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HomeMy WebLinkAboutApprove November 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Pla Council/Agency Meeting Held: /?� .2D0 Deferred/Continued to: )..App ve� ❑ Conditionally Approved ❑ Denied 9 City rl s gnatu e Council Meeting Date: 12/3/2007 Department ID Number: CS07-026 CITY OF HUNTINGTON BEACH REQUEST FOR CITY COUNCIL ACTION SUBMITTED TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND CITY C*A, ITY M SUBMITTED BY: PENELOPE CULBRETH-GRAFT, DA IN TOR PREPARED BY: JIM B. ENGLE, DIRECTOR, COMMUNI ER VI SCOTT HESS, DIRECTOR, PLANNIN SUBJECT: APPROVE NOVEMBER 2007 SURPLUS SCHOOL PROPERTY PURCHASING PLAN Statement:,f Issue,Funding Source,Recommended Action,Alternative Action(s),Analysis,Environmental Status,Attachment(s) Statement of Issue: The disposal of surplus school property that qualifies as park or recreational open space is regulated by the Naylor Act. This Act gives the city first priority to acquire a surplus school site but requires the city to adopt a Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan prior to such acquisition. This report transmits a Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan for the City of Huntington Beach for City Council consideration. Funding Source: Not applicable. Recommended Actions: Motions to: 1. Approve the November 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan for the city of Huntington Beach and the Huntington Beach City School District; and 2. Direct staff to update the November 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan as additional school sites are identified for surplus for City Council approval. Alternative Action(s): Do not approve the November 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan and direct staff accordingly. Analysis: The disposal of surplus school property that qualifies as park or recreational open space is regulated by the Naylor Act. Disposition (including either sale or lease) must be in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Act, which include giving the city first priority to acquire any surplus school site, along with the condition that the city may not Surplus School Property Purchasino Plan ANALYSIS Open Space Considerations - Park Perspective School sites are important to the fabric of the community because of.the open space that they provide. The Naylor Act exists to allow a city to preserve school property for outdoor recreational and open space purposes. Accordingly, the City's approach in developing this Plan was to evaluate the open space condition for each subarea served by the closed school site. In 1999, the City, working jointly with the four elementary school districts, hired a consultant to complete a Community Sport Facilities Inventory and Needs Assessment (CSFINA) Study that divided the city into 30 subareas, essentially on a quarter section basis with adjustments due to geographical, city boundary or other physical considerations, e.g. major streets. Figure 3 (Page 11 of report) is a map of the subareas. The Needs Assessment tabulated the amount of open space (City and School) available in each subarea and compared it with the General Plan parkland standard of five acres of parkland per 1,000 persons. The Needs Assessment concluded that although the City met this standard overall, there were some subareas that were deficient. For the purposes of this report, data for the subareas with closed school sites were updated based on the 2007 CSFINA Study, utilizing 2000 Census figures to determine the existing need for parkland within each subarea based on the City standard. In addition, a more refined estimation of the usable open space at school sites was completed which included adding the amount of black top play area acreage to the total open space acreage for each school site within HBCSD. The parkland need was then compared to available City parkland and School open space that would continue to be available if a school or schools were surplused. Table 2 presents the results of the analysis. As an example, Subarea 28 has a shortage of 7.2 acres of open space and only has 41 percent of the open space needed in this subarea. At the other extreme, Subarea 29 has a surplus of 12.9 acres of open space. However, as noted in the Approach section, each of these sites will also be analyzed from a youth sports open space perspective. The park and youth sports assessments will then be combined to create the final recommendation of this study. Table 2 Open Space Needs in Subareas with Closed School Sites Subarea Closed Open Space Subarea .Percent of Park Need School Surplus or(Deficit) Satisfied (Acres) c += o 0 28 LeBard (7.2) 41% 27 Burke (17.2) 55% oU) a CL 30 Gisler 11.4 128% C5 Cn 29 Kettler 12.9 148% Page 4 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan Open Space Considerations - Youth Sports Perspective As noted previously, the Naylor Act applies to school sites which are used for school playground, playing field or other outdoor recreation purposes, and other open space particularly suited for recreational purposes. This description applies to the areas of a school used by community youth sports groups and includes sports fields, parking, black top play areas and other associated amenities. Black top play areas are included in Figure 4 (Page 12 of report) because these areas provide recreational opportunities, including basketball courts which are used by youth organizations for practice as well as by the general public. Figure 4 also shows the youth sports group usage of the HBCSD sites by one or more youth sports groups, including the closed school sites. All of the closed school sites are allocated for use by one or more sports groups as are all of the active school sites. The only exception is Huntington Seacliff School which the district hasn't previously approved for allocation. Moreover, to facilitate the use of school fields, the City and/or groups have installed permanent lighting at some locations. Although lights are a consideration for soccer and football because of the time of year of the primary season, there are other considerations for sports such as softball and baseball, where the amenities needed to play the sport are more extensive and difficult to relocate. Examples of permanent amenities include large backstops, brick dust infields, dugouts, batting cages, snack bars, restrooms, etc. This high level of usage by groups eliminates the possibility of relocating the group usage from a closed school site to another open or closed school, because all sites are currently in use by one or more groups. The only other option would be to relocate to a park. City staff has evaluated the type of usage at the four closed schools to determine if there are opportunities to relocate a sports use to a park site as discussed below. LeBard and Kettler: At LeBard and Kettler, the type of permanent baseball and softball facilities, as well as the amount of land required to relocate the existing fields make such a move impossible unless other recreation facilities used by the public at a park are eliminated. However, displacing one type of recreational user group by another group is not equitable. Burke and Gisler: Relocating the soccer facilities at Burke or Gisler is not possible at this time due to lack of available unused or unallocated space. In the future, it may be possible to relocate the Burke facilities to Edison Community Park which is being reconfigured to add a competition soccer/football field and three lighted soccer/football practice areas. But the project is currently only partially funded ($1.2 million of the $5.5 million required) and no other funds are anticipated in the immediate future. Phase I development plans for Edison consist primarily of a parking lot, with some practice area. A competition field is Page 5 Surplus School Property Purchasin Plan not included and existing plans cannot be altered due to the significant shortage of parking on site. Gisler has two lighted competition fields that could not be accommodated at Edison Park even after reconfiguration to the approved masterplan because there will be only one full size competition field. Staff had also evaluated the adjacent Gisler Park property that is a licensed area from the Edison Company based upon five-year term increments. It is too narrow to relocate the two Gisler School soccer fields without causing significant light, noise, parking and other negative impacts on the adjacent residential neighbors. Gisler and Burke also have baseball fields which would, as noted for LeBard and Kettler, be problematic to relocate. Acquisition Options: Table 3 below considers what acreage the City needs to acquire to address the youth sports needs at each closed school site. The table shows not only the open space, but also the parking needed to accommodate the current or existing recreation use (youth sports). That needed open space is designated as Critical Open Space in bold. Table 3 Youth Sports Open Space Needs at Closed School Sites HBCSD CLOSED School Total Open Parking Area Acquisition of SCHOOL` Acres Space: (Acres) Critical Acres .Open Space Burke 7.72 4.1 1.28 5.38 Gisler 14.10 9.0 2.18 11.18 Kettler 9.80 6.5 1.23 7.73 LeBard 10.16 7.6 .44 8.04 NAYLOR ACT RECOMMENDATIONS The City has the option of acquiring 30 percent of the available surplus open space which totals 12.53 acres. This acreage could be taken at one site or multiple sites. The City would make this decision based on the specific site or sites declared surplus by the school district. The surplus school sites are not prioritized. The Plan provides site by site evaluations of the open space needs for each individual closed school site. This is based on the following: 1. It is not known which site or sites will be surplused by the district; 2. All of the school sites are utilized by youth sports groups and alternative park space is problematic; 3. There is a shortfall of park open space in two subareas; and 4. If there is a shortage of open space from either a park or youth sports perspective, then there is a need to acquire open space at that site. Page 6 Surplus School Property Purchasin-d Plan Based on the analysis of need for open space from park and youth sports use perspectives, the following recommendations are made in bold relative to each specific HBCSD site: Park Open Youth Sports Final Plan Surplus Site Space Perspective Needs Perspective Recommendation Burke Acquire 4.1 acres. Acquire 5.38 acres Acquire 5.38 acres Gisler Do Not Acquire* Acquire 11.18 acres Acquire 11.18 acres Kettler Do Not Acquire* Acquire 7.73 acres Acquire 7.73 acres LeBard Acquire 6.5 acres Acquire 8.04 acres Acquire 8.04 acres *Note: Not needed to maintain City's park standard in this subarea. As additional closed school sites are surplused, the City's Surplus School Purchasing Plan must be updated to address that school district. Only at that time will the data be certain to facilitate a City decision regarding other closed school sites. With an update,the City can develop a specific scenario that reflects current data on usage by neighborhood residents and youth sports groups, open space needs within a subarea, and available park and open space area for a specific site or sites. Page 7 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan APPENDIX Page 8 Zo, ILI U Im. Slim REQUEST FOR CITY COUNCIL ACTION MEETING DATE: 12/3/2007 DEPARTMENT ID NUMBER: CS07-026 acquire more than 30 percent of the site. In order to receive this priority, however, the City Council must make a finding, approved by a vote of two-thirds of its members, that the public lands within the vicinity of the school site are inadequate to meet the community's needs for playground, playing field, or other outdoor recreational and open space purposes. The purpose of the attached plan is to fulfill this Naylor Act requirement. There are currently twelve closed school sites within the City of Huntington Beach. Four of these sites fall within the boundaries of Huntington Beach City School District (HBCSD), seven fall within the boundaries of Ocean View School District, and one is located within Westminster School District. Since the HBCSD is actively evaluating alternative uses for its four closed school sites, it is timely to update the findings of the prior May 2, 2005 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan to include a detailed analysis of the park and recreational open space needs within the HBCSD boundaries. The November 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan (Attachment #1) evaluates these needs from a park and youth sports use and field allocation perspective and recommends the amount of acreage to be acquired for each individual closed school site should the HBCSD ultimately decide to dispose of any or all of its closed school sites. The Plan also provides detailed background information regarding the closed school sites, including available open space park and school acreage, number and type of sports fields, and youth organizations assigned to each field. Staff recommends that City Council approve the November 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan so that it will be in a position to respond in a timely manner in the event that the HBCSD Board makes a determination to dispose of any or all of the sites. It should be noted, however, that approval of the attached plan does not require or obligate the city to acquire any of the school sites. Strategic Plan Goal: Approval of the November 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan makes sure that the city has a plan for the use of surplus school property to ensure compatible uses within the surrounding neighborhood and meet community needs. In addition, the plan will help preserve the quality of our neighborhoods, maintain open space, and provide for the preservation of historic neighborhoods. Environmental Status: Attachment(s): • - • -® • • 1. November 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan -2- 11/16/2007 10:08 AM ATTACHMENT # 1 ink,= j,�a i Jj - y 1 a. y e" - r t f_ + u. •�'""v �-'4F� ShAa�4� - •� !*�� ' x 'rJ L' Y}'-•^ � y 89� Affi.�y' TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY 1 APPROACH 2 OVERVIEW OF CLOSED SCHOOLS 3 ANALYSIS 4 Open Space Considerations - Park Perspective 4 Open Space Considerations - Youth Sports Perspective 5 NAYLOR ACT RECOMMENDATIONS 6 APPENDIX 8 i LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1 Summary Data for Closed Schools 3 Table 2 Open Space Needs in Subareas with Closed School Sites 4 Table 3 Youth Sports Open Space Needs 6 APPENDIX Figure 1 Huntington Beach City School District Map 9 Figure 2 City Parks Located within HBCSD Boundaries 10 Figure 3 Subareas Map 11 Figure 4 School Site/Youth Sports Group Usage 12 ii Surplus School PropertyPurchasino Plan LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY The disposition of surplus property owned by any public entity in California is governed by the surplus property statutes codified in Government Code Sections 54220, et seq. The Education Code provides supplemental regulations that govern the disposition of surplus school sites. (Education Code Sections 17230, et seq., 17385, et seq.) In addition, the disposal of surplus school property that also qualifies as park or recreational open space is regulated by the Naylor Act, which is codified in Education Code Sections 17485, et seq. The net effect of the Naylor Act is to make certain surplus school property available to a city at less than fair market value. The Naylor Act only applies to parcels of land owned by school district to which the following conditions exist: (a) Either the whole or a portion of the school site consists of land, which is used for school playground, playing field, or other outdoor recreational purposes, and open- space land particularly suited for recreational purposes; (b) The land described in (a) has been used for one or more of the purposes specified therein for at least eight years immediately preceding the date of the governing board's determination to sell the school site; (c) No other available public-owned land in the vicinity of the school site is adequate to meet the existing and foreseeable needs of the community for playground, playing field, or other outdoor recreational and open-space purposes. (Education Code Sections 17486, 17487.) Once a school district decides to sell or lease a school site containing property subject to the Naylor Act,the disposition must be in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Act.' The City of Huntington Beach is given first priority to purchase any surplus school sites located within the city. Within sixty days after receiving notice of sale from the school district, the City must provide written notification of the City's intent to purchase the surplus property. If the City chooses to purchase property from the school district, the City Council shall first make a finding, approved by a vote of two- thirds of its members, that public lands within the vicinity of the school site are inadequate to meet the existing and foreseeable needs of the community for playground, playing field, or other outdoor recreational and open space purposes. (Education Code Section 17492.) 1 A school district may exempt up to two surplus sites under certain specified circumstances. (Education Code§17497.) Also,the Act permits the governing board of the school district to choose to retain any part of a school site containing structures or buildings,together with such land adjacent thereto as the governing board determines must be included in order to avoid reducing the value of that part of the school site containing the structures or buildings to less than 50%of the fair market value. (Education Code§17490.) Page 1 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan Education Code Section 17493 requires that the City must have adopted a plan for the purchase of surplus school property. Moreover, it specifies that public agencies are restricted to acquiring no more than 30 percent of surplus sites at the less-than-fair market price under the Naylor Act. Section 17493 is set forth below: (a) No public agency may purchase surplus school property from a school district pursuant to this article unless it has first adopted a plan for the purchase of surplus school property. The plan shall designate the surplus site or sites all or a portion of which the public agency desires to purchase at the price established pursuant to this article and shall designate at least 70 percent of the total surplus school acreage as property which the agency does not desire to purchase at the price established pursuant to this article. Where the plan indicates that the agency desires to purchase only a portion of a school site at the price established pursuant to this article, it shall designate the percent of the property to be so purchased and provide a description of the general location of the property to be purchased, without designating the metes and bounds. The purpose of this Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan is to fulfill the requirement of Education Code Section 17493. APPROACH The City of Huntington Beach is served by four elementary school districts, one high school district and one community college district. Huntington Beach City School District (HBCSD) is considering potential sale or lease of school sites. It had declared Gisler and Burke surplus prior to leasing the sites to private schools. LeBard is closed and currently used as the district office. Kettler has been closed and is currently not occupied. The mandate of the State Education Code is to prepare a plan for acquisition of surplus school sites. Given that HBCSD is currently evaluating its sites, this Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan ("Plan") evaluates only HBCSD closed or surplus sites. This approach enables the City to comprehend the long-term and geographic issues relevant to the loss of school sites and provides information to facilitate strategic planning and acquisition decisions relative to this geographic area of the city. In 2005, the City adopted a citywide plan. The study stated that "recommendations are only provided for sites that have been surplused at this time (2005) because of the certainty associated with the current data and conditions pertaining to these sites. To the extent that additional school sites are closed or surplused in the future, this Plan should be updated." Therefore,this 2007 plan shall address that specific school district, HBCSD, which is currently considering possible changes by surplusing additional sites. It should also be noted that the 2005 study addressed which schools could be purchased under Naylor Act regulations based upon a deficit of open space. This 2007 Page 2 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan study not only addresses the loss of open space, but also includes the use of the school sites by youth sports organizations whether or not that particular closed school site is in a parkland deficit area. This approach is in accordance with Condition C of Section 17485 as noted above which focuses on a community's critical need for open space for playing fields and other recreational purposes. Moreover, the 2007 Plan examines all open space, including open turf play and hardscape recreation areas including, but not limited to basketball, volleyball, and blacktop games such as four square. OVERVIEW OF HBCSD CLOSED SCHOOLS The four HBCSD closed school sites have not been used by the school district for public education for many years. The district has entered into long-term leases at Burke and Gisler for use by private schools. One site (LeBard) is used as school district offices. The fourth site (Kettler) is not occupied. When on-site open space is available, youth sports are allocated or assigned use of that open space by the City with the final approval of the school district. The following table provides basic information regarding all of the school district's surplus sites that was used in the analysis to support the Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan, including 2006/2007 youth sports allocation data. The table also indicates if the City has any park land adjacent to the school sites. Figure 1 of the Appendix depicts the geographic area served by HBCSD. Table 1 Summary Data for HBCSD Closed Schools HBCSD USE SCHOOL SCHOOL< FIELD A6LOCATIONS a CLOSED . ��TOTAL -OPEN ;- /�T SCHOOL SITE SCHOOL P��NACRES*,J� SPACE Burke Huntington 7.72 4.1 Baseball: Feb-Jul Christian Soccer:Year round Gisler Brethren 14.1 9.0 Baseball: Feb-July Christian High Soccer:Year round Kettler Not in Use 9.8 6.5 Softball:Year round Football:Aug-Feb LeBard District.Office 10.16 7.6 Baseball:Year round * includes turf and black top area of schools used as play areas TOTAL SURPLUS SCHOOL OPEN SPACE = 41.78 ACRES NAYLOR ACT 30 PERCENT = 12.53 ACRES Page 3 Surplus School Property PurchasinO Plan Figure 2: City Parks Located Within HBCSD Boundaries City Park Size (Ac.)Type Sports Fields Baca 10.0 Neighborhood NO Bailey 0.5 Mini NO Bartlett* 30.0 Community NO* Burke 2.5 Neighborhood NO Discovery Well 8.0 Neighborhood NO Eader 2.7 Neighborhood NO Edison 40.0 Community YES Farquhar 3.0 Neighborhood NO Finley 0.5 Mini NO Gisler 11.7 Neighborhood NO Green 4.0 Neighborhood NO Hawes 2.7 Neighborhood NO Helme 2.0 Neighborhood NO Lake 4.4 Neighborhood NO Le Bard 5.0 Neighborhood NO McCallen 5.2 Neighborhood NO Manning 2.5 Neighborhood NO Moffet 2.4 Neighborhood NO Pattinson 3.5 Neighborhood NO Perry 2.0 Neighborhood NO Seeley 3.4 Neighborhood NO Sowers 2.4 Neighborhood NO Worthy 12.0 Community YES * Bartlett Park currently has Newland Barn and historical Newland House with grass between buildings and small parking lot developed; remainder of park is not developed due to site constraints. Page 10 Sip—Facilities 1--my aM N-d,A LEGEND B-Lane Major(Divide( a WESTMINSTER,., 6-Lane Major(Divide( '0. ........ 4-Lane Primary(Divic ————— Census Boundary I Map Area Reference i 15� SAN,DIE( 0 12 FO,UNTAIN Q VA4EY % •% 7 3 U) 6 288 j- SEAL BEACH WEAPONS STATION • e"" 21"8 2 1 '14 q Y �N •?b i, 4'., BOLSA CHICA WETLANDS .20 90 ACIPiC 20"!yT HIGHw AY PACIFIC OCEAN Note., Areas are defined by physical barriers of major highways and primary streets. in addition,population census areas were utilized to define other area boundaries not divided by physical barriers, ef e re n q e Mde::aim Main.0ouble click 9 till 3199.11:26 AM surplus School Proverty Purchasing Plan Figure 4: HBCSO School Sites/Youth Sports Group Usage O'pdff Parking Assigned Spa $,P h 0,0 1, (Acres Acr6s)' (Acres) 'Field T Fie['ds, Or anizn As!0 n urnmer Winter BURKE 7.73 4.1 1.28 Sooner 1 /Y/SO#56 1 yea yes Hunt-Christian SVLL 2 yes Ovvver 9.4 65 0.3 Soccer/Football 1 Umum||yGCB- UndarConstnuotion Bonebo|| 2 Eodor 10.7 7.0 0.7 8000ar 2 YMCA 1 yes AYGO#56 2 yes Softball/Baseball 3 SVLL 4 yes G|SLER 14.1 9.0 2.18 Soccer 3 AGYO#58 3 yes yes BrethChriaUon Baseball SVLL 1 yes Hoxvas 7.8 4.5 2.0 Goftbo|KBmmaba|| 2 SVLL 2 yes Soccer 2 /0'GO#56 2 yes None kETTLEpk 9.8 8.5 1.23 Softball 8 SHB S yes yea Football 1 POP 1 yes LEBARD 10.16 7.6 0.44 Baseball G SVLL G yes yes District Office Moffett 8.0 5.4 1.28 Softball/Baseball 2 FVPBB 2 yes Soccer 2 AYGO#50 1 yes Perry 10.2 5.6 0.89 Baseball/Softball 4 HVLL 1 yes (backstops 1 Peterson 15.4 10.1 1.5 Soccer 5 SVLL 4 yes SH8 2 yes AYSO#5G 3 yes Smith 9.8 5.0 0.48 Soccer 1 YMCA 1 yes Baseball naoo 2 Sowers 14.2 88 1.4 Softball/Baseball 4 SVLL 6 yes Soccer 3 AY8O#56 2 yes QC 1 *Open Space includes turf and blacktop area uf school used aa play areas Page 12 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan Figure 4 Legend" AYSO American Youth Soccer Organization FVPBB Fountain Valley Pony Baseball HVLL Huntington Valley Little League POP Pop Warner Football SHB So. HB Girls Fast Pitch Softball SC South Coast Soccer SVLL Sea View Little League SCB South Coast Bayern Soccer HIGH SCHOOL FIELDS USED BY HBCSD YOUTH SPORTS GROUPS ® . Sph!601 School ® . . Edison 48.4 27.2 5.3 Baseball 2 SVLL 1 yes Softball 1 FVPBB 1 yes Soccer(light-2) 3 SC 2 yes Football 1 POP 1 yes EDISON TEAMS yes yes . Gky'„ zw.3' i,,t�, t`'✓'".°a'kfi. x'"r,. e^ # ,4"',. n ,.' ,s..' Huntington 43.0 18.9 4.1 Baseball 2 HVLL 2 yes Football/Soccer 3 JAAF 3 yes Softball 2 HBHS yes yes TEAMS Backstop w/Turf 2 *Open Space includes turf and blacktop area of school used as play areas Page 13 RCA ROUTING SHEET INITIATING DEPARTMENT: Community Services SUBJECT: Approve 2007 Surplus School Property Purchasing Plan COUNCIL MEETING DATE: December 3, 2007 RCA ATTACHMENTS STATUS Ordinance (w/exhibits & legislative draft if applicable) Attached ❑ Not Ap licable ❑ Resolution (w/exhibits & legislative draft if applicable) Attached ❑ Not Applicable ❑ Tract Map, Location Map and/or other Exhibits Attached ❑ Not Applicable ❑ Contract/Agreement (w/exhibits if applicable) Attached ❑ (Signed in full by the City Attorney) Not Applicable ❑ Subleases, Third Party Agreements, etc. Attached ❑ (Approved as to form by City Attorney) Not Applicable ❑ Certificates of Insurance (Approved by the City Attorney) Attached ❑ Not A plicable ❑ Fiscal Impact Statement (Unbudgeted, over$5,000) Attached ❑, Not Applicable ❑\ Bonds (If applicable) Attached ❑Not Applicable ❑ Staff Report (If applicable) Attached 9 Not Applicable ❑ Commission, Board or Committee Report (if applicable) Attached ❑ Not Ap licable ❑ Findings/Conditions for Approval and/or Denial Attached ❑ Not Applicable ❑ EXPLAHATOOH FOR a I�S�ING AT TACHNEWS REVIEWED RETURNED FORWARDED Administrative Staff ( , Deputy City Administrator (Initial) City Administrator (Initial) ) ( ) City Clerk ( ) EXPLANATION FOR RETURN OF ITEM: RCA Author: kuhnke I�Ir