blower,compressor or any source 2-6.1 General. of air other than directly from the atmosphere,shall include a method of preventing air without LP-Gas,or mixtures of 2-6.1.1 This section includes basic construction and per- air and LP-Gas within the flammable range, from entering formance provisions for LP-Gas consuming appliances. the gas distribution system accidentally. 2-6.2 Approved Appliances. 2-5.5 Strainers. 2-6.2.1 New residential, commercial, and industrial 2-55.1 Strainers shall be designed to minimize the possi- LP-Gas consuming appliances, except for those covered in bility of particulate materials clogging lines and damaging 2-6.2.2 and 2-6.3.1, shall be approved. pumps, compressors, meters, or regulators. The strainer element shall be accessible for cleaning. 2-6.2.2 For an appliance, class of appliance, or appliance accessory for which no applicable standard has been devel- 2-5.6 Meters. oped,approval of the authority having jurisdiction may be 2-5.6.1 Vapor meters of the tin or brass case type of required before installation is made. soldered construction shall not be used at pressures in excess of 1 psig(7 kPa gauge). Table 2-5.8.1 2-5.6.2 Vapor meters of the die cast or iron case type may Relief Valve Start-to-Leak Pressure be used at any pressure equal to or less than the working Regulator Delivery Setting,%of Regulator Delivery Pressure pressure for which they are designed and marked. Pressure in psig (kPa gauge) Minimum Maximum 2-5.7 Dispensing Devices. 1 (7)or less 170% 300% 2-5.7.1 Components of dispensing devices,such as meters, Above 1 (7),not vapor separators, valves and fittings within the dispenser, over 3(21) 140% 250% shall comply with 2-5.1.2(b)and 2-5.1.3. Above 3(21) 125% 250% 2-5.7.2 Pumps of dispensers used to transfer LP-Gas shall comply with 2-5.1.2(b),2-5.1.3 and with 2-5.2.Such pumps 2-6.3 Provisions for Appliances. shall be equipped to permit control of the flow and to minimize the possibility of leakage or accidental discharge. 2-6.3.1 Any appliance,originally manufactured for opera- Means shall be provided on the outside of the dispenser to tion with a gaseous fuel other than LP-Gas, and in good readily shut off the power in the event of fire or accident. condition,may be used with LP-Gas provided it is properly This means may be integral with the dispenser or provided converted, adapted, and tested for performance with externally when the dispenser is installed (see 3-2.10.6). LP-Gas before being placed into use. 2-5.7.3 Dispensing hose shall comply with 2-4.6.1 through 2-6.3.2 Unattended heaters used inside buildings for ani- 2-4.6.3.An excess-flow check valve or an automatic shutoff mal or poultry production or care shall be equipped with valve complying with 2-3.3.3(a),(b),and(c)and 2-4.5.31 or approved automatic devices to shut off the flow of gas to the 2-3.3.3(d) and 2-4.5.4, shall be installed in or on the main burners, and pilots if used, in the event of flame dispenser at the point at which the dispenser hose is extinguishment or combustion failure. (See 3-5.1.3 for ex- connected to the liquid piping.A differential back pressure ception to this provision when such heaters are used in valve shall be considered as meeting these provisions. buildings without enclosing walls.) 2-6.3.3 Appliances using vaporizing-burners shall comply 2-5.8 Regulators. with 2-5.4.7. 2-5.8.1 Final stage regulators(excluding appliance regula- tors) shall be equipped with one of the following [see 2-6.3.4 Appliances used in mobile homes and recreational 3-2.5.2(b)for required protection from the elements which vehicles shall be approved for such service. may be integral with the regulator]: (a) A pressure relief valve on the low pressure side having 2-6.3.5 LP-Gas appliances used on commercial vehicles a start-to-leak pressure setting within limits specified in (see Section 3-9)shall be approved for the service(see 2-6.2) Table 2-5.8.1. and shall comply with 2-6.3.5(a)through (c). (b) A shutoff device that shuts the gas off at the regulator (a) Gas-fired heating appliances and water heaters shall 2-520 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 be equipped with automatic devices designed to shut off the hydrostatic relief valves and equipment (other than vapo- flow of gas to the main burner and the pilot in the event the rizers,see Section 3-7); and the testing of piping systems. pilot flame is extinguished. (b) Catalytic heating appliances shall be equipped with 3-2.1.2 The provisions of this section are subject to modi- an approved automatic device to shut off the flow of gas in fication for systems used for certain specific purposes (see the event of combustion failure. (c) Gas-fired heating appliances and water heaters to be used in vehicles intended for human occupancy shall make 3-2.1.3 For container appurtenances and gaskets installed provisions for complete separation of the combustion sys- on containers in excess of 3,500 gal (13 m3) w.c., see tem and the living space. If this separation is not integral 2-3.1.2(a)and 2-3.1.4. with the appliance, it shall be provided otherwise by the method of installation (see 3-9.4.2). 3-2.2 Location of Containers. 3-2.2.1 LP-Gas containers shall be located outside of buildings except as follows: Chapter 3 Installation of LP-Gas Systems (a) Portable containers as specifically provided for in Section 3-4. (b) Containers of less than 125 gal(0.5 m3)water capaci- 3-1 Scope. ty for the purposes of being filled in buildings or structures 3-1.1 Application. complying with Chapter 7. 3-1.1.1 This chapter applies to the field installation of (c) Containers on LP-Gas vehicles complying with, and LP-Gas systems utilizing components, subassemblies,con- parked or garaged in accordance with, Chapter 6. tainer assemblies and container systems fabricated in ac- (d) Containers used with LP-Gas stationary or portable carders with Chapter 2. engine fuel systems complying with Section 3-6. (e) Containers used with LP-Gas fueled industrial trucks 3-1.1.2 Section 3-2 includes general provisions applicable complying with 3-6.3.6. to most stationary systems. Sections 3-3 to 3-9 extend and (f) Containers on LP-Gas fueled vehicles garaged in modify Section 3-2 for systems installed for specific purpos- accordance with 3-6.7. es. (g) Portable containers awaiting use or resale when stored in accordance with Chapter 5. 3-1.13 Installation of systems used in the highway trans- portation of LP-Gas is covered in Chapter 6. 3-2.2.2 Containers installed outside of buildings,whether of the portable type replaced on a cylinder exchange basis, 3-1.1.4 LP-Gas systems shall be installed in accordance or permanently installed and refilled at the installation, with this standard and other national standards or regula- shall be located with respect to the nearest container, tions which may apply. These include: important building,group of buildings,or line of adjoining (a) NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code(ANSI Z223.1). property which may be built upon,in accordance with Table (b) NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of 3-2.2.2, 3-2.2.3 and 3-2.2.5. Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines. 3-2.2.3 Where storage containers having an aggregate (c) NFPA 501 A,Standard for Firesafety Criteria for Mo- water capacity of more than 4,000 gal(15 m3)are located in bile Home Installations, Sites, and Communities. heavily populated or congested areas,the siting provisions (d) NFPA 501C,Standard on Firesafety Criteria for Rec- of 3-2.2.2 and Table 3-2.2.2 may be modified as indicated reational Vehicles. by the firesafety analysis described in 3-10.2.3. (e) NFPA 96, Standard for the Installation of Equipment for the Removal of Smoke and Grease-Laden Vapors from 3-2.2.4 Aboveground multi-container installations com- Commercial Cooking Equipment. prised of containers having an individual water capacity of (f) NFPA 86, Standard for Ovens and Furnaces. 12,000 gal (45 m3) or more installed for use in a single (g) NFPA 82,Standard on Incinerators, Waste and Linen location shall be limited to the number of containers in one Handling Systems and Equipment. group and with each group separated from the next group in (h) NFPA 302,Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and accordance with the degree of fire protection provided in Commercial Motor Craft. accordance with Table 3-2.2.4. (i) NFPA 6113, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Grain Elevators and Facilities Handling Bulk 3-2.2.5 In the case of buildings of other than wood-frame Raw Agricultural Commodities. construction devoted exclusively to gas manufacturing and 6) U.S. DOT Regulations, 49 CFR 191 and 192, for distribution operations, including LP-Gas service stations, LP-Gas pipeline systems subject to DOT. the distances in Table 3-2.2.2 may be reduced provided that in no case shall containers having a water capacity exceed- 3-2 General Provisions. ing 500 gal(1.9 m3)be located closer than 10 ft(3 m)to such 3-2.1 Application. gas manufacturing and distributing buildings. 3-2.1.1 This section includes location and installation criteria for containers;the installation of container appurte- 3-2.2.6 The following provisions shall also apply: nances and regulators;piping service limitations;.the instal- (a) Containers shall not be stacked one above the other. lation of piping (including flexible connectors and hose); (b) Loose or piled combustible material and weeds and 2-521 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 3-2.2.2 Minimum Distances Mounded or Water Capacity Underground Aboveground Between Per Container Containers Containers Containers Gallons(W) [Note(d)] [Note(f)] [Note(e)] Less than 125(0.5) 10 ft(3 m) None None [Note(a)] [Note(b)] 125 to 250(0.5 to 1.0) 10 ft(3 m) 10 ft(3 m) None 251 to 500(1.0+to 1.9) 10 ft(3 m) 10 ft(3 m) 3 ft(I m) 501 to 2,000(1.9+to 7.6) 10 ft(3 m) 25 ft(7.6 m) 3 ft(I m) [Note(c)] 2,001 to 30,000(7.6+ to 114) 50 ft(15 m) 50 ft(•15 m) 5 ft(1.5 m) 30,001 to 70,000(114+ to 265) 50 ft(15 m) 75 ft(23 m) 70,001 to 90,000(265+to 341) 50 ft(15 m) 100 ft(30 m) ('/4 of sum of 90,001 to 120,000(341+ to 454) 50 ft(15 m) 125 ft(38 m) diameters of adja- 1120,001 to 200,000(454 to 757) 200 ft(61 m) cent containers) 200,001 to 1,000,000(757 to 3 785) 300 ft(91 m) Over 1,000,000(3 785) 400 ft(122 m) Notes to Table 3-2.2.2 Note(a): At a consumer site,if the aggregate water capacity of a multi- (3) The filling connection and the vent from liquid level gauges on either container installation comprised of individual containers having a water DOT or ASME containers filled at the point of installation shall be not less capacity of less than 125 gal (0.5 m')is 501 gal(1.9+ m�or more, the than 10 ft(3 m)in any direction away from any exterior source of ignition, minimum distance shall comply with the appropriate portion of this table, openings into direct-vent(sealed combustion system)appliances,or mechan- applying the aggregate capacity rather than the capacity per container. If ical ventilation air intakes. more than one such installation is made,each installation shall be separated from any other installation by at least 25 ft (7.6 m). Do not apply the Note(c): This distance may be reduced to not less than 10 ft(3 m)for a MINIMUM DISTANCES BETWEEN CONTAINERS to such installations. single container of 1,200 gal(4.5 m)water capacity or less provided such container is at least 25 ft(7.6 m)from any other LP-Gas container of more Note(b): The following shall apply to aboveground containers installed than 125 gal(0.5 m')water capacity. alongside of buildings Note(d): Minimum distances for underground containers shall be mea- (1) DOT specification containers shall be located and installed so that sured from the pressure relief device and filling or liquid level gauge vent the discharge from the container pressure relief device is at least 3 ft(I m) connection at the container,except that no part of an underground container horizontally away from any building opening below the level of such shall be less than 10 ft(3 m)from a building or line of adjoining property discharge,and shall not be beneath any building unless this space is well which may be built upon. ventilated to the outside and is not enclosed for more than 50 percent of its perimeter. The discharge from container pressure relief devices shall be Note (e): When underground multi-container installations are made of located not less than 5 ft(1.5 m)in any direction away from any exterior individual containers having a water capacity of 125 gal(0.5 m']I or more, source of ignition, openings into direct-vent (sealed combustion system) such containers shall be installed so as to permit access at their ends or sides appliances,or mechanical ventilation air intakes. to facilitate working with cranes or hoists. (2) ASME containers of less than 125 gal(0.5 m')water capacity shall be Note(f): In applying the distance between buildings and ASME containers located and installed so that the discharge from pressure relief devices shall of 125 gal(0.5 m)or more water capacity,a minimum of 50 percent of this not terminate in or beneath any building and shall be located at least 5 ft(1.5 horizontal distance shall also apply to all portions of the building which m)horizontally away from any building opening below the level of such project more than 5 ft(1.5 m)from the building wall and which are higher discharge,and not less than 5 ft(1.5 m)in any direction away from any than the relief valve discharge outlet. This horizontal distance shall be exterior source of ignition, openings into direct-vent (sealed combustion measured from a point determined by projecting the outside edge of such system)appliances,or mechanical ventilation air intakes. overhanging structure vertically downward to grade or other level upon which the container is installed.Under no conditions shall distances to the building wall be less than those specified in Table 3-2.2.2. Table 3-2.2.4 Exception to Note 60:Not applicable to installations in which overhanging structure is 50 ft(15 m)or more above the relief valve discharge outlet. Maximum Number of Fire Protection Containers in One Minimum Separation Provided by Group Between Groups—feet Hose streams only— 6 50(15 m) long dry grass shall not be permitted within 10 ft(3 m)of see 3-10.2.3 any container. Fixed monitor (c) Suitable means shall be used to prevent the accumula- nozzles 6 25(7.6 m) tion or flow of liquids having flash points below 200T per 3-10.3.5' (93.4'C) under adjacent LP-Gas containers such as by Fixed water dikes, diversion curbs or grading. Determination of flash spray 9 25(7.6 m) points shall be in accordance with NFPA 321,Standard on per 3-10.3.4• Basic Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids. Insulation per (d) When tanks containing flammable or combustible 3-10.3.1 9 25(7.6 m) liquids (see NFPA 321 for definitions of these liquids) are within a diked area,LP-Gas containers shall be outside the 'In the design of fixed water spray and fixed monitor nozzle systems,the diked area and at least 10 ft(3 m)away from the centerline area of container surface to be protected may reflect portion of containers not of the wall of the diked area. likely to be subject to fire exposure as determined by good fire protection engineering practices. (e) The minimum horizontal separation between above- 2-522 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 ground LP-Gas containers and aboveground tanks contain- 3-2.3 Installation of Containers. ing liquids having flash points below 200'17(93.4`C)shall be 3-2.3.1 Containers shall be installed in accordance with 20 ft (6 m). This provision shall not apply when LP-Gas 3-2.3.1(a)through(f): containers of 125 gal (0.5 m') or less water capacity are installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of 660 gal(2.5 m') (a) DOT cylinder specification containers shall be in- or less capacity. No horizontal separation is required be- stalled only aboveground, and shall be set upon a firm tween aboveground LP-Gas containers and underground foundation,or otherwise firmly secured.Flexibility shall be tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids installed provided in the connecting piping.(See 3-2.7.5 and 3-2.7.8.) in accordance with NFPA 30,Flammable and Combustible (b) All containers shall be positioned so that the pressure Liquids Code. See 3-2.2.6(c)for flash point determinations. relief valve is in direct communication with the vapor space (f) The minimum separation between LP-Gas containers of the container. and oxygen or gaseous hydrogen containers shall be in (c) Where physical damage to LP-Gas containers, or accordance with Table 3-2.2.6(f)except that lesser distances systems of which they are a part, from vehicles is a are permitted where protective structures having a mini- possibility,precautions against such damage shall be taken. mum fire resistance rating of two hours interrupt the line of (d) The installation position of ASME containers shall sight between uninsulated portions of the oxygen or hydro- make all container appurtenances accessible for their nor- gen containers and the LP-Gas containers.The location and mally intended use. arrangement of such structures shall minimize the problems (e) Field welding on containers shall be limited to attach- cited in the Note to 3-2.2.8. Also, see NFPA 50 and 51 for ments to nonpressure parts, such as saddle plates, wear oxygen systems and NFPA 50A on gaseous hydrogen sys- plates or brackets applied by the container manufacturer. tems.The minimum separation between LP-Gas containers Welding to container proper shall comply with 2-2.1.6. and liquefied hydrogen containers shall be in accordance (f)* Aboveground containers shall be kept properly with NFPA 50B. painted. (g) Where necessary to prevent flotation due to possible high flood waters around aboveground containers, or high 3-2.3.2 Horizontal ASME containers designed for perma- water table for those underground, containers shall be nent installation in stationary service aboveground shall be securely anchored. placed on substantial masonry or noncombustible structur- (h) When LP-Gas containers are to be stored or used in al supports on concrete or firm masonry foundations, and the same area with other compressed gases, the containers supported as follows: shall be marked to identify their content in accordance with (a) Horizontal containers shall be mounted on saddles in ANSI Standard 748.1, Method of Marking Portable Com- such a manner as to permit expansion and contraction,and pressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contained not to cause an excessive concentration of stresses.Structur- (CGA C-4). al steel supports may be used as follows,or if in compliance (i) No part of an aboveground LP-Gas container shall be with 3-2.3.2(b). located in the area 6 ft(1.8 m)horizontally from a vertical plane beneath overhead electric power lines that are over Exception No. 1: Temporary use as provided in 3- 600 volts, nominal. 2.3.2(a)(2)b. 3-2.2.7 Because of the anticipated "flash" of non- Exception No. 2: Isolated locations as provided in refrigerated LP-Gas when released to the atmosphere dikes 3-2.3.2(b). normally serve no useful purpose for nonrefrigerated instal- (1) Containers of more than 2,000 gal (7.6 ml) water lations. capacity shall be provided with concrete or masonry foun- 3-2.2.8 Structures such as fire walls, fences,earth or con- dations formed to fit the container contour,or if furnished with saddles in compliance with 2-2.5.1,may be placed on crete barriers and other similar structures shall be avoided flat-topped foundations. around or over installed nonrefrigerated containers. (2) Containers of 2,000 gal(7.6 m')water capacity or Exception No. 1: Such structures partially enclosing con- less may be installed on concrete or masonry foundations tainers are permissible if designed in accordance with a formed to fit the container contour, or if equipped with sound fire protection analysis. attached supports complying with 2-2.5.2(a), may be in- Exception No. 2. Structures used to prevent flammable or stalled as follows:a. If the bottoms of the horizontal members of the combustible liquid accumulation or flow are permissible in accordance with 3-2.2.6(c). container saddles, runners or skids are to be more than 12 in.(305 mm)above grade,fire-resistive foundations shall be Exception No. 3: Structures between LP-Gas containers provided. A container shall not be mounted with the and gaseous hydrogen containers are permissible in accord- outside bottom of the container shell more than 5 ft(1.5 m) ance with 3-2.2.6(f). above the surface of the ground. Exception No. 4: Fences are permissible in accordance with b. For temporary use at a given location, not to 3-3.6.1. exceed 6 months, fire-resistive foundations or saddles are NOTE: The presence of such structures can create signifi- not required provided the outside bottom of the container cant hazards, e.g., pocketing of escaping gas, interference shell is not more than 5 ft(1.5 m)above the ground and that with application of cooling water by fire departments,redi- flexibility in the connecting piping is provided. (See rection of flames against containers,and impeding egress of 2-4.6.3.) personnel in an emergency. (3) Containers or container-pump assemblies mounted 2-523 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 3-2.2.6(f) LP-Gas Containers Separation From Oxygen Containers Separation From Gaseous Hydrogen Containers Having An Having An Having An Aggregate water Aggregate capacity Aggregate capacity Aggregate capacity Aggregate capacity Aggregate capacity Aggregate capacity capacity of of 400 CF(11 m3)' of more than 400 of more than 20,000 of less than of 400 CF(11 m�'to of more than or less CF(11 m0•to CF(566 m'),•in- 400 CF(11 m0• 3000 CF(85 m0` 3000 CF(85 m0' 20,000 CF(566 m0,' cluding unconnected including un- reserves. connected reserves. 1200 Gal(4.5 m')or less None 20 ft(6 m) 25 ft(7.6 m) Over 1200 Gal (4.5 m') None 20 ft(6 m) 50 ft(t 5 m) 500 Gal(1.9 m') or less None 10 ft(3 m) 25 ft(7.6 m) Over 500 Gal (1.9 m') None 25 ft(7.6 m) 50 ft(15 m) *Cubic feet measured at 70'F and atmospheric pressure. on a common base complying with 2-2.5.2(b)may be placed the height of the outside bottom of the container shell above on paved surfaces or on concrete pads at ground level within the ground does not exceed 5 ft (1.5 m). Otherwise, fire- 4 in. (102 mm)of ground level, resistive supports shall be provided. (b) With the approval of the authority having jurisdic- tion, single containers complying with 2-2.5.1 or 2-2.5.2 3-2.3.5 If the container is mounted on, or is part of, a may be installed in isolated locations, with nonfireproofed vehicle as provided in 2-2.5.4(b),the unit shall be parked in steel supports resting on concrete pads or footings,provid- compliance with the provisions of 3-2.2.2 as to the location ed the outside bottom of the container shell is not more of a container of that capacity for normal stationary service, than 5 ft(1.5 m)above the ground level. and in accordance with the following: (c) Suitable means of preventing corrosion shall be (a) The surface shall be substantially level and if not provided on that part of the container in contact with the paved shall be suitable for heavy vehicular use,and shall be saddles or foundations or on that part of the container in cleared(and kept cleared)of dry grass and weeds,and other contact with masonry. combustible material within 10 ft(3 m)of the container. 3-2.3.3 Vertical ASME containers over 125 gal (0.5 m') (b) Flexibility shall be provided in the connecting piping. water capacity designed for permanent installation in sta- 3-2.3.6 Portable containers of 2,000 gal (7.6 m3) water tionary service aboveground shall be installed on reinforced capacity or less complying with 2-2.5.5 may be installed for concrete or steel structural supports on reinforced concrete stationary service as provided in 3-2.3.2(a)(2)for stationary foundations which are designed to meet the loading provi- containers. sions established in 2-2.2.3. (a) Steel supports shall be protected against fire exposure 3-2.3.7 Mounded containers shall be installed as follows: with a material having a fire resistance rating of at least two (a) Mounding material shall be earth or sand and shall hours. Continuous steel skirts having only one opening 18 provide minimum thickness of cover for the container of at in. (457 mm) or less in diameter need such fire protection least i ft (305 mm). applied only to the outside of the skirts. (b) Unless inherently resistant to erosion,a suitable pro- 3-2.3.4 Single containers constructed as portable storage tective cover shall be provided. containers (see definition) for temporary stationary service 3-2.3.8 ASME container assemblies listed for under- in accordance with 2-2.5.4(a) shall be placed on concrete ground installation, including interchangeable above- pads, paved surfaces or firm earth for such temporary ground-underground container assemblies may be installed service (normally not more than 12 months at a given underground as follows: location)and the following shall apply: (a) The container shell shall be placed at least 6 in. (153 (a) The surface on which they are placed shall be substan- mm) below grade unless the container might be subject to tially level and, if not paved, shall be cleared (and kept abrasive action or physical damage from vehicular traffic cleared) of dry grass and weeds, and other combustible within a parking lot area,driveway, or similar area. In this material within 10 ft(3 m)of the container. case, a noninterchangeable underground container shall be (b) Flexibility shall be provided in the connecting piping. used and the container shell placed at least 18 in.(457 mm) (c) If such containers are to be set with the bottoms of the below grade[see 3-2.3.8(c)]or equivalent protection shall be skids or runners above the ground,nonfireproofed structur- otherwise provided, such as the use of a concrete slab, to al supports may be used for isolated locations with the prevent imposing the weight of a vehicle directly on the approval of the authority having jurisdiction,and provided container shell. Protection of the fitting housing, housing 2-524 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 cover, tank connections, and piping shall be provided to (d) The container shall be located so as not to be subject protect against vehicular damage. to vehicular damage, or shall be adequately protected (b) Where containers are installed underground within against such damage. 10 ft (3 m) where vehicular traffic may be reasonably expected, such as driveways and streets or within a utility 3-2.4 Installation of Container Appurtenances. easement subject to vehicular traffic, protection of the 3-2.4.1 Pressure relief devices shall be installed on con- fitting housing,housing cover,tank connections,and piping tainers in accordance with 3-2.4.2 through 3-2.4.5 and shall be provided to protect against vehicular damage. positioned so that the relief device is in direct communica- (c) Approved interchangeable aboveground-under- tion with the vapor space of the container. ground container assemblies installed underground shall not be placed with the container shell more than 12 in.(305 3-2.4.2 Pressure relief devices on portable DOT cylinder mm)below grade. specification containers, or their equivalent of ASME con- (d) Any party involved in construction and/or excavation struction, of 1,000 lb (454 kg) [120 gal (0.5 m')) water in the vicinity of a buried container shall be responsible for capacity or less,shall be installed to minimize the possibili- determining the location of and providing protection for ty of relief device(s) discharge(s)impingement on the con- the container and piping against physical damage from tainer. vehicular traffic. (e) The portion of the container to which the fitting cover 3-2.4.3 Pressure relief devices on ASME containers of 125 or other connections are attached need not be covered.The gal(0.5 m)water capacity or more permanently installed in discharge of the regulator vent shall be above the highest stationary service, portable storage containers (see deftni- probable water level. tion), portable containers (tanks) of nominal 120 gal (0.5 (f) Containers shall be protected against corrosion for m)water capacity or more,or cargo tanks shall be installed a method in so that any gas released is vented away from the container the soil conditions at the container site against upward and unobstructed to the open air. The following accordance with good engineering practice.Precaution shall be taken to prevent damage to the coating during handling. Provisions shall also apply: Any damage to the coating shall be repaired before (a) Means shall be provided, such as rain caps, to mini- backfilling. mize the possibility of the entrance of water or other extraneous matter which might render the relief device (g) Containers shall be set substantially level on a firm ( � foundation (firm earth may be used) and surrounded by inoperative or restrict its capacity)into the relief device or earth or sand firmly tamped in place.Backfill shall be free of any discharge piping. If necessary,provision shall be made rocks or similar abrasives. for drainage. The rain cap or other protector shall be (h) When a container is to be abandoned underground, designed to remain in place except when the relief device the following procedure shall be followed: operates and shall permit the relief device to operate at sufficient relieving capacity. (1) Remove as much liquid LP-Gas as possible through (b) On each aboveground container of more than 2,000 the container liquid withdrawal connection. gal(7.6 m')water capacity,the relief device discharge shall (2) Remove as much of the remaining LP-Gas vapor as be vertically upward and unobstructed to the open air at a possible by venting it through a vapor connection; either point at least 7 ft(2 m)above the top of the container.The burning this vapor, or venting it to the open air at a safe following also shall apply: location.The vapor shall not be vented at such a rapid rate (1) Relief device discharge piping shall comply with as to exceed the vaporization rate of any residual liquid 3-2.4.3(f). LP-Gas left after the liquid removal procedure of 3- 2.3.8(h)(1). (2) In providing for drainage in accordance with 3-2.4.3(a), the design of relief device discharge(s) and at- NOTE: If vapor is vented too rapidly the pressure drop due tached piping shall: to the refrigeration of the liquid may lead to the erroneous a. Be such as to protect the container against flame conclusion that no liquid remains in the container. impingement which might result from ignited product es- (3) When only vapor LP-Gas at atmospheric pressure caping from the drain opening. remains in the container, it shall be filled with water, sand b. Be directed so that a container(s), piping or or foamed plastic, or purged with an inert gas. The dis- equipment which might be installed adjacent to container placed vapor may be burned or vented to the open air at a on which the relief device is installed is not subjected to safe location. flame impingement. (c) On underground containers of 2,000 gal (7.6 m') or 3-2.3.9 Partially underground, unmounded ASME con- less water capacity,except those installed in LP-Gas service tainers shall be installed as follows: stations covered in 3-2.4.3(e), the relief device may dis- (a) The portion of the container below the surface, and charge into the manhole or housing,provided such manhole for a vertical distance of at least 3 in. (75 mm) above the or housing is equipped with ventilated louvers, or their surface,shall be protected to resist corrosion as required for equivalent, of adequate area as specified in 3-2.4.6(d). underground containers. [See 3-2.3.8(f).] (d) On underground containers of more than 2,000 gal (b) Containers shall be set substantially level on a firm (7.6 m') water capacity, except those installed in LP-Gas foundation, with backfilling to be as required for under- service stations, the discharge from relief devices shall be ground containers. [See 3-2.3.8(g).] piped vertically and directly upward to a point at least 7 ft (c) Spacing provisions shall be as specified for above- (2 m)above the ground. Relief device discharge piping shall ground containers in 3-2.2.2 and Table 3-2.2.2. comply with 3-2.4.3(f). 2-525 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (e) On underground containers in LP-Gas service sta- excess-flow valve where required may be located at the tions, the relief device discharge shall be piped vertically outlet of the cylinder shutoff valve. and directly upward to a point at least 10 ft(3 m)above the (2) Shutoff valves shall be located as close to the ground. Discharge piping shall comply with 3-2.4.3(f) and container as practicable.The valves shall be readily accessi- shall be adequately supported and protected against physi- We for operation and maintenance under normal and cal damage. emergency conditions, either because of location or by (f) The discharge terminals from relief devices shall be means of permanently installed special provisions. Valves located so as to provide protection against physical damage. installed in an unobstructed location not more than 6 ft(1.8 Discharge piping used shall be adequate in size to permit m) above ground level shall be considered accessible. Spe- sufficient relief device relieving capacity. Such piping shall cial provisions include, but are not limited to, stairs, be metallic and have a melting point over 1500°F(816°C). ladders, platforms, remote operators or extension handles. Discharge piping shall be designed so that excessive force (3) The connections, or line, leading to or from any applied to the discharge piping will result in breakage on the individual opening shall have greater capacity than the discharge side of the valve rather than on the inlet side rated flow of the excess-flow valve protecting the opening. without imparing the function of the valve. Return bends and restrictive pipe or tubing fittings shall not be used. (b) Valves, regulators,gauges and other container appur- (g) Shutoff valves shall not be installed between relief tenances shall be protected against physical damage. devices and the container,or between the relief devices and (c) Valves in the assembly of portable multicontainer the discharge piping, except for specially designed relief systems shall be arranged so that replacement of containers device-shutoff valve combinations covered by 2-3.2.4(c),or can be made without shutting off the flow of gas in the where two or more separate relief devices are installed,each system. This provision shall not be construed as requiring with its individual shutoff valve,and the shutoff valve stems an automatic changeover device. are mechanically interconnected in a manner which will (d) Connections to containers installed underground allow the rated relieving capacity required for the container shall be located within a substantial dome, housing or from the relief device or devices which remain in communi- manhole and with access thereto protected by a substantial cation with the container. cover. Underground systems shall be installed so that all terminals for connecting hose and any opening through 3-2.4.4 Pressure relief devices on portable storage contain- which there can be a flow from pressure relief devices or ers (constructed and installed in accordance with 2-2.5.4 pressure regulator vents are located above the normal and 3-2.3.4 respectively) used temporarily in stationary maximum water table. Terminals for connecting hoses, type service shall be installed in accordance with the openings for flow from pressure relief devices, and the applicable provisions of 3-2.4.3. interior of domes,housing and manholes shall be kept clean of debris.Such manholes or housings shall be provided with ventilated louvers or their equivalent. The area of such 3-2.4.5 Additional provisions(over and above the applica- openings shall equal or exceed the combined discharge ble provision in 3-2.4.2 and 3-2.4.3) apply to the installa- areas of the pressure relief devices and other vent lines tion of pressure relief devices in containers used in connec- which discharge into the manhole or housing. tion with vehicles as follows: (e) Container inlet and outlet connections, except pres- (a) For containers installed on vehicles in accordance sure relief devices,liquid level gauging devices and pressure with Sections 3-6 and 3-9. gauges,on containers of 2,000 gal(7.6 ml)water capacity or (b) For cargo containers (tanks) installed on cargo vehi- more, or on containers of any capacity used in LP-Gas cles in accordance with Section 6-3, see 6-3.2.1(a). service stations, shall be labeled to designate whether they communicate with the vapor or liquid space.Labels may be 3-2.4.6 Container appurtenances other than pressure re- on valves. (See Sections 3-6 and 3-9 for requirements for lief devices shall be installed and protected as follows: labeling smaller containers used for vehicular installations.) (a) All container openings except those used for pressure 3 f) Every storage container of more than 2,000 gal (7.6 relief devices (see 2-3.2), liquid level gauging devices (see m ) water capacity shall be provided with a suitable pres- 2-3.4), pressure gauges (see 2-3.5), those equipped with sure gauge (see 2-3.5). double check valves as allowed in Table 2-3.3.2, and plugged openings shall be equipped with internal valves[see 3-2.5 Regulator Installation. 2-3.3.3(d)] or with positive shutoff valves and either excess- 3-2.5.1 Regulators used to control distribution or utiliza- flow or backflow check valves (also see 2-3.3 for specific tion pressure shall be as close to the container or vaporizer application)as follows: outlets as is practicable. First stage regulating equipment (1) Except for DOT cylinders, excess-flow or backflow shall be outside of buildings except as used with containers check valves shall be located between the LP-Gas in the and liquid piping systems covered by 3-2.2.1(a),(b),(d),(e) container and the shutoff valves,either inside the container, and (f), and 3-2.6.1(d). or at a point immediately outside where the line enters or leaves the container.If outside,installation shall be made so 3-2.5.2 Regulators shall be securely attached to container that any undue strain beyond the excess-flow or backflow valves, containers, supporting standards or building walls. check valve will not cause breakage between the container (a) First stage regulators shall be either directly connect- and such valve. All connections, including couplings, noz- ed to the container shutoff valve or outlet of vaporizer zles, flanges, standpipes and manways, which are listed on where used, unless attached thereto with flexibility provid- the ASME Manufacturers' Data Report for the container, ed in the connecting piping or the interconnecting piping of are considered part of the container.On DOT cvlinders,the manifolded containers or vaporizers. 2-526 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 (b) All regulators for outdoor installations,except regula- 3-2.7 Installation of Pipe, Tubing, Pipe and Tubing Fit- tors used for portable industrial applications, shall be tings,Valves,and Hose. designed, installed,or protected so their operation will not 3-2.7.1 LP-Gas normally is transferred into containers as be affected by the elements (freezing rain, sleet, snow, ice, a liquid, but may also be conveyed as a liquid or vapor mud, or debris). This protection may be integral with the under container or lower regulated pressure.Metallic piping regulator. except safety relief discharge piping (see 3-2.4.3) shall 3-2.5.3 On regulating equipment installed outside of comply with the following: buildings, the discharge from a pressure relief device shall (a) Piping used at pressures higher than container pres- be located not less than 3 ft (1 m) horizontally away from sure,such as on the discharge side of liquid transfer pumps, any building opening below the level of such discharge,and shall be suitable for a working pressure of at least 350 psig not beneath any building unless this space is well ventilated (2.4 MPa gauge). to the outside and is not enclosed for more than 50 percent (b) Vapor LP-Gas piping with operating pressures in of its perimeter. excess of 125 psig (0.9 MPa gauge), and liquid piping not covered by 3-2.7.1(a), shall be suitable for a working pres- 3-2.5.4 On regulators installed inside buildings, the dis- sure of at least 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge). charge from the pressure relief device and from above the (c) Vapor LP-Gas piping,subject to pressures of not more regulator and relief device diaphragms shall be vented to than 125 psig (0.9 MPa gauge), shall be suitable for a the outside air with the discharge outlet located not less working pressure of at least 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge). than 3 ft(1 m)horizontally away from any building opening below the level of such discharge.This provision shall not 3-2.7.2 Metallic pipe joints may be threaded, flanged, apply to appliance regulators otherwise protected(see NFPA welded or brazed using pipe and fittings complying with 54), or to regulators used in connection with containers in 2-4.2 and 2-4.4 as follows: buildings as provided for in 3-2.2.1(a), (b), (d), (e)and(f). (a) When joints are threaded or threaded and back welded: 3-2.6 Piping System Service Limitations. (1) For LP-Gas vapor at pressures in excess of 125 psig 3-2.6.1 This subsection describes the physical state(vapor (0.9 MPa gauge),or for LP-Gas liquid,the pipe and nipples or liquid)and pressure at which LP-Gas may be transmitted shall be Schedule 80 or through piping systems under various circumstances: (2) For LP-Gas vapor at pressures of 125 psig(0.9 MPa (a) LP-Gas liquid or vapor may be piped at all normal gauge)or less,the pipe and nipples shall be Schedule 40 or operating pressures outside of buildings. heavier. (b) Polyethylene piping systems shall be limited to vapor (b) When joints are welded or brazed: service not exceeding 30 psig(208 kPa gauge). (c) LP-Gas vapor at pressures not exceeding 20 psig(138 (1) The pipe shall be Schedule 40 or heavier. kPa gauge)may be piped into any building. (2) The fittings or flanges shall be suitable for the (d) LP-Gas vapor at pressures exceeding 20 psig(138 kPa service in which they are to be used. gauge)or LP-Gas liquid shall not be piped into any building (3) Brazed joints shall be made with a brazing material except those meeting the following descriptions: having a melting point exceeding 1,000°F(538'C). (1) Buildings,or separate areas of buildings,construct- (c) Gaskets used to retain LP-Gas in flanged connections ed in accordance with Chapter 7, and used exclusively to: in piping shall be resistant to the action of LP-Gas. They a. House equipment for vaporization, pressure re- shall be made of metal or other suitable material confined in duction,gas mixing,gas manufacturing or distribution. metal having a melting point over 1,500°F(816°C)or shall be protected against fire exposure, except that aluminum b. House internal combustion engines, industrial 0-rings and spiral wound metal gaskets are acceptable. processes,research and experimental laboratories,or equip- When a flange is opened, the gasket shall be replaced. ment or processing having a similar hazard. Exception: Complete compliance with Chapter 7 jor build- 3-2.7.3 Metallic tubing joints may be flared, or brazed 1 using tubing and fittings, and brazing material complying ings, or separate areas of buildings, housing industrial proc- with 2-4.3 and 2-4.4. esses and other occupancies cited in 3-2.6.1(d)(1)b may not be necessary depending upon the prevailing conditions. Con- struction of buildings or separate areas of buildings housing 3-2.7.4 Piping in systems shall be run as directly as is certain internal combustion engines is covered in NFPA 37. practicable from one point to another, and with as few restrictions, such as ells and bends, as conditions will (2) Buildings or structures under construction or un- permit, giving consideration to provisions of 3-2.7.5. dergoing major renovation,provided the temporary piping (a) Where condensation of vapor may occur, metallic meets the provisions of 3-4.2 and 3-4.10.2. and nonmetallic piping shall be pitched back to the contain- (3) In buildings or structures other than those covered er or suitable means provided for revaporizing the conden- by 3-2.6.1(d)(1) and (2) in which liquid feed systems are sate. used, liquid piping may enter the building or structure to connect to a vaporizer provided heavy walled seamless 3-2.7.5 Provision shall be made in piping including inter- brass or copper tubing not exceeding Y32 in..(2.4 mm) connecting of permanently installed containers,to compen- internal diameter and with a wall thickness not less than 3/64 sate for expansion, contraction,jarring and vibration, and in. (1.2 mm) is used, for settling.Where necessary,flexible connectors complying 2-527 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE with 2-4.6 may be used(see 3-2.7.8).The use of nonmetallic installed in the fixed piping downstream of the hose or pipe, tubing or hose for permanently interconnecting such swivel type piping,provided the backflow check valve has a containers is prohibited. metal-to-metal seat or a primary resilient seat with a secondary metal seat not hinged with combustible material. 3-2.7.6 Metallic piping outside buildings may be under- When either a liquid or vapor line has two or more hoses or ground or aboveground or both. Aboveground piping shall swivel type piping of the sizes designated, either an emer- be well supported and protected against physical damage. gency shutoff valve or a backflow check valve shall be Where underground piping is beneath driveways, roads or installed in each leg of the piping. streets, possible damage by vehicles shall be taken into (1) Emergency shutoff valves shall be installed so that account. Nonmetallic piping, including the nonmetallic the temperature sensitive element in the valve,or a supple- portions of transition fittings, shall be installed outside, a mental temperature sensitive element[250°F(12IT)maxi- minimum of 12 in. (305 mm)underground and in accord- mum]connected to actuate the valve is not more than 5 ft ance with the piping manufacturer's instructions. (1.5 m) from the nearest end of the hose or swivel type piping connected to the line in which the valve is installed. 3-2.7.7 Underground metallic piping shall be protected (b) The emergency shutoff valve(s) or backflow check against corrosion as warranted by soil conditions. Corro- valve(s)specified in 3-2.7.9(a)shall be installed in the plant sion protection shall comply with the following: piping so that any break resulting from a pull will occur on (a) Underground piping shall be protected as needed the hose or swivel type piping side of the connection while with a suitable coating to retard the effects of the corrosion retaining intact the valves and piping on the plant side of conditions existing in the local soil. Coated pipe shall the connection. This may be accomplished by use of con- extend at least 6 in. (152 mm)aboveground on all risers. crete bulkheads or equivalent anchorage or by the use of a (b) When dissimilar metals are joined underground, an weakness or shear fitting.Such anchorage is not required for insulating fitting shall be installed to electrically isolate tank car unloading. them from each other. (c) If cathodic protection is used,insulating fittings shall 3-2.7.10 Hose may be used on the low pressure side of be installed to electrically isolate the cathodically protected regulators to connect to other than domestic and commer- underground system from all aboveground piping and sys- cial appliances as follows: tems. (d) LP-Gas piping shall not be used as a grounding (a) The appliance connected shall be of a portable type. electrode. (b) For use inside buildings, the hose shall be of a minimum length, not exceeding 6 ft (1.8 m) [except as 3-2.7.8 Flexible components used in piping systems shall provided for in 3-4.2.3(b)], and shall not extend from one comply with 24.6 for the service in which they are to be room to another, nor pass though any partitions, walls, used,shall be installed in accordance with the manufactur- ceilings or floors(except as provided for in 3-4.3.7).It shall er s instructions,and shall also comply with the following: not be concealed from view or used in concealed locations.For use outside buildings, hose length may exceed 6 ft(1.8 (a) Flexible connectors in lengths up to 36 in.(1 m)(see m), but shall be kept as short as practicable. 2-4.6.3 and 2-4.6.4)may be used for liquid or vapor piping, (c) Hose shall be securely connected to the appliance. on portable or stationary tanks, to compensate for expan- The use of rubber slip ends is not permissible. sion,contraction,jarring,vibration and settling.This is not (d) A shutoff valve shall be provided in the piping to be construed to mean that flexible connectors shall be immediately upstream of the inlet connection of the hose. used if provisions were incorporated in the design to When more than one such appliance shutoff is located near compensate for these effects. another, precautions shall be taken to prevent operation of (b) Hoses may be installed if flexibility is required for the wrong valve. liquid or vapor transfer.The use of wet hose(see 4-2.3.4 for (e) Hose used for connecting appliances to wall or other explanation of term "wet hose')is recommended for liquid. outlets shall be protected against physical damage. 3-2.7.9 On new installations,and by December 31, 1980, on existing installations, (1) stationary single container 3-2.8 Hydrostatic Relief Valve Installation. systems of over 4,000 gal (15.1 ml) water capacity, or (2) 3-2.8.1 A hydrostatic relief valve complying with 2-4.7.1 stationary multiple container systems with an aggregate or a device providing pressure relieving protection shall be water capacity of more than 4,000 gal(15.1 m) utilizing a installed in each section of piping(including hose)in which common or manifolded liquid transfer line, shall comply liquid LP-Gas can be isolated between shutoff valves so as with 3-2.7.9(a)and(b). to relieve the pressure which could develop from the (a) When a hose or swivel type piping 1 'h in.(38 mm)or trapped liquid to a safe atmosphere or product-retaining larger is used for liquid transfer or a 1 1/4 in. (32 mm) or section. larger vapor hose or swivel type piping is used in this service (excluding flexible connectors in such liquid and vapor piping),an emergency shutoff valve complying with 2-4.5.4 3-2.9 Testing Piping Systems. shall be installed in the fixed piping of the transfer system 3-2.9.1 After assembly, piping systems (including hose) within 20 ft(6 m)of lineal pipe from the nearest end of the shall be tested and proven free of leaks at not less than the hose or swivel type piping to which the hose or-swivel type normal operating pressure. Piping within the scope of piping is connected. The preceding sizes are nominal. NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code, [see 1-2.3.1(f)],shall be Where the flow is only in one direction, a backflow check pressure tested in accordance with that Code.Tests shall not valve may be used in lieu of an emergency shutoff valve if be made with a flame. 2-528 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 3-2.10 Equipment Installation. ed in the piping design, flexible connectors may be used 3-2.10.1 Pumps shall be installed as recommended by the where necessay to accomplish this. manufacturer and in accordance with 3-2.10.1(a) through (b) Vapor meters shall be securely mounted and installed (c). so as to minimize the possibility of physical damage. (a) Installation shall be made so that the pump casing 3-2.10.6 LP-Gas engine fuel dispensing devices installed shall not be subjected to excessive strains transmitted to it in service stations shall be installed as recommended by the by the suction and discharge piping. This shall be accom- manufacturer and in accordance with 3-2.10.6(a) through plished by piping design, the use of flexible connectors or (h), expansion loops, or by other effective methods, in accord- (a) Installation shall not be within a building,but may be ance with good engineering practice. under weather shelter or canopy, provided this area is (b) Positive displacement pumps shall be installed in adequately ventilated and is not enclosed for more than 50 accordance with 2-5.2.2. percent of its perimeter. (1) The bypass valve or recirculating device to limit the (b) Dispensing devices shall be located as follows: normal operating discharge pressure to not more than 350 (1) Not less than 10 ft(3 m)from aboveground storage psig (2.4 MPa gauge) shall discharge either into a storage containers of more than 2,000 gal(7.6 ml)water capacity. container (preferably the supply container from which the product is being pumped)or into the pump suction. (2) Not less than 20 ft (6 m) from any building [not (2) If this primary device is equipped with a shutoff including canopies covered in 3-2.10.6(a)], basement, cel- valve,an adequate secondary device designed to operate at lar, pit or line of adjoining property which may be built not more than 400 psig(2.8 MPa gauge)shall,if not integral upon. with the pump, be incorporated in the pump piping. This (3) Not less than 10 ft(3 m)from sidewalks,streets or secondary device shall be designed or installed so that it thoroughfares. cannot be rendered inoperative, and shall discharge either (c) Dispensing devices shall either be installed on a into the supply container or into the pump suction. concrete foundation or be part of a complete storage and (c) A pump operating control or disconnect switch shall dispensing unit mounted on a common base[to be mounted be located near the pump. Remote control points shall be as provided in 3-2.3.1(b)and(d)]. In either case,they shall provided as necessary for other plant operations such as be adequately protected against physical damage. container filling,loading or unloading of cargo vehicles and (d) Control for the pump used to transfer LP-Gas tank cars, or operation of motor fuel dispensers. through the dispensing device into motor vehicle tanks shall be provided at the device in order to minimize the possibili- 3-2.10.2 Compressors shall be installed as recommended ty of leakage or accidental discharge. The following also by the manufacturer and in accordance with 3-2.10.2 (a) shall apply: and(b). (1) Means shall be provided at some point outside the (a) Installation shall be made so that the compressor dispensing device,such as a remote switch[see 3-2.10.1(c)], housing shall not be subjected to excessive strains transmit- to shut off the power in the event of fire or accident. ted to it by the suction and discharge piping. Flexible (2) A manual shutoff valve and an excess-flow check connectors may be used where necessary to accomplish this. valve of suitable capacity shall be located in the liquid line (b) If the compressor is not equipped with an integral between the pump and dispenser inlet only when the means to prevent the LP-Gas liquid entering the suction dispensing device is installed at a remote location and not (see 2-5.3.3), a suitable liquid trap shall be installed in the part of a complete storage and dispensing unit mounted on suction piping as close to the compressor as practicable. a common base. Portable compressors used with temporary connections are (e) Provision shall be made for venting the LP-Gas excluded from this requirement. contained in the dispenser to a safe location. (c) Engines used to drive portable compressors shall be (f) The dispensing hose shall comply with 2-4.6. An equipped with exhaust system spark arrestors and shielded excess-flow check valve, or an automatic shutoff valve [see ignition systems. 2-3.3.3(d) and 2-4.5.4] shall be installed at the terminus of the liquid piping at the point of attachment of the dispens- 3-2.10.3 The installation of vaporizers of the types cov- ing hose. A differential back pressure valve shall be consid- ered by 2-5.4 is covered in Section 3-7 and of engine fuel ered as meeting this provision. vaporizers in Section 3-6.Integral vaporizing-burners,such (g) Piping leading to, and within the dispenser, and the as are used for weed burners or tar kettles,are considered to dispensing hose shall be provided with hydrostatic relief be part of these units (or "appliances"). For appliance valves as specified in 3-2.8.1 (see also 2-4.7.1). installation standards, see Section 3-5. (h) No drains or blowoffs from the dispensing device shall be directed toward, or be in close proximity to sewer 3-2.10.4 Strainers shall be installed so that the strainer systems. element can be serviced. 3-3 Distributing and Industrial LP-Gas Systems. 3-2.10.5 Liquid or vapor meters shall be installed as 3-3.1 Application. recommended by the manufacturer,and in compliance with 3-3.1.1 This section includes provisions for LP-Gas sys- the applicable provisions of 3-2.10.5(a)and(b). tems installed at distributing plants, industrial plants and (a) Liquid meters shall be securely mounted and shall be distributing points (see definitions). These provisions ex- installed so that the meter housing is not subjected to tend and modify the provisions of Section 3-2 for these excessive strains from the connecting piping. If not provid- applications. 2-529 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3-3.2 General. Exception No. 1: Facilities for vaporizing LP-Gas and 3-3.2.1 The location and installation of storage containers gas-air mixing shall be designed, located and installed in and the installation of container appurtenances,piping,and accordance with Section .3-7. equipment shall comply with Section 3-2. Exception No. 2: Facilities for storing LP-Gas in portable containers at industrial plants and distributing points shall 3-3.3 Installation of Liquid Transfer Facilities. comply with Chapter S. 3-33.1 Points of transfer (see definition) or the nearest part of a structure housing transfer operations shall be 3-3.43 Buildings housing vapor compressors shall be lo- located in accordance with 4-3.2 and 4-3.3. cated in accordance with 4-3.3.2 considering the building as one housing a point of transfer. 3-3.3.2 Separate buildings, and attachments to or rooms within other buildings,housing points of transfer or transfer 3-3.4.4 The use of pits to house gas distribution facilities pumps and compressors, constructed or converted to such shall be avoided unless automatic flammable vapor detect- use after December 31, 1972,shall comply with Chapter 7. ing systems are installed in the pit. Drains or blowoff lines shall not be directed into or in proximity of sewer systems. 3-3.3.3 The track of the railroad siding or the roadway surface at the transfer points shall be relatively level. 3-3.4.5 If gas is to be discharged from containers inside a Adequate clearances from buildings, structures,or station- building, the installation provisions of 4-4.2.1 shall apply. ary containers shall be provided for the siding or roadway approaches to the unloading or loading points. Substantial 3-3.5 Installation of Electrical Equipment. bumpers shall be provided at the ends of sidings, and as 3-3.5.1 Installation of electrical equipment shall comply necessary to protect storage containers and points of trans- with Section 3-8. fer. 3-3.6 Protection Against Tampering for Section 3-3 3-3.3.4 Safeguards shall be provided to prevent the uncon- Systems. trolled discharge of LP-Gas in the event of failure in the 3-3.6.1 To minimize the possibilities for trespassing and hose or swivel type piping. The provisions of 3-2.7.9 shall tampering,the area which includes container appurtenanc- apply. For all other LP-Gas systems, the following shall es, pumping equipment, loading and unloading facilities apply: and container filling facilities shall be protected by one of (a) The connection, or connecting piping, larger than 1/2 the following methods: in. (13 mm) internal diameter into which the liquid or (a) Enclosure with at least a 6-ft(1.8-m)high industrial- vapor is being transferred shall be equipped with: type fence, unless otherwise adequately protected. There (1) A backflow check valve, or shall be at least two means of emergency access from the fenced or other enclosure. Clearance shall be provided to (2) An emergency shutoff valve complying with permit maintenance to be performed and a clearance of at 2-4.5.4, or least 3 ft(1 m)shall be provided to allow emergency access (3) An excess-flow valve properly sized in accordance to the required means of egress.If guard service is provided, with 3-2.4.6(a)(3). it shall be extended to the LP-Gas installation. Guard (b) The connection, or connecting piping, larger than 1/2 personnel shall be properly trained. (See 1-6.1.1.) in. (13 mm) internal diameter from which the liquid or vapor is being withdrawn shall be equipped with: Exception: If a fenced or otherwise enclosed area is not over (I) An emergency shutoff valve complying with 100 sq ft(9 m2) in area, the point of transfer is within .3 ft(1 m)of a gate and containers being filled are not located within 2-4.5.4, or the enclosure, a second gate need not be provided. (2) An excess-flow valve properly sized in accordance with 3-2.4.6(a)(3). (b) As an alternate to fencing the operating area,suitable devices which can be locked in place shall be provided. 3-3.3.5 See 4-2.3.6 for railroad tank car transfer opera- Such devices,when in place,shall effectively prevent unau- tions. thorized operation of any of the container appurtenances, system valves or equipment. 3-33.6 If gas is to be discharged from containers inside a 3-3.7 Lighting. building, the installation provisions of 4-4.2.1 shall apply. 3-3.7.1 If operations are normally conducted during other than daylight hours, adequate lighting shall be provided to 3-3.4 Installation of Gas Distribution Facilities. illuminate storage containers,containers being loaded,con- 3-3.4.1 This subsection applies to the installation of facili- trol valves and other equipment. ties used for gas manufacturing,gas storage,gas-air mixing and vaporization, and compressors not associated with 3-3.8 Ignition Source Control. liquid transfer. 3-3.8.1 Ignition source control shall comply with Section 3-8. 3-3.4.2 Separate buildings and attachments to or rooms within other buildings housing gas distribution facilities, 134 LP-Gas Systems in Buildings or on Building Roofs or constructed or converted to such use after December 31, Exterior Balconies. 1972, shall comply with Chapter 7, 3-4.1 Application. 2-530 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 34.1.1 This section includes installation and operating for use shall stand on a firm and substantially level surface. provisions for LP-Gas systems containing liquid LP-Gas If necessary, they shall be secured in an upright position. located inside of, or on the roofs or exterior balconies of, (e) Containers and the valve protecting devices used with buildings or structures. Systems covered include those uti- them shall be oriented so as to minimize the possibility of lizing portable containers inside of or on the roofs or impingement of the pressure relief device discharge on the exterior balconies of buildings, and those in which the container and adjacent containers. liquid is piped from outside containers into buildings or onto the roof. These systems are permitted only under the 34.2.2 Regulators, if used, shall be suitable for use with conditions specified in 3-4.1.1(a)through(d)and in accord- LP-Gas. Manifolds and fittings connecting containers to ance with 34.1 and 3-4.2. Containers in use shall mean pressure regulator inlets shall be designed for at least 250 connected for use. psig(1.7 MPa gauge)service pressure. (a) The portable use of containers indoors shall be only for the purposes specified in 3-4.3 through 3-4.8. Such use 34.2.3 Piping,including pipe,tubing,fittings,valves,and shall be limited to those conditions where operational hose,shall comply with Section 2-4,except that a minimum requirements make portable use of containers necessary working pressure of 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge)shall apply to and location outside is impractical. all components. The following also shall apply: I (b) Installations using portable containers on roofs shall (a) Piping shall be installed in accordance with the provi- be as specified in 3-4.9.1.Such use shall be limited to those sions of 3-2.7 for liquid piping or for vapor piping for conditions where operational requirements make portable pressures above 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge). [See 3-2.7.1(b).] use of containers necessary and location not on roofs of (b) Hose,hose connections,and flexible connectors used buildings or structures is impractical. shall be designed for a working pressure of at least 350 psig (c) Installations using portable containers on exterior (2.4 MPa gauge), shall comply with 2-4.6, and be installed I balconies shall be as specified in 3-4.9.2. in accordance with 3-2.7.10. Hose length may exceed that (d) Liquid LP-Gas shall be piped into buildings or struc- specified by 3-2.7.10(b),but shall be as short as practicable, tures only for the purposes specified in 3-2.6.1(d). although long enough to permit compliance with the spac- ing requirements (see 3-4.3.3 and 3-4.3.4) without kinking accordance with Chapter 5. or straining hose or causing it to be close enough to a burner p to be damaged by heat. See 3-4.9 for permanent roof installations. 3-4.1.3 Transportation of containers within a building shall be in accordance with 3-4.2.7. 3-4.2.4 Containers, regulating equipment, manifolds, pipe, tubing, and hose shall be located so as to minimize 3-4.1.4 These provisions are in addition to those specified exposure to abnormally high temperatures (such as might in Section 3-2. result from exposure to convection and radiation from heating equipment or installation in confined spaces),phys- 3-4.1.5 Liquid transfer systems are covered in Chapter 4. ical damage or tampering by unauthorized persons. 3-4.1.6 Engine fuel systems used inside buildings are cov- 34.2.5 Heat producing equipment shall be located and ered in Section 3-6. used so as to minimize the possibility of the ignition of combustibles. 34.1.7 LP-Gas transport or cargo vehicles stored, serv- iced or repaired in buildings are covered in Chapter 6. 3-4.2.6 When containers are located on a floor, roof, or balcony,provisions shall be made to minimize the possibili- 34.2 General Provisions for Containers, Equipment, Pip- ty of containers falling over the edge. ing,and Appliances. (a) Filling containers on roofs or balconies is prohibited. 34.2.1 Containers shall comply with DOT cylinder speci- See 4-3.1.1(b). fications (see 2-2.1.3 and 2-2.2.1), shall not exceed 245 lb (I I I kg) water capacity [nominal 100 lb (45 kg) LP-Gas 3-4.2.7 Transportation (movements) of containers within capacity] each, shall comply with other applicable provi- a building shall comply with 3-4.2.7(a)through(d). sions of Section 2-2 and be equipped as provided in Section (a) Movement of containers having water capacities 2-3 (see 2-3.3 and Table 2-3.3.2). They shall also comply greater than 2 1/2 lb (I kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45 kg) LP-Gas with the following: capacity]within a building shall be restricted to movement (a) Containers shall be marked as provided in 2-2.6. directly associated with the uses covered by Sections 3-4.3 (b) Containers with water capacities greater than 2 1/2 lb through 3-4.9 and be conducted in accordance with these (1 kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45 kg) LP-Gas capacity] shall be provisions and 3-4.2.7(b)through(d). equipped with shutoff and excess-flow valves as provided in (b) Valve outlets on containers having water capacities 2-3.3.2 (Column 3, Table 2-3.3.2). The installation of greater than 2 1/2 lb (1 kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45 kg) LP-Gas excess-flow valves shall take into account the type of valve capacity] shall be tightly plugged and the provisions of protection provided for the container in accordance with 2-2.4.1 shall be complied with. 2-2.4.1. (c) Only emergency stairways not generally used by the (c) Valves on containers shall be protected in accordance public shall be used and reasonable precautions shall be with 2-2.4.1. taken to prevent the container from falling down the stairs. (d) Containers having water capacities greater than 2 1/2 (d) Freight or passenger elevators may be used when lb(I kg)[nominal I lb(0.45 kg)LP-Gas capacity]connected occupied only by those engaged in moving the container. 2-531 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 34.2.8 Portable heaters, including salamanders, shall be 34.3.7 On floors on which no heaters are connected for equipped with an approved automatic device to shut off the use,containers may be manifolded together for connection flow of gas to the main burner,and pilot if used,in the event to a heater or heaters on another floor, provided: of flame extinguishment or combustion failure.Such porta- (a) The total water capacity of the containers connected ble heaters shall be self-supporting unless designed for to any one manifold is not greater than 2,450 lb(I I I I kg) container mounting(see 3-4.3.4).Container valves,connec- [nominal 1,000 lb(454 kg)LP-Gas capacity],and tors, regulators, manifolds, piping, or tubing shall not be (b) Manifolds of more than 735 lb(333 kg)water capaci- used as structural supports. The following shall also apply: ty[nominal 300 lb(136 kg)LP-Gas capacity], if located in (a) Portable heaters manufactured on or after May 17, the same unpartitioned area, shall be separated from each 1967,having an input of more than 50,000 Btuh(53 MJ/h), other by at least 50 ft(15 m). and those manufactured prior to May 17, 1967,with inputs of more than 100,000 Btuh (105 MJ/h), shall be equipped 3-4.3.8 The provisions of 3-4.3.5,3-4.3.6,and 3-4.3.7 may with either: be altered by the authority having jurisdiction if compliance (1) A pilot which must be lighted and proved before is impractical. the main burner can be turned on,or (2) An approved electric ignition system. 34.4 Buildings Undergoing Minor Renovation when Fre- (b) The provisions of 3-4.2.8 are not applicable to the quented by the Public. following: 3-4.4.1 Containers may be used and transported for repair (1) Tar kettle burners hand torches or melting pots. or minor renovation in buildings frequented by the public g p as follows: (2) Portable heaters with less than 7,500 Btuh(8 MJ/h) (a) During the hours of the day the public normally is in input if used with containers having a maximum water the building the following shall apply: capacity of 2 1/2 lb(i kg). (1) The maximum water capacity of individual con- 3-4.3 Buildings Under Construction or Undergoing Major tainers shall be 50 lb(23 kg) [nominal 20 lb(9 kg) LP-Gas Renovation. capacity]and the number of containers in the building shall not exceed the number of workers assigned to using the 3-4.3.1 Containers may be used and transported in build- LP-Gas. ings or structures under construction or undergoing major (2) Containers having a water capacity greater than 2 renovation when such buildings are not occupied by the 1/2 lb (1 kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45 kg) LP-Gas capacity] shall public or, if partially occupied by the public, containers not be left unattended. may be used and transported in the unoccupied portions with the prior approval of the authority having jurisdiction. (b) During the hours of the day when the building is not Such use shall be in accordance with 3-4.3.1 through open to the public,containers may be used and transported 3-4.3.8. in the building for repair or minor renovation in accordance with 3-4.2 and 3-4.3, provided, however, that containers 343.2 Containers, equipment, piping, and appliances with a greater water capacity than 2 1/2 lb(1 kg) [nominal 1 shall comply with 3-4.2. lb(0.45 kg) LP-Gas capacity] shall not be left unattended. 3-4.33 For temporary heating, such as curing concrete, 3-4.5 Buildings Housing Industrial Occupancies. drying plaster,and similar applications,heaters(other than 34.5.1 Containers may be used in buildings housing in- integral heater-container units covered in 3-4.3.4) shall be dustrial occupancies for processing,research,or experimen- located at least 6 ft (1.8 m) from any LP-Gas container. tal purposes as follows: 3-4.3.4 Integral heater-container units specifically de- (a) Containers,equipment,and piping used shall comply signed for the attachment of the heater to the container, or with 3-4.2. to a supporting standard attached to the container, may be (b) If containers are manifolded together,the total water used, provided they are designed and installed so as to capacity of the connected containers shall be not more than prevent direct or radiant heat application to the container. 735 lb(333 kg) [nominal 300 lb(136 kg)LP-Gas capacity]. Blower and radiant type units shall not be directed toward If there is more than one such manifold in a room, it shall any LP-Gas container within 20 ft (6 m). be separated from any other by at least 20 ft (6 m). (c) The amount of LP-Gas in containers for research and 34.3.5 If two or more heater-container units of either the experimental use in the building shall be limited to the integral or nonintegral type are located in an unpartitioned smallest practical quantity. area on the same floor, the container(s) of each such unit shall be separated from the container(s) of any other such 34.5.2 Containers may be used to supply fuel for tempo- unit by at least 20 ft (6 m). rary heating in buildings housing industrial occupancies with essentially noncombustible contents,if portable equip- 34.3.6 If heaters are connected to containers manifolded ment for space heating is essential and a permanent heating together for use in an unpartitioned area on the same floor, installation is not practicable, provided containers and the total water capacity of containers manifolded together heaters comply with and are used in accordance with 3-4.3. serving any one heater shall not be greater than 735 lb(333 kg)[nominal 300 lb(136 kg)LP-Gas capacity];and if there 34.6 Buildings Housing Educational and Institutional Oc- is more than one such manifold it shall be separated from cupancies. any other by at least 20 ft (6 m). 34.6.1 Containers may be used in buildings housing edu- 2-532 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 cational and institutional laboratory occupancies for re- of buildings of fire-resistive construction, or noncombusti- search and experimental purposes,but not in classrooms,as ble construction having essentially noncombustible con- follows: tents, or of other construction or contents which are pro- (a) The maximum water capacity of individual contain- tected with automatic sprinklers (see NFPA 220, Standard ers used shall be: on 7}pes of Building Construction)in accordance with 3-4.2 (1) 50 lb(23 kg)[nominal 20 lb(9 kg)LP-Gas capacity] and the following: if used in educational occupancies. (a) The total water capacity of containers connected to 2 121b 5.4 nominal 51b 2 k LP-Gas capacity] any one manifold shall not be greater than 980 lb(445 kg) ( ) ( kg)[ ( g) P y] [nominal 400 lb (181 kg) LP-Gas capacity]. If more than if used in institutional occupancies. one manifold is located on the roof, it shall be separated (b) If more than one such container is located in the same from any other by at least 50 ft(15 m). room,the containers shall be separated by at least 20 ft(6 (b) Containers shall be located in areas where there is m)• free air circulation, at least 10 ft (3 m) from building (c) Containers not connected for use shall be stored in openings(such as windows and doors)and at least 20 ft(6 accordance with Chapter 5, except that they shall not be m) from air intakes of air conditioning and ventilating stored in a laboratory room. systems. (c) Containers shall not be located on roofs which are 34.7 Temporary Heating in Buildings in Emergencies. entirely enclosed by parapets more than 18 in. (457 mm) 34.7.1 Containers may be used in buildings for temporary high unless either (1) the parapets are breached with low- emergency heating purposes if necessary to prevent damage level ventilation openings no more than 20 ft(6 m)apart,or to the buildings or contents, and if the permanent heating (2) all openings communicating with the interior of the system is temporarily out of service,provided the contain- building are at or above the top of the parapets. ers and heaters comply with and are used and transported (d) Piping shall be in accordance with 3-4.2.3,provided, in accordance with 3-4.2 and 3-4.3, and the temporary however, that hose shall not be used for connecting to heating equipment is not left unattended. containers. (e) The fire department shall be advised of each such 34.8 Use in Buildings for Demonstrations or Training, or installation. in Small Containers. 3-4.8.1 Containers having a maximum water capacity of 34.9.2 Containers having water capacities greater than 2 12 lb(5.4 kg)[nominal 5 lb(2 kg)LP-Gas capacity]may be h lb(1 kg)[nominal 1 lb(0.5 kg)LP-Gas capacity]shall not used temporarily inside buildings for public exhibitions or be located on balconies above the first floor attached to a demonstrations, including use in classroom demonstra- multiple family dwelling of three or more living units tions.If more than one such container is located in the same located one above the other. room, the containers shall be separated by at least 20 ft(6 m) Exception: Not applicable when such balconies are served by outside stairways and when only such stairways are used 3-4.8.2 Containers may be used temporarily in buildings to transport the container. for training purposes related to the installation and use of LP-Gas systems,provided: 34.10 Liquid Piped into Buildings or Structures. (a) The maximum water capacity of individual contain- 34.10.1 Liquid LP-Gas piped into buildings in accord- ers shall be 245 lb(I I I kg)[nominal 100 lb(45 kg)LP-Gas ance with 3-2.6.1(d)(1)shall comply with 3-2.7. capacity],but not more than 20 lb(9 kg)of LP-Gas may be placed in a single container. 34.10.2 Liquid LP-Gas piped into buildings in accord- (b) If more than one such container is located in the same ance with 3-2.6.1(d)(2) from containers located and in- room, the containers shall be separated by at least 20 ft (6 stalled outside the building or structure in accordance with m). 3-2.2 and 3-2.3 shall comply with the following: (c) The training location shall be acceptable to the au- (a) Liquid piping shall not exceed '/e in. I.P.S. and shall thority having jurisdiction. comply with 3-2.6 and 3-2.7. If approved by the authority (d) Containers shall be promptly removed from the having jurisdiction, copper tubing complying with 2- building when the training class has terminated. 4.3.1(c)(1) and with a maximum outside diameter of 1/4 in. may be used. Liquid piping in buildings shall be kept to a 3-4.8.3* Except as stipulated in 3-4.8.3(a)containers hav- minimum, and shall be protected against construction ing a maximum water capacity of 21/2 lb(I kg)[nominal l lb hazards by: (0.45 kg)LP-Gas capacity]may be used in buildings as part (1) Securely fastening it to walls or other surfaces to of approved self-contained torch assemblies or similar provide adequate protection against breakage. appliances. (2) Locating it so as to avoid exposure to high ambient (a) Containers of any capacity used to supply appliances temperatures. for residential or commercial food service shall not be used (b) A readily accessible shutoff valve shall be located at in buildings except as provided in 3-4.8.L each intermediate branch line where it leaves the main line. A second shutoff valve shall be located at the appliance end 34.9 Portable Containers on Roofs or Exterior'Balconies. of the branch and upstream of any flexible appliance 34.9.1 Containers may be permanently installed on roofs connector. 2-533 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (c) Excess-flow valves complying with 2-3.3.3(b) and 3-6.1.1 This section applies to fuel systems using LP-Gas 2-4.5.3 shall be installed in the container outlet supply line, as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Included are downstream of each shutoff valve, and at any point in the provisions for containers, container appurtenances, carbu- piping system where the pipe size is reduced. They shall be retion equipment, piping, hose and fittings,and provisions sized for the reduced size piping. for their installation. This section covers engine fuel sys- (d) Hose shall not be used to carry liquid between the tems for engines installed on vehicles for any purpose, as container and the building,or at any point in the liquid line well as fuel systems for stationary and portable engines. It except as the appliance connector.Such connectors shall be also includes provisions for garaging of vehicles upon which as short as practicable and shall comply with 2-4.6, 3-2.7.8, such systems are installed. and 3-2.7.10. See Section 3-9 for systems on vehicles for purposes other (e) Hydrostatic relief valves shall be installed in accord- than for engine fuel. ance with 3-2.8. (f) Provision shall be made so that the release of fuel 3-6.1.2 Containers supplying fuel to stationary engines,or when any section of piping or appliances are disconnected to portable engines used in lieu of stationary engines,shall shall be minimized by use of one of the following methods: be installed in accordance with Section 3-2(see Section 3-4 (1) An approved automatic quick-closing coupling for portable engines used in buildings, roofs, or exterior which shuts off the gas on both sides when uncoupled. balconies under certain conditions). (2) Closing the shutoff valve closest to the point to be disconnected and allowing the appliance or appliances on 3-6.1.3 Containers supplying fuel to engines on vehicles, that line to operate until the fuel in the line is consumed. regardless of whether the engine is used to propel the vehicle or is mounted on it for other purpose, shall be 3-5 Installation of Appliances. constructed and installed in accordance with this section. 3-5.1 Application. 3-5.1.1 This section includes installation provisions for 3-6.1.4 In the interest of'safety, each person engaged in LP-Gas appliances fabricated in accordance with Section installing, repairing, filling, or otherwise servicing an 2-6. LP-Gas engine fuel system shall be properly trained in the necessary procedures. 3-5.1.2 Installation of appliances on commercial vehicles is covered in Section 3-9. 3-6.2 General Purpose Vehicle Engines Fueled by LP-Gas. 3-5.13 With the approval of the authority having jurisdic- 3-6.2.1 This section covers the installation of fuel systems tion, unattended heaters used for the purpose of animal or supplying engines used to propel vehicles such as passenger poultry production inside structures without enclosing cars, taxicabs, multipurpose passenger vehicles, buses, rec- walls need not be equipped with an automatic device reational vehicles, vans, trucks (including tractors, tractor designed to shut off the flow of gas to main burners and semi-trailer units, and truck trains), and farm tractors. pilot, if used, in the event of flame extinguishment or combustion failure. 3-6.2.2 Containers. 3-5.2 Reference Standards. (a)' Containers designed,fabricated,tested,and marked 3-5.2.1 LP-Gas appliances shall be installed in accordance (or stamped)in accordance with the regulations of the U.S. with this standard and other national standards which may Department of Transportation (DOT); or the "Rules for apply. These include: Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels," Section VIII, Division I, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,applica- (a) NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of ble at the date of manufacture shall be used as follows: Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines. (1) Adherence to applicable ASME Code Case Inter- (b) NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code(ANSI Z223.1). pretations and Addenda shall be considered as compliance (c) NFPA 61 B, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and with the ASME Code. Explosions in Grain Elevators and Facilities Handling Bulk Raw Agricultural Commodities. (2) Containers fabricated to earlier editions of regula- (d) NFPA 82,Standard on Incinerators, Waste and Linen tions,rules or codes may be continued in use in accordance Handling Systems and Equipment. with 1-2.4.1. (See Appendices C and D.) (e) NFPA 86,Standard for Ovens and Furnaces. (3) Containers which have been involved in a fire and (f) NFPA 96,Standard for the Installation of Equipment showing no distortion shall be requalified for continued for the Removal of Smoke and Grease-Laden Vapors from service in accordance with the Code under which they were Commercial Cooking Equipment. constructed before being reused. (g) NFPA 302, Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and (4) DOT containers shall be designed and constructed Commercial Motor Craft. for at least 240 prig(1.6 MPa gauge)service pressure. (h) NFPA 501 A,Standard for Firesafety Criteria for Mo- (5) DOT specification containers shall be requalified in bile Home Installations, Sites, and Communities. accordance with DOT regulations. The owner of the con- (i) NFPA 501C,Standard on Firesafety Criteria for Recre- tainer shall be responsible for such requalification. (See ational Vehicles(ANSI A119.2). Appendix C.) 3-6 Engine Fuel Systems. (6) ASME containers covered in this section shall be constructed for a minimum 250 prig(1.7 MPa gauge)design 3-6.1 Application. pressure except that containers installed in enclosed spaces 2-534 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 on vehicles and all engine fuel containers for industrial (2) If the connection is located in any position other trucks, buses (including school buses), and multipurpose than the uppermost point of the container, it shall be passenger vehicles shall be constructed for at least a 312.5 internally piped to the uppermost point practical in the psig(2.1 MPa gauge)design pressure. vapor space of the container. (g) The container openings, except those for pressure (7) Repair alterations of containers shall comply relief valves and gauging devices, shall be labeled to desig- with the Regulaatt ions, Rules or Code under which the nate whether they communicate with the vapor or liquid container was fabricated. Field welding on containers shall space. Labels may be on valves. be limited to attachments to nonpressure parts, such as saddle pads, wear plates, lugs, or brackets applied by the 3-6.2.3 Container Appurtenances. container manufacturer. (8) Containers showing serious denting,bulging,goug- (a) Container appurtenances(such as valves and fittings) ing;or excessive corrosion shall be removed from service. shall comply with Section 2-3 and 3-6.2.3(a). Container appurtenances subject to working pressures in excess of 125 (b) Containers shall comply with 3-6.2.2(a) or shall be psig(0.9 MPa gauge) but not to exceed 250 psig(1.7 MPa designed, fabricated, tested, and marked using criteria gauge)shall be suitable for a working pressure of at least 250 which incorporate an investigation to determine that they psig(1.7 MPa gauge). are safe and suitable for the proposed service, are recom- (1) Manual shutoff valves shall be designed to provide mended for that service by the manufacturer, and are acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. positive closure under service conditions and be equipped with an internal excess-flow check valve designed to close (c) ASME containers shall be marked in accordance with 3 automatically at the rated flows of vapor or liquid specified -6.2.2(c)(1) through (12). The markings specified shall be by the manufacturers. on a stainless steel metal nameplate attached to the contain- er so located as to remain visible after the container is (2) Double backflow check valves shall be of the spring installed.The nameplate shall be attached in such a way to loaded type and shall close when flow is either stopped or minimize corrosion of the nameplate or its fastening means reversed. This valve shall be installed in the fill opening of and not contribute to corrosion of the container. the container for either remote or direct filling. (3) Containers shall be fabricated so'they can be (1) Service for which the container is designed; i.e., equipped with a fixed liquid level gauge capable of indicat- aboveground. ing the maximum permitted filling level in accordance with (2) Name and address of container manufacturer or 4-5.2.3. Fixed liquid level gauges to the container shall be trade name of container. designed so the bleeder valve maximum opening to the atmosphere is not larger than a No. 54 drill size. If the (3) Water capacity of container in lb or U.S. Gallons. bleeder valve is installed at a remote location away from the (4) Design pressure in psig. container, the container fixed liquid level gauge opening (5) The wording "This container shall not contain a and the remote bleeder valve shall be orificed to a No. 54 product having a vapor pressure in excess of 215 psig at drill size. IWF(37.8°C)." (4) ASME containers shall be equipped with internal (6) Tare weight of container fitted for service for con- type spring loaded pressure relief valves conforming with tainers to be filled by weight. applicable requirements of UL 132,Safety Relief Valves for (7) Outside surface area in sq ft. Anhydrous Ammonia and LP-Gas,or other equivalent pres- sure relief valve standards.The start-to-leak setting of such (8) Year of manufacture. pressure relief valve,with relation to the design pressure of (9) Shell thickness head thickness the container, shall be in accordance with Table 2-3.2.3. (10) OL OD HD These relief valves shall be plainly and permanently marked with(1)the pressure in psig(MPa gauge)at which the valve (1 1) Manufacturer's Serial Number. is set to start to leak;(2)the rated relieving capacity in cu ft (12) ASME Code Symbol. per minute of air at 60°F(15.6"C)and 14.7 psia(0.1 MPa (d) LP-Gas fuel containers used on passenger carrying absolute); and (3) the manufacturer's name and catalog vehicles shall not exceed 200 gal (0.8 m') aggregate water number. Fusible plugs shall not be used. capacity. (5) DOT containers shall be equipped with internal pressure relief valves in accordance with DOT regulations (e) Individual LP-Gas containers used on other than (see Appendix E for additional information). Fusible plugs passenger carrying vehicles normally operating on the high- shall not be used. way shall not exceed 300 gal(1 m') water capacity. (6) A float gauge if used shall be designed and ap- (f) Containers covered in this section shall be equipped proved for use with LP-Gas. for filling into the vapor space. (7) A solid steel plug shall be installed in unused Exception: Containers having a water capacity of 30 gal openings. I (0.1 m3)or less may be filled into the liquid space. (8) Containers fabricated after January 1, 1984,for use as engine fuel containers on vehicles shall be equipped or (1) The Connections for pressure relief valves shall be fitted with an automatic means to prevent filling in excess of located and installed in such a way as to have direct the maximum permitted filling density. communication with the vapor space of the container and a. An over-filling prevention device may be in- shall not reduce the relieving capacity of the relief device. stalled on the container or exterior of the compartment 2-535 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE when remote filling is used, provided that a double back a. • Wrought iron pipe;ANSI B36.10, Wrought-Steel check valve is installed in the container fill valve opening. and Wrought Steel Pipe. 3-6.2.4 Carburetion Equipment. b. Steel pipe; ANSI B125.1, Specification for Pipe, a Carburetion equipment shall comply with 3-6.2.4 b Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated Welded and ( ) P Y ( ) Seamless Steel Pipe(ASTM A 53). through (e) or shall be designed, fabricated, tested, and marked using criteria which incorporate an investigation to c. Steel pipe; ANSI B125.30, Specification for determine that they are safe and suitable for the proposed Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service service,are recommended for that service by the manufac- (ASTM A 106). turer, and are acceptable to the authority having jurisdic- d. Steel pipe; ANSI B125.2,Specification for Pipe, tion. Carburetion equipment subject to working pressures Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) in excess of 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge)but not to exceed 250 Welded and Seamless,for Ordinary Uses(ASTM A 120). psig(1.7 MPa gauge)shall be suitable for a working pressure e. Brass pipe;ANSI H27.1,Specification for Seam- of at least 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge). less Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes(ASTM B 43). (b) Vaporizer. f. Copper pipe; ANSI H26.1, Specification for (1) Vaporizers shall be fabricated of materials suitable Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes(ASTM B 42). for LP-Gas service and resistant to the action of LP-Gas under service conditions.Such vaporizers shall be designed (2) For LP-Gas vapor in excess of 125 psig (0.9 MPa and approved for engine fuel service and shall comply with gauge)or for LP-Gas liquid,the pipe shall be Schedule 80 or the following: heavier.For LP-Gas vapor at pressures of 125 psig(0.9 MPa a. The vaporizer proper, any part of it or any gauge) or less, the pipe shall be Schedule 40 or heavier. devices used with it which may be subjected to container (b) Tubing. pressure, shall have a design pressure of at least 250 psig (1) Tubing shall be steel, brass or copper and shall (1.7 MPa gauge), where working pressures do not exceed comply with the following: 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge),and shall be plainly and perma- a. Steel tubing; ASTM A 539, Specification for nently marked at a readily visible point with a design Electric-Resistance-Wclded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas Fuel pressure of the fuel containing portion in psig(MPa gauge). Oil Lines, with a minimum wall thickness of 0.049 in. (2) The vaporizer shall not be equipped with a fusible b. Copper tubing;Type K or L,ANSI H23.1,Sped- Plug• fication for Seamless Copper Water Tube(ASTM B 88). (3) Each vaporizer shall have a valve or suitable plug c. Copper tubing; ANSI H23.5, Specification for located at or near the lowest portion of the section occupied Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigera- by the water or other heating liquid to permit substantially tion Field Service(ASTM B 280). complete drainage. The engine cooling system drain or water hoses may serve this purpose, if effective. d. Brass tubing; ANSI H36.1, Specification for (4) Engine exhaust gases may be used as a direct source Seamless Brass Tube(ASTM B 135). of heat to vaporize the fuel if the materials of construction (c) Pipe and Tube Fittings. of those parts of the vaporizer in contact with the exhaust (1) Cast iron pipe fittings such as ells, tees, crosses, gases are resistant to corrosion from these gases and if the couplings, unions, flanges or plugs shall not be used. Fit- vaporizer system is designed to prevent pressure in excess of tings shall be steel, brass,copper, malleable iron or ductile 200 psig(1.4 MPa gauge). iron and shall comply with the following: (5) Devices which supply heat directly to the fuel a. Pipe joints in wrought iron, steel, brass, or cop- container shall be equipped with an automatic device to cut per pipe may be screwed, welded, or brazed. Tubing joints off the supply of heat before the pressure in the container I in steel, brass, or copper tubing shall be flared, brazed, or reaches 200 psig(1.4 MPa gauge). made up with approved gas tubing fittings. (c) Regulator. The regulator shall be approved and can (i) Fittings used with liquid LP-Gas, or with vapor either be part of the vaporizer unit or a separate unit. LP-Gas at operating pressures over 125 psig (0.9 MPa (d) Automatic Shutoff Valve. An approved automatic gauge),where working pressures do not exceed 250 psig(1.7 shutoff valve shall be provided in the fuel system as close as MPa gauge), shall be suitable for a working pressure of at practical to the inlet of the gas regulator. The valve shall least 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge). prevent flow of fuel to the carburetor when the engine is not (ii) Fittings for use with vapor LP-Gas at pressures running even if the ignition switch is in the"on" position. in excess of 5 psig(34.5 kPa gauge)and not exceeding 125 Atmospheric type regulators (zero governors) shall not be psig(0.9 MPa gauge)shall be suitable for a working pressure considered as automatic shutoff valves for this purpose. of 125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge). (e) Fuel Filter. Fuel filters if used shall be approved and (iii) Brazing filler material shall have a melting point can be either a separate unit or part of a combination I exceeding 1,000°F (538°C). unit. (d) Hose, Hose Connections, and Flexible Connectors. 3-6.2.5 Piping, Hose,and Fittings. (1) Hose, hose connections, and flexible connectors (a) Pipe. (see definition)used for conveying LP-Gas liquid or vapor at (1) Pipe shall be wrought iron or steel(black or galva- pressures in excess of 5 psig (34.5 kPa gauge) shall be nized), brass, or copper and shall comply with the follow- fabricated of materials resistant to the action of LP-Gas ing: both as liquid and vapor, and be of wire braid reinforced 2-536 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 construction. The wire braid shall be stainless steel. The (2) Containers installed behind the rear axle and ex- hose shall comply with the following: tending below the frame shall comply with 3-6.2.6(e)(3) or a. Hose shall be designed for a working pressure of be not lower than the lowest of the following points and surfaces. 350 psi (240 MPa) with a safety factor of 5 to l and be a. Not lower than the lowest point of a structural continuously marked "LP-GAS," � PROPANE,' 350 PSI p°WORKING PRESSURE"and the manufacturer's name or component of the body, engine, transmission (including trademark. Each installed piece of hose shall contain at clutch housing or torque converter housing, as applicable), least one such marking. forward of the container.Also not lower than lines extend- ing rearward from each wheel at the point where the wheels b. Hose assemblies after the application of connec- contact the ground directly below the center of the axle to tions shall have a design capability of withstanding a the lowest and most rearward structural interference (i.e. pressure of not less than 700 psig(4.8 MPa gauge).If a test is bumper, frame, etc.). [Part 2, Figure 3-6.2.6(e).] made,such assemblies shall not be leak tested at pressures higher than the working pressure[350 psig(2.4 MPa gauge) b. Where there are two or more rear axles the minimum] of the hose. projections shall be made from the rearmost one of them. (2) Hose used for vapor service at 5 psig (34.5 kPa (3) Where an LP-Gas container is substituted for the gauge) or less shall be constructed of material resistant to fuel container installed by the original manufacturer of the the action of LP-Gas. vehicle(whether or not that fuel container was for LP-Gas), the LP-Gas container shall either fit within the space in (3) Hose in excess of 5 psig (34.5 kPa gauge) service pressure and quick connectors shall have the approval for Which the original fuel container was installed or comply this application of any of the authorities listed in 1-3.1.1. With 3-6.2.6(e)(1)or(2). (f) Fuel containers shall be securely mounted to prevent 3-6.2.6 Installation of Containers and Container Appurte- jarring loose and slipping or rotating, and the fastenings nances. shall be designed and constructed to withstand without permanent visible deformation static loading in any direc- (a) Containers shall be located in a place and in a manner t tion equal to four times the weight of the container filled o minimize the possibility of damage to the container and With fuel. its fittings. Containers located in the rear of the vehicles, when protected by substantial bumpers,shall be considered all Welding for the repair or alterations of containers in conformance with this requirement. In case the fuel shall comply with 3-valve a on container must be installed near the engine or exhaust (h) Main shutoff valves on a container for liquid and system,it shall be shielded against direct heating. vapor shall be readily accessible without the use of tools,or (b) Container markings shall be readable after a contain- other means shall be provided to shut off the container er is permanently installed on a vehicle. A portable lamp valves. and mirror may be used when reading markings. (i) Pressure relief valve installations shall comply with the following requirements: (c) Container valves, appurtenances, and connections shall be adequately protected to prevent damage due to (1) The relief valve discharge on fuel containers on accidental contacts with stationary objects or from stones, vehicles other than passenger cars shall be directed upward mud,or ice thrown up from the ground,and from damage within 15 degrees of vertical so that any gas released will not due to overturn or similar vehicular accident. Location on impinge upon containers or part of the vehicle, or on the container where parts of the vehicle furnish the neces- adjacent persons or vehicles or discharge inside of the sary protection or a fitting guard furnished by the manufac- passenger compartment. On passenger cars,the relief valve turer of the container may meet these requirements. discharge on fuel containers shall be directed upward with- (d) Containers shall not be mounted directly on roofs or in 45 degrees of vertical so that gas may not be discharged ahead of the front axle or beyond the rear bumper of the inside of the passenger or luggage compartment and so that vehicles. So as to minimize the possibility of physical any gas released will not impinge upon a container,part of damage, no part of a container or its appurtenances shall the vehicle or on an adjacent vehicle. protrude beyond the sides or top of the vehicle. (2) Pressure relief valve discharge lines shall be metal- (e) Containers shall be installed with as much road lic and have a melting point over 1500`17(816'C).Discharge clearance as practicable. This clearance shall be measured lines and adaptors shall be sized,located and secured so as to the bottom of the container or the lowest fitting,support, to minimize the possibility of physical damage and to or attachment on the container or its housing, if any, permit required pressure relief valve discharge capacity. whichever is lowest,as follows[see Figure 3-6.2.6(e)]: When the relief valve discharge must be piped away from (1) Containers installed between axles shall comply the container, the relief valve shall be fitted with an ap- with 3-6.2.6(e)(3) or be not lower than the lowest point proved break-away type adaptor or designed such that in the forward of the container on: event of excessive stress the piping will break away without impairing the function of the relief valve. Flexible metal a. the lowest structural component of the body; hose or tubing used shall be able to withstand the pressure b. the lowest structural component of the frame or from the relief vapor discharge when the relief valve is in subframe if any; full open position.A means shall be provided(such as loose C. the lowest point on the engine; fitting caps) to minimize the possibility of the entrance of water or dirt into either the relief valve or its discharge d. the lowest point of the transmission (including piping. The protecting means shall remain in place except the clutch housing or torque converter housing as applica- when the relief valve operates. In this event, it shall permit ble) [Part 1, Figure 3-6.2.6(e)]. the relief valve to operate at required capacity. 2-537 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Front Rear _C) Part 1 Plane of lowest structural component, etc. forward of container. Front Rear C))o 0 Part 2 Figure 3-6.2.6(e) Container Installation Clearances. (3) Relief valve adaptors installed directly in the relief compartments or with any space carrying radio transmitters valve to deflect the flow upward shall be metallic and have a or other spark producing equipment,and which is vented to melting point over 700T(371*Q. outside the vehicle. (b) Fuel containers shall be installed and fitted so that no gas from fueling and gauging operations can be released inside of the passenger or luggage compartments,by perma- 3-6.2.7 Containers Mounted in the Interior of Vehicles. nently installing the remote filling connections (double (a) Containers mounted in the interior of vehicles shall backflow check valve), see 3-6.2.3(a)(2), and fixed liquid be installed so that any LP-Gas released from container level gauging device to the outside of the vehicle. appurtenances due to operation, leakage or connection of (c) Container pressure relief valve installation shall com- the appurtenances will not be in an area communicating ply with 3-6.2.6(i). directly with the driver or passenger compartment or with (d) Enclosures, structures, seals and conduits used to any space containing radio transmitters or other spark vent enclosures shall be fabricated of durable materials and producing equipment. This may be accomplished by 3- be designed to resist damage, blockage or dislodgement 6.2.7(axl)or(2). through movement of articles carried in the vehicle or by (1) Locating the container, including its appurtenant- the closing of luggage compartment enclosures or vehicle es,in an enclosure which is securely mounted to the vehicle, doors, and shall require the use of tools for removal. is gastight with respect to driver or passenger compartments and to any space containing radio transmitters or other 3-6.2•8 Pipe and Hose Installation. spark producing equipment, and which is vented outside. (a) The piping system shall be designed, installed, sup- the vehicle. ported, and secured in such a manner as to minimize the a. The luggage compartment (trunk) of a vehicle possibility of damage due to expansion,contraction, vibra- may constitute such an enclosure provided it meets all these tion, strains or wear, and to preclude any working loose requirements. while in transit. (2) Enclosing the container appurtenances and their (b) Piping(including hose)shall be installed in a protect- connections in a structure which is securely mounted on the ed location.If outside,piping shall be under the vehicle and container, is gastight with respect to the driver or passenger below any insulation or false bottom. Fastening or other 2-538 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 protection shall be installed to prevent damage due to vibration or abrasion. At each point where piping passes through sheet metal or a structural member, a rubber grommet or equivalent protection shall be installed to prevent chafing. (c) Fuel line piping which must pass through the floor of , a vehicle shall be installed to enter the vehicle through the floor directly beneath, or adjacent to, the container. If a branch line is required, the tee connection shall be in the main fuel line under the floor and outside the vehicle. (d) When liquid service lines of two or more individual containers are connected together,a spring loaded backflow check valve or equivalent shall be installed in each of the liquid lines prior to the point where the liquid lines tee together to prevent the transfer of LP-Gas from one con- tainer to another. (e) Exposed parts of the piping system shall either be of Figure 3-6.2.10 Example of Vehicle Identification Marking. corrosion-resistant material or adequately protected against exterior corrosion. (f) Piping systems, including hose, shall be tested and proven free of leaks at not less than normal operating pressure. (g) There shall be no fuel connection between a tractor 3-6.3 Industrial (and Forklift)Trucks Powered by LP-Gas. and trailer or other vehicle units. 3-6.3.1 This subsection applies to LP-Gas installation on (h) A hydrostatic relief valve shall be installed in each industrial trucks (including forklift trucks) both to propel section of piping (including hose) in which liquid LP-Gas them and to provide the energy for their materials handling can be isolated between shutoff valves so as to relieve to a attachments. LP-Gas fueled industrial trucks shall comply safe atmosphere the pressure which could develop from the with NFPA 505, Firesafety Standard for Powered Industrial trapped liquid. This hydrostatic relief valve shall have a Trucks. pressure setting not less than 400 psig (2.8 MPa gauge) or more than 500 psig(3.5 MPa gauge). 3-6.3.2 ASME and DOT fuel containers shall comply with 3-6.2.2 and 3-6.2.3(a)(1) through (7). 3-6.2.9 Equipment Installation. (a) Portable containers may be designed, constructed, (a) Installation shall be made in accordance with the and fitted for filling in either the vertical or horizontal manufacturer's recommendations and, in the case of listed position, or if of the portable universal type [see 2- or approved equipment, it shall be installed in accordance 3.4.2(c)(2)], in either position.The container shall be in the with the listing or approval. appropriate position when filled or, if of the portable (b) Equipment installed on vehicles shall be considered a universal type, may be loaded in either position, provided: part of the LP-Gas system on the vehicle and shall be (1) The fixed level gauge indicates correctly the maxi- protected against vehicular damage in accordance with mum permitted filling level in either position. 3-6.2.6(a). (2) The pressure relief valves are located in, or con- (c) The gas regulator and the approved automatic shutoff nected to, the vapor space in either position. valve shall be installed as follows: (1) Approved automatic pressure reducing equipment, 3-6.3.3 The container relief valve shall be vented upward properly secured, shall be installed between the fuel supply within 45 degrees of vertical and otherwise comply with container and the carburetor to regulate the pressure of the 3-6.2.6(i). fuel delivered to the carburetor. (2) An approved automatic shutoff valve shall be 3-6.3.4 Gas regulating and vaporizing equipment shall provided in the fuel system in compliance with 3-6.2.4(d). comply with 3-6.2.4(b)(1) through (5) and 3-6.2.4(c), (d), (d) Vaporizers shall be securely fastened in position. and (e). 3-6.2.10 Marking. Each over-the-road general purpose 3-6-3.5 Piping and hose shall comply with 3-6.2.5(a) vehicle powered by LP-Gas shall be identified with a through(d)except that hose 60 in.(1.5 m)in length or less weather-resistant diamond shaped label located on an exte- need not be of stainless steel wire braid construction. rior vertical or near vertical surface on the lower right rear 3-6.3.6 Industrial trucks (including forklift trucks) pow- ofthe vehicle(on the trunk lid of a vehicle so equipped,but ered by LP-Gas engine fuel systems shall comply as to not on the bumper any vehicle) inboard from any other operation with NFPA 505,Firesafety Standard for Powered markings. The labell shall be approximately 4-/4 in. (120 Industrial Trucks, and with the following: mm) long by .3-1/4 in. (83 mm) high. The marking shall g: consist of a border and the letters "PROPANE" [I in. (25 (a) Refueling of such trucks shall be accomplished as mm)minimum height centered in the diamond]of silver or follows: white reflective luminous material on a black background. (1) Trucks with permanently mounted containers shall (See Figure 3-6.2.10.) be refueled out-of-doors. 2-539 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (2) Exchange of removable fuel containers preferably (b) The storage of LP-Gas containers mounted or used should be done out-of-doors, but may be done indoors. If on such machinery or equipment shall comply with Chapter done indoors, means shall be provided in the fuel piping 5. system to minimize the release of fuel when containers are (1) A label shall be affixed to the machinery or equip- exchanged,using one of the following methods: ment, with the label facing the operator,denoting that the a. Use of an approved quick-closing coupling (a container or portion of the machinery or equipment con- type closing in both directions when uncoupled)in the fuel taining the LP-Gas container,must be stored in accordance line,or with Chapter 5. b. Closing the shutoff valve at the fuel container, and allowing the engine to run until the fuel in the line is 3-6.5 Engine Installation Other than on Vehicle. exhausted. 3-6.5.1 Stationary engines and gas turbines installed in (b) LP-Gas fueled industrial trucks may be used in build- buildings, including portable engines used in lieu of, or to ings or structures as follows: supplement, stationary engines, shall comply with NFPA (1) The number of fuel containers on such a truck shall 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary not exceed two. Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, and the applicable (2) With the approval of the authority having jurisdic- provisions of Chapters I and 2 and Section 3-2 of this tion,industrial trucks may be used in buildings frequented standard. by the public, including the times when such buildings are occupied by the public.The total water capacity of the fuel 3-6.5.2 Portable engines, except as provided in 3-6.4.1, containers on an individual truck shall not exceed 105 lb may be used in buildings only for emergencies and the (48 kg)[nominal 45 lb(20 kg)LP-Gas capacity). following shall apply: (3) Trucks shall not be parked and left unattended in (a) The capacity of the LP-Gas containers used with such areas occupied by or frequented by the public except with engines and the equipment used to provide fuel to them the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. If so left, shall comply with the applicable provisions of Section 3-4. the fuel system shall be checked to be sure there are no leaks (b) An approved automatic shutoff valve shall be provid- and that the container shutoff valve is closed. ed in the fuel system in compliance with 3-6.2.4(d).Atmos- (4) In no case shall industrial trucks be parked and left pheric type regulators (zero governors) used for portable unattended in areas of excessive heat or near sources of engines of 12 horsepower or less with magneto ignition and ignition. used exclusively outdoors shall be considered as in compli- ance with 3-6.2.4(d). (c) Provision shall be made to supply sufficient air for 3-6.4 General Provisions for Vehicles Having Engines combustion and cooling. Exhaust gases shall be discharged Mounted on Them (Including Floor Maintenance Ma- to a point outside the building,or to an area in which they chines). will not constitute a hazard. 3-6A.1 This subsection includes provisions for the instal- 3-6.5.3 Piping and hose shall comply with 3-6.2.5(a) latinn of equipment on vehicles to supply LP-Gas as a fuel through (d). for engines mounted on these vehicles.The term"vehicles" includes floor maintenance and any other readily portable mobile unit, whether the engine is used to propel it or is 3-6.5.4 Gas regulating,vaporizing,and carburetion equip- mounted on it for other purposes. ment shall comply with 3-6.2.4(b)(1)through(5), 3-6.2.4(c) and 3-6.2.4(e). 3-6.4.2 Gas vaporizing,regulating and carburetion equip- ment to provide LP-Gas as a fuel for engines shall be 3-6.5.5 Installation of piping,carburetion,vaporizing,and installed in accordance with 3-6.2.8 and 3-6.2.9. regulating equipment for the engine fuel system shall com- a) In the case of industrial trucks (including forklift ply with 3-6.2.8 and 3-6.2.9. trucks)and other engines on vehicles operating in buildings other than those used exclusively to house engines, an approved automatic shutoff valve shall be provided in the 3-6.5.6 Engines installed or operated exclusively outdoors fuel system in compliance with 3-6.2.4(d). shall comply with 3-6.5.3, 3-6.5.4 and 3-6.5.5. (b) The source of air for combustion shall be completely (a) Atmospheric type regulators (zero governor) shall be isolated from the driver and passenger compartment,venti- considered as automatic shutoff valves only in the case of lating system or air conditioning system on the vehicle. completely outdoor operations, such as farm tractors,con- struction equipment or similar outdoor engine applications. 3-6.4.3 Piping and hose shall comply with 3-6.3.5. 3-6.4.4 Non-self-propelled floor maintenance machinery �'5.7 Engines used to drive portable compressors shall be equipped with exhaust system spark arrestors and shield- (floor polishers,scrubbers,buffers)and other similar porta- ble equipment shall be listed and comply with 3-6.4.4(a) ed ignition systems. and(b). (a) The provisions of 3-6.3.2 through 3-6.3.5 and 3-6.6 Garaging of Vehicles. 3-6.3.6(a) and (b) shall apply. 3-6.6.1 Vehicles with LP-Gas engine fuel systems mounted 2-540 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 on them and general purpose vehicles propelled by LP-Gas 3-7.2.6 The heating medium piping into and from the engines may be stored or serviced inside garages,provided: vaporizer shall be provided with a suitable means for (a) The fuel system is leak free and the container(s)is not preventing the flow of gas into a heating system which is filled beyond the limits specified in Chapter 4. supplying heat to areas other than the LP-Gas facility in the (b) The container shutoff valve is closed when vehicles or event of a tube rupture in the vaporizer. If the device engines are under repair except when engine is operated. supplying the heat to the vaporizer is for that purpose only, (c) The vehicle is not parked near sources of heat, open the device, or the piping to and from the device, shall flames,or similar sources of ignition,or near inadequately contain a relief valve, vented to the outside, to relieve ventilated pits. excessive pressure in the event of a tube rupture in the vaporizer. 3-7 Vaporizer Installation. 3-7.2.7 Gas-fired heating systems supplying heat for va- 3-7.1 Application. porization purposes shall be equipped with automatic safe- 3-7.1.1 This section applies to the installaton of vaporiz- ty devices to shut off gas to the main burners if the pilot ing devices covered in 2-5.4.It does not apply to engine fuel light should fail. vaporizers, or to integral vaporizing-burners such as those used for weed burners or tar kettles. 3-7.2.8 Vaporizers may be an integral part of a fuel storage container, directly connected to either the liquid or vapor 3-7.2 Installation of Indirect-Fired Vaporizers. space, or to both. A limit control shall be provided to prevent the heater from raising the product pressure above 3-7.2.1 Indirect-fired vaporizers shall comply with 2-5.4.2, the design pressure of the vaporizer equipment, or the and shall be installed as provided in 3-7.2.2 through 3-7.2.9. pressure within the storage container above the pressure shown in the first column of Table 2-2.2.2 corresponding 3-7.2.2 Indirect vaporizers may be installed out-of-doors, with the design pressure of the container(or its 1980 Code in buildings used exclusively for gas manufacturing or equivalent—see Note 1 of Table 2-2.2.2). distribution, or in separate structures constructed in ac- cordance with Section 7-2.Any such buildings shall be well 3-7.2.9 Atmospheric vaporizers employing heat from the ventilated near the floor line and roof. ground or surrounding air shall be installed as follows: (a) Buried underground, or 3-7.2.3 Indirect vaporizers may also be installed in struc- (b) Located inside a building close to the point of entry of tures attached to, or rooms within, buildings not used for the supply pipe,provided the capacity of the unit does not gas manufacturing or distribution, provided such attached exceed one quart(0.9 L). structures or rooms comply with Section 7-3,and that there (c) Vaporizers of less than one quart(0.9 L)capacity,not are no openings of any sort from the vaporizer room into equipped with pressure relief valves[see 2-5.4.2(e)],may be the building or structure of which it is a part. installed provided one of the authorities listed in 1-3.1.1 certifies that it is safe without such a valve. 3-7.2.4 The housing for the vaporizer covered by 3-7.2.2 (d) Vaporizers designed primarily for domestic service or 3-7.2.3 shall not have any unprotected drains to sewers or shall be protected against tampering and physical damage. sump pits. Pressure relief valves on vaporizers within buildings in industrial or gas manufacturing plants shall be 3-73 Installation of Direct Gas-Fired Vaporizers. piped to a.point outside the building and shall discharge 3-73.1 Direct gas-fired vaporizers shall comply with vertically upward. 2-5.4.3,and shall be installed as provided in 3-7.3.2 through 3-7.3.6. 3-7.25 The device supplying the heat necessary for pro- ducing steam,hot water,or other heating medium may be 3-73.2 Direct gas-fired vaporizers may be installed out-of-- installed out-of-doors,in a separate building,or in a struc- doors or in separate structures constructed in accordance ture attached to,or room within,another gas manufacturing with Section 7-2.Any such buildings shall be well ventilated or distributing building (but not buildings used for other near the floor line and roof. purposes),provided: (a) The housing provided shall comply with either Sec- 3-73.3 Direct gas-fired vaporizers may also be installed in tion 7-2 or 7-3, and shall be well ventilated near the floor structures attached to, or in rooms within, a gas manufac- line and roof. turing or distributing structure(but not buildings used for (b) The heat supplying device, if out-of-doors, or the other purposes), provided: housing in which it is installed,shall be located with respect (a) The housing provided shall comply with Section 7-3, to other LP-Gas facilities and operations as required by and shall be well ventilated near the floor line and roof. Section 3-8. If the heat supplying device is gas-fired and is (b) The wall separating it from all other compartments or packaged with the vaporizer,or installed within 15 ft(5 m) rooms containing LP-Gas vaporizers, pumps, and central of the vaporizer,it shall be subject to the provisions of 3-7.3 gas mixing devices shall have no openings. covering installation of direct gas-fired vaporizers. 3-73.4 The housing for the vaporizer covered in 3-7.3.2 Exception: The requirements of 3-7.2.5 are not'applicable and 3-7.3.3 shall not have unprotected drains or sump pits. to domestic water heaters supplying heat for domestic system Pressure relief valves on vaporizers within buildings in vaporizers. industrial or gas manufacturing plants shall be piped to a 2-541 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE point outside the building and shall discharge vertically upward. shall be installed as follows: (a) Vaporizing-burners shall be installed outside of build- 3-735 Direct gas-fired vaporizers may be connected to ings. The minimum distance between any container and a the liquid space or to both the liquid and the vapor space of vaporizing-burner shall be in accordance with Table 3-7.5.1. the container, but in any case there shall be a manually operated shutoff valve in each connection at the container, to permit completely shutting off all flow of vapor or liquid. Table 3-75.1 3-73.6 Direct gas-fired vaporizers of any capacity shall be Container Water Capacity Minimum Distance Required located in accordance with Table 3-7.3.6. 500 gal or less 10 ft(3 m) 501 to 2000 gal 25 ft(7.6 m) Table 3-73.6 Over 2000 gal 50 ft(15 m) Exposure Minimum Distance Required For SI Units: 1 gal= 3.785 L Container 10 ft(3 m) Container shutoff valves 15 ft(5 m) (b) Manually operated positive shutoff valves shall be Point of transfer 15 ft(5 m) located at the containers to shut off all flow to the vaporizing-burners. Nearest important building or group of buildings or line of 3-7.6 Installation of Waterbath Vaporizers. adjoining property which may be built upon(except buildings in 3-7.6.1 Waterbath vaporizers shall comply with 2-5.4.4 which vaporizer is installed;see and shall be installed as follows: 3-7.3.2 and 3-7.3.3). 25 ft(7.6 m) Ch.7 building or room housing (a) If a waterbath vaporizer is electrically heated and all gas-air mixer 10 ft(3 m) electrical equipment is suitable for Class 1, Group D Cabinet housing gas-air mixer locations, the unit shall be treated as indirect-fired and outdoors 0 ft(0 m) installed in accordance with 3-7.2. (b) All others shall be treated as direct-fired vaporizers and installed in accordance with 3-7.3. 3-7A Installation of Direct Gas-Fired Tank Heaters. 3-7A.1 Gas-fired tank heaters shall comply with 2-5.4.6, 3-7.7 Installation of Electric Vaporizers. and shall be installed as follows: 3-7.7.1 Electric vaporizers whether direct immersion or (a) The container heated by a direct gas-fired tank heater indirect immersion shall be treated as indirect-fired and shall be located in accordance with Table 3-7.4.1 with installed in accordance with 3-7.2. respect to the nearest important building, group of build- 3-7 8 Installation of Gas-Air Mixers. ings or line of adjoining property which may be built upon. 3-7.8.1 Gas-air mixing equipment shall comply with Table 3-7.4.1 2-5.4.8(a)through (e)and shall be installed as follows: (a) When used without vaporizer(s), mixer(s) may be Container Water Capacity Minimum Distance Required installed out-of-doors or in buildings complying with Chap- 500 gal or less 10 ft(3 m) ter 7. 501 to 2000 gal 25 ft(7.6 m) (b) When used with indirect heated vaporizer(s),mixer(s) 2001 to 30,000 gal 50 ft(15 m) may be installed out-of-doors,or in the same compartment 30,001 to 70,000 gal 75 ft(23 m) or room with the vaporizer(s),in building(s)complying with 70,001 to 90,000 gal 100 ft(30 m) Chapter 7, or may be installed remotely from the vaporiz- 90,001 to 120,000 gal 125 ft(38 m) er(s)and shall be located in accordance with 3-7.2. For SI Units: 1 gal=3.785 L (c) When used with direct-fired vaporizer(s), mixer(s) shall be installed as follows: (b) Direct gas-fired tank heaters shall be attached to (1) Listed or approved in a common cabinet with the aboveground containers only. vaporizer(s)out-of-doors in accordance with 3-7.3.6. (c) If a point of transfer is located within 15 ft(5 m)of a (2) Out-of-doors on a common skid with the vaporiz- direct gas-fired tank heater,the heater burner and pilot shall er(s) in accordance with 3-7.3. be shut off during the product transfer and a caution notice (3) Installed adjacent to the vaporizer(s)to which it is shall be displayed immediately adjacent to the filling con- connected in accordance with 3-7.3. nections,stating the following: (4) In a building complying with Chapter 7 with no "A gas-fired device which contains a source of ignition is direct-fired vaporizer in the same room. connected to this container.Burner and pilot must be shut off before filling tank." 3-7.8.2 Listed vaporizer-mixers in a common cabinet hav- ing a direct-fired type vaporizer shall be installed outdoors 3-7.5 Installation of Vaporizing-Burners. in accordance with the distance provisions in 3-7.3. Listed 3-7.5.1 Vaporizing-burners shall comply with 2-5.4.7 and vaporizer-mixers not in a common cabinet having an 2-542 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 indirect-fired type vaporizer may be installed in a building heat sources shall not be permitted in pump houses or or structure complying with Chapter 7 provided there is no container filling rooms. source of ignition in such building or structure. 3-8.3.2 Open flames (except as provided for in Section 3-8 Ignition Source Control. 3-7), cutting or welding, portable electric tools and exten- 3-8.1 Application. sion lights capable of igniting LP-Gas shall not be permitted 3-8.1.1 This section includes provisions to minimize the within classified areas specified in Table 3-8.2.2 unless the possibility of ignition of flammable LP-Gas-air mixtures LP-Gas facilities have been freed of all liquid and vapor,or resulting from the normal or accidental release of nominal special precautions observed under carefully controlled quantities of liquid or vapor from LP-Gas systems installed conditions. and operated in accordance with this standard. 3-8.4 Control of Ignition Sources during Transfer. 3-8.1.2 Liquefied petroleum gas storage containers do not 3-8.4.1 Sources of ignition shall be carefully controlled require lightning protection(see NFPA 78,Lightning Protec- during transfer operations,while connections or disconnec- tion Code). tions are made, or while LP-Gas is being vented to the atmosphere. In addition to the other provisions of Section 3-8.13 Since liquefied petroleum gas is contained in a 3-8, the following shall apply: closed system of piping and equipment,the system need not (a) Internal combustion engines within 15 ft (5 m) of a be electrically conductive or electrically bonded for protec- point of transfer shall be shut down while such transfer tion against static electricity (see NFPA 77, Recommended operations are in progress,except as follows: Practice on Static Electricity). (1) Engines of LP-Gas cargo vehicles constructed and 3-8.2 Electrical Equipment. operated in compliance with Chapter 6 while such engines are driving transfer pumps or compressors on these vehicles 3-8.2.1 Electrical equipment and wiring shall be of a type to load containers as provided in 4-3.2.1. specified by and shall be installed in accordance with NFPA (2) Engines installed in buildings as provided in 3-6.3. 70,National Electrical Code®,for ordinary locations except that fixed electrical equipment in classified areas shall (b) Smoking, open flames, metal cutting or welding, comply with 3-8.2.2. portable electrical tools, and extension lights capable of igniting LP-Gas shall not be permitted within 15 ft(5 m)of 3-8.2.2 Fixed electrical equipment and wiring installed a point of transfer while filling operations are in progress. within classified areas specified in Table 3-8.2.2 shall com- Care shall be taken to assure that materials which have been ply with Table 3-8.2.2 and shall be installed in accordance heated have cooled before the transfer is started. with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. This provision (c) Sources of ignition, such as pilot lights, burners, does not apply to fixed electrical equipment at residential or electrical appliances, and engines, located on the vehicle commercial installations of LP-Gas systems or to systems being refueled shall be turned off during the filling of any covered by Section 3-9. LP-Gas container on the vehicle. Sphere having radius 3-8.4.2 Transfers to containers serving agricultural or in- of 15 ft-Division 2 dustrial equipment requiring refueling in the field shall Sphere having comply with the following: radius of 5 ft- (a) Air moving equipment,such as large blowers on crop Horizontal Division 1 driers or on space heaters,shall be shut down while contain- equator of i"— ers are being refilled, unless the point of transfer is at least sphere 50 ft (15 m) from the air intake of the blower. Point of connection (b) Equipment employing open flames, or equipment j or source of with integral containers such as flame cultivators, weed Grade level excessive release burners, tractors, large blower type space heaters, or tar of liquid or gas yp p kettles shall be shut down while refueling. Cylindrical volume- Division 2 (includes 3-9 LP-Gas Systems on Vehicles(Other than Engine Fuel bottom half of 15-ft Systems). radius sphere) 3-9.1 Application. Figure 3-8.2.2 (See Table 3-8.2.2.) 3-9.1.1 This section applies to non-engine fuel systems on commercial, industrial, construction, and public service 3-8.2.3 Electrical equipment installed on LP-Gas cargo vehicles such as trucks, semitrailers, trailers, portable tar vehicles shall comply with 6-1.1.4. kettles, road surface heating equipment, mobile laborato- ries,clinics,and mobile cooking units(such as catering and 3-8.3 Other Sources of Ignition. canteen vehicles). LP-Gas systems on such vehicles may be 3-8.3.1 Open flames or other sources of ignition.shall not either vapor-withdrawal or liquid-withdrawal type. Includ- be permitted in pump houses, container filling rooms or ed are provisions for installations served by exchangeable other similar locations. Direct-fired vaporizers or indirect- (removable)container systems and by permanently mount- fired vaporizers attached or installed adjacent to gas-fired ed containers. 2-543 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table 3-8.2.2 Equipment Shall Be Suitable for National Electrical Code, Part Location Extent of Classified Area' Class 1,Group D2 A Storage Containers Other Than DOT Cylin- Within 15 feet in all directions from con- Division 2 ders and ASME Vertical Containers of Less nections,except connections otherwise cov- Than 1000 lb Water Capacity. ered in Table 3-8.2.2. B Tank Vehicle and Tank Car Loading and Within 5 feet in all directions from connec- Division 1 Unloading.' tions regularly made or disconnected for product transfer. Beyond 5 feet but within 15 feet in all Division 2 directions from a point where connections are regularly made or disconnected and within the cylindrical volume between the horizontal equator of the sphere and grade. (See Figure 3-8.2.2) C Gage Vent Openings Other Than Those on Within 5 feet in all directions from point of Division l DOT Cylinders and ASME Vertical Con- discharge: tainers of Less Than 1000 lb Water Capaci- ty. Beyond 5 feet but within 15 feet in all Division 2 directions from point of discharge. D Relief Device Discharge Other Than Those Within direct path of discharge. Division 1 on DOT Cylinders and ASME Vertical Con- Note.Fixed electrical equipment tainers of Less Than 1000 lb Water Capaci- should preferably not be installed. ty. Within 5 feet in all directions from point of Division 1 discharge. Beyond 5 feet but within 15 feet in all Division 2 directions from point of discharge except within the direct path of discharge. E Pumps, Vapor Compressors, Gas-Air Mix- ers and Vaporizers (other than direct-fired or indirect-fired with an attached or adja- cent gas-fired heat source). Indoors without ventilation. Entire room and any adjacent room not Division I separated by a gastight partition. Within 15 feet of the exterior side of any Division 2 exterior wall or roof that is not vaportight or within 15 feet of any exterior opening. Indoors with adequate ventilation.' Entire room and any adjacent room not Division 2 separated by a gastight partition. Outdoors in open air at or abovegrade. Within 15 feet in all directions from this Division 2 equipment and within the cylindrical vol- ume between the horizontal equator of the sphere and grade.(See Figure 3-8.2.2.) F Service Station Dispensing Units. Entire space within dispenser enclosure, Division 1 and 18 inches horizontally from enclosure exterior up to an elevation 4 feet above dispenser base. Entire pit or open space beneath dispenser. Up to 18 inches abovegrade within 20 feet Division 2 horizontally from any edge of enclosure. Note:For pits within this area,see Part G of this table. (Continued) 2-544 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Table 3-8.2.2(coat.) Equipment Shall Be Suitable for National Electrical Code, Put Location Extent of Classified Area' Class 1,Group W G Pits or Trenches Containing or Looted Be- neath LP-Gas Valves,Pumps,Vapor Com- pressors, Regulators, and Similar Equip- ment. Without mechanical ventilation. Entire pit or trench. Division 1 Entire room and any adjacent room not Division 2 separated by a gastight partition. Within 15 feet in all directions from pit or Division 2 trench when located outdoors. With adequate mechanical ventilation. Entire pit or trench. Division 2 Entire room and any adjacent room not Division 2 separated by a gastight partition. Within 15 feet in all directions from pit or Division 2 trench when located outdoors. H Special Buildings or Rooms for Storage Entire room. Division 2 of Portable Containers. I Pipelines and Connections Containing Op- Within 5 feet in all directions from point of Division I erational Bleeds,Drips,Vents or Drains. discharge. Beyond 5 feet from point of discharge,same as Part E of this table. J Container Filling: Indoors with adequate ventilation' Within 5 feet in all directions from connect Division 1 tions regularly made or disconnected for product transfer. Beyond 5 feet and entire room. Division 2 Outdoors in open air Within 5 feet in all directions from connec- Division 1 lions regularly made or disconnected for product transfer. Beyond 5 feet but within 15 feet in all Division 2 directions from a point where connections are regularly made or disconnected and within the cylindrical volume between the horizontal equator of the sphere and grade. (See Figure 3-8.2.2.) 'The classified area shall not extend beyond an unpierced wall,roof,or solid vaportight partition. =See Article 500"Hazardous(Classified)Locations"in NFPA 70(ANSI)for definitions of Classes, Groups,and Divisions. 'When classifying extent of hazardous area,consideration shall be given to possible variations in the spotting of tank cars and tank vehicles at the unloading points and the effect these variations of actual spotting point may have on the point of connection. 'Where specified for the prevention of fire or explosion during normal operation, ventilation is considered adequate where provided in accordance with the provisions of this standard. SI Conversions for Table 3-8.2.2 18 in.=256 mm 4 ft= 1.2 m 5ft= 1.5m 15ft= 5m 20ft=6m 2-545 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE .3-9.1.2 This section does not apply to: and installed so as to minimize the possibility of damage to (a) Systems installed on mobile homes. containers, their appurtenances or contents as follows: (b) Systems installed on recreational vehicles [see (a) Containers shall be installed with road clearance in 3-1.1.4(d)]. accordance with 3-6.2.6(e). (c) Tank trucks, truck transports (trailers and semitrail- (b) Fuel containers shall be securely mounted to prevent ers), and similar units used to transport LP-Gas as cargo, jarring loose and slipping or rotating, and the fastenings which are covered by Chapter 6. shall be designed and constructed to withstand without permanent visible deformation static loading in any direc- 3-9.13 LP-Gas engine fuel systems on the vehicles cov- tion equal to four times the weight of the container filled ered by Section 3-9 and those cited in 3-9.1.2 are covered by with fuel. When containers are mounted within a vehicle Section 3-6. housing, the securing of the housing to the vehicle shall comply with this provision. Any hoods, domes, or remov- 3-9.2 Construction, Location, Mounting and Protection of able portions of the housing or cabinet shall be provided Containers and Systems. with means to keep them firmly in place in transit. Field 3-9.2.1 Containers shall comply with Section 2-2 and welding shall comply with 3-2.3.1(e). appurtenances used to equip them for service shall comply (c) All container valves, appurtenances and connections with Section 2-3. In addition, 3-9.2.1(a) through (g) shall shall be adequately protected to prevent damage due to apply: accidental contacts with stationary objects, from loose (a) ASME containers shall be constructed for a minimum objects, stones, mud or ice, thrown up from the ground or 250 psig(1.7 MPa gauge)design pressure. floor, and from damage due to overturned or similar (b) Containers installed in enclosed spaces on vehicles vehicular accident. In the case of permanently mounted (including recesses or cabinets covered in 3-9.2.2) shall be containers,this provision may be met by the location on the constructed as follows: vehicle,with parts of the vehicle furnishing the protection. On portable(removable)containers the protection for con- (1) DOT cylinder specification containers shall be de- tainer valves and connections shall be permanently at- signed and constructed for at least a 240 psig (1.6 MPa tached to the container. (See 2-2.4.1 and 2-2.4.2.) Such gauge)service pressure. weather protection as may be necessary to ensure safe (2) ASME containers shall be constructed for at least a operation shall be provided for containers and systems 312.5 psig(2.2 MPa gauge)design pressure. mounted on the outside of the vehicle. (c) Portable (removable) containers shall comply with (d) Containers mounted on the interior of passenger- 2-2.4. carrying vehicles shall be installed in compliance with (d) Containers to be permanently mounted shall be con- 3-6.2.7. Pressure relief valve installations for such contain- structed so that, after mounting the protection of all con- ers shall comply with 3-6.2.6(i). tainer appurtenances and the connections to these appurte- nances,they comply with 3-9.2.3(c). 3-9.2.4 Containers installed on portable tar kettles along- (e) JLP-Gas fuel containers used on passenger-carrying side the kettle, or on the vehicle frame, or on road surface vehicles shall not exceed 200 gal (0.8 m3) aggregate water heating equipment, shall be protected against radiant or capacity. convected heat from open flame or other burners by the use (f) Individual LP-Gas containers used on other than of a heat shield or by the location of the container(s)on the passenger-carrying vehicles normally operating on the high- vehicle so as to prevent the temperature of the fuel in the way shall not exceed 300 gal (1 m3) water capacity. This container from becoming abnormally high. In addition,the shall not be construed as applying to the use of LP-Gas from following shall apply: the cargo tanks of vehicles covered by Chapter 6. (a) Container location, mounting and protection shall Exception: Containers on road surface heating equipment comply with 3-9.2.3(a), (b) and (c) except that the protec- shall not exceed 1000 gal(3.0 ml) water capacity. tion for DOT container valves need not be permanently attached to the container; however, the protection shall (g) Containers designed for stationary service only, and comply with 2-2.4.](a)and(b); not in compliance with 2-2.4, shall not be used. (b) Piping shall comply with 3-9.2.7(a), (b), (d), (e), (g), (h), and(i); 3-9.2.2 Containers utilized for the purposes covered by (c) Flexible connections shall comply with 2-4.6.1, this section shall not be installed, transported, or stored 2-4.6.2 and 2-4.6.3; (even temporarily) inside any vehicle covered by Section (d) Container valves shall be closed when burner is not in 3-9, except as provided in 3-9.2.3(d), Chapter 6, or as use; provided by applicable DOT regulations. The LP-Gas sup- (e) Containers shall not be refilled while burners are in ply system,including the containers,may be installed on the use as provided in 3-8.4.2(b). outside of the vehicle,or in a recess or cabinet vaportight to the inside of the vehicle but accessible from and vented to 3-9.2.5 Container appurtenances shall be installed in ac- the outside,with the vents located near the top and bottom cordance with 3-9.2.5(a)through(f). of the enclosure,and 3 ft(I m)horizontally away from any Container opening into the vehicle below the level of the vents. (a) Pressure relief devices shall be located and installed as follows: 3-9.2.3 Containers shall be securely mounted on the vehi- (1) Except as provided in 3-9.2.3(d), pressure relief cle, or within the enclosing recess or cabinet, and located devices on portable containers installed inside cabinets or 2-546 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 recesses complying with 3-9.2.2 may discharge within the (a) If a regulator(s) is(are) installed in conjunction with enclosure. the vapor withdrawal portion of an LP-Gas system installed (2) Relief device discharge outlets on containers in- upon a vehicle, (a)approved two stage regulator(s) shall be stalled on the outside of the vehicle shall be located: used. Such regulator(s) shall have a capacity not less than a. Outside of enclosed spaces, at least 3 ft (1 m) the total input of all LP-Gas appliances installed in the horizontally away from any opening into the vehicle below vehicle. The regulator(s) shall be mounted with the vent the level of such discharge, and as far as practicable from position downward within 45 degrees of vertical with the diaphragm area being drained. Regulators not installed in sources of ignition. compartments shall be equipped with a durable cover b. In such a manner as to minimize the possibility designed to protect the regulator vent opening from sleet, of impingement of escaping gas upon a container, vehicle snow, freezing rain, ice, mud, and wheel spray. parts or on other vehicles in adjacent lines of traffic. (3) Pressure relief device discharge lines shall be metal- NOTE: Durable means that the cover will not become lic and have a melting point over 1500°F (816°C). Relief brittle at temperatures as low as 40'F(40'C). valve adaptors installed directly in the relief valve to deflect (b) If a vehicle mounted regulator(s) is installed at or the flow upward shall be metallic and have a melting point below the floor level,it shall be installed in a compartment over 700'F(371'C). Discharge lines and adaptors shall be which provides protection against the weather and wheel sized,located and secured so as to permit sufficient pressure spray.The compartment shall be of sufficient size to permit relief device relieving capacity. Flexible metal hose or tool operation for connection to and replacement of the tubing used shall be able to withstand the pressure from the regulator(s), shall be vaportight to the interior of the vehi- relief device vapor discharge when the relief device is in full cle,shall have a 1 sq in.(6.5 cm2)minimum vent opening to open position. the exterior located within 1 in. (25 mm)of the bottom of (4) On vehicles used outdoors or in industrial loca- the compartment, and shall not contain flame-or spark- tions,means shall be provided(such as loose-fitting caps)to producing equipment. A regulator vent outlet shall be at minimize the possibility of the entrance of water or dirt into least 2 in. (51 mm)above the compartment vent opening. either the relief device or its discharge.piping.The protect- ing means shall remain in place except when the relief 3-9.2.7 Piping shall comply with Section 2-4 as to material device operates. In this event, it shall permit'the relief and design and shall be installed in accordance with 3-2.7, device to operate at sufficient capacity. except that steel tubing shall have a minimum wall thick- (b) The filling,withdrawal and equalizing connections of ness of 0.049 in.Paragraphs 3-9.2.7(a)through 0)shall also containers shall be equipped in compliance with 2-3.3.1 apply to piping systems on vehicles covered by Section 3-9. through 2-3.3.3(see"Used as Fuel on Vehicles,"Column 5 of (a) A flexible connector or a tubing loop shall be installed Table 2-3.3.2). between the regulator outlet and the piping system to (c) Main shutoff valves on container for liquid and vapor protect against expansion, contraction,jarring, and vibra- shall be readily accessible. tion strains. (d) Containers to be filled volumetrically shall be (b) In the case of removable containers, flexibility shall equipped with liquid level gauging devices as provided in be provided in the piping between the container and the gas 2-3.4. Portable containers may be designed, constructed, piping system or regulator. and fitted for filling in either the vertical or horizontal (c) Flexible connectors shall comply with 2-4.6 and be position or, if of the portable universal type [see 2- installed in accordance with 3-2.7.8(a). Flexible connectors 3.4.2(c)(2)]; in either position.The container shall be in the of more than 36 in.(914.4 mm)overall length,or fuel lines appropriate position when filled or, if of the portable of essentially all hose,shall be used only with the approval universal type, may be loaded in either position, provided: of the authority having jursidiction. (1) The fixed level gauge indicates correctly the maxi- (d) The piping system shall be designed, installed, sup- mum permitted filling level in either position. ported and secured in such a manner as to minimize the (2) The pressure relief devices are located in, or con- possibility of damage due to vibration,strains or wear,and nected to, the vapor space in either position. to preclude any working loose while in transit. (e) All container inlets and outlets,except pressure relief (e) Piping(including hose)shall be installed in a protect- devices and gauging devices, shall be labeled to designate ed location.If outside,piping shall be under the vehicle and whether they communicate with the vapor or liquid space. below any insulation or false bottom. Fastening or other Labels may be on valves. protection shall be installed to prevent damage due to (f) Containers from which only vapor is to be withdrawn vibration or abrasion. At each point where piping passes shall be installed and equipped with suitable connections to through sheet metal or a structural member, a rubber minimize the possibility of the accidental withdrawal of grommet or equivalent protection shall be installed to prevent chafing. liquid. (f) Gas piping shall be installed to enter the vehicle 3-9.2.6 Regulators shall comply with 2-5.1 and 2-5.8 and through the floor directly beneath, or adjacent to, the shall be installed in accordance with 3-2.5.If in an enclosed appliance served. If a branch line is required, the tee space, the regulator relief device and the space above the connection shall be in the main gas line under the floor and regulator and relief device diaphragms shall be vented to outside the vehicle. the outside air. Such venting is not required if the regulator (g) Exposed parts of the piping system shall either be of is located in a recess or cabinet as provided for in 3-9.2.2. corrosion-resistant material or adequately protected against 2-547 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE exterior corrosion. (3) Appliances shall be located so that a fire at any (h) Hydrostatic relief valves, complying with 24.7.1, appliance will not block egress of persons from the vehicle. shall be installed in isolated sections of liquid piping as (f) Provision shall be made in all appliance installations provided in 3-2.8. to ensure an adequate supply of outside air for combustion. (i) Piping systems, including hose, shall be tested and (g) A permanent caution plate shall be provided,affixed proven free of leaks in accordance with 3-2.9. either to the appliance, or to the vehicle outside of any 0) There shall be no fuel connection between a tractor enclosure and adjacent to the container(s), including the and trailer or other vehicle units. following items: 3-9.3 Equipment Installation. CAUTION 3-9.3.1 Equipment for installation on vehicles shall com- (1) Be sure all appliance valves are closed before open- ply with Section 2-5 as to design and construction,and shall be installed in accordance with 3-2.10,and with the follow- ing: (2) Connections at the appliances, regulators and con- (a) Installation shall be made in accordance with the tainers shall be checked periodically for leaks with soapy manufacturer's recommendations and,in the case of listed water or its equivalent. or approved equipment,as provided in the listing or appro- (3) Never use a match or flame to check for leaks. val. (4) Container valves shall be closed when equipment is (b) Equipment installed on vehicles shall be considered not in use. as part of the LP-Gas system on the vehicle and shall be protected against vehicular damage as provided for contain- 3-9.5 General Precautions. er appurtenances and connections in 3-9.2.3(c). 3-9.5.1 Containers on vehicles shall be filled or refilled as provided by 4-2.2.2. See 2-2.1.3 for requalification require- 3-9.4 Appliance Installation. ments for continued use or reinstallation. 3-9.4.1 The term "appliances" as used in this subsection 3-9.5.2 Mobile units containing hotplates and other cook- shall include any commercial or industrial gas consuming ing equipment, including mobile kitchens and catering device except engines. vehicles, shall be provided with at least one approved portable fire extinguisher rated in accordance with NFPA 3-9A.2 All gas consuming devices(appliances),other than 10,Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers,at not less than engines,installed on vehicles shall be approved as provided 10-B:C. 14 in 2-6.2, shall comply with 2-6.3 and shall be installed as 3-9.6 Parking,Servicing, and Repair. follows: (a) Whenever the device or appliance is of a type de- 3-9.6.1 Vehicles with LP-gas fuel systems mounted on them for purposes other than propulsion maybe parked, signed to be in operation while the vehicle is in transit,such as a cargo heater or cooler,suitable means to stop the flow serviced, or repaired inside buildings, in accordance with of gas in the event of a line break, such as an excess-flow 3-9.6.1(a)through(d). valve, shall be installed. Excess-flow valves shall comply (a) The fuel system shall be leak free and the container(s) with 2-4.5.3 and 2-3.3.3(b). shall not be filled beyond the limits specified in Chapter 4. (b) All gas-fired heating appliances shall be equipped (b) The container shutoff valve shall be closed except with safety shutoffs in accordance with 2-6.3.5(a) except when fuel is required for test or repair. those covered in 3-4.2.8(b). (c) The vehicle shall not be parked near sources of heat, (c) For installations on vehicles intended for human open flames,or similar sources of ignition,or near unventi- occupancy, all gas-fired heating appliances, except ranges lated pits. and illuminating appliances, shall be designed or installed (d) Vehicles having containers with water capacities larg- to provide for a complete separation of the combustion er than 300 gallons shall comply with the requirements of system from the atmosphere inside the vehicle.Combustion Section 6-6. air inlets and flue gas outlets shall be listed or certified as components of the appliance. 3-10 Fire Protection. (d) For installations on vehicles not intended for human 3-10.1 Application. occupancy,unvented-type gas-fired heating appliances may 3-10.1.1 This section includes provisions for fire protec- be used to protect the cargo. Provision shall be made to tion to augment the leak control and ignition source control provide air for combustion[see 3-9.4.260]and to dispose of provisions in this standard. the products of combustion to the outside. (e) Appliances installed within vehicles shall comply 3-10.2 General. with the following: 3-10.2.1 The wide range in size,arrangement and location (1) If in the cargo space,they shall be located so as to of LP-Gas installations covered by this standard precludes be readily accessible whether the vehicle is loaded or empty. the inclusion of detailed fire protection provisions com- (2) Appliances shall be so constructed or otherwise pletely applicable to all installations. Provisions in this protected as to minimize possible damage or impaired section are subject to verification or modification through operation due to cargo shifting or handling. analysis of local conditions. 2-548 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 3-10.2.2* The planning for effective measures for control insulation system shall be inherently resistant to weathering of inadvertent LP-Gas release or fire shall be coordinated and the action of hose streams. (See Appendix H.) with local emergency handling agencies, such as fire and police departments. Such measures require specialized 3-103.2 If mounding is utilized,the provisions of 3-2.3.7 knowledge and training not commonly present in the train- shall constitute adequate protection. ing programs of emergency handling agencies. Planning shall consider the safety of emergency personnel. 3-1033 If burial is utilized,the provisions of 3-2.3.8 shall constitute adequate protection. 3-10.23 Except as provided in 3-10.2.4 or 3-10.2.5, fire protection shall be provided for installations having storage 3-103.4 If water spray fixed systems are used, they shall containers with an aggregate water capacity of more than comply with NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed 4000 gal(15 m')subject to exposure from a single fire.The Systems for Fire Protection.Such systems shall be automati- mode of such protection shall be arrived at through compe- cally actuated by fire responsive devices and also have a tent fire safety analysis of local conditions of hazard within capability for manual actuation. the container site, exposure to or from other properties, water supply, the probable effectiveness of plant fire bri- 3-103.5 If monitor nozzles are used,they shall be located gades,and the time of response and probable effectiveness and arranged so that all container surfaces likely to be of fire departments. (See 3-2.2.8.) exposed to fire will be wetted.Such systems shall otherwise (a) The first consideration in such an analysis shall comply with NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed consist of the use of water applied by hose streams by the Systems for Fire Protection, and shall be automatically fire brigade or fire department for the effective control of actuated by fire responsive devices and also have a capabili- hazardous leakage or fire exposing storage tanks, cargo ty for manual actuation. vehicles or railroad tank cars which may be present. NOTE: Experience has indicated that hose stream applica- Chapter 4 LP-Gas Liquid Transfer lion of water in adequate quantities as soon as possible after the initiation of flame contact is an effective way to prevent container failure from fire exposure. The majority of large ¢1 Scope. containers exposed to sufficient fire to result in container pe• failure have failed in from 10 to 30 minutes after the start of 4-1.1 Application. the fire when water was not applied.Water in the form of a ¢l.l.l This chapter covers transfers of liquid LP-Gas spray can also be used to control unignited gas leakage. from one container to another whenever this transfer in- 3-10.2A If the analysis specified in 3-10.2.3 indicates a volves connections and disconnections in the transfer sys- serious hazard does not exist,the fire protection provisions tem,or the venting of LP-Gas to the atmosphere.Included of 3-10.2.3 need not apply. are provisions covering operational safety, location of transfer operations,and methods for determining the quan- 3-10.25 If the analysis specified in 3-10.2.3 indicates that tity of LP-Gas permitted in containers. a serious hazard exists and the provisions of 3-10.2.3 ¢1.1.2 Provisions for ignition source control at transfer cannot met, special protection (see definition) shall be locations are covered in Section 3-8.Fire protection shall be providedd in accordance with 3-10.3. in accordance with Section 3-10. 3-10.2.6 Suitable roadways or other means of access for ¢2 Operational emergency equipment, such as fire department apparatus, Safety. shall be provided. 4-2.1 Transfer Personnel. 4-2.1.1 Transfer operations shall be conducted by quali- 3-10.2.7 Each industrial plant, distributing plant and dis- fied personnel meeting the provisions of 1-6.1.1. At least tributing point shall be provided with at least one approved one qualified person shall remain in attendance at or near portable fire extinguisher having a minimum capacity of 20 the transfer operation from the time connections are made lb of dry chemical with a B:C rating. until the transfer is completed, shutoff valves are closed, and lines are disconnected. 3-10.2.8 LP-Gas fires shall not normally be extinguished until the source of the burning gas has been shut off or can 4-2.1.2 Transfer personnel shall exercise precaution to be shut off. assure that the LP-Gases transferred are those for which the transfer system and the containers to be filled are designed. 3-10.2.9 Emergency controls shall be conspicuously marked and the controls shall be located so as to be readily 4-2.2 Containers to Be Filled. accessible in emergencies. 4-2.2.1 Containers shall be filled only by the owner or 3-10.3 Special Protection. upon the owner's authorization. 3-10.3.1* If insulation is used, it shall be capable of 4-2.2.2 Valve outlets on containers of 108 lb(49 kg)water limiting the container temperature to not over 800*F capacity [nominal 45 lb (20 kg) propane capacity] or less (427*C)for a minimum of 50 minutes as determined by test shall be equipped with an effective seal such as a plug,cap or with insulation applied to a steel plate and subjected to a an approved quick closing coupling. This seal shall be in test flame substantially over the area of the test plate. The place whenever the container is not connected for use. 2-549 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Single trip nonrefillable, disposable, and new unused con- (a) A caution sign, such as "STOP. TANK CAR CON- tainers are excluded from this requirement. NECTED,"shall be placed at the active end(s)of the siding while car is connected as required by DOT Regulations. 4-2.23 Containers shall be filled only after determination (b) A wheel at each end of car shall be blocked on the that they comply with the design, fabrication, inspection, rails. marking, and requalification provisions of this standard. (See 2-2.1.2, 2-2.1.3. and 2-2.1.4.) 4-3 Location of Transfer Operations. 4-2.2A DOT specification cylinders authorized as"single 4-31 General. trip,""nonrefillable,"or"disposable"containers shall not 4-3.1.1 Liquid shall be transferred into containers,includ- be refilled with LP-Gas. ing containers mounted on vehicles, only outdoors or in structures especially designed for this purpose. 4-2.25 Containers into which LP-Gas is to be transferred (a) Structures housing transfer operations or converted shall comply with the following as to service or design for such use after December 31, 1972, shall comply with pressure in relation to the vapor pressure of the LP-Gas: Chapter 7. (a) For DOT specification cylinders,the service pressure (b) The transfer of liquid into containers on the roofs of marked on the container shall not be less than 80 percent of structures is prohibited. the vapor pressure of the LP-Gas at 130'17 (54.4°C). For example, if the vapor pressure of a commercial propane is 4-3.2 Containers in Stationary Installations. 300 psig.(2.0 MPa gauge) at 130°F (54.4°C), the service pressure must be at least 80 percent of 300,or 240 psig(1.6 4-3.2.1 Containers located outdoors in stationary.installa- tions MPa gauge). ( .�see definition) in accordance with Section 3-2, and (b) For ASME containers,the minimum design pressure equipped with appurtenances for filling at, or adjacent to, shall comply with Table 2-2.2.2 in relation to the vapor the container may be filled at that location,provided that a pressure of the LP-Gas. cargo vehicle is used for the delivery which complies with Chapter 6 as to construction and method of operation. 4-2.2.6 The provisions of 5-2.2.1 and 6-2.2.4(a) shall apply. 4-3.2.2 If the point of transfer (see definition) is not located at the container, it shall be located in accordance 4-23 Arrangement and Operation of Transfer Systems. with 4-3.3. 4-23.1 Liquid transfer may be accomplished by pressure differential,by gravity or by the use of pumps or compres- 4-33 Containers in Nonstationary Installations. sors complying with Section 2-5. 4-33.1 This subsection includes provisions for filling of 4-2.3.2 Compressors used for liquid transfer normally portable definition),containers including coart ntainers taof a stationary ted in tallation vehic es shall take suction from the vapor space of the container seebeing filled and dicharge into the vapor space of the (including recreational vehicles)and industrial and agricul- container from which the withdrawal is being made. tural equipment. 4-233 Transfer systems using positive displacement 4-3.3.2 The point of transfer(see definition)or the nearest pumps shall comply with 2-5.2.2. part of a structure housing transfer operations,whichever is closer, shall be located in accordance with Table 4-3.3.2 4-23.4 Transfer hose equipped with a shutoff valve at the with respect to various types of exposures. free end, so that the hose normally contains liquid (called (a) If the point of transfer is a component of a system "wet hose" by the industry), shall be protected against covered by Sections 3-6 or 3-9 or part of a system installed excessive hydrostatic pressure by the use of hydrostatic in accordance with standards referenced in 3-1.1.4,Parts 1, relief valves. (See 3-2.8.) 2 and 3 of Table 4-3.3.2 do not apply to the structure containing the point of transfer. NOTE: When hose is to be used for liquid transfer, this (b) If LP-Gas is vented to the atmosphere under the arrangement is recommended. conditions stipulated in 4-4.1.1(d), the distances in Table 4-3.3.2 shall be doubled. 4-235 The provisions of 3-2.7.9 shall apply. (c) If the point of transfer is housed in a structure 4-2.3.6 When a hose or swivel type piping is used for complying with Chapter 7, the distances in Table 4-3.3.2 loading or unloading railroad tank cars, an emergency may be reduced provided either the exposing wall(s)or the shutoff valve complying with 2-4.5.4 shall be used at the exposed wall(s) complies with 7-3.1.1(a). tank car end of the hose or swivel type piping. 4-3.4 Cargo Vehicles. 4-23.7 Transfer hoses larger than 1/2 in. (12 mm) internal 4-3.4.1 Cargo vehicles (see Section 6-3) unloading into diameter shall not be used for making connections to storage containers shall be at least 10 ft (3 m) from the individual containers being filled indoors. container and so positioned that the shutoff valves on both the truck and the container are readily accessible. In the 4-2.3.8 During the time the tank cars are on sidings for case of distributing points,such as LP-Gas service stations, loading or unloading, the following shall apply: the truck or transport shall not be parked on a public way. 2-550 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Table 4-33.2' 4-3.5.5 Isolation valving and bleed connections shall be Distance Between Point of Transfer and Exposures provided at the loading or unloading manifold for both liquid and vapor return lines so that hoses and arms can be Min.Horizontal blocked off, drained or pumped out, and depressurized Part Exposure Distance,Feet before disconnecting. Liquid isolation valves, regardless of (Meters) size,and vapor valves 8 in.(20 mm)and larger in size shall 1. Buildings'with fire resistive walls' 10(3) be equipped with powered operators in addition to means 2. Buildings'with other than fire resistive for manual operation.Power operated valves shall be capa- walls 25(7.6) ble of being closed from a remote control station located at 3. Building wall openings or pits at or least 50 ft(15 m)from the manifold area,as well as locally. below the level of the point of transfer 25(7.6) Unless the valve will automatically fail closed on loss of 4. Line of adjoining property which can power,the valve actuator and its power supply within 50 ft be built upon 25(7.6)5. Outdoor places of public assembly,in- (15 m) of the valve shall be protected against operational cluding school yards,athletic failure due to fire exposure of at least 10 minutes duration. fields and playgrounds 50(15) Valves shall be located at the point of hose or arm connec- 6. Public ways,including public streets, tion to the manifold. Bleeds or vents shall discharge to a highways,thoroughfares and sidewalks safe area. (a)From points of transfer in distributing points 10(3) 4-3.5.6 In addition to the isolation valves at the manifold, (b)From points of transfer in all other each vapor return and liquid transfer line shall be provided locations 25(7.6) with a readily accessible isolation valve located on shore 7. Driveways 5(1.5) near the approach to the pier or dock.Where more than one 8. Mainline railroad track centerlines 25(7.6) pp 9. Containers'other than those being line is involved,the valves shall be grouped in one location. filled 10(3) Valves shall be identified as to their service.Valves 8 in.(20 mm) and larger in size shall be equipped with power 'Table 4-3.3.2 is not applicable to the transfer operations covered in operators. Means for manual operation shall be provided. 4-3.2.1. "'Buildings," for the purpose of this table, include structures such as mobile homes,recreational vehicles,modular homes,tents and box trailers 4-3.5.7 Pipelines used for liquid unloading only shall be at construction sites. provided with a check valve located at the manifold adja- NValls constructed of noncombustible materials having,as erected,a fire cent to the manifold isolation valve. resistance of at least one hour as determined by NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. 'Not applicable to filling connections at the storage container or to 4-3.5.8 Marine terminals used for loading ships or barges dispensing units of 2000 gal(7.6 m')water capacity or less when used for shall be equipped with a vapor return line designed to filling containers not mounted upon vehicles. connect to the vessel's vapor return connections. 4-3.5 Marine Shipping and Receiving. 4-3.5.9 Prior to transfer, the officer in charge of vessel 4-3.5.1 Design, construction, and operation of piers, cargo transfer and the person in charge of the shore terminal docks, and wharves shall comply with relevant regulations shall inspect their respective facilities to ensure that transfer and the requirements of the authorities having jurisdiction. equipment is in proper operating condition. Following this inspection, they shall meet and determine the transfer NOTE: NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids procedure, verify that adequate ship-to-shore communica- Code, may be used for guidance as appropriate. tions exist, and review emergency procedures. 4-3.5.2 General cargo,other than ships'stores for the LPG tank vessel,shall not be handled over a pier or dock within 44 Venting LP-Gas to the Atmosphere: 100 ft(30 m)of the point of transfer connection while LPG or flammable fluids are being transferred through piping 44.1 General. systems. Ship bunkering may be done provided that bun- 44.1.1 Except as provided in 4-4.2 and 4-4.3,LP-Gas,in kering is from a pipeline, rather than a barge. either liquid or vapor form, shall not be vented to the 4-3.5.3 Vehicle traffic shall be prohibited on the pier or atmosphere except under the following conditions: dock within 100 ft (30 m) of the loading and unloading (a) Venting for the operation of fixed liquid level, rotary manifold while transfer operations are in progress.Suitable or slip tube gauges, provided the maximum flow does not warning signs or barricades shall be used to indicate when exceed that from a No. 54 drill orifice. transfer operations are in progress. (b) Venting the LP-Gas between shutoff valves before disconnecting the liquid transfer line from the container. 4-3.5.4 Pipelines shall be located on the dock or pier so When necessary, suitable bleeder valves shall be used. that they are not exposed to damage from vehicular traffic (c) LP-Gas may be vented for the purposes described in or other possible cause of physical damage. Underwater 4-4.1.1(a) and (b) within structures designed for container pipelines shall be located or protected so that they are not filling as provided in 4-3.1.1 and Chapter 7. exposed to damage from marine traffic and their locations (d) Venting vapor from listed liquid transfer pumps using shall be posted=or identified in accordance with federal such vapor as a source of energy, provided the rate of regulations. discharge does not exceed that from a No. 31 drill size NOTE: Refer to Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, opening. (See 4-3.3.2 as to location of such transfer opera- Part 195. tions.) 2-551 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 44.2 Purging. er depends upon the size of the container,,whether it is 44.2.1 Venting of gas from containers for purging or for installed aboveground or underground,the maximum per- other purposes shall be accomplished as follows: miffed filling density and the temperature of the liquid[see (a) If indoors, containers may be vented only in strut- Tables 4-5.2.3(a), (b), and(c)j. tunes designed and constructed for container filling in accordance with 4-3.1.1 and Chapter 7 and with the follow- Table 4-5.2.1 ing provisions: Maximum Permitted Filling Density (1) Piping shall be provided to carry the vented prod- uct outside and to a point at least 3 ft (1 m) above the Aboveground Containers highest point of any building within 25 ft(7.6 m). Specific 0 to 1200 U.S.Gal Over 1200 U.S.Gal Underground (2) Only vapors shall be exhausted to the atmosphere. Gravity (1000 Imp,gal, (1000 Imp.gal, Containers (3) If a vent manifold is used to allow for the venting of at 60"F 4.5 m� 4.5 m3) all more than one container at a time, each connection to the (15.6°C) Total Water Cap. Total Water Cap. Capacities vent manifold shall be equipped with a backflow check .496-.503 41% 44% 45% valve. .504-.510 42 45 46 (b) When out-of-doors, container venting shall be done .511-.519 43 46 47 under conditions that will result in rapid dispersion of the .520-.527 44 47 48 product being released.Consideration shall be given to such .528-.536 45 48 49 factors as distance to buildings,terrain,wind direction and .537-.544 46 49 50 velocity, and use of a vent stock so that a flammable •545-.552 47 50 51 .553-.560 48 51 52 mixture will not reach a point of ignition. .561-.568 49 52 53 (c) If conditions are such that venting into the atmos- .569-.576 50 53 54 phere cannot be accomplished safely, LP-Gas may be .577-.584 51 54 55 burned off providing such burning is done under controlled .585-.592 52 55 56 conditions remote from combustibles or a hazardous at- .593-.600 53 56 57 mosphere. 443 Emergency Venting. (b) The maximum volume"V,"(in percent of container 44.3.1 The procedure to be followed for the disposal of capacity)of an LP-Gas at temperature"t,"having a specific LP-Gas in an emergency will be dictated by the conditions gravity"G"and a filling density of"I.,"shall be computed present, requiring individual judgment in each case and by use of the formula(see Appendix F-4.1.2 for example): using,where practical,the provisions of this standard. 4.5 Quantity of LP-Gas in Containers. `r = G = F, orV, = GxFwhere: 4-5.1 Application. 4-5.1.1 This section includes provisions covering the max- imum permissible LP-Gas content of containers and the V,=percent of container capacity which may be filled with methods of verifying this quantity. liquid. 4-5.2 LP-Gas Capacity of Containers (see Appendix F). L = filling density. 4-5.2.1 The maximum LP-Gas content of any container G = specific gravity of particular LP-Gas. shall be that quantity which equals the maximum permitted F = correction factor to correct volume at temperature filling density given in Table 4-5.2.1. "t"to 60`F(15.6"C). 4-5.2.2 Filling density is defined as the ratio of the weight 4-53 Compliance with Maximum Permitted Filling Densi- of LP-Gas in a container to the weight of water at 60`17 ty Provisions. (15.6'C) that the container will hold. The maximum per- 4-53.1 The maximum permitted filling density for any mitted filling density shown in Table 4-5.2.1 is in percent of container, where practical, may be determined by weight. the water weight capacity(WWC)for the specific gravity of the particular LP-Gas, the size of the container and the 4-53.2 The volumetric method may be used for the fol- container location. lowing containers if designed and equipped for filling by volume: 4-5.23 Determination that the LP-Gas content of a con- (a) DOT specification cylinders of less than 200 lb(91 kg) twiner complies with Table 4-5.2.1 may be either by weight water capacity which are not subject to DOT jurisdiction or by volume in accordance with 4-5.3. If by volume, the (such as, but not limited to, motor fuel containers on volume having a weight equal to the maximum permitted vehicles not in interstate commerce or cylinders filled at the filling density shall be calculated by the formula in installation). 4-5.2.3(b). These equivalent volumes are shown in Tables (b) DOT specification cylinders of 200 lb (91 kg) water 4-5.2.3(a), (b), and (c). capacity or more. (See DOT regulations requiring spot (a) The maximum liquid LP-Gas content of any contain- weight checks.) 2-552 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 (c) Cargo tanks or portable tank containers complying rection is used, the liquid level indicated by these gauges with DOT Specifications MC-330, MC-331 or DOT 51. must be computed on the basis of the maximum permitted (d) ASME and API-ASME containers complying with filling density when the liquid is at 40°F(4.4'C)for above- 2-2.1.3 or 2-2.2.2. ground containers or at 50°F(10°C) for underground con- tainers. 4-5.33 When the volumetric method is used,it shall be in (b) When a variable liquid level gauge is used and the accordance with 4-5.3.3(a)through(c). liquid volume is corrected for temperature, the maximum (a) If a maximum fixed liquid level gauge, or a variable permitted liquid level shall be in accordance with Tables liquid level gauge without liquid volume temperature cor- 4-5.2.3(a),(b), and(c). Table 4-5.2.3(a) Maximum Permitted Liquid Volume (Percent of Total Water Capacity) Aboveground Containers 0 to 1200 Gallons(0 to 4.5 m') Specific Gravity Liquid .496 504 .511 .520 .528 .537 .545 .553 .561 569 .577 .585 .593 Temperature to to to to to to to to to to to to to °F(°C) .503 .510 .519 .527 .536 544 .552 .560 .568 .576 .594 .592 .600 -50(-45.6) 70 71 72 73 74 75 75 76 77 78 79 79 80 -45(-42.8) 71 72 73 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 -40(-40) 71 72 73 74 75 75 76 77 78 79 79 80 81 -35(-37.2) 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 -30(-34.4) 72 73 74 75 76 76 77 78 78 79 80 81 81 -25(-31.5) 72 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 -20(-28.9) 73 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 79 80 81 81 82 -15(-26.1) 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 83 -10(-23.3) 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 79 80 81 81 82 83 - 5(-20.6) 74 75 76 77 78 78 79 80 80 81 82 82 83 0(-17.8) 75 76 76 77 78 79 '79 80 81 81 82 83 84 5(-15) 75 76 77 78 78 79 80 81 81 82 83 83 84 10(-12.2) 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 15(-9.4) 76 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 83 84 85 20(-6.7) 77 78 78 79 80 80 81 82 83 84 84 84 85 25(-3.9) 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 85 30(-1.1) 78 79 79 80 81 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 35(1.7) 78 79 80 81 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 86 -40(4.4) 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 45(7.8) 80 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 85 86 87 87 50(10) 80 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 86 87 88 55(12.8) 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 60(15.6) 82 82 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 65(18.3) 82 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 70(21.1) 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 75(23.9) 84 85 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 80(26.7) 85 85 86 86 87 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 85(29.4) 85 86 87 87 88 88 88 89 89 89 90 90 91 90(32.2) 86 87 87 88 88 88 89 89 90 90 90 91 91 95(35) 87 88 88 88 89 89 89 90 90 91 91 91 92 100(37.8) 88 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 105(40.4) 89 89 90 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 92 93 1 10(43) 90 90 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 115(46) 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 94 94 120(49) 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 125(51.5) 93 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 130(54) 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 'See 4-5.3.3(a). 2-553 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (c) In the case of containers fabricated after December indicated by the fixed maximum liquid level gauge, the 31, 1965,with a water capacity of 2,000 gal(7.6 m')or less reading of the variable gauge,adjusted for the error indicat- and which are filled at consumer sites,gauging shall comply ed by the check with the fixed maximum liquid level gauge, with the following: shall be corrected for the LP-Gas liquid temperature. (1) The variable gauge shall have been checked for 4-5.3.4 When containers are to be filled volumetrically by accuracy by comparison with the liquid level indicated by a variable liquid level gauge in accordance with 4-5.3.3(b), the fixed maximum liquid level gauge. provisions shall be made for determining the liquid temper- (2) If the container is to be filled beyond the level ature(see F-3.1.2). Table 4-5.2.3(b) Maximum Permitted Liquid Volume (Percent of Total Water Capacity) Aboveground Containers Over 1200 Gallons(4.5 ml) Specific Gravity Liquid A96 504 .511 520 .528 537 .545 553 .561 569 .577 .585 593 Temperature to to to to to to to to to to to to to -F('C) 503 510 519 527 .536 544 .552 560 .568 .576 584 .592 .600 —50(-45.6) 75 76 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 —45(-42.8) 76 77 78 78 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 84 85 —40(-40) 76 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 —35(-37.2) 77 78 78 79 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 —30(-34.4) 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 —25(-31.5) 78 79 79 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 —20(-28.9) 78 79 80 81 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 —15(-26.1) 79 79 80 81 82 82 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 —10(-23.3) 79 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 87 — 5(-20.6) 80 81 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 88 0(-17.8) 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 5(-15) 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 89 10(-12.2) 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 15(-9.4) ' 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 90 20(-6.7) 82 83 84 85 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 25(-3.9) 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 30(-1.1) 83 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 90 91 35(1.7) 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 -40(4.4) 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 45(7.8) 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 91 91 92 92 50(10) 86 87 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 55(12.8) 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 60(15.6) 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 93 65(18.3) 88 89 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 93 94 70(21.1) 89 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 94 75(23.9) 90 91 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 94 94 95 80(26.7) 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 85(29.4) 92 92 93 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 90(32.2) 93 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 95(35) 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 100(37.8) 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 105(40.4) 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 110(43) 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 98 99 115(46) 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 99 99 99 99 "See 4-5.3.3(a) 2-554 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Table 4-5.2.3(c) Maximum Permitted Liquid Volume (Percent of Total Water Capacity) All Underground Containers Specific Gravity Liquid A% .504 511 520 .528 537 S45 .553 561 569 577 585 593 Temperature to to to to to to to to to to to to to -F(-C) .503 510 .519 527 .536 544 552 S60 S68 576 584 592 .600 —50(-45.6) 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 —45(-42.8) 77 78 79 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 87 —40(-40) 78 79 80 81 81 82 83 83 84 85 86 86 87 —35(-37.2) 78 79 80 81 82 82 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 —30(-34.4) 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 88 —25(-31.5) 79 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 88 —20(-28.9) 80 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 —15(-26.1) 80 81 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 89 —10(-23.3) 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 — 5(-20.6) 81 82 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 0(-17.8) 82 83 84 84 85 85 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 5(-15) 82 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 90 90 10(-12.2) 83 84 85 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 15(-9.4) 84 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 91 91 20(-6.7) 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 25(-3.9) 85 86 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 30(-1.1) 85 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 35(1.7) 86 87 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 40(4.4) 87 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 45(7.8) 87 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 -50(10) 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 55(12.8) 89 89 90 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 60(15.6) 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 65(18.3) 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 96 70(21.1) 91 91 92 93 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 96 96 75(23.9) 92 93 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 80(26.7) 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 85(29.4) 94 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 90(32.2) 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 98 98 95(35) 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 99 100(37.8) 97 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 99 99 99 99 105(40.4) 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 99 'See 4-5.3.3(a). 2-555 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Chapter 5 Storage of Portable Containers Awaiting Use location shall not exceed 735 lb (334 kg) water capacity or Resale [nominal 300 lb (136 kg) LP-Gas]. If additional storage locations are required on the same floor within the same 5-1 Scope. building, they shall be separated by a minimum of 300 ft 5-1.1 Application. (91 m).Storage beyond these limitations shall comply with 5-1.1.1 The provisions of this chapter are applicable to the 5-3.3. storage of portable containers of 1,000 lb (454 kg) water 5-3.2.2 Containers carried as part of the service equip- capacity,or less,whether filled,partially filled or empty(if ment on highway mobile vehicles are not to be considered they have been in LP-Gas service)as follows: in the total storage capacity in 5-3.2.1 provided such (a) At consumer sites or distributing points, but not vehicles are stored in private garages and carry no more connected for use. than 3 LP-Gas containers with a total aggregate capacity per (b) In storage for resale by dealer or reseller. vehicle not exceeding 100 lb(45 kg)of LP-Gas. Container valves shall be closed when not in use. 5-1.1.2 The provisions of this chapter do not apply to: (a) Containers stored at distributing plants. 5-33 Storage within Special Buildings or Rooms. 5-33.1 The maximum quantity of LP-Gas which may be 5-2 General Provisions. stored in special buildings or rooms shall be 10,000 lb (4 5-2.1 General Location of Containers. 540 kg). 5-2.1.1 Containers in storage shall be so located as to 5-33.2 Special buildings or rooms for storing-LP-Gas minimize exposure to excessive temperature rise, physical containers shall not be located adjoining the line of proper- damage or tampering. ty occupied by schools, churches, hospitals, athletic fields, 5-2.1.2 Containers in storage having individual water ca- or other points of public gathering. pacity greater than 2 1h lb (I kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45 kg) 5-333 The construction of all such special buildings,and LP-Gas capacity]shall be positioned such that the pressure rooms within,or attached to,other buildings,shall comply relief valve is in direct communication with the vapor space with Chapter 7 and the following: of the container. (a) Adequate vents,to the outside only,shall be provided 5-2.13 Containers stored in buildings in accordance with at both top and bottom, located at least 5 ft (1.5 m) away Section 5-3 shall not be located near exits, stairways, or in from any building opening. areas normally used, or intended to be used, for the safe (b) The entire area shall be classified for purposes of egress of people. ignition source control in accordance with Section 3-8. 5-2.1A Empty containers which have been in LP-Gas 5-3.4 Storage Within Residential Buildings. service shall preferably be stored in the open. If stored 5-3.4.1 Storage of containers within a residential building inside, they shall be considered as full containers for the including the basement or any storage area in a common purposes of determining the maximum quantities of basement storage area in multiple family buildings and LP-Gas permitted in 5-3.1.1, 5-3.2.1,and 5-3.3.1. attached garages shall be limited to 2 containers each with a maximum water capacity of 2 1/2 lb(1.1 kg)and not exceed 5 5-2.15 Containers not connected for use shall not be Ibs (2.3 kg) total water capacity for smaller containers per stored on roofs. each living space unit. Each container shall meet DOT specifications. 5-2.2 Protection of Valves on Containers in Storage. 5-2.2.1 Container valves shall be protected as required by 54 Storage Outside of Buildings. 2-2.4.1. Screw-on type caps or collars shall be securely in 5-4.1 Location of Storage Outside of Buildings. place on all containers stored regardless of whether they are 54.1.1 Storage outside of buildings,for containers await- full,partially full or empty,and container outlet valves shall ing use or resale,shall be located in accordance with Table be closed and plugged or capped.The provisions of 4-2.2.2 5-4.1.1 with respect to: shall apply. 5-3 Storage within Buildings. 5-3.1 Storage within Buildings Frequented by the Public. Table 5-4.1.1 5-3.1.1 DOT specification cylinders with a maximum Distance to: water capacity of 2 1h lb (1 kg), used with completely Quantity of LP-Gas Stored (a)and(b) (c)and(d) self-contained hand torches and similar applications, may 500 lb(227 kg)or less 0 0 be stored or displayed in a building frequented by the 501 (227+ kg)to 2,500 lb public.The quantity of LP-Gas shall not exceed 200 lb(91 (1134 kg) 0 10 ft(3 m) kg)except as provided in 5-3.3. 2,501 (1134+ kg)to 6,000 lb(2721 kg) 10 ft(3 m) 10 ft(3 m) 5-3.2 Storage within Buildings Not Frequented by the 6,001 (2721+ kg)to 10,000 Public(Such as Industrial Buildings). lb(4540 kg) 20 ft(6 m) 20 ft(6 m) 5-3.2.1 The maximum quantity allowed in one storage Over 10,000 Ib(4540 kg) 25 ft(7.6 m) 25 ft(7.6 m) 2-556 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 (a) Nearest important building or group of buildings. on these vehicles as covered in 3-6.5, 3-6.6, 3-6.7, and (b) Line of adjoining property which may be built upon. Section 3-9. (c) Busy thoroughfares or sidewalks. (d) Line of adjoining property occupied by schools, 6-1.13 If LP-Gas is used for engine fuel,the supply piping churches,hospitals,athletic fields,or other points of public and regulating, vaporizing, gas-air mixing and carburetion gathering. equipment,shall be designed,constructed,and installed in accordance with Section 3-6. Fuel systems (including fuel 5-4.2 Protection of Containers. containers)shall be constructed and installed in accordance 54.2.1 Containers shall be stored within a suitable enclo- with Section 3-9. Fuel may be used from the cargo tank of sure or otherwise protected against tampering. tank trucks, but not from cargo tanks on trailers or semi- trailers. 54.3 Alternate Location and Protection of Storage. 6-1.1.4 No artificial light other than electrical shall be 5-4.3.1 When the provisions of 5-4.1.1 and 54.2.1 are used with the vehicles covered by this chapter.Wiring used impractical at construction sites, or at buildings or struc- shall have adequate mechanical strength and current- tures undergoing major renovation or repairs,the storage of carrying capacity with suitable overcurrent protection containers shall be acceptable to the authority having juris- (fuses or automatic circuit breakers) and shall be properly diction. insulated and protected against physical damage. 5-5 Fire Protection. 5-5.1 Fire Extinguisher Requirements. 6-2 Transportation in Portable Containers. 5-5.1.1 Storage locations, other than supply depots at 6-2.1 Application. separate locations apart from those of the dealer,reseller,or 6-2.1.1 This section applies to the vehicular transporta- user's establishments, shall be provided with at least one tion of portable containers filled with LP-Gas delivered as approved portable fire extinguisher having a minimum "packages," including containers built to DOT cylinder capacity of 20 lb dry chemical with a B:C rating. (Also see specifications and of other portable containers (such as NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.) DOT portable tank containers and skid tanks).The design and construction of these containers is covered in Chapter 2. Chapter 6 Vehicular Transportation of LP-Gas 6-2.2 Transportation of DOT Specification Cylinders or Portable ASME Containers. 6-2.2.1 Portable containers having an individual water 6-1 Scope• capacity not exceeding 1,000 lb (454 kg) nominal 420 lb 6-1.1 Application. (191 kg)LP-Gas capacity],when filled with LP-Gas,shall be 6-1.1.1 This chapter includes provisions applying to con- transported in accordance with 6-2.2.2 through 6-2.2.9 triners, container appurtenances, piping, valves, equip- ment,and vehicles used in the transportation of LP-Gas,as 6-2.2.2 Containers shall be constructed as provided in follows: Section 2-2 and equipped in accordance with Section 2-3 (a) Transportation of portable containers. for transportation as portable containers. Exception: The provisions of this chapter are not applicable 6-2.2.3 The quantity of LP-Gas in containers shall be in to LP-Gas containers and related equipment incident to their accordance with Chapter 4. use on vehicles as covered in Sections 3-6 and 3-9. 6-2.2.4 Valves of containers shall be protected in accord- (b) Transportation in cargo vehicles, whether fabricated ance with 2-2.4.1. Screw-on type protecting caps or collars by mounting cargo tanks on conventional truck or trailer shall be secured in place. chassis,or constructed as integral cargo units in which the (a) The provisions of 4-2.2.2 shall apply. container constitutes in whole,or in part,the stress member of the vehicle frame. Transfer equipment and piping, and 6-2.2.5 The cargo space of the vehicle shall be isolated the protection of such equipment and the container appur- from the driver's compartment, the engine and its exhaust tenances against overturn, collision, or other vehicular system,except as provided in 6-2.2.5(a).Open-bodied vehi- accidents are also included. cles shall be considered as in compliance with this provi- (c) Most truck transportation of LP-Gas is subject to sion.Closed-bodied vehicles having separate cargo,driver's, regulation by the U.S.Department of Transportation.Many and engine compartments shall be considered as in compli- of the provisions of this chapter are identical or similar to ance with this provision. DOT regulations and are intended to extend these provi- (a) Closed-bodied vehicles such as passenger cars, vans, sions to areas not subject to DOT regulation. Vehicles and and station wagons shall not be used for transporting more procedures under the jurisdiction of DOT shall comply with than 215 lb (98 kg) water capacity [nominal 90 lb (41 kg) DOT regulations. LP-Gas capacity] but not more than 108 lb (49 kg) water capacity [nominal 45 lb (20 kg) LP-Gas capacity] per 6-1.1.2 The provisions of this chapter are not applicable to container (see 6-2.2.6 and 6-2.2.7), unless the driver's and the transportation of LP-Gas on vehicles incident to its use engine compartments are separated from the cargo space by 2-557 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE a vapor-tight partition which contains no means of access to mize movement,relative to each other or to the supporting the cargo space. structure, while in transit. 6-2.2.6 Containers and their appurtenances shall be deter- 6-2.3.7 Containers shall be transported with relief devices mined to be leak-free before being loaded into vehicles. in communication with the vapor space. Containers shall be loaded into vehicles with substantially flat floors or equipped with suitable racks for holding 6-23.8 Vehicles carrying more than 1,000 lb (454 kg) of containers.Containers shall be securely fastened in position LP-Gas, including the weight of the containers, shall be to minimize the possibility of movement, tipping over, or placarded as required by DOT regulations and/or state law. physical damage. 6-23.9 When portable containers complying with 6-2.3.1 6-2.2.7 Containers having an individual water capacity through 6-2.3.8 are permanently or semipermanently exceeding 108 lb (49 kg) [nominal 45 lb (20 kg) LP-Gas mounted on vehicles to serve as cargo tanks, so that the capacity]transported in open vehicles shall be transported assembled vehicular unit can be used for making liquid with the relief devices in direct communication with the deliveries to other containers at points of use,the provisions vapor spaces.Containers having an individual water capaci- of Section 6-3 shall apply. ty exceeding 10 lb (4.5 kg) [nominal 4.2 lb (2 kg) LP-Gas capacity]transported in enclosed spaces of the vehicle shall 6-2A Fire Extinguishers. be transported with the relief device in direct communica- 6-2.4.1 Each truck or trailer transporting portable con- tion with the vapor spaces. tainers as provided by 6-2.2 or 6-2.3 shall be equipped with 6-2.2 8 Containers having an individual water capacity at least one approved portable fire extinguisher having a not exceeding 1081b(49 kg)[nominal 45 lb(20 kg)LP-Gas minimum capacity of 20 lb dry chemical with a B:C rating. (Also see NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguish- capacity] transported in open vehicles may be transported in other than the upright position. Containers having an ers.) individual water capacity not exceeding 10 lb (4.5 kg) [nominal 4.2 lb (2 kg) LP-Gas capacity] transported in 6-3 Transportation in Cargo Vehicles. enclosed spaces of the vehicle may be transported in other 6-3.1 Application. than the upright position. 6-3.1.1 This section includes provisions for cargo vehicles 6-2.2.9 Vehicles transporting more than 1,000 lb(454 kg) used for the transportation of LP-Gas as liquid cargo, of LP-Gas, including the weight of the containers, shall be normally loaded into the cargo container at the distributing placarded as required by DOT regulations and/or state law. or manufacturing point,and transferred into other contain- ers at the point of delivery. Transfer may be made by a 6-2.3 Transportation of Portable Containers of More than pump or compressor mounted on the vehicle or by a 1,000 lb(454 kg)Water Capacity. transfer means at the delivery point. 6-2.3.1 Portable containers having an individual water 6-3.1.2 All LP-Gas cargo vehicles, whether used in inter- capacity exceeding 1000 lb (454 kg) [nominal 420 lb (191 state or intrastate service,shall comply with the applicable kg) LP-Gas capacity] when filled with LP-Gas shall be portion of the US Department of Transportation Hazard- transported in compliance with 6-2.3.2 through 6-2.3.9. ous Materials Regulations(Title 49 Code of Federal Regula- I tions Parts 171-179) and Parts 393, 396, and 397 of the 6-2.3.2 Containers shall be constructed in accordance DOT Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and shall with Section 2-2 and equipped in accordance with Section also comply with the added requirements of this standard. 2-3 for portable use, or shall comply with DOT portable tank container specifications for LP-Gas service. 6-3.2 Containers Mounted on,or a Part of, Cargo Vehicles. 6-2.3.3 The quantity of LP-Gas put into containers shall 6-3.2.1 Containers mounted on, or comprising in whole, be in accordance with Chapter 4. or in part, the stress member used in lieu of a frame for cargo vehicles shall comply with DOT cargo tank specifica- 6-23.4 Valves and other container appurtenances shall be tions for LP-Gas service.Such containers shall also comply protected in accordance with 2-2.4.2. with Section 2-2, be equipped with appurtenances as provided in Section 2-3 for cargo service,and comply with 6-2.35 Containers and their appurtenances shall be deter- 6-3.2.1(a): mined to be leak-free before being loaded into vehicles. (a) Liquid hose of 1 1/2 in. (nominal size)and larger size Containers shall be loaded into vehicles with substantially and vapor hose of 1 1/4 in.(nominal size)and larger size shall flat floors or equipped with suitable racks for holding be protected with an emergency shutoff valve complying containers.Containers shall be securely fastened in position with 2-4.5.4, except that: to minimize the possibility of movement, tipping over, or physical damage. (1) If an internal valve meets the functional provisions for an emergency shut-off valve in compliance with 2-4.5.4 6-2.3.6 Containers and their appurtenances shall be deter-' and 3-2.7.9(a)(1), an emergency shutoff valve shall not be mined to be leak-free before being loaded into vehicles. required in the cargo container piping. Containers shall be loaded onto a flat vehicle floor or (2) A backflow check valve may be used in the cargo platform, or onto a suitable vehicle frame. In either case, container piping or container in lieu of an emergency containers shall be securely blocked or held down to mini- shutoff valve if the flow is only into the cargo container. 2-558 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 6-3.3 Piping(Including Hose), Fittings,and Valves. malleable or ductile iron construction. All existing equip- 6-33.1 Pipe,tubing,pipe and tubing fittings, valves, hose ment shall be so equipped not later than the scheduled and flexible connectors shall comply with Section 2-4,with requalification date of the container. the provisions of DOT cargo tank specifications for LP-Gas, and shall be suitable for the working pressure specified in 6-3.4 Equipment. 6-3.3.2. In addition, 6-3.3.1(a)through(e) shall apply: 6-3.4.1 LP-Gas equipment, such as pumps, compressors, (a) Pipe shall be wrought iron, steel, brass or copper in meters, dispensers, regulators, and strainers, shall comply accordance with 2-4.2.1. with Section 2-5 as to design and construction and shall be (b) Tubing shall be steel, brass or copper in accordance installed in accordance with the applicable provisions of with 24.3.1(a), (b),or(c). 3-2.10.Equipment on vehicles shall be securely mounted in (c) Pipe and tubing fittings shall be steel, brass, copper, place and connected into the piping system in accordance malleable iron or ductile(nodular)iron suitable for use with with the manufacturer's instructions, taking into account the pipe or tubing used as specified in 6-3.3.1(a)or(b). the greater (than for stationary service)jarring and vibra- (d) Pipe joints may be threaded, flanged, welded or tion problems incident to vehicular use. brazed. Fittings when used shall comply with 6-3.3.1(c). (1) When joints are threaded, or threaded and back 6-3.4.2 Pumps or compressors used for LP-Gas transfer may be mounted on tank trucks, trailers, semitrailers, or welded, pipe and nipples shall be Schedule 80 or heavier. tractors, and may be driven by the truck or tractor motor Copper or brass pipe and nipples shall be of equivalent power takeoff,by a separate internal combustion engine,or strength. by hand, mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical means. If an (2) When joints are welded or brazed, the pipe and electric drive is used, obtaining energy from the electrical nipples shall be Schedule 40 or heavier. Fittings or flanges installation at the delivery point, the installation on the shall be suitable for the service. (See 6-3.3.2.) vehicle (and at the delivery point)shall comply with 3-8.2. (3) Brazed joints shall be made with a brazing material having a melting point exceeding 1,000°F(538°C). 6-3.4.3 The installation of compressors shall comply with (e) Tubing joints shall be brazed,using a brazing material the applicable provisions of 3-2.10.1 and 6-3.4.1. having a melting point of at least 1,000'17(538`C). 6-3.4.4 The installation of liquid meters shall be in ac- 6-3.3.2 Pipe,tubing,pipe and tubing fittings,valves, hose cordance with 3-2.10.5(a). If venting of LP-Gas to the air is and flexible connectors, and complete cargo vehicle piping necessary, provision shall be made to vent it at a safe systems including connections to equipment (see 6-3.4), location. after assembly, shall comply with 2-5.1.2. 6-3.4.5 When wet hose is carried connected to the truck 6-33.3 Valves, including shutoff valves, excess-flow liquid pump discharge piping,an automatic device,such as valves, backflow check valves and remotely controlled a differential regulator,shall be installed between the pump valves, used in piping shall comply with the applicable discharge and the hose connection to prevent liquid dis- provisions of DOT cargo tank specifications for LP-Gas charge when the pump is not operating. When a meter or service,and with 24.5,provided,however,that their mini- dispenser is used,this device shall be installed between the mum design pressure shall comply with 6-3.3.2. meter outlet and the hose connection.An excess-flow valve may also be used but shall not be the exclusive means of 6-3.3.4 Hose, hose connections, and flexible connectors complying with this provision. shall comply with 2-4.6 and 6-3.3.1. Flexible connectors used in the piping system to compensate for stresses and 6-3.5 Protection of Container Appurtenances, Piping Sys- vibration shall be limited to 3 ft (1 m) in overall length. tem and Equipment. Flexible connectors on existing LP-Gas cargo units replaced 6-3.5.1 Container appurtenances, piping, and equipment after December 1, 1967, shall comply with 2-4.6. comprising the complete LP-Gas system on the cargo vehi- (a) Flexible connectors assembled from rubber hose and cle shall be securely mounted in position (see 6-3.2.1 for couplings installed after December 31, 1974, shall be per- container mounting), shall be protected against damage to manently marked to indicate the date of assembly of the the extent it is practical, and in accordance with DOT flexible connector and the flexible portion of the connector regulations. shall be replaced within six years of the indicated date of assembly of the connector. 6-3.6 Painting and Marking Liquid Cargo Vehicles. (b) The rubber hose portion of flexible connectors shall 6-3.6.1 Painting of cargo vehicles shall comply with Code be replaced whenever a cargo unit is remounted on a of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Part 195. Placarding and different chassis, or whenever the cargo unit is repiped, if marking shall comply with CFR 49. such repiping encompasses that portion of piping in which the connector is located, unless the remounting and/or repiping is performed within one year of the date of 6-3.7 Fire Extinguishers. assembly of the connector. 6-3.7.1 Each tank truck or tractor shall be provided with at least one approved portable fire extinguisher having a 6-3.3.5 All threaded primary valves and fittings used in minimum capacity of 20 lb dry chemical with a B:C rating. liquid filling or vapor equalization directly on the cargo (Also see NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguish- container of transportation equipment shall be of steel, ers.) 2-559 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 6-3.8 Chock Blocks for Liquid Cargo Vehicles. 6-5.2 Transportation of Containers. 6-3.8.1 Each tank truck and trailer shall carry chock 6-5.2.1 Except as provided in 6-5.2.1(a),containers of 125 blocks which shall be used to prevent rolling of the vehicle gal (0.5 m') or more water capacity shall contain no more whenever it is being loaded or unloaded, or is parked. than 5 percent of their water capacity in liquid form during transportation. 6-3.9 Exhaust Systems. (a) Containers containing more LP-Gas than 5 percent of 6-3.9.1 The truck engine exhaust system shall comply with their water capacity may be transported subject to such Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. limitations as may be specified by the authority having jurisdiction. 6-3.10 Smoking Prohibition. 6-3.10.1 No person may smoke or carry lighted smoking 6-5.2.2 Containers shall be safely secured to minimize material on or within 25 ft(7.6 m)of a vehicle required to movement relative to each other or to the carrying vehicle be placarded per DOT regulations containing LP-Gas liquid While in transit, giving consideration to the sudden stops, or vapor. This shall also apply at points of liquid transfer starts and changes of direction normal to vehicular opera- and while delivering or connecting to containers. tion. 64 'hailers, Semitrailers, Movable Fuel Storage Tenders, 6-5.23 Valves, regulators and other container appurte- or Farm Carts. nances shall be adequately protected against physical dam- 64.1 Application. age during transportation. 64.1.1 This section applies to all cargo vehicles, other 6-5.2.4 Pressure relief valves shall be in direct communi- than trucks, which may be parked at locations away from cation with the vapor space of the container. distributing points. 64.2 Trailers or Semitrailers Comprising Parts of Section 6-5.2.5 Lifting lugs in good repair on containers filled to 6-3 Vehicles. no more than five percent of their water capacity may be used for lifting and lowering. 6-4.2.1 When parked, cargo tank trailers or semitrailers (a) Additional means for securing and supporting the covered by Section 6-3 shall be positioned so that the container shall be provided for transporting or when lifting pressure relief valves shall communicate with the vapor or lowering with more than 5 percent of its water capacity space of the container. [see 6-5.2.1(a)]. 6-4.3 Trailers,Including Movable Storage Tenders or Farm 6-6 Parking and Garaging Vehicles Used to Carry LP-Gas Carts. Cargo. 64.3.1 Trailers, including fuel storage tenders or farm 6-6.1 Application. carts,shall comply with 6-4.3.2 through 64.3.6.If normally used over public ways they shall comply with applicable 6-6.1.1 This section applies to the parking(except parking state regulations. associated with a liquid transfer operation)and garaging of vehicles used for the transportation of LP-Gas. Such vehi- 64.3.2 Cargo containers mounted on such vehicles shall cles include those used to carry portable containers (see be constructed in accordance with Section 2-2, and Section 6-2) and those used to carry LP-Gas in cargo tanks equipped with appurtenances as provided in Section 2-3. (cargo vehicles, see Section 6-3). Container mounting shall be adequate for the service in- volved. 6-6.2 Parking. 6-6.2.1 Vehicles carrying or containing LP-Gas parked 64.3.3 Threaded piping shall not be less than Schedule 80 out-of-doors shall comply with the following: and fittings shall be designed for not less than 250 psig(1.7 (a) Vehicles, except in an emergency and except as MPa gauge). provided in 6-6.2.1(b),shall not be left unattended on any 6-4.3.4 Piping, hoses and equipment, including valves, street,highway,avenue or alley,provided that this shall not prevent a driver from the necessary absence from the fittings, pressure relief valves and container accessories, vehicle in connection with his normal duties, nor shall it shall be adequately protected against collision or upset. prevent stops for meals or rest stops during the day or at night. 6-4.3.5 Parked vehicles shall be so positioned that con- (b) Vehicles shall not be parked in congested areas. Such tainer safety relief valves communicate with the vapor vehicles may be parked off the street in uncongested areas if space. at least 50 ft (15 m) from any building used for assembly, 64.3.6 Such cargo units shall not be filled on a public way. institutional or multiple residential occupancy. This shall not prohibit the parking of vehicles carrying portable con- 6-5 Transportation of Stationary Containers to and from tainers or cargo vehicles of 3500 gal(13 m')water capacity Point of Installation. or less on streets adjacent to the driver's residence in 6-5.1 Application. uncongested residential areas, provided such points of parking are at least 50 ft (15 m) from a building used for 6-5.1.1 This section applies to the transportation of con- assembly, institutional, or multiple residential occupancy. tainers designed for stationary service at the point of use and secured to the vehicle only for transportation. Such 6-6.2.2 Vehicles parked indoors shall comply with the containers may be transported partially filled with LP-Gas. following: 2-560 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 (a) Cargo vehicles parked in any public garage or build- (4) LP-Gas containers shall be gauged or weighed to ing shall have LP-Gas liquid removed from the cargo determine that they are not filled beyond the maximum container, piping, pump, meter, hoses and related equip- filling capacity according to 4-5.1. ment and the pressure in the delivery hose and related (c) If repair work or servicing is to be performed on a equipment reduced to approximately atmospheric, and all ego tank system, all LP-Gas shall be removed from the valves closed before being moved inside. Delivery hose or ego tank and piping and the system thoroughly purged valve outlets shall be plugged or capped before the vehicle is before the vehicle is moved inside. moved inside. (b) Vehicles used to carry portable containers shall not be moved into any public garage or building for parking until all portable containers have been removed from the vehicle. Chapter 7 Buildings or Structures Housing LP-Gas (c) Vehicles carrying or containing LP-Gas are permitted Distribution Facilities to be parked in buildings complying with Chapter 7 and located on premises owned or under the control of the operator of such vehicles,provided: 7-1 Scope. (1) The public is excluded from such buildings. 7-1.1 Application. (2) There is adequate floor level ventilation in all parts 7-1.1.1 This chapter includes the construction,ventilation of the building where these vehicles are parked. and heating of structures housing certain types of LP-Gas (3) Leaks in the vehicle LP-Gas systems are repaired systems as referenced in this standard.Such structures may before the vehicle is moved inside. be separate buildings used exclusively for the purpose (or for other purposes having similar hazards),or they may be (4) Primary shutoff valves on cargo tanks and other rooms attached to, or located within, buildings used for LP-Gas containers on the vehicle(except propulsion engine other purposes. fuel containers)are closed and delivery hose outlets plugged or capped to contain system pressure before the vehicle is 7-1.1.2 The provisions of this chapter apply only to build- moved inside.Primary shutoff valves on LP-Gas propulsion ings constructed or converted after December 31, 1972, engine fuel containers shall be closed when the vehicle is except for those previously constructed under the provi- parked. sions of 5-3.3. Also, see 1-2.4.1. (5) No LP-Gas container is located near a source of heat or within the direct path of hot air being blown from a 7-2 Separate Structures or Buildings. blower-type heater. 7-2.1 Construction of Structures or Buildings. (6) LP-Gas containers are gauged or weighed to deter- 7-2.1.1 Separate buildings or structures shall be one story mine that they are not filled beyond the maximum filling in height and shall have walls, floors, ceilings, and roofs density according to 4-5.1. constructed of noncombustible materials. Exterior walls, ceilings,and roofs shall be constructed as follows: indoors as follows:3 Vehicles are permitted to be serviced or repaired (a) Of lightweight material designed for explosion vent- ing,or (a) When it is necessary to take a vehicle into any (b) If of heavy construction,such as solid brick masonry, building located on premises owned and/or operated by the concrete block or reinforced concrete construction, explo- operator of such vehicle for service on engine or chassis,the sion venting windows or panels in walls or roofs shall be provisions of 6-6.2.2(a)or(c)shall be followed. provided having an explosion venting area of at least 1 sq ft (b) When it is necessary to take a vehicle carrying or (0.1 ml) for each 50 cu ft(1.4 m')of the enclosed volume. containing LP-Gas into any public garage or repair facility for service on the engine or chassis, the provisions of 7-2.1.2 The floor of such structures shall not be below 6-6.2.2(a) or (b) shall be followed, unless the driver or ground level.Any space beneath the floor shall preferably be qualified representative of an LP-Gas operator is in attend- of solid fill. If not so filled,the perimeter of the space shall ance at all times when the vehicle is inside.In that case,the be left entirely unenclosed. following provisions shall be followed under the supervi- sion of such qualified persons: 7-2.2 Structure or Building Ventilation. (1) Leaks in the vehicle LP-Gas systems shall be re- 7-2.2.1 The structure shall be ventilated utilizing air inlets paired before the vehicle is moved inside. and outlets arranged to provide air movement across the (2) Primary shutoff valves on cargo tanks, portable floor as uniformly as practical and in accordance with containers and other LP-Gas containers installed on the 7-2.2.1(a)or(b).The bottom of such openings shall not be vehicle (except propulsion engine fuel containers) are more than 6 in. (152 mm)above the floor. closed. LP-Gas liquid shall be removed from the piping, (a) When mechanical ventilation is used,air circulation pump,meter,delivery hose,and related equipment and the shall be at least at the rate of one cu ft per minute per sq ft pressure therein reduced to approximately atmospheric (0.4 m'/s/m2) of floor area. Outlets shall discharge at least before the vehicle is moved inside. Delivery hose or valve five ft(1.5 m) away from any opening into the structure or outlets shall be plugged or capped before the vehicle is any other structure. moved inside. (b) When natural ventilation is used, each exterior wall (3) No container shall be located near a source of heat [up to 20 ft(6.1 m)in length]shall be provided with at least or within the direct path of hot air blown from a blower or one opening,with an additional opening for each 20 ft(6.1 from a blower-type heater. m)of length or fraction thereof. Each opening shall have a 2-561 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE minimum size of 50 sq in.(12 900 mm')and the total of all which shall be equipped with I 1/2-hour(B) fire doors. See openings shall be at least 1 sq in.(645 mm')per ft'(0.1 m2) NFPA 80,Standard for Fire Doors and Windows. of floor area. (3) Be designed to withstand a static pressure of at least 7-23 Structure or Building Heating. 100 lb(0.7 MPa)per sq ft(0.1 m2). 7-23.1 Heatingshall be b steam or hot water radiation or (c) The provisions of 7-3.2.1(b) may be waived if the Y building within which the room is located is occupied by other heating transfer medium with the heat source located operations or processes having a similar hazard. outside of the building or structure(see Section 3-8,Ignition (d) Ventilation and heating shall comply with 7-2.2.1 and Source Control), or by electrical appliances installed in the 7-2.3.1. building,if they are listed for Class I,Group D,Division 2 locations,in accordance with NFPA 70,National Electrical Code(see Table 3-8.2.2). 7-3 Attached Structures or Rooms within Structures. Chapter 8 Refrigerated Storage 7-3.1 Construction of Attached Structures. 8-1 Refrigerated Containers. 7-3.1.1 Attached structures shall comply with 7-2.1 (at- 8-1.1 Refrigerated containers shall be built in accordance tachment shall be limited to 50 percent of the perimeter of with applicable provisions of one of the following codes as the space enclosed;otherwise such space shall be considered appropriate for conditions of maximum allowable working as a room within a structure—see 7-3.2), and with the pressure,design temperature, and hydrostatic testing: following: (a) Common walls at points at which structures are to be 8-1.1.1 For pressures of 15 psig(103 kPa gauge)or more, attached shall: use the ASME Code,Section VIII,except that construction using joint efficiencies in Table UW 12,Column C,Division (1) Have, as erected, a fire resistance rating of at least I is not permitted. Material shall be selected from those one hour, as determined by NFPA 251, Standard Methods recognized by ASME which meet the requirements of of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Appendix R of ANSI/API 620. (2) Have no openings. Common walls for attached structures used only for storage of LP-Gas are permitted to 8-1.1.2 For pressures below 15 psig (103 kPa gauge) use have doorways which shall be equipped with 1 1/2 hour(B) ANSI/API 620, Recommended Rules for the Design and fire doors. See NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Construction of Large, Welded,Low Pressure Storage Tanks, Windows. including Appendix R. (3) Be designed to withstand a static pressure of at least 100 lb(0.7 MPa)per sq ft(0.1 ml). 8-1.2 Wind loading on containers shall be in accordance (b) The provisions of 7-3.1.1(a) may be waived if the with paragraph 2-2.2.3(c). building to which the structure is attached is occupied by 8-1.3 Seismic loading on containers shall be in accordance operations or processes having a similar hazard. with paragraph 2-2.2.3(d). (c) Ventilation and heating shall comply with 7-2.2.1 and 7-2.3.1. 8-1.4 Field-erected containers for refrigerated storage shall be designed as an integral part of the storage system 7-3.2 Construction of Rooms within Structures. including tank insulation, compressors, condensors, con- 7-3.2.1 Rooms within structures shall be located in the troll, and piping. Proper allowance shall be made for the first story and shall have at least one exterior wall with service temperature limits of the particular process and the sufficient exposed area to permit explosion venting as products to be stored when determining material specifica- provided in 7-3.2.1(a). The building in which the room is tions and the design pressure. Welded construction shall be located shall not have a basement or unventilated crawl used. space and the room shall comply with the following: (a) Walls, floors,ceilings,or roofs of such rooms shall be 8-1.5 When austenitic steels or nonferrous materials are contructed of noncombustible materials.Exterior walls and used,ANSI/API 620,Appendix Q shall be used as a guide in ceilings shall either be of lightweight material designed for the selection of materials for use at the design temperature. explosion venting,or,if of heavy construction(such as solid brick masonry, concrete block, or reinforced concrete con- 8-1.6 Prior to initial operation, containers shall be in- struction), shall be provided with explosion venting win- spected to the extent necessary to assure compliance with doves or panels in the walls or roofs having an explosion the engineering design and material, fabrication, assembly, venting area of at least 1 sq ft(0.1 ml)for each 50 cu ft(1.4 and test provisions of this standard. The operator shall be m') of the enclosed volume. responsible for this inspection. (b) Walls and ceilings common to the room and to the building within which it is located shall: 8-1.7 The operator may delegate performance of any part of the inspection to inspectors who may be employees of his (1) Have, as erected, a fire resistance rating of at least own organization,an engineering or scientific organization, one hour as determined by NFPA 251,Standard Methods of or of a recognized insurance or inspection company.Inspec- Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. tors shall be qualified in accordance with the code or (2) Not have openings. Common walls for rooms used standard applicable to the container and as specified in this only for storage of LP-Gas are permitted to have doorways standard. 2-562 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 8-1.8 The operator shall specify the maximum allowable (f) Density of the product to be stored in lbs per cu ft for working pressure, which includes a suitable margin above which the container was designed. the operating pressure, and the maximum allowable vacu- (g) Maximum level to which the container is permitted to um. be filled with the liquefied petroleum gas for which it was designed. 8-1.9 All piping that is a part of an LPG container shall be in accordance with ANSI B31.3.This container piping shall include all piping internal to the container, within the 8-3 Refrigerated Container Impoundment. insulation spaces,and external piping attached or connect- ed to the container up to the first circumferential external 8-3.1 Refrigerated containers shall be located within an joint of the piping. Inert gas purge systems wholly within impoundment area that complies with 8-3.2 through 8-3.8. the insulation spaces are exempt from this provision. 8-3.2 The following provisions shall be made to minimize 8-1.10 LPG containers shall be installed on suitable foun- the possibility of accidental discharge of LPG from contain- dations designed by a qualified engineer and constructed in ers from endangering adjoining property or important accordance with recognized structural engineering practic- process equipment and structures, or reaching waterways. es. Prior to the start of design and construction of the foundation, a sub-surface investigation shall be conducted 8-3.3 Enclosed drainage channels for LP-Gas are by a qualified soils engineer to determine the stratigraphy prohibited. and physical properties of the soils underlying the site. Exception: Container downcomers used to rapidly conduct NOTE: See ASCE 56,Sub-Surface Investigation for Design spilled LP-Gas away from critical areas may be enclosed and Construction of Foundation for Buildings,and Appendix provided that an adequate drainage rate is achieved. C,API Standard 620,for further information. 8-3.4 Dikes, impounding walls, and drainage systems for 8-1.11 The bottom of the outer tank shall be above the LP-Gas and flammable refrigerant containment shall be of ground water table or otherwise protected from contact compacted earth, concrete, metal, and/or other suitable with ground water at all times, and the material in contact materials. They may be independent of the container or with the bottom of the outer tank shall be selected to they may be mounted,integral to,or constructed against the minimize corrosion. container. They, and any penetrations thereof, shall be designed to withstand the full hydrostatic head of impound- 8-1.12 When the bottom of an outer tank is in contact ed LP-Gas or flammable refrigerant, the effect of rapid with the soil, a heating system shall be provided to prevent cooling to the temperature of the liquid to be confined,any the 32° F (0°C) isotherm from penetrating the soil. The anticipated fire exposure, and natural forces such as earth- heating system shall be designed so as to permit functional quake, wind, and rain. and performance monitoring, which shall be done, at a minimum,on a weekly basis.Where there is a discontinuity 8-3.5 Dikes, impounding walls, and drainage channels for in the foundation, such as for bottom piping, careful flammable liquid containment shall conform to NFPA 30, attention and separate treatment shall be given to the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. heating system in this zone. Heating systems shall be installed so that any heating elements or temperature sensor 8-3.6 To assure that any accidentally discharged liquid used for control can be replaced. Provisions shall be incor- stays within an area enclosed by a dike or impounding wall porated to protect against the detrimental effects of mois- and yet to provide a reasonably wide margin for area ture accumulation in the conduit which could result in configuration design, the dike or impounding wall, height galvanic corrosion or other forms of deterioration within and distance shall be determined in accordance with Figure the conduit or heating element. 8-3.6 8-1.13 If the foundation is installed to provide adequate 8-3.7 Provision shall be made to clear rain or other water air circulation in lieu of a heating system, then the bottom from the impounding area. Automatically controlled sump of the outer tank shall be of a material suitable for tempera- pumps are permitted if equipped with an automatic cutoff tures to which it will be exposed. device which shall prevent their operation when exposed to LP-Gas temperatures. Piping, valves, and fittings whose 8-2 Marking on Refrigerated Containers. failure could permit liquid to escape from the impounding 8-2.1 Each refrigerated container shalfbe identified by the area shall be suitable for continuous exposure to LP-Gas attachment of a nameplate on the outer covering in an temperatures. If gravity drainage is employed for water accessible place marked as specified in the following: removal, provision shall be made to prevent the escape of (a) Manufacturers name and date built. LP-Gas by way of the drainage system. (b) Liquid volume of the container in gal (US Standard) 8-3.8 Insulation systems used for impounding surfaces or barrels. shall be, in the installed condition, noncombustible and (c) Maximum allowable working pressure in Ibs per sq in. suitable for the intended service considering the anticipated (d) Minimum temperature in degrees Fahrenheit for thermal and mechanical stresses and loadings. If flotation is which the container was designed. a problem, mitigation measures shall be provided. Such (e) Maximum allowable water level to which the contain- insulation systems shall be inspected as appropriate for er may be filled for test purposes. their intended service. 2-563 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE MAXIMUM LIQUID LEVEL Chapter 9 Referenced Publications 9-1 The following documents or portions thereof are refer- Y CONTAINER Y enced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document. The edition indicated x x for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. DIKE OR IMPOUNDING WALL 9-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- ciation, Batterymarch Park, Quincy,MA 02269. Figure 8-3.6 Dike or Impounding Wall Proximity to Containers. I NFPA 10-1988,Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA 15-1985,Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems Notes to Figure 8-3.6: for Fire Protection Dimension"X"must equal or exceed the sum of dimension"Y" ( NFPA 30-1987, Flammable and Combustible Liquids plus the equivalent head in LP-Gas of the pressure in the vapor Code space above the liquid. NFPA 37-1984, Standard for the Installation and Use of Exception: When the heightofthedikeorimpoundingwallisequal Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines to, or greater than the maximum liquid level, 'X"may have any NFPA 50-1985, Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at value. Consumer Sites Dimension"X"is the distance from the inner wall of the container NFPA 50A-1989, Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Sys- to the closest face of the dike or impounding wall. tems at Consumer Sites Dimension"Y"is the distance from the maximum liquid level in NFPA 5011-1989, Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Sys- the container to the top of the dike or impounding wall. tems at Consumer Sites NFPA 51-1987,Standard for the Design and Installation 84 Refrigerated Aboveground Containers. of Oxygen-Fuel GasSystemsfor Welding,Cutting,and Allied 84.1 Containers shall be located outside of buildings. Processes 84.2 A container or containers with aggregate water ca- NFPA 54(ANSI Z223.1)-1988,National Fuel Gas Code pacity in excess of 120,000 gal(454 m')shall be located 100 NFPA 59-1989,Standard for the Storage and Handling of ft (31 m) or more from buildings associated with the Liquefied Petroleum Gases at Utility Gas Plants LP-Gas plant which are occupied for generation,compres- NFPA 61 13-1989,Standard for the Prevention of Fires and sion,or purification of manufactured gas, from natural gas Explosions in Grain Elevators and Facilities Handling Bulk stationary refrigerated containers,or from natural gas com- Raw Agricultural Commodities pressor buildings or from outdoor installations essential to ( NFPA 70-1987,National Electrical Code the maintenance of operation in such buildings. Such a container or containers shall be 100 ft(31 m)or more from NFPA 80-1986, Standard for Fire Doors and Windows aboveground storage of flammable liquids and from any NFPA 82-1983, Standard on Incinerators, Waste and buildings of such construction or occupancy which consti- Linen Handling Systems and Equipment tute a material hazard of exposure to the containers in the NFPA 86-1985,Standard for Ovens and Furnaces event of fire or explosion in said buildings. If the container or containers are located closer to any such buildings or NFPA 96-1987, Standard for the Installation of Equip- installations, then the latter shall be protected by walls ment for the Removal of Smoke and Grease-Laden Vapors adjacent to such storage containers or by other appropriate from Commercial Cooking Equipment means against the entry of escaped liquefied petroleum gas, NFPA 220-1985,Standard on Types of Building Construc- or of drainage from the storage container area and its tion loading points—all in such a manner as may be required NFPA 251-1985,Standard Methods of Fire Tests ofBuild- and approved by the authority having jurisdiction. ing Construction and Materials 843 Refrigerated liquefied petroleum gas containers shall NFPA 302-1989, Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure not be located within dikes enclosing flammable liquid and Commercial Motor Craft tanks or within dikes enclosing nonrefrigerated liquefied NFPA 321-1987, Standard on Basic Classification of petroleum gas containers. Flammable and Combustible Liquids NFPA 501A-1987, Standard'for Firesafety Criteria for above Refrigerated containers shall not be installed one Manufactured Home Installations, Sites, and Communities above the other. NFPA 501C-1986, Standard on Firesafety Criteria for 8-4.5 The ground within 25 ft (8 m) of any aboveground Recreational Vehicles refrigerated container and all ground within a diked area NFPA 505-1987, Firesafety Standard for Powered Indus- shall be kept clear of readily ignitible material such as weeds trial Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, and long dry grass. Maintenance, and Operation 2-564 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 9-1.2 ANSI Publications. American National Standards ASTM B 280-1988, Standard Specification for Seamless Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field ANSI A58.1-1972,Design Loads for Buildings and Other Service Structures ASTM D 2513-1987,Standard Specification for Thermo- ANSI B36.10-1979, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel plastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings Pipe ASTM D 2683-1987, Standard Specification for Socket- ANSI B95.1-1977, Standard Terminology for Pressure 7Ype Polyethylene (PE) Fittings for Outside Diameter Relief Devices —Controlled Polyethylene Pipe ASTM D 3261-1987,Standard Specification for Butt Heat Fusion Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Fittings for Polyethylene 9-1.3 API Publications. American Petroleum Institute, (PE)Plastic Pipe and Tubing 2101 L ST.,NW,Washington, DC 20037. API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels for Petro- 9-1.6 AWS Publication. American Welding Society, 2501 leum Liquids and Gases, Pre-July 1, 1961. I NW 7th St., Miami, FL 33125. ANSI Z49.1-1988,Safety in Welding and Cutting. ANSI/API 620, Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded,Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, 9-1.7 CGA Publications. Compressed Gas Association, 1982. Inc., 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington,VA 22202. ANSI/CGA C-4-1978,Method of Marking Portable Com- 9-1.4 ASME Publications. American Society for Mechan- pressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contained ical Engineers, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017. Pressure-Relief Device Standards, "Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels," S-1.1-1979, Cylinders for Compressed Gases (Errata, Section VIII, Division 1,ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel 1982) Code, 1986, and all addenda and errata thru 1988. S-1.2-1980, Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed ANSI/ASME B31.3-1988, Chemical Plant and Refinery Gases Piping. S-1.3-1980, Compressed Gas Storage Containers 9-15 ASTM Publications. American Society for Testing 9-1.8 Federal Regulations. U.S. Government Printing Of- and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. fice, Washington, DC. ASTM A 47-1984, Standard Specification for Ferritic Code of Federal Regulations,Title 49, Parts 171-192 and Malleable Iron Castings Parts 393 and 397. (Also available from the Association of ASTM A 48-1983, Standard Specification for Gray Iron American Railroads,American Railroads Bldg., 1920 L St. Castings NW, Washington, DC 20036 and American Trucking Assns., Inc., 2201 Mill Rd.,Alexandria,VA 22314.) ASTM A 53-1987,Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated Welded and Seamless 9-1.9 ICBO Publication. International Conference of ASTM A 106-1987, Standard Specification for Seamless Building Officials,5360 S.Workman Mill Rd.,Whittier,CA Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service 90601. ASTM A 120-1984,Standard Specification jor Pipe,Steel, I Uniform Building Code, 1988. Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamless,for Ordinary Uses 9-1.10 UL Publication. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., ASTM A 395-1980, Standard Specification for Ferritic 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062. Ductile Iron Pressure—Retaining Castings for Use at Elevat- UL 132-1984,Safety Relief Valves for Anhydrous Ammo- ed Temperatures nia and LP-Gas. ASTM A 536-1984, Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings Appendix A ASTM A 539-1985, Standard Specification for Electric- Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas Fuel Oil This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA Lines document, but is included for information purposes only. ASTM B 42-1988, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes A-14.1.1 It is recognized that no odorant will be com- ASTM B 43-1988, Standard Specification for Seamless pletely effective as a warning agent in every circumstance. Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes It is recommended that odorants be qualified as to ASTM B 86-1988, Standard Specification for Zinc-Alloy compliance with 1-4.1.1 by tests or experience. Where Die Casting qualifying is by tests, such tests should be certified by an approved laboratory not associated with the odorant manu- ASTM B 88-1988, Standard Specification for Seamless facturer. Experience has shown that ethyl mercaptan in the Copper Water Tube ratio of 1.0 lb (0.45 kg) per 10,000 gal (37.9 m3) of liquid ASTM B 135-1986, Standard Specification for Seamless LP-Gas has been recognized as an effective odorant. Other Brass Tube odorants and quantities meeting the provisions of 1-4.1.1 2-565 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE may be used. Research' on odorants has shown that Full Internal Pressure Relief Valve. Describes the type thiophane(tetrahydrothiophene)in a ratio of at least 6.4 lb relief valve being changed to for engine fuel use. (2.9 kg) per 10,000 gal (37.9 ml) of liquid LP-Gas may satisfy the requirements of 14.1.1. "A New Look at Odorization Levels for Propane Gas," BERC/RI-77/1,United States Energy Research&Develop- ment Administration, Technical Information Center, Sep- tember, 1977. A-1-7 External Pressure Relief Valve. Describes the type relief valves used on older domestic tanks, relief valve manifolds and piping protection. Full Internal Relief Valve. Internal Spring Type Pressure Relief Valve. Describes the type relief valves used on modern domestic tanks,looks External Relief Valve. similar to Full Internal Relief Valve,but has seat and poppet above the tank connection. Flush Type Full Internal Pressure Relief Valve. Describes the type relief valve being required on cargo vehicles in most states. 0 Flush Type Full Internal Relief Valve. Internal Spring Type Relief Valve. 2-566 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Sump Type Full Internal Pressure Relief Valve. Appendix B Properties of LP-Gases Describes the type relief valve used on older engine fuel tanks. This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document,but is included for information purposes only. B-1 Approximate Properties of LP-Gases. B-1.1 Source of Property Values. B-1.1.1 The property values for the LP-Gases are based on average industry values and include values for LP-Gases coming from natural gas liquids plants as well as those coming from petroleum refineries. Thus, any particular commerical propane or butane might have properties vary- ing slightly from the values shown.Similarly,any propane- butane mixture might have properties varying from those obtained by computation from these average values (see B-1.2.1 for computation method used). Since these are average values,the interrelationships between them(i.e.,lb per gal, specific gravity,etc.) will not cross-check perfectly in all cases. B-1.1.2 Such variations are not sufficient to prevent the use of these average values for most engineering and design purposes.They stem from minor variations in composition. Sump Type Full Internal Relief Valve. The commerical grades are not pure(CP-Chemically Pure) propane or butane, or mixtures of the two, but may also contain small and varying percentages of ethane,ethylene, propylene, isobutane, or butylene which can cause slight A-2-2.13 Prior to April 1, 1967, these regulations were variations in property values.There are limits to the accura- promulgated by the Interstate Commerce Commission. In cy of even the most advanced testing methods used to Canada, the regulations of the Canadian Transport Com- determine the percentages of these minor components in mission apply. any LP-Gas. Construction of containers to the API-ASME Code has B-1.2 Approximate Properties of LP-Gases. not been authorized after July 1, 1961. B-1.2.1 The principal properties of commercial propane A-3-23.1(f) Aboveground Storage Tank Paint Color.Gen- and commercial butane are shown in Table 13-1.2.1.Reason- erally a light reflecting color paint is preferred unless the ably accurate property values for propane-butane mixtures system is installed in an extremely cold climate. may be obtained by computation,applying the percentages by weight of each in the mixture to the values for the A-34.83 The weight will be affected by the specific gravi- property it is desired to obtain. Slightly more accurate ty of the liquefied petroleum(LP)gas.Weights varying from results for vapor pressure are obtained by using the percent- 16.0(454g)to 16.8 oz(476g)are recognized as being within ages by volume. Very accurate results can be obtained using the range of what is nominal. data and methods explained in petroleum and chemical engineering data books. A-3-6.2.2(a) Prior to April 1, 1967,these regulations were promulgated by the Interstate Commerce Commission. In B-13 Specifications of LP-Gases. Specifications of LP- Canada, the regulations of the Canadian Transport Com- Gases covered by this standard are listed in Gas Processors mission apply. Available from the Canadian Transport Association,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications for Test Commission, Union Station, Ottawa, Canada. Methods Standard 2140 and/or Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases, ASTM D 1835. A-3-10.2.2 The National Fire Protection Association, American Petroleum Institute and National Propane Gas Association publish material, including visual aids, useful in such planning. A-3-10.3.1 For LP-Gas fixed storage facilities of 60,000 gal Appendix C Design, Construction, and Requalification of (227 in') water capacity or less, a competent firesafety DOT(ICC) Cylinder Specification Containers analysis (see 3-10.2.3 and 3-10.2.5) could indicate that applied insulating coatings are quite often the most practi- This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA cal solution for special protection. document, but is included for information purposes only. It is recommended that insulation systems be evaluated on the basis of experience or listings by an approved testing C-1 Scope. laboratory. C-1.1 Application. 2-567 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table B-1.2.1(English) Approximate Properties of LP-Gases Commercial Commercial Propane Butane Vapor Pressure in psig at: 70OF 127 17 100°17 196 37 105°F 210 41 130'F 287 69 Specific Gravity of liquid at 60°F 0.504 0.582 Initial Boiling Point at 14.7 psis,°F —44 15 Weight per Gallon of Liquid at 60'F,lb 4.20 4.81 Specific Heat of liquid,Btu/1b at 60°F 0.630 0.549 Cu.R of Vapor per Gallon at 60'F 36.38 31.26 Cu.R of Vapor per Pound at 60°17 8.66 6.51 Specific Gravity of Vapor(Air = 1)at 60°17 1.50 2.01 Ignition Temperature in Air,°F 920-1120 900-1000 Maximum Flame Temperature in Air,"F 3,595 3,615 limits of Flammability in Air,Percent of Vapor in Air-Gas Mixture: (a)Lower 2.15 1.55 (b)Upper 9.60 8.60 Latent Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point: (a)Btu per Pound 184 167 (b)Btu per Gallon 773 808 Total Heating Values after Vaporization: (a)Btu per Cubic Foot 2,488 3,280 (b)Btu per Pound 21,548 21,221 (c)Btu per Gallon 91,502 102,032 Table B-1.2.1(Metric)Approximate Properties of LP-Gases Commercial Commercial Propane Butane Vapor Pressure in kPa gauge at: 20°C 895 103 40°C 1 482 285 45°C 1 672 345 55°C 1980 462 Specific Gravity 0.504 0.582 Initial Boiling Point at atm,Pressure,°C —42 —9 Weight per Cubic Metre of Liquid at 15.56°C,kg 504 582 Specific Heat of Liquid,Kilojoule per Kilogram,at 15.56°C 1.464 1.276 Cubic Metre of Vapor per Litre of Liquid at 15.56°C 0.271 0.235 Cubic Metre of Vapor per Kilogram of Liquid at 15.56°C 0.539 0.410 Specific Gravity of Vapor(Air = 1)at 15.56'C 1.50 2.01 Ignition Temperature in Air,"C 493-549 482-538 Maximum Flame Temperature in Air,°C 1 980 2008 Limits of Flammability in Air,%of Vapor in Air-Gas Mixture: (a)Lower 2.15 1.55 (b)Upper 9.60 8.60 Latent Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point: (a)Kilojoule per kilogram 428 388 (b)Kilojoule per litre 216 226 Total Heating Value after Vaporization: (a)Kilojoule per Cubic Metre 92 430 121 280 (b)Kilojoule per Kilogram 49 920 49 140 (c)Kilojoule per Litre 25 140 28 10( 2-568 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 C-1.1.1 This appendix provides general information on EXAMPLE: Commercial propane has a vapor pressure at DOT cylinder specification containers referred to in this 70°F of 132 psig. However, its vapor pressure at 130`F is standard. For complete information consult the applicable 300 psig, so service pressure (1/4 times which must not specification (see C-2.1.1). The water capacity. of such exceed 300 psig) is 300 divided by 1/4, or 240 psig. Thus cylinders may not be more than 1,000 lb(454 kg). commercial propane requires at least 240 psig service pressure cylinder. C-1.1.2 This appendix is not applicable to DOT tank car portable tank container or cargo tank specifications.Porta- C-2.3 DOT Cylinder Specifications Used for LP-Gas. ble and cargo tanks are basically ASME containers and are C-23.1 A number of different specifications were ap- covered in Appendix D. proved by ICC, and since 1967 by DOT, for use with LP-Gases.Some of these are no longer published or used for C-1.13 Prior to April 1, 1967, these specifications were new construction. However, containers built under these promulgated by the Interstate Commerce Commission old specifications, if properly maintained and requalified, (ICC).On this date certain functions of the ICC,including are still acceptable for LP-Gas transportation. the promulgation o, specifications and regulations dealing with LP-Gas cylinders,were transferred to the Department C-2.3.2 DOT specifications cover primarily safety in of Transportation (DOT). Throughout this appendix both transportation. However, in order for the product to be ICC and DOT are used;ICC applying to dates prior to April used,it is necessary for it to come to rest at the point of use 1, 1967, and DOT to subsequent dates. and serve as LP-Gas storage during the period of use. Containers adequate for transportation are also deemed to C-2 LP-Gas Cylinder Specifications. be adequate for use as provided in NFPA 58. As small size C-2.1 Publishing of DOT Cylinder Specifications. ASME containers were not available at the time tank truck C-2.1.1 DOT cylinder specifications are published under delivery was started, ICC(now DOT)cylinders have been Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 171-190,avail- equipped for tank truck deliveries and permanently fin- able from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, stalled. D.C.The information in this publication is also issued as a Tariff at approximately three-year intervals by the Bureau of C-2.3.3 The DOT cyiinder specifications most widely used Explosives, American Railroads Building, 1920 L Street, for the LP-Gases are shown in Table C-2.3.3.The differing NW, Washington, DC 20036. materials of construction, method of fabrication and the date of the specification reflect the progress made in knowl- C-2.2 DOT Specification Nomenclature. edge of the products to be contained and improvement in C-2.2.1 The specificaion designation consists of a one- metallurgy and methods of fabrication. digit number, sometimes followed by one or more capital C-3 Requalification, Retesting and Repair of DOT letters, then by a dash and a three-digit number. The Cylinder Specification Containers. one-digit number alone, or in combination with one or more capital letters, designates the specification number. C-3.1 Application. The three-digit number following the dash shows the serv- C-3.1.1 This section outlines the requalification, retesting ice pressure for which the container is designed. Thus, and repair requirements for DOT cylinder specification "4B-240"indicates a cylinder built to Specification 4B for a containers but should be used only as a guide. For official 240 psig service pressure. (See C-2.2.3.) information, the applicable DOT regulations should be consulted. C-2.2.2 The specification gives the details of cylinder construction,such as material used,method of fabrication, tests required and inspection method, and prescribes the Table C-2.3.3 service pressure,or range of service pressures for which that specification may be used. Specification Material of Method of No.&Marking Construction Fabrication C-2.2.3 The term "service pressure" is analagous to, and serves the same purpose as, the ASME "design pressure." 26-150' Steel Welded and Brazed However,it is not identical,representing instead the highest 3B-300 Steel Seamless pressure to which the container will normally be subjected 4-300 Steel Welded 4B-300 Steel 2 piece Welded&Brazed in transit or in use but not necessarilythe maximum 4B-240 Steel 2 piece Welded&Brazed pressure to which it may be subjected under emergency 4BA-240 Alloy Steel 2 piece Welded&Brazed conditions in transportation.The service pressure stipulat- 4E-240 Aluminum Welded and Brazed ed for the LP-Gases is based on the vapor pressures exerted 4BW-240 Steel 3 piece Welded by the product in the container at two different tempera- tures, the higher pressure of the two becoming the service The term"service pressure"had a different connotation at the time the specification was adopted. pressure, as follows: (a) The pressure in the container at 70"F must be less than the service pressure for which the container is marked, and C-3.2 Requalification (Including Retesting) of DOT (b) The pressure in the container at 130"F must not Cylinders. exceed 1/4 times the pressure for which the container is C-3.2.1 DOT cylinders may not be refilled, continued in marked. service or transported unless they are properly qualified or 2-569 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE requalified for LP-Gas service in accordance with DOT applied but no provision is made for measuring total and regulations. permanent expansion during the test outlined in C-3.2.4(a) above.The container is carefully observed while under the C-3.2.2 A careful examination must be made of every test pressure for leaks,undue swelling or bulging indicating container each time it is to be filled and it must be rejected weaknesses.The following disposition is made of contain- if there is evidence of exposure to fire,bad gouges or dents, ers tested in this matter: seriously corroded areas, leaks or other conditions indicat- (1) Containers which pass the test, and the visual ing possible weaknesses which might render it unfit for examination required with it(see C-3-2.4),are marked with service.The following disposition is to be made of rejected the date and year of the retest followed by an"S"(Example: cylinders: "8-71 S,"indicating requalification by the simple hydrostat- (a) Containers subjected to fire must be requalified, re- is test method in August 1971),and may be placed back in conditioned or repaired in accordance with C-3.3.1, or service. permanently removed from service except that DOT 4E (2) Containers developing leaks or showing undue (aluminum) cylinders must be permanently removed from swelling or bulging must be rejected. If rejected for leaks, service. containers may be repaired in accordance with C-3.3.1. (b) Containers showing serious physical damage,leaks or (c) The recorded visual examination may be used to with a reduction in the marked tare weight of 5 percent or requalify containers for five years before the next qualifica- more must be retested in accordance with C-3.2.4(a)or(b) tion is due provided the container has been used exclusively and, if necessary, repaired in accordance with C-3.3.1. for LP-Gas commerically free from corroding components. Inspection is to be made by a competent person,using as a C-3.2.3 All containers,including those apparently undam- guide Compressed Gas Association Standard for Visual aged,must be periodically requalified for continued service. Inspection of Steel Compressed Gas Cylinders (CGA Pam- The first requalification for a new cylinder is required phlet C-6),and recording the inspection results as required within 12 years after the date of manufacture. Subsequent by DOT regulations. [Note: reference to NLPGA Safety requalifications are required within the periods specified Bulletin, Recommended Procedures for Visual Inspection under the requalification method used. and Requalification of DOT (ICQ Cylinders in LP-Gas Service,is also recommended.]The following disposition is C-3.2.4 DOT regulations permit three alternative methods to be made of containers inspected in this manner of requalification for most commonly used LP-Gas specifi- (1) Containers which pass the visual examination are cation containers (see DOT regulations for permissible re- marked with the date and year of the examination followed qualification methods for specific cylinder specifrcations). by an"E"(Example:"7-70E,"indicating requalification by Two use hydrostatic testing, and the third uses a carefully the recorded visual examination method in July 1970),and made and duly recorded visual examination by a competent may be placed back in service. person.In the case of the two hydrostatic test methods,only (2) Containers which leak, show serious denting or test results are recorded but a careful visual examination of ` each container is also required. DOT regulations cite in gouging, or excessive corrosion must either be scrapped or detail the data to be recorded for the hydrostatic test repaired in accordance with C-3.3.1. methods, the observations to be made during the recorded C-3.3 Repair of DOT Cylinder Specification Containers. visual examination method, and the marking of containers to indicate the requalification date and the method used. C-33.1 Repair of DOT cylinders must be performed by a The three methods are outlined as follows: manufacturer of the type of cylinder to be repaired or by a (a) The water jacket type hydrostatic test may be used to repair facility authorized by DOT. requalify containers for 12 years before the next requalifiea- Repairs normally made are for fire damage, leaks, dent- tion is due.A pressure of twice the marked service pressure ing, gouges and for broken or detached valve protecting is applied, using a water jacket (or the equivalent) so that collars or foot rings. the total expansion of the container during the application of the test pressure can be observed and recorded for comparison with the permanent expansion of the container Appendix D Design of ASME and API-ASME after depressurization.The following disposition is made of containers tested in this manner: Containers (1) Containers which pass the retest, and the visual examination required with it(see C-3.2.4),are marked with This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA the date and year of the test (Example: "6-70," indicating document, but is included for information purposes only. requalification by the water jacket test method in June 1970)and may be placed back in service. D-1 General. (2) Containers which leak,or for which the permanent D-1.1 Application. expansion exceeds 10 percent of the total expansion (12 D-1.1.1 This appendix provides general information on percent for Specification 4E aluminum cylinders) must be containers designed and constructed in accordance with rejected. If rejected for leakage,containers may be repaired ASME or API-ASME Codes, usually referred to as ASME in accordance with C-3.3.1. containers. For complete information on either ASME or (b) The simple hydrostatic test may be used to requalify API-ASME containers the applicable code should be con- containers for seven years before the next requalification is sulted. Construction of containers to the API-ASME Code due. A pressure of twice the marked service pressure is has not been authorized since July 1, 1961. 2-570 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 D-1.1.2 DOT(ICC)specification portable tank containers D-2.1.1 When ASME containers were first used to store and cargo tanks are basically either ASME or API-ASME LP-Gas, the properties of the CP grades of the principal containers. In writing these specifications,which should be constituents were available, but the average properties for consulted for complete information, additions were made the commercial grades of propane and butane were not. to these pressure vessel codes to cover the following: Also there was no experience as to what temperatures and (a) Protection of container valves and appurtenances pressures to expect for product stored in areas with high against physical damage in transportation. atmospheric temperatures. A 200 psi (1.4 MPa) design (b) Holddown devices for securing cargo containers to pressure was deemed appropriate for propane[the CP grade conventional vehicles. of which has a vapor pressure of 176 psi(1.2 MPa)at 100°F (c) Attachments to relatively large[6,000 gal(22.7 m3)or (38°C)and 80 psi(0.6 MPa)for butane(CP grade has vapor more water capacity]cargo containers in which the contain- pressure of 37 psi (0.6 MPa) at 100°F (38 C).] These er serves as a stress member in lieu of a frame. containers were built with a 5:1 safety factor(see D-1.2.3). D-1.2 Development of ASME and API-ASME Codes. D-2.1.2 Pressure vessel codes, following boiler pressure relief valve practice, require that the pressure relief valve D-1.2.1 ASME type containers of approximately 12,000 start-to-leak setting be the design pressure of the container. gal(45.4 m3)water capacity or more were initially used for In specifying pressure relief valve capacity, however, they bulk storage in processing, distribution and industrial stipulate that this relieving capacity be adequate to prevent plants.As the industry expanded and residential and com- the internal pressure from rising above 120 percent of the mercial usage increased,the need for small ASME contain- design pressure under fire exposure conditions. ers with capacities greater than the upper limit for DOT cylinders grew.This ultimately resulted in the development D-2.13 Containers built in accordance with D-2.1.1 were of cargo containers for tank trucks and the wide use of entirely adequate for the commercial grades of the LP- ASME containers ranging in size from less than 25 gal (0.1 Gases[the vapor pressure of propane at 100°F(38°C)is 205 m3)to 120,000 gal(454 m3)water capacity. psi (1.43 MPa); the vapor pressure of butane at 100°F (38°C) is 37 psi (0.26 MPa)]. However, as' they were D-1.2.2 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers equipped with pressure relief valves set to start-to-leak at (ASME) in 1911 set up the Boiler and Pressure Vessel the design pressure of the container, these relief valves Committee to formulate "standard rules for the construc- occasionally opened on an unusually warm day. Since any tion of steam boilers and other pressure vessels." The unnecessary release of a flammable gas is potentially dan- ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, first published in gerous, and giving weight to recommendations of fire pre- 1925, has been revised and republished in 22 separate vention and insurance groups as well as to the favorable editions including the 1980 edition. During this period experience with API-ASME containers (see D-2.2.1), relief there have been changes in the code as materials of con- valve settings above the design pressure[up to 250 psi(1.7 struction improved and more was known about them,and MPa) for propane and 100 psi (0.7 MPa) for butane] were as fabrication methods changed and inspection procedures widely used. were refined. D-2.1.4 In determining safe filling densities for com- D-1.2.3 One major change involved the so-called "factor pressed liquefied gases, DOT(ICC) uses the criterion that of safety"(the ratio of the ultimate strength of the metal to the container shall not become liquid full at the highest the design stress used).Prior to 1946,a 5:1 safety factor was temperature the liquid may be expected to reach due to the used. Fabrication changed from the riveting widely used normal atmospheric conditions to which the container may when the code was first written (some forge welding was be exposed. For containers of more than 1,200 gal (4.5 rn3) used),to fusion welding.This latter method was incorporat- water capacity, the liquid temperature selected is 1 l 5°F ed into the code as welding techniques were perfected, and (46°C). The vapor pressure of the gas to be contained at now predominates. 115°F (46°C) is specified by DOT as the minimum design pressure for the container. The vapor pressure of CP D-1.2.4 The safety factor change in the ASME Code was propane at 115°F(46°C)is 211 prig(1.4 MPa gauge),and of based on the technical progress made since 1925 and on commercial propane, 243 psig(1.5 MPa gauge).The vapor experience with the use of the API-ASME Code. This pressure of both normal butane and commercial butane at offshoot of the ASME Code, initiated in 1931, was formu- 1 15°F(46°C) is 51 psig(0.4 MPa gauge). lated and published by the American Petroleum Institute (API) in cooperation with the ASME. It justified the 4:1 D-2.1.5 The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code edi- safety factor on the basis of certain quality and inspection tions generally applicable to LP-Gas containers, and the controls not at that time incorporated in the ASME Code design pressures, safety factors and exceptions to these editions, editions for LP-Gas use,are shown in Table D-2.1.5.These reflect the use of the information in D-2.1.1 through D-1.2.5 ASME Code Case Interpretations and Addenda D-2.1.4. are published between Code editions and normally become part of the Code in the new edition. Adherence to these is D-2.2 API-ASME Container Design. considered compliance with the Code. [See 2-2.1.3(a).] D-2.2.1 The API-ASME Code was first published in 1931 (see D-2.1.4).Based on petroleum industry experience using D-2 Design of Containers for LP-Gas. certain material quality and inspection controls not at that D-2.1 ASME Container Design. time incorporated in the ASME Code, the 4:1 safety factor 2-571 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table D-2.1.5 Table D-23.1 Vapor Pressure,Design Pressures and Container Design Pressure,psi Taw Year ASME Code (Pascals) Safe Design Press.Earlier Safety As Shown in Table 2-2.2.2 Codes Edition Published Butane Propane Factor Maximum Design Press. 1931 through 462 100'(0.7) 200(1.4) 5:1 Vapor Press.at Present Container 1949 Par.U-68&U-692 100(0.7) 200(1.4) 5:1 100°F(37S*C) ASME Code' API-ASME ASME' 1949 Par.U-200&U-2012 125(0.9) 250(1.7) 4:1 �}Pe 1952 through 80 125(0.9) 250'(1.7) 4:1 80(.6) 100(.7) 100(.7) 80(.6) 80(.6) 100(.7) 125(.9) 125(.9) 100(.7) 100(.7) 'Until December 31,1947,containers designed for 80 psi(0.6 MPa)under 125(.9) 156(l.1) 156(1.1) 125(.9) 125(.9) prior(5:1 safety factor)codes were authorized for butane.Since that time, 150(1.0) 187(1.3) 187(1.3) 150(1.0) 150(1.0) either 100 psi(0.7 MPa)(under prior codes)or 125 psi(0.9 MPa)(under present codes)is required. 175(1.2) 219(1.5) 219(1.5) 175(1.2) 175(1.2) 215(1.5) 250(l.7) 250(l.7) 200(1.4) 200(1.4) 'Containers constructed in accordance with 1949 and prior editions of the 215(1.5) 312.5(2.2) 312.5(2.2) - 250(1.7) ASME Code were not required to be in compliance with paragraphs U-2 to U-10 inclusive,or with paragraph U-19.Construction in accordance with 'ASME Code edition for 1949,Par.U-200 and U-201 and all later editions paragraph U-70 of these editions was not authorized. (See D-2.1.5). 'Higher design pressure[312.5 psi(21 MPa)]is required for small ASME 'All ASME Codes up to the 1946 edition and paragraphs U-68 and U-69 of containers used for vehicular installations(such as forklift trucks used in the 1949 edition(See D-2.1.5). buildings or those installed in enclosed spaces)because they may be exposed to higher temperatures and consequently develop higher internal pressure. gauge) after 1947] with a 5:1 safety factor. During this period and until 1961, ICC Specifications also permitted was first used. Many LP-Gas containers were built under API-ASME containers with a 250 psig (1.7 MPa gauge) this code with design pressures of 125 psi(0.9 MPa)[100 psi design pressure for propane and 100 psig(0.7 MPa gauge) (0.7 MPa)until December 31, 1947]for butane and 250 psi for butane [125 psig(0.9 MPa gauge)after 1947]. (1.7 MPa) for propane. Containers constructed in accord- ance with the API-ASME Code were not required to comply D-2.43 To prevent any unnecessary release of flammable with Section 1, or the appendix to Section 1. Paragraphs vapor during transportation(see D-2.1.3),the use of safety W-601 through W-606 of the 1943 and earlier editions were relief valve settings 25 percent above the design pressure not applicable to LP-Gas containers. was common for ASME 5:1 safety factor containers. To eliminate confusion, and in line with the good experience D-2.2.2 The ASME Code,by changing from the 5:1 to the with API-ASME containers,the ICC permitted the rerating 4:1 safety factor through consideration of the factors de- of these particular ASME containers used under its specifi- scribed in D-2.1.1 through D-2.1.4,became nearly identical cations to 125 percent of the originally marked design in effect to the API-ASME Code by the 1950's. Thus, the pressure. API-ASME Code was phased out and construction was not authorized after July 1, 1961. D-2.4.4 DOT (ICC) Specifications applicable to portable tank containers and cargo tanks currently in use are listed in D-23 Design Criteria for LP-Gas Containers. Table D-2.4.4.New construction is not permitted under the D-23.1 To prevent confusion in earlier editions of NFPA older specifications. However, these older containers may 58, the nomenclature "container type" was used to desig- continue to be used provided they have been maintained in nate the design pressure of the container to be used for accordance with DOT(ICC)regulations. various types of LP-Gases. With the adoption of the 4:1 safety factor in the ASME Code and the phasing out of the API-ASME Code, the need for "container type" ceased to exist. Table D-2.3.1 makes it possible to compare older Table D-2.4.4 Containers which may have carried this designation with the ASME Construction API-ASME Construction new containers complying with 2-2.2.2 and Table 2-2.2.2 in this standard. Design Pressure, Design Pressure, Spec psig Safety psig Safety D-2.4 DOT(ICC)Specifications Utilizing ASME or Number Propane Butane Factor Propane Butane Factor API-ASME Containers. ICC-50' 2003 1003 5:1 250 125 4:1 D-2.4.1 DOT (ICC) Specifications for portable tank con- ICC-51' 250 125 4:1 250 125 4:1 tainers and cargo tanks require ASME or API-ASME con- MC-3202•' 200' 100, 5:1 250 125 4:1 struction for the container proper(see D4.1.2).Several such MC-3302 250 125 4:1 250 125 4:1 specifications were written by the ICC prior to 1967 and MC-3312 250 125 4:1 250 125 4:1 DOT has continued this practice. 'Portable Tank Container. 'Cargo Tank. D-2.4.2 ICC Specifications written prior to 1946, and to 'Permitted to be rerated to 125 percent of original ASME Design Pressure. some extent through 1952, used ASME containers with a 'Require DOT Exemption. 200 psig 1.4 MPa gauge) design pressure for propane and For psig Units P g( g g ) g P P P 100 psig = 0.7 MPa gauge; 125 psig = 0.9 MPa gauge;200 psig = 1.4 80 psig (0.6 MPa gauge) for butane [100 psig (0.7 MPa MPa gauge;250 psig = 1.7 MPa gauge 2-572 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 D-3 Underground ASME or API-ASME Containers. with the flow capacity requirements of CGA S-1.1,with the D-3.1 Use of Containers Underground. set pressure not less than 75 percent nor more than 100 D-3.1.1 ASME or API-ASME containers are used for percent of the minimum required test pressure of the underground or partially underground installation in aG cylinder. For example,the test pressure for a 240 psig(1.6 underground with 3-2.partially ll underground 9. The temperature of the MPa gauge)service pressure is 480 psig(3.2 MPa gauge);75 percent of this soil is normally low so that the average liquid temperature t 3 psig(2.5 MPa gauge).In practice,such and vapor pressure of product stored in underground con- tainers will be lower than in aboveground containers.This E-1.2A If fusible plugs and spring-loaded pressure relief lower operating pressure provides a substantial corrosion valves are used in combination,this combined use shall be allowance for underground containers. in accordance with CGA S-1.1, or in substance as follows: D-3.1.2 Containers listed to be used interchangeably for (a) If 100 percent of the relief device capacity is provided either installation aboveground or underground must com- by the pressure relief valve, the supplementary fuse plug ply as to pressure relief valve rated relieving capacity and may be of any convenient size provided the total plug area filling density with aboveground provisions when installed does not exceed 0.25 sq in. (1.6 cm2), and may have a aboveground [see 2-3.2.4(a)]. When installed underground melting point of more than 170`F(77°C)[usually a nominal the pressure relief valve rated relieving capacity and filling yield point of 212°F (100°C), with the upper limit not to density may be in accordance with underground provisions exceed 220`F(I04`C)].Combination devices are required at (see E-2.3.1), provided all other underground installation one end of a cylinder only, or may be separated and provisions are met. Partially underground containers are installed at opposite ends. considered as aboveground insofar as loading density and (b) If at least 70 percent of the relief device capacity is pressure relief valve rated relieving capacity are concerned. provided by the pressure relief valve, the balance of the capacity requirement shall be supplied by a 165"F (74"C) nominal yield point fusible plug in accordance with E-1.2.2. Combined devices are required at one end of a cylinder only or may be separated and installed at opposite ends. Appendix E Pressure Relief Devices E-2 Pressure Relief Devices for ASME Containers. This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA E-2.1 Source of Provisions for Relief Devices. document, but is included for information purposes only. E-2.1.1 Capacity requirements for relief devices are in accordance with the applicable provisions of Compressed (This Appendix contains non-NFPA mandated provisions.) Gas Association (CGA) Pamphlet S-1.2, Pressure-Relief Device Standards, Part 2—Cargo and Portable Tanks for E-1 Pressure Relief Devices for DOT(ICC) Cylinders. Compressed Gases, or with CGA Pamphlet S-1.3, Safety E-1.1 Source of Provisions for Relief Devices. Relief-Device Standards, Part 3—Compressed Gas Storage Containers. E-1.1.1 The requirements for relief devices on DOT cylin- ders are established by the Bureau of Explosives with DOT E-2.2 Spring-Loaded Pressure Relief Valves for approval. Complete technical information as to these re- Aboveground and Cargo Containers. quirements will be found in the Compressed Gas Associa- E-2.2.1 The minimum rate of discharge for spring-loaded tion (CGA) Pamphlet S-1.1, Pressure-Relief Device Stan- pressure relief valves is based on the outside surface of the dards, Part I—Cylinders for Compressed Gases. containers on which the valves are installed. Paragraph E-1.2 Essential Requirements of LP-Gas Cylinder Relief 2-2.6.5(g) provides that new containers shall be marked Devices. with the surface area in sq ft.The surface area of containers not so marked(or not legibly marked) may be computed by E-1.2.1 CGA Pamphlet S-1.1 provides that LP-Gas cylin- use of the applicable formula: ders shall be equipped with fusible plugs, spring-loaded (a) Cylindrical container with hemispherical heads: pressure relief valves, or a combination of the two. Fusible plugs are not permitted on cylinders used in certain vehicu- Surface area = overall length x outside diameter x lar installations[see 3-6.2.3(a)(4)].The provisions of E-1.2.2 3.1416. through E-1.2.4 outline the generally accepted industry practice in the use of fusible plugs and safety pressure (b) Cylindrical container with other than hemispherical devices on LP-Gas cylinders. heads: Surface area = (overall length + 0.3 outside diameter) x E-1.2.2 If fusible plugs constitute the only relief devices outside diameter x 3.1416. the plugs used shall comply with the flow capacity require- ments of CGA S-1.1 with a nominal melting or yield point NOTE: This formula is not precise, but will give results of 165"17(74°C) [not less than 157"F(69°C) nor more than with limits of practical accuracy in sizing relief valves. 170"F (77°C)].. For cylinders over 30 in. (0.8 m) long (exclusive of neck), a plug is required in each end of the (c) Spherical containers: cylinder. Surface area = outside diameter squared x 3.1416, E-1.2.3 If a spring-loaded pressure relief valve(s) consti- tutes the only relief device, the valves used shall comply E-2.2.2 The minimum required relieving capacity in cu ft 2-573 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE per minute of air at 120 percent of the maximum permitted mitted only with aboveground stationary containers of start-to-leak pressure(or Flow Rate CFM Air),under stan- 1,200 gal (4.5 ml)or less water capacity.They shall not be dard conditions of 60°F (16'C) and atmospheric pressure used on larger containers nor on portable or cargo contain- [14.7 psia(0.1 MPa absolute)], shall be as shown in Table ers of ASME construction. The total fusible plug discharge E-2.2.2 for the surface area in sq ft of the container on area is limited to 0.25 sq in. (1.6 cm)per container. which the pressure relief valve is to be installed. The flow rate may be interpolated for intermediate values of surface E-2.5 Pressure Relief Valve Testing. area. For containers with a total outside surface area ex- E-2.5.1 Frequent testing of pressure relief valves on ceeding 2,000 sq ft,the required flow rate shall be calculat- LP-Gas containers is not considered necessary for the ed,using the formula:Flow Rate CFM Air= 53.632 x AO-11 following reasons: where A = total outside surface area of container in sq ft. (a) The LP-Gases are so-called "sweet gases" having no corrosive or other deleterious effect on the metal of the Table E-2.2.2 containers or relief valves. (b) The relief valves are constructed of corrosion- Surface Flow Rate Surface Flow Rate Surface Flow Rate resistant materials, and are installed so as to be protected Area CFM Area CFM Area CFM against the weather. The variations of temperature and Sq.Ft. Air Sq.Ft. Air Sq.Ft. Air pressure due to atmospheric conditions are not sufficient to 20 or less 626 170 3620 600 10170 cause any permanent set in the valve springs. 25 751 175 3700 650 10860 (c) The required odorization of the LP-Gases makes 30 872 180 3790 700 11550 escape almost instantly evident. 35 990 185 3880 750 12220 (d) Experience over the years with the storage of LP- 40 1100 190 3960 800 12880 Gases has shown a good safety record on the functioning of 45 1220 195 4050 850 13540 pressure relief valves. 50 1330 200 4130 900 14190 55 1430 210 4300 950 14830 E-2.5.2 60 1540 220 4470 1000 15470 Since no mechanical device can be expected to 65 1640 230 4630 1050 16100 remain in operative condition indefinitely, it is suggested 70 1750 240 4800 1100 16720 that the pressure relief valves on containers of more than 75 1850 250 4960 1150 17350 2,000 gal(7.6 ml)water capacity be tested at approximately 80 1950 260 5130 1200 17960 10-year intervals.Some types of valves may be tested by the 85 2050 270 5290 1250 18570 use of an external lifting device having an indicator to show 90 2150 280 5450 1300 19180 the pressure equivalent at which the valve may be expected 95 2240 290 5610 1350 19780 to open. Others must be removed from the container for 100 2340 300 5760 1400 20380 testing, requiring that the container first be emptied. 105 2440 310 5920 1450 20980 110 2530 320 6080 1500 21570 115 2630 330 6230 1550 22160 120 2720 340 6390 1600 22740 Appendix F Liquid Volume Tables, Computations,and 125 2810 350 6540 1650 23320 Graphs 130 2900 360 6690 1700 23900 135 2990 370 6840 1750 24470 140 3080 380 7000 1800 25050 This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA 145 .3170 390 7150 11850 25620 document, but is included for information purposes only. 150 3260 400 7300 1900 26180 155 3350 450 8040 1950 26750 F-1 Scope. 160 3440 500 8760 2000 27310 165 3530 550 9470 F-1.1 Application. F-1.1.1 This appendix explains the basis for Table 4-5.2.1, includes the LP-Gas liquid volume temperature correction E-2.3 Spring-Loaded Pressure Relief Valves for Under- table, Table F-3.1.3, and describes its use. It also explains ground or Mounded Containers. the methods of making liquid volume computations to E-23.1 In the case of containers installed underground or determine the maximum permissible LP-Gas content of mounded, the pressure relief valve relieving capacities may containers in accordance with Tables 4-5.2.3(a),(b),and(c). be as small as 30 percent of those specified in Table D-2.2.2 provided the container is empty of liquid when installed, F-2 Basis for Determination of LP-Gas Container that no liquid is placed in it until it is completely covered Capacity. with earth,and that it is not uncovered for removal until all F-2.1 The basis for determination of the maximum per- liquid has been removed. mitted filling densities shown in Table 4-5.2.1 is the maxi- mum safe quantity which will assure that the container will E-2.3.2 Containers partially underground must have pres- not become liquid full when the liquid is at the highest sure relief valve relieving capacitites in accordance with anticipated temperature. 2-3.2.4. (a) For portable containers built to DOT specifications and other aboveground containers with water capacities of E-2.4 Provisions for Fusible Plugs. 1,200 gal(4.5 m3)or less,this temperature is assumed to be E-2.4.1 Fusible plugs, supplementing spring-loaded pres- 130°F(54°C). sure relief valves, and complying with 2-3.2.4(e), are per- (b) For other aboveground uninsulated containers with 2-574 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 water capacities in excess of 1,200 gal (4.5 m'), including EXAMPLE: A container has in it 4,055 gal of LP-Gas those built to DOT portable or cargo tank specifications, with a specific gravity of 0.560 at a liquid temperature of this temperature is assumed to be 115'F(46'C). 75'17.The correction factors in the 0.560 column are 0.980 (c) For all containers installed underground,this temper- at 76'F and 0.983 at 74'F, or, interpolating, 0.9815 for ature is assumed to be 105'F(41'C). 75'F. The volume of liquid at 60'F is 4,055 x 0.9815, or 3980 gal. F-3 Liquid Volume Correction Table. F-3.1 Correction of Observed Volume to Standard F-3.2.2 To determine the volume in gal of a particular Temperature Condition(60°F and Equilibrium Pressure). LP-Gas at temperature "t" to correspond with a given F-3.1.1 The volume of a given quantity of LP-Gas liquid number of gal at 60'F (16'C), Table F-3.1.3 is used as follows: in a container is directly related to its temperature,expand- a Obtain the correction factor for the LP-Gas,using the ing as temperature increases and contracting as temperature ( ) g decreases. Standard conditions, often used for weights and column for its specific gravity and reading the factor for measures purposes and, in some cases, to comply with temperature"t." safety regulations, specify correction of the observed vol- (b) Divide the number of gal at 60'17 (16'C) by this ume to what it would be at 60'F(16'C). correction factor to obtain the volume.at temperature"t." F-3.1.2 To correct the observed volume to 60'F(16'C),the EXAMPLE: It is desired to pump 800 gal at 60'F into a specific gravity of LP-Gas at 60'F in relation to water at container. The LP-Gas has a specific gravity of 0.510 and 60'F (16'C) (usually referred to as "60°F/60'F'), and its the liquid temperature is 44°F.The correction factor in the average temperature must be known. The specific gravity 0.510 column for 44'F is 1.025. Volume to be pumped at normally appears on the shipping papers. The average 44'17 is 800 - 1.025 = 780 gal. liquid temperature may be obtained as follows: (a) Insert a thermometer in a thermometer well in the F4 Maximum Liquid Volume Computations. container into which the liquid has been transferred and F4.1 Maximum Liquid LP-Gas Content of a Container at read the temperature after the completion of the transfer Any Given Temperature. [see F-3.1.2(c)as to proper use of thermometer]. F4.1.1 The maximum liquid LP-Gas content of any con- (b) If the container is not equipped with a well, but is tainer depends upon the size of the container,whether it is essentially empty of liquid prior to loading,the temperature installed aboveground or underground, the maximum per- of the liquid in the container from which liquid is being mitted filling density and the temperature of the liquid[see withdrawn may be used.Otherwise,a thermometer may be Tables 4-5.2.3(a), (b), and(c).] inserted in a thermometer well or other temperature sensing device installed in the loading line at a point close to the F4.1.2 The maximum volume"V,-(in percent of contain- container being loaded, reading temperatures at intervals er capacity) of an LP-Gas at temperature "t," having a during transfer and averaging. [See F-3.1.2(c)]. specific gravity"G"and a filling density of"L,"is comput- (c) A suitable liquid should be used in thermometer weils ed by use of the formula: to obtain an efficient heat transfer from the LP-Gas liquid in the container to the thermometer bulb. The liquid used L L should be noncorrosive and should not freeze at the temper- V, = G _ F, or V, = G x F where: atures to which it will be subjected. Water should not be used. V, = percent of container capacity which may be filled F-3.1.3 The volume observed or measured is corrected to with liquid 60'F(16'C)by use of Table F-3.1.3. The column headings, L = filling density across the top of the tabulation, list the range of specific gravities for the LP-Gases complying with 1-2.1.1. Specific G = specific gravity of particular LP-Gas gravities are shown from 0.500 to 0.590 by 0.010 incre- F = correction factor to correct volume at temperature ments, except that special columns are inserted for chemi- "t" to 60'17(16'C). cally pure propane,isobutane and normal butane.To obtain a correction factor,follow down the column for the specific EXAMPLE 1: The maximum liquid content,in percent of gravity of the particular LP-Gas to the factor corresponding container capacity,for an aboveground 500 gal water capac- with the liquid temperature. Interpolation between the ity container of an LP-Gas having a specific gravity of 0.550 specific gravities and temperatures shown may be used if and at a liquid temperature of 45'F is computed as follows: necessary. From Table 4-5.2.1,L= 0.47,and from Table F-3.1.3,'F= F-3.2 Use of Liquid Volume Correction Factors, Table 1.019. F-3.13. 0.47 F-3.2.1 To correct the observed volume in gal for any Thus V,5 = 0.550 x 1.019 = 0.838 (83%), or 415 gallons. LP-Gas (the specific gravity and temperature of which is known) to gal at 60'F (16'C), Table F-3.l.3 is used as EXAMPLE 2: The maximum liquid content,in percent of follows: container capacity, for an aboveground 30,000 gal water (a) Obtain the correction factor for the specific gravity capacity container of LP-Gas having a specific gravity of and temperature as described in F-3.1.3. 0.508 and at a liquid temperature of 80'F is computed as (b) Multiply the gal observed by this correction factor to follows: obtain the gal at 60°F(I CC). 2-575 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Table F-3.13 Liquid Volume Correction Factors. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 600F./600F. Observed iso- n- Temperature Propane Butane Butane Degrees 0.500 05079 0.510 0520 0530 0.540 0.550 0560 05631 OWO 0580 05844 1 0590 Fahrenheit VOLUME CORRECTION FACTORS -50...._....„.._ 1.160 1.155 1.153 1.146 1.140 1.133 1.127 1.122 1.120 1.116 1.111 1.108 1.106 1.153 1.148 1.146 1.140 1.134 1.128 1.122 1.117 1.115 1.111 1.106 1.103 1.101 -40...... 1.147 1.142 1.140 1.134 1.128 1.122 1.117 1.111 1.110 1.106 1.101 1.099 1.097 -35_........„... 1.140 1.135 1.134 1.128 1.122 1.116 1.112 1.106 1.105 1.101 1.096 1.094 1 092 -30................ 1.134 1.129 1.128 1.122 1.116 1.111 1.106 1.101 1.100 1.096 1.092 1.090 1.088 -25-._.......... 1.127 1.122 1.121 1.115 1.110 1.105 1.100 1.095 1.094 1.091 1.087 1.085 1.083 -20................ 1.120 1.115 1.114 1.109 1.104 1.099 1.095 1.090 1.089 1.086 1.082 1.080 1.079 -15............... 1.112 1.109 1.107 1.102 1.097 1.093 1.089 1.084 1.083 1.080 1.077 1.075 1.074 -10................ 1.105 1.102 1.100 1.095 1.091 1.087 1.083 1.079 1.078 1.075 1.072 1.071 1.069 - 5.............. 1.098 1.094 1.094 1.089 1.085 1.081 1.077 1.074 1.073 1.070 1.067 1.066 1.065 0„.........„... 1.092 1.088 1.088 1.084 1.080 1.076 1.073 1.069 1.068 1.066 1.063 1.062 1.061 2„..._......... 1.089 1.086 1.085 1.081 1.077 1.074 1.070 1.067 1.066 1.064 1.061 1.060 1.059 4................ 1.086 1.083 1.082 1.079 1.075 1.071 1.068 1.065 1.064 1.062 1.059 1.058 1.057 6-............. 1.084 1.080 1.080 1.076 1.072 1.069 1.065 1.062 1.061 1.059 1.057 1.055 1.054 8_.............. 1.081 1.078 1.077 1.074 1.070 1.066 1.063 1.060 1.059 1.057 1.055 1.053 1.052 10„__.......... 1.078 1.075 1.074 1.071 1.067 1.064 1.061 1.058 1.057 1.055 1.053 1.051 1.050 12„..„......„.. 1.075 1.072 1.071 1.068 1.064 1.061 1.059 1.056 1.055 1.053 1.051 1.049 1.048 14_....... 1.07 2 1.070 1.069 1.066 1.062 1.059 1.056 1.053 1.053 1.051 1.049 1.047 1.046 16„.............. 1.070 1.067 1.066 1.063 1.060 1.056 1.054 1.051 1.050 1.048 1.046 1.045 1.044 18_............. 1.067 1.065 1.064 1.061 1.057 1.054 1.051 1.049 1.048 1.046 1.044 1.043 1.042 20................ 1.064 1.062 1.061 1.058 1.054 1.051 1.049 1.046 1.046 1.044 1.042 1.041 1.040 22................ 1.061 1.059 1.058 1.055 1.052 1.049 1.046 1.044 1.044 1.042 1.040 1.039 1.038 24....,.--m...... 1.058 1.056 1.055 1.052 1.049 1.046 1.044 1.042 1.042 1.040 1.038 1.037 1.036 26„.............. 1.055 1.053 1.052 1.049 1.047 1.044 1.042 1.039 1.039 1.037 1.036 1.036 1.034 28................ 1.052 1.050 1.049 1.047 1.044 1.041 1.039 1.037 1.037 1.035 1.034 1.034 1.032 30................ 1.049 1.047 1.046 1.044 1.041 1.039 1.037 1.035 1.035 1.033 1.032 1.032 1.030 32............... 1.046 1.044 1.043 1.041 1.038 1.036 1.035 f 1.033 1.033 1 1.031 1.030 1 1.030 1 1.028 34-...„........ 1.043 1.041 1.040 1.038 1.036 1.034 1.032 1.031 1.030 1.029 1.028 1.029 1.026 36....._..._. 1.039 1.038 1.037 1.035 1.033 1.031 1.030 1.028 1.028 1.027 1.025 1.025 1.024 38................ 1.036 1.035 1.034 1.032 1.031 1.029 1.027 1.026 1.025 1.025 1.023 1.023 1.022 40................ 1.033 1.032 1.031 1.029 1.028 1.026 1.025 1.024 1.023 1.023 1.021 1.021 1.020 42............... 1.030 1.029 1.028 1.027 1.025 1.024 1.023 1.022 1.021 1.021 1.019 1.019 1.018 44............... 1.027 1.026 1.025 1.023 1.022 1.021 1.020 1.019 1.019 1.018 1.017 1.017 1.016 46_........„... 1.023 1.022 1.022 1.021 1.020 1.018 1.018 1.017 1.016 1.016 1.015 1.015 1.014 48............... 1.020 1.019 1.019 1.018 1.017 1.016 1.015 1.014 1.014 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.012 50-............. 1.017 1.016 1.016 1.015 1.014 1.013 1.013 1.012 1.012 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.010 52„............. 1.014 1.013 1.012 1.012 1.011 1.010 1.010 7.009 1.009 1.009 1.009 1.009 1.008 54.„.„......... 1.010 1.010 1.009 1.009 1.008 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.007 1.007 1.006 1.006 1.006 56„............. 1.007 1.007 1.006 1.006 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.004 1.004 1.004 58„............. 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 60.............. 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 62............... 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.998 0998 OD98 0.998 0.998 0.998 64.............. 0.993 0.993 0.994 0994 0.994 0.994 0.995 0.995 0995 0995 0.996 1 0.996 0.996 66............... 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 68„............. 0.986 0.986 0.987 0.987 0.988 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.991 0991 0.991 70.... .......... 0.983 0.983 0.984 0984 0985 0.986 0.987 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.989 0.989 0.989 72............... 0.979 0.980 0.981 0.981 0.982 0.983 0.984 0.985 0.986 0.986 0.987 0.987 0.987 74...........„.. 0976 0.976 0977 0978 0.980 0980 0982 0.983 0.983 0.984 0.985 0985 0985 76.............. 0972 0.973 0.974 0.975 0.977 0.978 0.979 0.980 0.981 0981 0.982 0.982 0983 78............... 0969 0.970 0.970 0.972 0.974 0.975 0.977 0978 0978 0.979 0.980 0.980 0981 80............... 0.965 0.967 0967 0.969 0.971 0972 0.974 0975 0.976 0.977 0.978 0.978 0.979 82-............. 0.961 0.963 0.963 0.966 0.968 0.969 0971 0.972 0.973 0.974 0.976 0.976 0977 84............... 0.957 0.959 0.960 0.962 0.965 0.966 0.968 0.970 0.971 0.972 0.974 0.974 0.975 86............... 0.954 0.956 0.956 0.959 0.961 0.964 0.966 0.967 0.968 0.969 0.971 0.971 0.972 88............... 0.950 0.952 0.953 0.955 0.958 0.961 0963 0.965 0.966 0.967 0.969 0.969 0970 90............... 0.946 0.949 0.949 0952 0.955 0.958 0.960 0.962 0.963 0.964 0.967 0.967 0968 92„.........„.. 0.942 0.945 0.946 0.949 0.952 0.955 0.957 0.959 0.960 0.962 0.964 0.965 0966 94„............. 0.938 0.941 0.942 0.946 0.949 0.952 0.954 0.957 0.958 0.959 0.962 0.962 0.964 96„............. 0.935 0.938 0.939 0.942 0946 0.949 0.952 0954 0.955 0.957 0.959 0.960 0.961 98„............. 0.931 0.934 0.935 0.939 0.943 0.946 0.949 0.952 0.953 0.954 0.957 0.957 0.959 100_............. 0.927 0.930 0.932 0.936 0.940 0.943 0.946 0.949 0.950 0.952 0.954 0.955 0.957 105............... 0.917 0.920 0.923 0.927 0.931 0.935 0939 0.943 0.943 0.946 0.949 0.949 0.951 110............... 0.907 0.911 0.913 0.918 0.923 0.927 0.932 0.936 0.937 0.939 0.943 0.944 0.946 115............... 0.897 0.902 0.904 0.909 0.915 0.920 0.925 0.930 0.930 0.933 0.937 0.938 0.940 120............... 0.887 0.892 0.894 0.900 0.907 0.912 0.918 0.923 0.924 0.927 0.931 0.932 0.934 125............... 0.876 0.881 0.884 0.890 0.898 0.903 0.909n0.916O.916 0920 0.925 0.927 0.928 130............- 0.865 0.871 0.873 0.880 0888 0.895 0.9019 0.913 0.918 0.921 0.923 135............... 0.854 0.861 0.863 0.871 0.879 0.887 0.8942 0.907 0.912 0.914 0.916 140............... 0.842 0.850 0.852 0.861 0.870 0.879 0.8865 0.900 0.905 0.907 0.910 2-576 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 From Table 4-5.2.1,L= 0.45,and from Table F-3.1.3,"F= F4.2.3 Percentage values, such as in the example in 0.967. F-4.2.2, are rounded off to the next lower full percentage point, or to 83 percent in this example. Thus Vso = 0.45 — 0.915 (91%) or 27,300 gallons. 0.508 x 0.967 — F4.3 Location of Fixed Maximum Liquid Level Gauges in Containers. F4.2 Alternate Method of Filling Containers. F4.2.1 Containers equipped only with fixed maximum F43.1 Due to the diversity of fixed liquid gauges,and the level gauges or only with variable liquid level gauges,when many sizes (from DOT cylinders to 120,000 gal (454 ml) temperature determinations are not practical,may be filled ASME vessels) and types (vertical, horizontal, cylindrical with either gauge provided the fixed maximum liquid level and spherical)of containers in which gauges are installed,it gauge is installed,or the variable gauge is set,to indicate the is not possible to tabulate the liquid levels such gauges volume equal to the maximum permitted filling density as should indicate for the maximum permitted filling densities provided in 4-5.3.3(a).This level is computed on the basis [see Table 4-5.2.1 and 4-5.3.3(a)]. that the liquid temperature will be 40°F (4'C) for above- ground containers,or 50"F(10"C)for underground contain- F The percentage container capacity which these ers gaauugesges should indicate is computed by use of the formula in F-4.1.2. The liquid level this gauge should indicate is F4.2.2 The percentage of container capacity which may obtained by applying this percentage to the water capacity be filled with liquid is computed by use of the formula of the container in gal[water at 60°F(16`C)],then using the shown in F-4.1.2, substituting the appropriate values as strapping table for the container(obtained from its manu- follows: facturer)to determine the liquid level for this gallonage. If such a table is not available, this liquid level is computed from the internal dimensions of the container, using data V' — G x F'Where: from engineering handbooks. t = the liquid temperature.Assumed to be 40°F(4"C)for F4.3.3 The formula of F-4.1.2 is used to determine the aboveground containers or 50'17 (10`C) for underground maximum LP-Gas liquid content of a container to comply containers. with Table 4-5.2.1 and 4-5.3.3(a), as follows: L = the loading density obtained from Table 4-5.2.1 for: (a) the specific gravity of the LP-Gas to be contained. Volumetric percentage, or V, = G x F, and (b) the method of installation, aboveground or under- Volume in Gallons = V, x Container Gallons Water Capacity, or ground, and if aboveground,then: (1) for containers of 1,200 gal(4.5 ml)water capacity or Vol. in Gal. at t = less. L(Table 4-5.2.1) x Container Gallons Water Capacity (2) for containers of more than 1,200 gal(4.5 ml)water G(Spec.Gray.) x F(For G and at temperature t) capacity. G = the specific gravity of the LP-Gas to be contained. EXAMPLE 1: Assume a 100 gal water capacity container F = the correction factor. Obtained from Table F-3.1.3, for underground storage of propane with a specific gravity using G and 40°F(4°C)for aboveground containers or 50°F of 0.510. From Table 4-5.2.1, L = 46 percent; from (10"C) for underground containers. 4-5.3.3(a), t = 50'F; and from Table F-3.1.3, `F for 0.510 specific gravity and a temperature of 50°F is 1.016;or EXAMPLE: The maximum volume of LP-Gas with a specific gravity of 0.550 which may be in a 1,000 gal water capacity aboveground container which is filled by use of a 46 x 100 _ fixed maximum liquid level gauge is computed as follows: Vol. in Gal. at 50°F = = 88.7 gallons. q g g P 0.510 x 1.016 t is 40`F for an aboveground container. L for 0.550 specific gravity, and an aboveground container of less than 1,200 gal water capacity, from Table 4-5.2.1, is EXAMPLE 2: Assume an 18,000 gal water capacity con- 47 percent. tainer for aboveground storage of a mixture with a specific G is 0.550. gravity of 0.550. From Table 4-5.2.1,L= 50 percent; from F for 0.550 specific gravity at 40'17 from Table F-3.1.3 is 4-5.3.3(a), t = 40'17; and from Table F-3.1.3, "F for 0.550 1.025. specific gravity and 40`F temperature is 1.025; or Thus V,o = 47 = 0.834 (83%) or 830 gallons. Vol. in Gal. at 40°F = O•.5 x 18SO x 1.. 00025 0.550 x 1.025 = 15,950 gallons. 2-577 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Appendix G Wall Thickness of Copper Tubing C. Thermal Insulation Test. 1. A torch fire environment shall be created in the This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA following manner document, but is included for information purposes only. (i) The source of the simulated torch shall be a hydrocarbon fuel.The flame temperature from the simulat- ed torch shall be 2,200°F ± 100°F (1200°C ± 56'C) throughout the duration of the test.Torch velocities shall be Table G-1 Wall Thickness of Copper Ubing 40 miles per hour± 10 miles per hour(64 km/h ± 16 km/h) (Specification for Copper Water Tube,ASTM B 88) throughout the duration of the test. (ii) An uninsulated square steel plate with thermal Nominal Wall Thickness properties equivalent to ASME pressure vessel steel shall be Inches used.The plate dimensions shall be not less than 4 feet by 4 Standard Size Nominal OD feet 1.2 m x 1.2 m b nominal IA in. 16 mm thick. The Inches Inches Type K Type L ( ) Y ( ) plate shall be instrumented with not less than 9 thermocou- '/4 0.375 0.035 0.030 ples to record the thermal response of the plate. The 1/9 0.500 0.049 0.035 thermocouples shall be attached to the surface not exposed 'h 0.625 0.049 0.040 to the simulated torch, and shall be divided into 9 equal % 0.750 0.049 0.042 squares with a thermocouple placed in the center of each V4 0.875 0.065 0.045 square. (iii) The steel-plate holder shall be constructed in such a manner that the only heat transfer to the back side of Table G-2 Wall Thickness of Copper Tubing the plate is by heat conduction through the plate and not by (Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for other heat paths.The apex of the flame shall be directed at Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service,ASTM B 280) the center of the plate. Standard Size Outside Diam. Wall Thickness (iv) Before exposure to the torch fire, none of the Inches Inches Inches temperature recording devices shall indicate a plate temper- '1. 0.250 0.030 ature in excess of 100'F(38°C) or less than 32'F(0°C). ' V16 0.312 0.032 (v) A minimum of two thermocouples shall indicate V8 0.375 0.032 800"17(427"C) in a time of 4.0 ± 0.5 minutes of torch fire 'h 0.500 0.032 exposure. 1/8 0.625 0.035 2. A thermal insulation system shall be tested in the V4 0.750 0.042 torch fire environment described in paragraph (1) of this 0.875 0.045 section in the following manner. (i) The thermal insulation system shall cover one side of a steel plate identical to that used under paragraph C.L(ii) of this section. Appendix H Procedure for Torch Fire and Hose Stream (ii) The back of the steel plate shall be instrumented Testing of Thermal Insulating Systems for with not less than 9 thermocouples placed as described in LP-Gas Containers paragraph C.L(ii) of this section to record the thermal response of the steel. (iii) Before exposure to the torch fire, none of the This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA thermocouples on the thermal insulation system steel plate document, but is included for information purposes only. configuration shall indicate a plate temperature in excess of A. Performance Standard. Thermal protection insulat- 100`F(38"C)or less than 32°F(0°C). ing systems, proposed for use on LP-Gas containers as a (iv) The entire outside surface of the thermal insula- means of"Special Protection" under paragraph 3-10.3.1, tion system shall be exposed to the torch fire environment. are required to undergo thermal performance testing as a (v) A torch fire test shall be run for a minimum of 50 precondition for acceptance. The intent of this testing minutes. The thermal insulation system shall retard the procedure is to identify insulation systems which retard or heat flow to the steel plates so that none of the thermocou- prevent the release of the container's contents in a fire ples on the uninsulated side of the steel plate indicates a environment of a 50 minute duration;and which will resist plate temperature in excess of 800°F(427°C). a concurrent hose stream of a 10 minute duration. B. Reference Test Standards. The testing procedure de- D. Hose Stream Resistance Test. scribed herein was taken with some modification from 1. After 20 minutes exposure to the torch test,the test segments of the two following test standards: sample shall be hit with a hose stream concurrently with the 1. Code of Federal Regulations-Title 49,Part 179.105- torch for a period of 10 minutes.The hose stream test shall 4, "Thermal Protection." be conducted in the following manner: 2. National Fire Code-NFPA 252,Standard Methods (i) The stream shall be directed first at the middle of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Chapter 4, Part 4-3 "Hose and then at all parts of the exposed surface,making changes Stream Test." in direction slowly. 2-578 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 (ii) The hose stream shall be delivered through a 21/2 amount equal to 1 ft (0.3 m) for each 10 degrees of inch(64 mm)hose discharging through a National Standard deviation from the normal. Playpipe of corresponding size equipped with 1 'A in. (29 (iv) Subsequent to the application of the hose mm) discharge tip of the standard-taper smooth-bore pat- stream, the torching shall continue until any thermocouple tern without shoulder at the orifice. The water pressure at on the uninsulated side of the steel plate indicates a plate the base of the nozzle and for the duration of the test shall temperature in excess of 800"F(427`C). be 30 psi(207 kPa).(Estimated delivery rate is 205 gallons (776 I/min)per minute.) (v) The thermal insulation system shall be judged to (iii) The tip of the nozzle shall be located 20 ft(6 m) be resistant to the action of the hose stream if the time from from and on a line normal to the center of the test specimen. initiation of torching for any thermocouple on the uninsu- If impossible to be so located, the nozzle may be on a line lated side of the steel plate to reach in excess of 800'F deviating not to exceed 30 degrees from the line normal to (427T) is 50 minutes or greater. the center of the test specimen. When so located the (vi) One (1) successful combination torch fire and distance from the center shall be less than 20 ft(6 m)by an hose stream test shall be required for certification. 2-579 Appendix I Container Spacing W U, 00 z 0 This Appendix Is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA documint, but is included for Information purposes only. aD Intake to direct vent Window air appliance —'conditioner 5 ft (source of ignition) Min.. 3 ft Min. 10 ft Central A/C "(note 1) Min. compressor (note 2) (source of ignition) 3 DOT cylinder filled DOT cylinders from bulk truck in exchange (150#,200#,300#,420#) (60#or 100#) Crawl space opening NOTE 1: 5 ft minimum between relief valve discharge and external source of ignition (air conditioner),direct vent,or mechanical ventilation system (attic fan). NOTE 2: If the DOT cylinder is filled on-site from a bulk truck,the filling connection and vent valve must be at least 10 ft from any external source of ignition,direct vent,or mechanical ventilation system. co (For S1 Units: I ft = 0.3048 rn) 0 M Figure I-1 DOT Cylinders. m 0 0 (This figure for illustrative purposes only;text shall govern.) a M J V CID Z r � 0 v m Intake to direct vent appliance -.`` a v Window air conditioner m Min. 10 ft ® (source of ignition) Central A/C ,Q 0 Min. 10ft Compressor Min. 10 ft 9ader�\Min' Crawl space Min (source of ignition) we - r'.�t• opening 5ft Oder c 5-SOp Min. ., Kc, 10 ft S07` ►' Nearest line of adjoining ?0p0' property which may be / gal. Min./ built upon c, i25ft Min. 10 ft Min.25 ft NOTE 1: Regardless of its size,any ASME.tank filled on-site must be located so that the filling connection and fixed liquid level gauge are at least 10 ft from any external source of ignition (i.e.open flame,window A/C,compressor,etc). Intake to direct vented gas appliance or intake to a mechanical ventilation system. (For SI Units: I ft = 0.3048 m) to D Figure 1-2 Aboveground ASME Containers. Z v a In (This figure for illustrative purposes only;text shall govern.) p Go OD i 4n 00 > z co 1/4 Intake to direct vent appliance Window air conditioner Crawl space opening Min. 10 ft (source of ignition) (note 2) Central A/C compressor Min. 10 ft (source of ignition) (not 2) Min. 10 ft (note Crawl space opening Min. 1 0 ft (note 2) 10 Min, 10 ft NOTE 1: The filling connection and vent from liquid level 0 gauge on tanks filled at the point of installation must be at �0 (note 2) e'VS 'i� least 10 ft from any external ignition source,direct vent or mechanical ventilation. NOTE 2: Minimum distances for underground containers shall be measured from the relief valve and filling or liquid level gauge vent connection at the container,except that no partof an underground container shall be less than 10 ft from a building or line of adjoining property which may be built upon. Nearest line of adjoining Property which may be built upon co to 4 (For SI Units: I ft = 0.3048 m) a Z -n 0 m Figure 1-3 Underground ASME Containers. 0 0 a (This figure for Illustrative purposes only;text shall govern.) m 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Appendix J Referenced Publications J-1. The following documents or portions thereof are CGA Pamphlet C-6-1984,Standards for Visual Inspection referenced within this standard for informational purposes of Steel Compressed Gas Cylinders. only and thus are not considered part of the requirements of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is J-1.5 Federal Publications. National Technical Informa- the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of tion Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, VA this document. 22161. BERC/RI-77/1, September 1977, New Look at Odori- J-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- zation Levels for Propane Gas, United States Energy ciation, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. Research and Development Administration, Technical NFPA 77-1988, Recommended Practice on Static Information Center. Electricity NFPA 78-1986, Lightning Protection Code I Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Part 195, Trans- portation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline. J-1.2 ASCE Publication. American Society of Civil Engi- neers, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th St., New First National Publication. Gas Processors Association, 1812 York,NY 10017. First Bank Bldg.,Tulsa,OK 74103. ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications for Test Methods 56. Standard 2140. J-1.3 ASTM Publication. American Society for Testing J-1.7 NPGA Publications. National Propane Gas Associ- and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. ation, 1301 W. 22nd St., Oak Brook, IL 60521. ASTM D 1835-1982, Specification for Liquefied Petro- NPGA 122-1970, Recommendations for Prevention of leum (LP) Gases. Ammonia-Contamination of LP-Gas. NPGA Safety Bulletin 118-1979, Recommended Proce- J-1.4 CGA Publication. Compressed Gas Association, dures for Visual Inspection and Requalification of DOT Inc., 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington, VA 22202. (ICC) Cylinders in LP-Gas Service. INDEX ® 1989 National Fire Protection Association,all rights reserved. The copyright in this index is separated and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes.The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to this index.This index may not be produced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permission of the National Fire Protection Association,Inc. —A— Abbreviations............................................1-7 API Acceptance of equipment and systems ..........................1-3 Definition.............................................1-7 AGA API-ASME Definition........ ....................................1-7 Codes . American Gas Association ................... ...........see AGA Compliance with ...........................2-2.1.3,A-2-2.1.3 American National Standards Institute.....................see ANSI Development of.....................................D-1.2 American Petroleum Institute.............................see API Containers ..........................see Containers,API-ASME American Society for Testing and Materials ................see ASTM Appliances,LP-Gas................................... ....2-6 American Society of Mechanical Engineers..................see ASME Application..........................................2-1.1 Ammonia contamination .................................I-2.1.2 Approval........................................ ....2-6.2 ANSI Conversion to LP-Gas................... ......... . . . ..2-6.3.1 Definition............. ........ ..... . . .. . ........... ...1-7 General. ........................... . . .... . . ... .. ....2-6.1 2-583 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Installation of..........................................3-5 Definition...........................................1.7 Application ........................................3-5.1 Distributing and industrial LP-Gas systems.................3-3.2 Buildings ..3-4.2 Engine fuels stems...........................3-6.2.3,3-6.2.6 Non-engine fuel systems...............................3-9.2 Fabrication.........................................2-3.1 Reference standards ..................................3-5.2 General ...........................................2-3.1 Vehicles...........................................3-9.4 Installation.........................................3-2.4 Provisions for ........................................2-6.3 Non-cngine fuel systems...............................3-9.2 Application of standard ...................................1-2.2 Protection against physical damage..................2-2.4,6-3.5 Appurtenances,container...............see Containers,Appurtenances ASME .......................................6-2.2,App.D ASME ....................................see also API-ASME Definition...........................................1-7 Codes Design...................................D-2.1,D-2.3,D-3 Compliance with ...........................2-2.1.3,A-2-2.1.3 Design pressure....................................2-2.2.2 Definition...........................................1-7 Engine fuel systems.................................3-6.2.2 Development of.....................................D-1.2 Gauges ..........................................2-3.4.2 Definition.............................................1-7 Markings...................................2-2.6.5,3-6.2.2 ASTM Nameplates.......................................2-2.6.5 Definition.............................................1-7 Pressure relief devices on .........................3-2.4.3,E-2 Requalification for service ............................2-2.1.4 —B— Spacing..........................................1-2,1-3 Supports .........................................2-2.5.3 Trucks ............................................3-6.3 Balconies,portable containers installed on......................3-4.9 Assembly Buildings....................................see also Structures Definition...........................................1-7 Heating,emergency/temporary............................3-4.7 Buildings,containers in.................... .........3-2.2,3-4 Housing distribution facilities ..........................Chap.7 Capacity •.•••.•••••••••••....2-2.1.7,4-5.2,Table 4-5.2.3,App.F Housing educational and institutional occupancies .............34.6 Corrosion Protection...........................,..3-2.3.8(c) Housing industrial occupancies............................3-4.5 Definition.............................................1-7 Location of containers in................................3-2.2 Demonstration use..................... ................3-4.8 LP-Gas systems in 34 Design 2-2.1,A-2-2.1.3,D-2 Piping systems in................. .3-2.6.1,34.10 Engine fuel systems.........................3-6.1,3-6.2,A-3-6.2 Storage of portable containers in.............. ..............5-3 Fabrication ...............................2-2.1,8-1,A-2-2.1.3 Under construction ....................................3-4.3 Filling.........................4-2.2,4-3.2,4-3.3,4-5,8-1,8-1.5 Under renovation Alternate method................................. F-4.2 Major.............................................3-4.3 General.................... .........................2-2.1 Minor.............................................3-4.4 Horizontal ................ .............2-2.5.1,2.2.5.2,3-2.3.2 Bureau of Explosives(B of E) Impoundment of........................................8-3 Definition.............................................1-7 Inspection .............. ........................8-1.8.8-1.9 Butane,boiling point........................... ......1-1.1.2 Installation ...........................3-2.3,34.2,34.9,8-1.12 Insulating system,testing..............................App.H Liquid level gauging devices..............................2-3.4 —C— Location......................................3-2.2,App.H Markings............................2-2.1,2-2.6,8-2,A-2-2.1.3 Mounded .................. ............3-2.3.7,3-10.3.2,E-2.3 Carburetion equipment ..................see Equipment,Carburetio❑ Non-engine fuel systems.......................... .......3-9.2 Cargo tanks...................................see Tanks,Cargo Openings.................. . ...................2-2.3,2-3.6.1 Cargo vehicles ............................ ...see Vehicles,Cargo Painting.........................3-2.2.6(h),3-2.3.1(f),3-2.3.2(c) Carts,farm.......................see Tenders,Movable fuel storage Portable CGA Definition................. ..........................1-7 Definition.............................................1-7 Indoors..........................................34.1.1 Charging......................... g.................see Filling Installation.............. ................3-2.3.d thru -2.3.6 Chock blocks...........................................6-3.8 Location...........................3-2.2.1 thru 3-2.2.3,34.1 Coils,heating or cooling......................... ........2-2.1.8 Markings...................................2-2.6.3,2-2.6.4 Compressed gas ...........................see Gases,Compressed Pressure relief devices on.......................3-2.4.4,3-2.4.5 Compressed Gas Association,Inc.........................see CGA Protection against physical damage.......................2-2.4 Compressors...........................................2-5.3 Roofs,portable containers on.....................3-4.1.1,3-4.9 Installation................ ........................3-2.10.2 Storage of.......................... ....... . ......Chap.5 Portable......................2-5.3.3,2-5.3.4,3-2.10.2(b),3-6.6.7 Transportation of LP-Gas in... .......................6-1.6-2 Connections ............................... .........3-2.4.6(3) Portable storage Bleed ................................. . ...........4-3.5.5 Definition.............. .. ................. ..........1-7 Container Installation ......... ........................ . ... ..3-2.3.4 Flow control........................ .....2-3.3,Table 2-3.3.2 Pressure relief devices on... .................... .. ....3-2.4.4 Other................................ . ............2-3.6 Supports ..................................... ....2-2.5.4 Hose.................................. . . . ..........2-4.6 Refrigerated................................... .. ...Chap.8 Engine fuel systems.................................3-6.2.5 Reinstallation ................. ................. .....2.2.1.4 Vapor return............................. . . ...4-3.5.6,4-3.5.8 Removal from service. ... ............. ......2-2.1.5,3-6.2.2(ax8) Connectors Repairs............................................2-2.1.6 Flexible.............................................2-4.6 Reuse of................ ........................2-2.1.4 Definition............................. ..............1-7 Roofs,containers on..........................3-4.1,3-4.2,34.9 Installation .......................................3-2.7.8 Service pressure...................................2-2.2,D-2 Quick ..............................................2-4.6 Small........................................3-4.8,A-34.8 Definition...........................................1-7 Spacing............................................App.I Containers ........2-2;see also Cylinders;Heater-container units;Tanks Storage........3-3.2.1,3-2.2.4;see also Storage of portable containers Abandonment of...................................3-7.3.8(e) Supports ............................................2-2.5 Aboveground ................................ ..........8-4 Testing......................................2-2.1.2,App.H API-ASME.............................. ...........App.D Training use....................................... .. .3-4.8 Definition...........................................1-7 Transfer operations ..................................Chap.4 Design of....................................D-2.2,D-2.3 Transportation of..................... ...............Chap.6 Requalification for service ............................2-2.1.4 Trucks,containers on................................ ...3-6.3 Appurtenances............................ . . ......I....2-3 Underground ..............3-2.3.8,3-2.3.9,3-10.3.3,D-3,E-2.3,1-3 Connections .......................... . ...... .. 2-3.6 Pressure relief devices on....... ... ..... . ..... . . . . . . . .3-2.4.3 2-584 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Vehicles Installation of.......................................3-3.4 Cargo.............................................6-3.2 Liquid transfer General purpose.....................................3-6.2 Installation of systems ................................3-3.3 Interiors ........................................3 6.2.7 Farm carts .......................see Tenders,Movable fuel storage Non-engine fuel systems............................... Federal regulations.......................................1-1.2 Vertical......................................2-2.5.3,3-2.3.3 Fences........................................3-2.2.9,3-3.6.1 Water capacity 2-l.l.y,3-4.8,A-3-4.8 Filling................................................4-2.2 Welding ...........................................2-2.1.6 Definition.......................................... 1-7 Cylinders...................................see also Containers Density.............4-5.2,4-5.3,Table 4-5.2.1,Table 4-5.2.3,App.F Definition.............................................1-7 Nonstationary installations...............................4-3.3 DOT Quantity of LP-Gras .....................................4-5 Pressure relief devices..................................E-1 Stationary installations..................................4-3.2 Spacing.............................................1-1 Volumetric...........................4-5.2,4-5.3,Table 4-5.2.3 Specifications ..........3-6.2.2,Table 1-3,A-3-6.2.2,App.C,D-2.4 Definition...........................................1-7 Universal Weight..........................4-5.2 thru 4-5.3.1,Table 4-5.2.3 Definition...........................................1-7 Definition................................... .......1-7 Valve outlet connections ...............................2-3.3.2 Fire extinguishers,portable.............see Extinguishers,Portable fire Fire protection....................................3-10,A-3-10 Containers.........................................5-I,5-5 —D— LP-Gas system installations...............................3-10 Application........................................3-10.1 General ..........................................3-10.2 Demonstrations,containers used in...........................3-4.8 Special........................... 3-11.2 ................ Department of Transportation............................see DOT Fire walls............................................3-2.2.9 Design pressure............ ...........................2.2.2 Fittings................................................2-4 Devices..................see specific type,such as Dispensing devices Cargo vehicles........................................6-3.3 Dikes...............................3-2.2.7,3-2.2.8,8-3.4,8-4.3 Installation ..........................................3-2.7 Direct gas-fired tank heater...........see Heaters,Direct gas-fired tank Materials............................................2-4.4 Dispensing devices................................2-5.7,3-2.10.6 Flames,open...........................................3-8.3 Definition.................................. ...........1-7 Flexible connectors.............. ..........see Connectors,Flexible Distributing plants.........................see Plants,Distributing Floor maintenance machinery...............see Maintenance machines Distributing point Flow control................. ................2-3.3,Table 2-3.3.2 Definition................................ .............1-7 Flow indicators .........................................2-5.9 Lighting at.............................. .............3-3.7 Forklift trucks ............. ... ...............see Trucks,Forklift LP-Gas systems at ......................................3-3 Fuel systems,engine......................see Engines,Fuel systems Safety provisions.....................................3-3.3.4 Fusible plug devices....................2-3.2.2,2-3.2.4(e),E-1.2,E-2.4 Docks..........................see Marine shipping and receiving DOT.................................................1-1.2 Compliance with regulations....................2-2.1.3,A-2-2.1.3 —� Cylinders.................................see Cylinders,DOT Definition.............................................1-7 Gallon Definition.............................................1-7 —E— Gas distribution facilities...............see Facilities,Gas distribution Gas-air mixer............. ...................see Mixers,Gas-air Gases Electrical equipment ......................see Equipment,Electrical Compressed Engine fuel systems .......................................3-6 Definition...........................................1-7 Carburetion equipment................................3-6.2.4 Definition......................................... .... 1-7 Container appurtenances...............................3-6.2.3 Liquefied petroleum .................see Liquefied petroleum gases Containers .................................3-6.2.2,A-3-6.2.2 Gaskets .....................................2-3.1.4,3-2.7.2(c) Installations...........................................3-6 Gauges Maintenance machines..................................3-6.4 Bleeding of product.......... .........................2-3.4.5 Mounted on vehicles ...................................3-6.5 Fixed liquid level...........................2-2.3.6,2-3.4,F4.3 Not mounted on vehicles................................3-6.6 Definition......... ..................................1-7 Trucks powered by LP-Gas.................... ...........3-6.3 Fixed maximum liquid level............................. .F-4.3 Valves 3-6.2.3 Dcfinition...........................................1-7 Vehicles fueled by LP-Gas .................... . ..........3-6.2 Float .......................2-3.4.1;see also Variable liquid level Equipment Dcfinition......... ...... ............................1-7 Carburetion...................3-6.2.4,3-6.5.2,3-6.6.4 thru 3-6.6.6 Installation of.......................................3-2.4.6 Electrical ........ .........................3-8.2,Table 3-8.2.2 Magnetic................. .....................see also Float Ignition source............................ ..........3-8.2 Definition.......... .................................1-7 Installation.............................. ...........3-3.5 Pressure .................. ..............2-2.3.4,2-3.5,3-2.4.6 Heat producing......................................3-4.2.5 Protection of.................................. ....3-2.4.6 Installation ........................ ........ .........3-2.10 Rotary........2-3.4.1,2-3.4.4(c),2-3.4.5;see also Variable liquid level LP-Gas 2-1,2-5 Definition...........................................1-7 Acceptance of........................................1-3 Slip tube ....... .......2-3.4.1,2-3.4.5;see also Variable liquid level Building installations ................... ... ...........3-4.2 Definition.. ...... . ..................................1-7 Fabrication ......................... .. . .. .........2-5.1.3 Variable liquid level........ ....................2-3.4.1,2-3.4.4; General ................... ............ ............2-5.1 see also Float,Rotary,and Slip tube Installation............... ........... ... . ..........3-2.10 Definition.............. . ................... .. .......1-7 Protection of ........... ............... .. . .. . .......6-3.5 —H— Vehicle installations ........ .......... . ... .3-6.2.9,3-9.3,6-3.4 Exhaust systems,cargo vehicles .. ... ........ . . . . . . ........ ..6-3.9 Extinguishers,portable fire........ ..3-9.5.2,3-10.2.7,5-5.1,6-2.4,6-3.7 Heater-container units .........................3-4.3.4 thru 3-4.3.8 Heaters..............................3-4.2.5,3-4.3.3 thru 3-4.3.8 Direct gas-fired tank ..................................2-5.4.6 Definition...........................................1-7 Installation.........................................3-7.4 Facilities...... ....... ............... .see also Plants,Distributing Portable ............................. ..............3-4.2.8 Gas distribution Unattended...................................2-6.3.2,3-5.1.3 Buildings housing......... ........ ... . .. . . .........Chap.7 Water..... .................... ..... . ...... . . .. ..2-6.3.5(a) 2-585 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Heating,temporary/emergency..............................3-4.7 Engine fuel systems....................................3-6 Heating systems,refrigerated containers......................8-1.14 Equipment-..............................3-2.10,3-8.2,3-9.3 Hose.....................................2-4.6;see also Piping Fire protection ......................................3-10 Cargo vehicles........................................6-3.3 General provisions ....................................3-2 Enginefuel systems...................................3-6.2.5 Ignition source control..................................3-8 Engines not on vehicles................................3-6.3.3 Industrial plants ......................................3-3 Installation.........................3-2.7.8 thru 3-2.7.10,3-6.2.8 Piping systems ........................3-2.6 thru 3-2.9,3-4.10 Trucks.............................................3-6.3.5 Regulators .........................................3-2.5 Vehicle interiors .....................................3-6.2.8 Roofs ..............................................3-4 Hose connections...........................see Connections,Hose Temporary heating...................................3-4.7 Hydrostatic relief valves.................see Valves,Hydrostatic relief Vaporizers...........................................3-7 Vehicles...........................3-6.2 thru 3-6.5,3-6.7,3-9 Protection against tampering .............................3-3.6 —M— ICC ... Definition.............................................1-7 Ignition sources Maintenance machines....................................3-6.4 Control...............................................3-8 Floor .......................................3-6.4.1,3-6.5.4 Application ........................................3-8.1 Marine shipping and receiving..............................4-3.5 Distributing and industrial plants........................3-3.8 Design,construction,and operation of piers ................4-3.5.1 Electrical equipment.......................3-8.2,Table 3-8.2.2 General cargo.......................................4-3.5.2 Other.............................................3-8.3 Pipelines.....................................4-3.5.4,4-3.5.7 Transfer operations...................................3-8.4 Valving and connections...................4-3.5.5,4-3.5.6,4-3.5.8 Definition.............................................1-7 Vehicle traffic ................................:......4-3.5.3 Industrial plants ............................see Plants,Industrial Markings,container ......................see Containers,Markings Installations...........Chap.3;see also LP-Gas systems,Installation of Meters Fire protection at......................................3-10 Liquid Multicontainer ......................................3-2.2.5 Installation ......................................3-2.10.5 Nonstationa ......4-3.3 Vapor ..............................................2-5.6 Notification of.........................................1-5 Installation ......................................3-2.10.5 Plans,submission of.....................................1-5 Mixers,gas-air................. .......................2-5.4.8 Stationary(fixed or permanent) ...........................1-5.1 Definition............... ..............................1-7 Containers in.......................................4-3.2 Installation ..........................................3-7.8 Definition...........................................1-7 Mobile homes,appliances in ..............................2-6.3.4 Temporary...........................................1-5.2 Mobile units,safety precautions............................3-9.5.2 system ...............................3-10.3,Insulation A-3-10.3 Movable fuel storage tenders..........see Tenders,Movable fuel storage Interstate Commerce Commission..........................see ICC Multiperson passenger vehicle .......see Vehicles,Multiperson passenger —J— —N— Joints.................................see Piping systems,Joints National Propane Gas Association.......................see NPGA NFPA Definition................................. ............I-7 —K— NPGA Definition.............................................1-7 Nonapplication of standard.........................1-2.3,A-1-2.3.1 Kettles,portable tar,containers on............. .............3-9.2.4 Nozzles,monitor...................... ................3-10.3.5 —O— lighting,installation.....................................3-3.7 Odorization of LP-Gas.............................1-4,A-14.1.1 Liquefied petroleum gases .................................1-2.1 Definition ......................................1-2.1.1, 1-7 —P— Odorization ...................................1-4,A-1-4.1.1 Properties of........................................App.B Approximate..............................B-1,Table B-1.2.1 Personnel...............................................1-6 General.....................................1-1.1,App.B LP-Gas liquid transfer..................................4-2.1 Liquid level gauging devices ...................2-3.4;see also Gauges Qualifications ........................................1-6.1 Liquid meter.................................see Meters,Liquid Piers...........................see Marine shipping and receiving liquid transfer.........................see Transfer,LP-Gas liquid Pipelines..............................................4-3.5 Liquid volume tables,computations,and graphs ................App.F Piping...............................2-4;see also Piping systems Loading...........................................see Filling Aboveground........................................3-2.7.6 LPG ..............................see Liquefied petroleum gases Cargo vehicles........................................6-3.3 LP-Gas ............................see Liquefied petroleum gases Definition.............................-................1-7 LP-Gas systems Engine fuel systems.... ...............................3-6.2.5 Acceptance of..................................1-3,Table 1-3 Engines not on vehicles ......................3-6.6.3 thru 3-6.6.6 Method of.........................................1-3.1 General.............................................2-4.1 Definition.............................................1-7 Installation......................................3-2.7,34.2 Installation of..........................................3-1 Non-engine fuel systems ...............................3-9.2.7 Appliances......................................3-5,3-9.4 Refrigerated containers.................................8-1.11 Balconies,on exterior ..................................3-4 Trucks.............................................3-6.3.5 Buildings.............................................3-4 Underground..............................3-2.7.6 thru 3-2.7.7 Container appurtenances ..............................3-2.4 Vehicle interiors ..... . .................... ...........3-6.2.8 Containers...........................3-2.2,3-2.3,3-4.9,3-9.2 Piping systems........................3-2.6,3-4.10;see also Piping Distributing plants ................... . ................3-3 Buildings,liquid into. . ..... .. .... ....... . ... .. ..... ...3-4.10 2-586 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 82-1 Definition.............................................1-7 Smoking prohibition.....................................6-3.10 Fittings..............................2-4.1,2-4.4,3-2.7,3-6.2.5 Sources of ignition............................see Ignition sources Cargo vehicles..................................6-3.3,6-3.5 Special protection ......................................3-11.2 Joints.................................2-4.4.1,3-2.7.2,3-2.7.3 Definition..............................................1-7 pipe................................................2-4.2 Storage,refrigerated ...................................Chap.8 Protection of.........................................6-3.5 Storage of containers....................................Chap.5 Service limitations.....................................3-2.6 Fire protection.........................................5-5 Testing..............................................3-2.9 General provisions......................................5-2 Valves ..............................2-4.1,24.5,3-2.7,3-3.3.4 Location Cargo vehicles ......................................6-3.3 Containers.........................................5-2.1 Plants Storage.......................................5-4.1,54.3 Distributing Outside of buildings.....................................54 Definition.................................. ......... Protection of containers.................................5-2.2 Fire protection....................................3-10.2.7 Outside buildings ...............................5-4.2,54.3 Safety provisions...................................3-3.3.4 Valves.............................................5-2.2 Industrial Within buildings........................................5-3 Definition...........................................1-7 Frequented by public .................................5-3.1 Fire protection....................................3-10.2.7 Not frequented by public ..............................5-3.2 Safety provisions...................................3-3.3.4 Residential buildings..................................5-3.4 LP-Gas systems installations...............................3-3 Special buildings or rooms .............................5-3.3 Electrical equipment..................................3-3.5 Strainers..............................................2-5.5 Gas distribution facilities..............................3-3.4 Installation........................................3-2.10.4 General ...........................................3-3.2 Structures Ignition source control................................3-3.8 Housing LP-Gas distribution facilities ....................Chap.7 Lighting...........................................3-3.7 Attached............................................7-3 Liquid transfer facilities...............................3-3.3 Construction of .....................................7-2.1 Protection against tampering 3-3.6 Rooms within.......................................7-3.2 Plugs..........................................2-3.6.1,E-2.4 Separate ......................................... ...7-2 Point of transfer .................3-3.3.1 thru 3-3.3.3,4-3.2.2,4-3.3.2 Over or around containers..............................3-2.2.8 Definition.............................................1-7 System ....................see specific type,such as LP-Gas systems Pressure relief devices........2-3.2,3-2.4.1 thru 3-2.4.6,3-9.2.5,App.E; see also Valves,Pressure relief Containers...........................................2-3.2 —T— Definition.............................................1-7 Propane,boiling point...................................1-1.1.2 PSI Tanks see also Containers Definition.............................. .................................... ...............1-7 API-ASME PSIA Definition...........................................1-7 Definition.............................................1-7 ASME PSIG Definition............................ ...1-7 ............ Definition.............................................1-7 Cargo ........................2-3.4.2(d);see also Vehicles,Cargo Pumps................................................2-5.2 Definition...........................................1-7 Installation........................................3-2.10.1 Portable(skid) ......................................2-2.5.5 Purging...............................................4-4.2 Definition...........................................1-7 Tar kettles...............................see Kettles,Portable tar Tenders,movable fuel storage ................................64 —Q— Definition.............................................1-7 Tests Ammonia contamination...............................1-2.1.2 Quick connectors...........................see Connectors,Quick DOT cylinder retesting .................................C-3.2 Hose stream resistance................................App.H Thermal insulation...................................App.H —R— Trailers ................................................6-4 'paining..................................1-6.1.1,34.8,3-6.1.4 Transfer,LP-Gas liquid.................................Chap.4 Recreational vehicles,appliances in .........................2-6.3.4 Arrangement of systems..................... Refrigerated storage systems.................see Storage,Refrigerated Cargo vehicles........................................43.4 Regulators................................. .....2-5.8,3-4.2.2 Containers......................................4-2.2,4-5.2 Engines not on vehicles ......................3-6.6.4 thru 3-6.6.6 Compliance with provisions............................4-5.3 Final stage .........................................2-5.8.1 Nonstationary installations.............................4-3.3 Installations..........................................3-2.5 Stationary installations................................4-3.2 Non-engine fuel systems ...............................3-9.2.6 Ignition source control..................................3-8A Trucks.............................................3-6.3.4 Marine terminals......................................4-3.5 Vehicles .....................................3-6.2.9,3-6.5.2 Operations...........................................4-2.3 Retroactivity of standard...................................1-2.4 Location of..........................................4-3 Roofs,LP-Gas systems on........................3-4.1,3-4.2,3-4.9 Personnel............................................4-2.1 Rooms,within structures............................see Structures Safety................................................4-2 Venting...............................................44 Transportation of LP-Gas................................Chap.6 —S— Cargo vehicles ..................................... ....6-3 Chock blocks for................................ .....6-3.8 Equipment...................................... ...6-3.4 Safety,operational........................................4-2 Exhaust systems.....................................6-3.9 Scope of standard.........................................1-2 Mounted on,or part of.............................. ..6-3.2 Semitrailers..............................................6-4 Painting and marking............................. . ...6-3.6 Service pressure.....................see Containers,Design pressure Piping(hose),fittings,and valves..................... . ...6-3.3 Service station,LP-Gas............3-2.10.6;see also Distributing point Protections....................................... ..6-3.5 Definition..............................................1-7 Fire extinguishers.................................6-2.4,6-3.7 Ship bunkering.................................:......4-3.5.2 Parking and garaging of vehicles....................... . . ...6-6 Sight flow glasses .............. .........................2-5.9 Portable containers................................ .. ....6-'- Skid tanks............................. .....see Tanks,Portable ASME containers..................... ........... . . . .6-2.2 2-587 STANDARD 82-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE DOT specification cylinders ............................6-2.2 Installation.........................................3-7.3 More than 1,000 lb.water capacity.......................6-2.3 Electric Stationary containers .................................... Definitions ....................................... .1-7 ....... .. .. Trailers,semitrailers,movable fuel storage tenders Installation.........................................3-7.7 or farm carts ..........................................6-4 Engine fuel systems.. .3-6.2.4(b) Trucks Engines not on vehicles ......................3-6.6.4 thru 3-6.6.6 Forklift. ...........................................3-6.3 Immersion type . ..........................see Waterbath Industrial......................................... .3-6.3 Indirect(indirect-fired)..........................2-5.4.2.2-5.4.5 Containers on ............................ .2-3.2.5 Definition. .................................... .I-7 TLbiug.... ... .....................2-4.1,2-4.3,2-4.4 Installation of................................ 3-7.2 ....... ... ....... Copper,wall thickness of..............................App.G Installation.....................................3-2.10.3,3.7 Engine fuel systems...................................3-6.2.5 Trucks................................... .3-6.3.4 Installation ..........................................3-2.7 Vehicles. ... ... ....................3-6.2.9(d),3-6.5.2 Waterbath(immersion type) ............................2-5.4.4 Definition........................................ .1-7 —U— Installation................................. 3-7.6 Vaporizing-burner................ .2-5.4.2.6.3.3 ................ Definition.............................................1-7 UL Installation ..........................................3-7.5 Definition.. .. .1-7 Vehicles ... ...... . Underwriters Labomtorks Inc ............................see UL Appliance installation 3-9.4 .................................. Cargo..........................4-3.4,6-3;see also Tanks,Cargo _V— Containers mounted in interior..........................3-6.2.7 Engine fuel systems installation.............................3-6 Engines mounted on ...................................3-6.5 Valves...............................2-4;see also Piping systems Equipment installation..................................3-9.3 Backflow check.....................2-3.3.1.2-3.3.3,2-3.6.1,24.5 Garaging of.......................................3-6.7,6-6 Cargo vehicles........................................6-3.3 General purpose................................3-6.2.A-3-6.2 Check.............................................4-3.5.7 Industrial trucks ......................................3-6.3 Engine fuel systems.............................3-6.2.3.3-6.2.6 LP-Gas systems installation ...............................3-9 Excess flow........................2-3.3.1,2-3.3.3,2-3.6.1,2-4.5 Marking .................. ........................3-6.2.10 Definition...........................................1-7 Movable fuel storage tenders or farm carts...................64.3 Hydrostatic relief......................................2-4.7 Multipurpose passenger Installation of.......................................3-2.8 Definition.......... .............................. ...1-7 Isolation.......... .4-3.5.5,4-3.5.6 Non-engine fuel systems..................................3-9 Installation of..................................3-2.4.6.3-2.7 Parking............................ .... ..... 3-9.6,6-6 Internal 2-3.3.3,2-3.6.1 Piers or docks,vehicles on..............................4-3.5.3 .................................. Definition...........................................1-7 Safety provisions ................................3-9.5,6-3.10 Quick dosing ............2-3.3.1 Servicing and repair....................................3-9.6 Other than container valves ............................24.5 Trailers,semitrailers.....................................6-4 Outlet.......................................4-2.2.2,5-2.2.1 Transporting LP-Gas.................................Chap. 4-4 Power operated.................... ......4-3.5.5.4-3.5.6 Venting gas to the atmosphere................................ Pressure relief...2-2.3.5,2-2.4.1,App.E;see also Pressure relief devices Emergency...........................................4-4.3 Definitions ..........................................1' General ........... ...............................4-4.1 Testin .....E-2.5 Volume,liquid...........................see Liquid volume tables g'o""""..................""......' Volumetric fillip see Fillip Protection of.............................3-2.4.6,5-2.2,6-2.2.4 g........... ......................... g Remote controlled....................................2-4.5.1 Shutoff............................2-3.2.4(c),2-3.3.1,2-5.8.1(a) Emergency.........................................2-4.5 —W— Manual .....................................2-3.3.3,24.5 Positive .....................................2-3.6.1,24.5 Vapor..............................................4-3.5.5 Water capacity Vapor meters .................................see Meters,Vapor Definition.............................................1-7 Vaporizers.............................................2-5.4 Water spray fixed systems ........................3-10.3.4,3-10.3.5 Burner.................................sec Vaporizing-burner Weight filling.......................................see Filling Definition.............................................1-7 Wharves ................. .......sec Marine shipping and receiving Direct-fired..............................2-5.4.3,2-5.4.5,3-7.8 Wiring,electrical.............................3-8.2,Table 3-8.2.2 Definition...........................................1-7 Working pressure ....... . . .............................2-5.1.2 2-588 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 88-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 88-1 CLASSIFICATION OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS See Section 8801.1, Uniform Fire Code SECTION 88.101 —SCOPE OH, (Product)=E[I% x AH, (1)] Aerosol products shall be classified into three levels,identified as WHERE: Level 1,Level 2 and Level 3 in accordance with this standard. I% = weight fraction of component I in the product. OH, = chemical heat of combustion,kJ/g. OH,(1) = chemical heat of combustion of component I, kJ/g. SECTION 88.102—LIMITED APPLICATION When the chemical heat of combustion is not provided, the DEFINITIONS theoretical heat of combustion shall be used to classify the aerosol. For the purpose of this standard,"chemical heat of combustion"is When neither a chemical nor theoretical heat of combustion is defined as follows: provided, the value of 44.0 kJ/g shall be used for the purpose of aerosol classification. CHEMICAL HEAT OF COMBUSTION is the amount of energy associated with the chemical reactions that generate car- 88.103.2 Classification Method. Aerosol products shall be bon monoxide and carbon dioxide,and consume oxygen. classified in accordance with Table 88-1-A. TABLE 88-1-A—CLASSIFICATION OF AEROSOLS1 SECTION 88.103—CLASSIFICATION CHEMICAL HEAT OF COMBUSTION AEROSOL CLASSIFICATION 88.103.1 General. The fire hazard of an aerosol product is a Greater than: And Less than or Equal to: LEVEL function of the chemical heat of combustion.The chemical heat of 0 8,600 Btu/lb.(20 kJ/g) I combustion,OHS,in kilojoules per gram(kJ/g),is a product of the 8,600 Btu/lb.(20 kJ/g) 13,000 Btu/Ib.(30 kJ/g) 2 theoretical heat of combustion and combustion efficiency.For an 13,000 Btu/lb.(30 kJ/g) — 3 aerosol product that consists of a number of components, the chemical heat of combustion is the sum of the weight fraction of 88.103.3 Selected Chemical Heats of Combustion. See Table each component multiplied by the heat of combustion for each in- 88-1-B for the chemical heats of combustion of selected chemi- dividual component. cals. TABLE 88-1-B—SELECTED CHEMICAL HEATS OF COMBUSTION CHEMICAL HEAT OF COMBUSTION CHEMICAL NAME CAS NUMBER (OH.)(kJ/g) Acetone 67-64-1 27.7 Acrylic Resin 68122-72-5 1 Alkyd Resin 68122-72-5 1 Aluminum 7429-90-5 1 Asphalt 8052-42-4 22.7 Barium Sulfate 7727-43-7 0.0 Benzidine(yellow) 92-87-5 1 Butane 106-97-8 43.3 2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2 29.6 Butyl Benzyl Phthalate 85-68-7 31.5 Calcium Carbonate 1317-65-3 0.0 Carbon Black 1333-86-4 1 Carbon Dioxide 124-38-9 0.0 1-Chloro-1,l-Difluoroethane(HCFC 142b) 75-68-3 3.3 Chromium Hydroxide 1308-14-1 0.0 Corn Oil 8001-30-7 35.3 Diacetone Alcohol 123-42-2 35.1 1,1-Dichloro-l-Fluoroethane 1717-00-6 2.9 Diethylene Glycol Methyl Ether 112-34-5 33.0 1,1-Difluoroethane(HFC 152a) 75-37-6 6.3 1,2-Dimethyoxyethane 110-71-4 25.9 Dimethyl Ether 115-10-6 26.5 Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether 34590-94-8 32.2 Ethanol 64-17-5 24.7 Ethanol(95.6%azetrope) 64-17-5 23.6 2-Ethoxyethanol 110-80-5 25.9 (Continued) 2-589 STANDARD 88-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE TABLE 88-1-B-SELECTED CHEMICAL HEATS OF COMBUSTION-(Continued) CHEMICAL HEAT OF COMBUSTION CHEMICAL NAME CAS NUMBER (AH.)(kJ/9) 2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate 111-15-9 30.9 Ethyl 3-Ethoxypropionate 763-69-9 32.0 Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 29.0 Ethylene Glycol 107-21-1 16.4 Ethylene Glycol Diacetate 111-55-7 32.0 Graphite 7782-42-5 1 Hexylene Glycol 107-41-5 28.5 Iron Oxide 1309-37-1 0.0 Isobutyl Alcohol 78-83-1 29.8 Isopropyl Acetate 108-21-4 25.5 Isopropyl Alcohol 67-63-0 27.4 Isopropyl Myristate 110-27-0 36.2 Isopropyl Palmitate 142-91-6 37.2 Kaolin Clay(Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide) 1332-58-7 0.0 Kerosene 8008-20-6 41.4 d-Limonene 5989-27-5 39.8 Magnesium Silicate(Talc) 14807-96-6 0.0 Methanol 67-56-1 19.0 1-Methoxy-2-Propanol Acetate 108-65-6 30.9 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 78-93-3 30.6 Methyl Isopropyl Ketone 563-80-4 31.1 Methyl n-Amyl Ketone 110-43-0 35.0 Methylene Chloride 75-09-2 2.1 2-Methylpropane(Isobutane) 75-28-5 42.8 Mica(Mica Silicate) 12001-26-2 0.0 Mineral Oil 8012-95-1 31.5 Mineral Spirits(Petroleum Distillate) 64742-47-8 41.2 Mineral Spirits(Petroleum Distillate) 64742-88-7 41.2 N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide(DEET) 134-62-3 28.2 n-Butyl Acetate 123-86-4 27.6 n-Heptane 142-82-5 41.0 n-Hexane 110-54-3 41.1 n-Octyl Bicycloheptane Dicarboximide 113-48-4 30.0 Naptha,High Flash 8052-41-3 41.2 Naptha,Petroleum Distillate 8030-30-6 41.2 Naptha,VM&P(Petroleum Distillate) 64742-95-6 41.2 Naptha,VM&P(Petroleum Distillate) 64742-48-9 41.2 Naptha,VM&P(Petroleum Distillate) 64742-94-5 41.2 Nitrogen 7727-37-9 0.0 Paraffin(Wax) 8002-74-2 1 Pentane 109-66-0 41.9 Perchloroethylene(Tetrachloroethylene) 127-18-4 1 Petroleum Distillate 64741-65-7 41.2 Phthalocyanine Blue 147-14-8 1 Phthalocyanine Green 1328-53-6 1 Piperonyl Butoxide 51-03-6 32.0 Polyoxyethlene Sorbitan Oleate 9005-65-6 1 Polyoxyethlene(20)Sorbitan Monolaurate 9005-64-5 1 Propane 74-98-6 44.0 Propylene Glycol 57-55-6 20.5 sec-Butyl Alcohol 78-92-2 39.9 Silica,Amorphous Hydrated 7631-86-9 0.0 Silica,Crystalline No CAS Number 0.0 Silicone Oil 63148-58-3 1 Silicone Oil 63148-62-9 1 (Continued) 2-590 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD 88-1 TABLE 88-1-B—SELECTED CHEMICAL HEATS OF COMBUSTION—(Continued) CHEMICAL HEAT OF COMBUSTION CHEMICAL NAME CAS NUMBER (OHS)(kJ/g) Sorbitan Monolaurate 1338-39-2 37.9 Sorbitan Monopalmitate 26266-57-9 37.9 Styrene Butadiene Rubber 25038-32-8 1 Tin Oxide(Stannic Oxide) 18282-10-5 0.0 Titanium Dioxide 13463-67-7 0.0 Toluene 108-88-3 28.4 Triacetin 102-76-1 35.4 1, 1, I-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 1 Trichlorethylene 79-01-6 1 I,2,4-Trimethylbenzene(Pseudocumene) 96-63-6 27.5 Water 7732-18-5 0.0 Xylene 1330-20-7 27.4 Zinc Oxide 1314-13-2 0.0 I Materials that either have a flashpoint greater than 500°F(260°C),when tested in accordance with nationally recognized standards(see Standard a.4.3)or are combustible solids.Such materials contribute very little to the overall fire hazard of aerosol products in an actual fire,due to incomplete combustion or inconsis- tent burning behavior(i.e.,the majority of the released material does not burn).Such materials do not contribute to the overall determination of the product's level classification and are assigned a chemical heat of combustion(AHc)of 0 W/g. 88.103.4 Change of Classification Level. The classification ing a 12-pallet test array,an aerosol flammability test,engineering level of an aerosol is allowed to be reduced or increased based calculations based on large-scale fire tests,or other scientific in- upon evidence supporting a different classification.Such classifi- formation or data. cation shall be based on data obtained from a full-scale fire test us- 2-591 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD A-III-C-1 UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARD A-III-C-1 INSPECTION, TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF WATER-BASED FIRE-PROTECTION SYSTEMS See Appendix III-C, Uniform Fire Code NOTE: This is a new standard. The National Fire Protection Association Standard for In- 8. Sec.2-2.6 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quarter- spection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-based Fire- ly." protection Systems, NFPA 25-1992, is hereby adopted by 9. Table 3-1 is revised by changing all frequencies of inspec- reference as UFC Appendix Standard A-III-C-1. tion requirements shown as less than one year to"quarterly." The provisions of this standard shall apply to the inspection,test- 10. Sec. 3-2.1 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quar- ing and maintenance of water-based fire-protection systems ex- terly." cept when a provision of Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 or an 11. Sec.3-2.2 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- amendment specified in Section 10.201 is applicable, in which ly"and"monthly"to"quarterly." case Uniform Fire Code, Volume 1 provisions or the amendment shall take precedence. 12. Table 4-1 is revised by changing all frequencies of in- spection requirements shown as less than one year to"quar- Supplemental standards referenced by NFPA 25-1992 shall only terly." be considered as guidelines subject to approval by the chief. 13. Sec.4-3.2.7 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quar- NFPA 25-1992 is available from the National Fire Protection terly." Association, I Batterymarch Park,Box 9101,Quincy,Massachu- 14. Table 5-1 is revised by changing all frequencies of in- setts 02269-9101. spection requirements shown as less than one year to"quar- terly." SECTION A-III-C-1 -AMENDMENTS 15. Sec.5-2.2 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- ly." The Standard for Inspection Testing and Maintenance of Water- 16. Table 5-2.2 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quar- based Fire-protection Systems,NFPA 25-1992,applies to the in- terly in the title." spection, testing and maintenance of water-based fire-protection systems,except as follows: 17. Table 5-3.2.4 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quar- 1. Sec. 1-1 is deleted and substitute as follows: terly in the title:' 18. Table 5-5.1 is revised by changing all frequencies of in- 1-1 Scope. The provisions of this standard apply to the inspec- spection requirements shown as less than one year to"at least tion,testing and maintenance of water-based fire-protection sys- quarterly." tems except when a provision in the Uniform Fire Code is applicable,in which case the Uniform Fire Code provisions take 19. Sec. 6-2.1 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quar- precedence. terly." 2. Sec. 1-2 is deleted. 20. Sec. 6-2.2 is revised by changing "monthly"to "quar- terly." 3. Sec. 1-4 is deleted and substitute as follows: 21. Sec. 6-2.3 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quar- 1-4 Responsibility of the Owner or Occupant. The respon- terly." sibility for properly maintaining a water-based fire-protection 22. Table 6-1 is revised by changing all frequencies of in- system shall be the obligation of the owner,operator,occupant or spection requirements shown as less than one year to"quar- other person responsible for the condition of the property. By terly." means of periodic inspections,tests and maintenance,the equip- ment shall be shown to be in good operating condition or any de- 23. Sec. 7-4.1.2 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quar- fects or impairments shall be revealed. terly." 4. Sec. 1-5 is revised by changing the definition of"author- 24. Table 7-4 is revised by changing all frequencies of in- ity having jurisdiction'as follows: spection requirements shown as less than one year to"quar- AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION is the official re- terly." sponsible for the administration and enforcement of this standard. 25. Sec. 8-3.6.1 is revised by changing "weekly"to"quar- terly"and"monthly"to"quarterly." The definitions of"approved" and "listed"shall be as set forth in the Uniform Fire Code' Volume 1. 26. Table 8-3 is revised by changing all frequencies of in- spection requirements shown as less than one year to"quar- 5. Table 2-1 is revised by changing all frequencies of inspec- terly." tion requirements shown as less than one year to"quarterly." 27. Table 9-1 is revised by changing all frequencies of in- 6. Sec.2-2.4.1 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quar- spection requirements shown as less than one year to"quar- terly." terly." 7. Sec.2-2.4.2 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- 28. Sec.9-3.3.1 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quar- ly"in the section and"monthly"to"quarterly"in the excep- terly"in the main paragraph and"monthly"to"quarterly"in tion. Exception No. 1. 2-593 STANDARD A-III-C-1 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 29. Sec.9-4.1.1 is revised by changing{°monthly"to"quar- 35. Sec.9-5.2.1 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- terly." ly." 30. Sec.9-4.3.1.1 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quar- terly"in the main paragraph and"monthly"to"quarterly"in 36. Sec.9-5.3.1 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quarter- Exception Nos. 1 and 2. ly." 31. Sec.9-4.4.1.1 is revised as follows: 9-4.4.1.1 Valve enclosure heating equipment shall be in- 37. Sec.9-5.4.1 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- spected at least quarterly during cold weather for its ability to ly" maintain a minimum temperature of at least 40T(4°C). EXCEPTION: Valve enclosures equipped with low temperature 38. Sec.9-5.4.2 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- alarms shall be inspected quarterly. ly," 32. Sec.9-4.4.1.2 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- ly" in the main paragraph and"monthly" to"quarterly" in 39. Sec.9-6.1.1 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- the exception. IY•" 33. Sec.9-4.4.1.3 is revised by changing"weekly"to"quarter- 40. Sec.9-6.1.2 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quarter- ly.' ly"in the exception. 34. Sec.9-5.1.1 is revised by changing"monthly"to"quarter- ly." 41. Chapter 11 is deleted. 2-594 STANDARD 10-2 1997 UNIFORM FIRE CODE (c) There shall be a 99.999 percent probability that the also comply with requirements for duplicate equipment or time between the initiation of a single fire alarm signal replacement of critical components as described in 4-2.4.2. until it is recorded at the supervising station shall not The system shall provide information indicating the exceed 7.5 minutes (450 seconds), at which time the RAT quality of the received signal for each RARSR supervising shall cease transmitting. each RAT in accordance with 4-2.3.5 and shall provide When any number of subsequent fire alarm signals information at the supervising station if such signal quality occur at any rate, they shall be recorded at an average rate falls below the minimum signal quality levels set forth in no slower than one every additional 10 seconds. 4-2.3.5. (d) In addition to the maximum operating time allowed Each RAT shall be installed in such a manner so as to for fire signals, the system shall be able to record not less provide a signal quality over at least two independent one- than 12 simultaneous status changes within 90 seconds at way RF transmission channels, of the minimum quality the supervising station. level specified that satisfies the performance requirements [From NFPA 71,8-2.1.3 modified] in 4-2.2.2 and 4-2.4 [From NFPA 71,8-3.1.1 modified] 4-2.3.5.3 Supervision. 4-2.3.5.5 Nonpublic one-way radio alarm systems shall be 4-2.3.5.3.1 Equipment shall be provided at the supervis- divided into two categories based upon the following num- ing station for the supervisory and control functions of the ber of RASSRs present in the system: supervising or subsidiary station, and repeater station (a) A Type 6 system shall have one RASSR and at least radio transmitting and receiving equipment. This shall be two RARSRs. accomplished via a supervised circuit where the radio equipment is remotely located from the system unit. The (b) A Type 7 system shall have more than one RASSR following conditions shall be supervised at the supervising and at least two RARSRs. station: In a Type 7 system,if more than one RARSR is out of serv- (a) Failure of ac power supplying the radio equipment ice and as a result any RATs are no longer being supervised, (b) RF receiver malfunction then the affected supervising station shall be notified. In a Type 6 system,if any RARSR is out of service,a trou- (c) Indication of automatic switchover(if applicable). ble signal shall be annunciated at the supervising station. [From NFPA 71, 8-2.1.4 modified] [From NFPA 71,8-3.1.3 modified] 4-2.3.5.3.2 Protected Premises. 4-2.3.5.6 The loading capacities of one-way radio alarm 4-2.3.5.3.2.1 Interconnections between elements of trans- systems are based on the overall reliability of the signal mitting equipment,including any antennas, shall be super- receiving,processing,display,and recording equipment at vised to either cause an indication of failure at the pro- the supervising or subsidiary station and the capability to tected premises or transmit a trouble signal to the transmit signals during adverse conditions of the transmis- supervising station. sion channels. Table 4-2.3.5.6 establishes the allowable loading capacities. 4-2.3.5.3.2.2 Where these elements are physically sepa- [From NFPA 71,8-4.1 modified] rated, the wiring or cabling between them shall be pro- tected by conduit. 4-2.3.5.7 Exceptions to Loading Capacities Listed in [New paragraphs and title] Table 4-2.3.5.6. Where the signal receiving, processing, display, and recording equipment is duplicated at the 4-2.3.5.4 Transmission Channel. supervising station and a switch-over can be accomplished [From NFPA 71, 8-3 modified] in not more than 30 seconds with no loss of signals during this period, the capacity of a system unit is unlimited. 4-2.3.5.4.1 The one-way RF transmission channel shall [From NFPA 71,8-4.21 originate with a one-way RF transmitting device at the pro- tected premises and shall terminate at the RF receiving 4-2.3.6 Directly-Connected Noncoded Systems. system of a RARSR capable of receiving transmissions from such transmitting devices. [New title] A receiving network transmission channel shall termi- 4-2.3.6.1 Circuits for transmission of alarm signals between nate at a RARSR at one end, and either with another g RARSR or a radio alarm supervising station receiver the fire alarm control unit or the transmitter in the protected (RASSR)at the other end. premises and the supervising station shall be arranged so as [From NFPA 71, 8-3.1 modified] to comply with either of the following provisions: (a) These circuits shall be arranged so that the occur- 4-2.3.5.4.2 Operation of receiving network transmission rence of a single break or single ground fault will not pre- channels shall conform to the requirements of this code vent the transmission of an alarm signal. Circuits comply- whether channels are private facilities, such as microwave, ing with this paragraph shall be automatically self- or leased facilities furnished by a communication utility adjusting in the event of either a single break or a single company. Where private signal transmission facilities are ground fault and shall be automatically self-restoring in the utilized, the equipment necessary to transmit signals shall event that the break or fault is corrected. 2-106